Post on 26-May-2015
description
Oregon Department of Forestry
Promoting and Practicing Sustainable Forestry
Emerald Ash Borer A threat to Oregon’s forests?
Wyatt Williams Invasive Species Specialist November 21, 2013
D. Cappaert, Michigan State U.
Emerald Ash Borer adult and larvae Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire
Coleoptera: Buprestidae 15,000 known species, 450 genera
Agrilus 3,000 known species
Origins of EAB
EAB in North America
• First identified, Detroit, MI and Windsor, ON in 2002
• Infestation had been established since ~1990
• Now in 22 states, 2 provinces
= 4 new EAB detections in 2013
How EAB got here
ISPM 15 of IPPC – a treaty of 180 nations
Requirement to treat wood materials for shipping products between countries: • thickness >6 mm • pallets, crates, dunnage, etc. • must be debarked then treated • prevent spread of invasive insects and disease
DE=Germany
National agency who does permitting
Pallet Manufacturer ID #
Treatment: Heat (56oC, 30 min) De-barked
Some effects of EAB
Some effects of EAB
Signs/symptoms of EAB
Costs of EAB
• Ecological – 10’s of millions of trees killed
• Economical – 10’s of millions of dollars spent
Treatments – Eradication/Suppression
Treatments - Chemical
• Tree injections
• Systemic insecticides
– Imidacloprid
– Emamectin benzoate
• Costly ($100-$500)
• Repeat applications
Treatments - Biological Control
• Three parasitoids introduced starting in 2007
• Tetrastichus planipennisi shows most promise
• Released in 2007-2008, follow up surveys in 2012, Michigan
• 21% parasitism rate
• Not enough?
• Still climbing?
Duan et al. 2013 T. Murray
www.dontmovefirewood.org •Continental Dialogue on Non-Native Forests Insects and Diseases (multi-agency) •The Nature Conservancy
Ash trees in Oregon
Name Common Wild Urban Origin
Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash Yes Yes OR, WA, CA
Fraxinus americana White ash No Yes Eastern U.S.
Fraxinus angustifolia Narrow-leafed ash No Yes Eurasia
Fraxinus excelsior European ash No Yes Europe
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash No Yes Eastern U.S.
*Six additional species may occur in small numbers in urban landscapes.
Native and naturalized Fraxinus spp. in Oregon
USDA PLANTS database
F. latifolia, Oregon Ash
F. dipletala, California Ash
Oregon Ash • Wetland edges up to 3,000’ elevation
• Green flowers, no petals
• Leaf underside covered in dense velvet
• 80’ H, 12-30” DBH
• Leaves 5-13” long, 5-9 blades per leaf
• Blades 3-7” long, 1-1.5” wide
• Samaras 1-2” long
Oregon Ash
Oregon ash – important riparian plant?
Standard APHIS protocol for sampling EAB: • 3-sided, sticky purple prism trap baited with 2 plant volatiles • 3-10 m in ash tree for 16 weeks • 240 sites in western Oregon
W. Williams Oregon Dept. of Forestry
EAB trap locations in Oregon, 2013
ODF: 240 traps
APHIS: 101 traps
340 traps
Typical EAB trap site in western Oregon
W. Williams, Oregon Dept. of Forestry
Typical EAB trap site in western Oregon
W. Williams, Oregon Dept. of Forestry
EAB trap after 8 weeks. Can you find the EAB adult?
W. Williams, Oregon Dept. of Forestry
EAB trap after 8 weeks.
Ash phylogeny
Whitehill et al. 2011
Defensive chemistry of resistant Manchurian Ash
Whitehill et al. 2012 Eyles et al. 2007
Lignoid #1
Pinoresinol
Whitehill et al. 2011
• Nano-LS-MS to investigate protein differences among resistant and susceptible ash species
• Identified 4 major proteins in Manchurian ash that are not in others
• Need to develop feeding bioassay for EAB
• Genes that confer chemical defense could be used in North American ash via hybridization or transgenic approaches
Other invasive pests of trees
• Asian longhorned beetles
– Anoplophora glabripennis
• Asian defoliating moths
– Lymantria dispar
• Phytophthora spp.
– Sudden Oak Death
• Unknown others???
Lesion inside bark
Questions More info:
To report suspect findings, talk to a local:
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/emerald_ash_b/
http://www.emeraldashborer.info/
http://oregoninvasiveshotline.org
Oregon Department of Forestry Invasive Species Specialist Wyatt Williams – wwilliams@odf.state.or.us Urban and Community Forestry Program http://www.oregon.gov/ODF/Pages/urban_forests/urban_forests.aspx
OSU Forestry Extension Program http://extensionweb.forestry.oregonstate.edu/