Post on 06-Jan-2020
TerminologyA Translator's Guide to Frequently Used Terms and Phrases
املـصـطـلحـات
الشـائـعـةدلـيـل املـتـرجـم للـمـصـطـلحـات والـعـبـارات الشـائـعـة والـعـبـارات للـمـصـطـلحـات ـرجـم
االنــتــخــابــيــــة
Campaiign Plaan
Election
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NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Election
The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) is a nonprofit organization working to strength-en and expand democracy worldwide. Calling on a global network of volunteer experts, NDI provides practicalassistance to civic and political party leaders advancing democratic values, practices, and institutions. NDI workswith democrats in every region of the world to build political and civic organizations, to safeguard elections, and topromote citizen participation, openness, and accountability in government.
Copyright © National Democratic Institute (NDI) 2009. All rights reserved. Portions of this work may be repro-duced and/or translated for noncommercial purposes provided NDI is acknowledged as the source of the materi-al and is sent copies of any translation.
National Democratic Institutefor International Affairs 2030 M Street, NW, 5th FloorWashington, DC 20036-3306tel: (202) 728-5500fax: (202) 728-5520website: www.ndi.org
Translated by Nathalie Sleimane, Designed by Marc Rechdane.
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Foreword
Compiling the English-based jargon of election work and translating it into a language as intricate and uncompro-mising as Arabic is a daunting mission. It would be an understatement to say that Arabic speakers are passionateabout their language and quick to debate usage, nuance, and meaning. NDI’s Arabic Publication Center in Beirutfirst set out on this venture in 2004, publishing its English-Arabic Translator’s Guide to Election Terminology the follow-ing year. With 200 additional entries and a new Arabic-English feature, this revised and updated publication of theGuide has left few stones unturned. Even the most obscure expressions have been discussed and definitions havebeen attempted.
As NDI expands democracy and governance programs throughout the Arabic speaking world, Arabic speakers onthe Middle East and North Africa (MENA) team will inevitably be at the forefront of creating new and preciseidiom to convey the concepts and ideas central to NDI’s work.
The team at the Arabic Publication Center humbly offers this second effort with the hope that it will not only proveuseful to NDI programs but that it will spark the regional discussion necessary to refine and improve its content.The Guide is meant to be used as a reference document for NDI staff and contract interpreters. It is not meant tobe the final, authoritative resource.
User feedback is essential - comments and thoughts on terms, definition, usage, and regional application are desiredand actively solicited. Comments and suggestions can be emailed to NDI’s Publication Center at:arabictranslation@ndi.org
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NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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arabictranslation@ndi.org
Acknowledgements
This updated and revised Guide builds on the work of its first publication, for which May Ahmar, served as editor.She was assisted by Hiba Charara with research and by Arabic Publication Center Translator, Nour El-Assaad, withtranslation.
Nathalie Sleimane, Arabic Publication Center Coordinator, served as the primary and final editor for this secondpublication of the Guide. Ayman Mhanna and Deborah Brown from the NDI Lebanon team assisted with transla-tion, research, and editing the Guide. Elizabeth Tomber and Neil Durnan from the Levant team and Julia Brothers,Laura Grace, and Richard Klein from the Elections team contributed an additional 180 terms and provided expertadvice for the Guide. Said Sanadiki and Ammar Abboud from the Lebanese Association for Democratic Electionsprovided commentary and review.
Sources
The glossaries included in NDI’s “Monitoring Electronic Technologies in the Electoral Process” by Vladimr Pran and PatrickMerloe, and “The Political Campaign Planning Manual” by J.Brian O’Day were added verbatim to the Guide. Othersources and websites are gratefully acknowledged below:
ACE PROJECT Glossary & Encyclopedia: www.aceproject.orgProduced by the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), the International Institute for Democracyand Electoral Assistance (IDEA), and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA).
International IDEA: www.idea.intElectoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook (English and Arabic versions) 2005/2006.
UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab Region (POGAR). www.pogar.org
UNTERM is a Multilingual Database including terminology related to the United Nations’ work in elections, gov-ernance, and other programs.http://unterm.un.org/
Access Clark County is the official website for Clark County Nevada. It provides information about local govern-ment, legislation, and public services for local constituents. www.accessclarkcounty.com
The Boulder Community Network (BCN) provides non-profit organizations with information about communityissues. http://bcn.boulder.co.us
Elections Canada is an independent body established by parliament. This website is part of an effort to provideaccessible information about the federal electoral system. www.elections.ca
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http://aceproject.org/ace-en
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äÉHÉîàf’Gh á«WGô≤Á~∏d á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸG:ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG ≈∏Ywww.idea.int
.2006/2005 áë≤æŸGh I~j~÷G á«Hô©dG ¬àî°ùfh ájõ«∏μfE’G ¬àî°ùf ‘ äÉHÉîàf’Gh á«WGô≤Á~∏d á«dh~dG á°ù°SDƒŸG π«dO :á«HÉîàf’G º¶ædG ∫Éμ°TCG
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äɨ∏dG IO~©àŸG äÉë∏£°üŸG I~YÉb)UNTERM(r»ndÉ› ‘ ᪶æŸG πª©H á∏°üàŸG äÉë∏£°üŸG ø qª° àJh I~ëàŸG ·C’G ᪶æe É¡JÉ°ûfCG »àdG
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http://bcn.boulder.co.us/
áÄ«g(Elections Canada)øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG Òaƒàd ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G QÉWEG ‘ ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG Gòg ICÉ°ûf âJCG ~bh .¿ÉŸÈdG ÉgCÉ°ûfCG á∏≤à°ùe áÄ«g »gh
:á«dGQ~ØdG ∫h~dG ‘ ÜÉîàf’G ᪶fCGwww.elections.ca
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
A ballot used by voters who are unableto go to the polls to vote, either becausethey are disabled or will be away fromtheir district on election day. Often, butnot always, absentee balloting is donethrough the mail. See also, “Out ofCountry Voting (OCV)” and “PostalVote/Voting By Mail.”
A voting method by which voters cancast their ballots without going to theirpolling station on the day fixed for vot-ing. See also “Embassy Voting,”“Out of Country Voting (OCV),”and “Postal Vote/Voting By Mail.”
The required level of support in votesrequired to win an electoral contest or areferendum. In most countries, anabsolute majority is calculated as 50% +1, while in other countries a higherthreshold is required by law, such as two-thirds. Various legal systems set differentquota requirements for the absolutemajority; for example a country mayinclude all eligible voters or legislators,not simply all participating voters or leg-islators, in the calculation of an absolutemajority which means that high voterabstention rates can cause an initiative tofail. See also “Plurality/RelativeMajority” and “Simple Majority.”
Absentee Ballot
Absentee Voting
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NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
The level of access for election stake-holders, including citizens and politicalcompetitors, to participate in and gar-ner information about all stages of theelectoral process.
The relationship between governmentand citizens. Acknowledgement andassumption of responsibility for deci-sions, actions, and policies, in light ofagreed expectations, such as an agree-ment between an elected official andhis/her constituents.
Electoral districts that are created out-side of the standard framework and/ortimeline for designing electoral districts.
See “Mixed-Member ProportionalSystem.”
The hearing and deciding of a legal casein a court of law.
The person responsible for organizingmaterials for election day and assistingwith post-election day statutory require-ments, in addition to performing gener-al administration and clerical functionsrelated to elections administration.
The unintentional exclusion of an eligi-ble voter from the voters roll due to lim-itations of voter registration administra-tion, such as a poorly publicized dead-lines, redistricting, clerical errors, or dueto voter inaction, such as failing to com-plete the registration process correctly.
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Accessibility
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,øWGƒŸGh áeƒμ◊G ÚH CÉ°ûæJ »àdG ábÓ©dÉH ≈q∏éàJ
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π qªëàJh ,É¡æY Q~°üJ »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh ∫ɪYC’Gh
øe ±ôW qπc ¬©bƒàj Ée Aƒ°V ≈∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùŸG √òg
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.¬«ÑNÉfh Ö nîàæŸG
Accountability
áÑ°SÉfi/ádAÉ°ùee
Ad Hoc Electoral Districts
¢Vô¨d ICÉ°ûææe á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO
á°UÉN á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO/¢UÉN
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.á«HÉîàf’G
AdditionalMember System
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Adjudication
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,ƒgh .»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ~©H Ée kɪμM ÖJÎJ »àdG
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.äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEÉH á£ÑJôŸG
Administration Clerk
…QGOEG ∞Xƒe
π˘é˘°S ø˘e âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d π˘˘gDƒ˘˘e ÖNɢ˘f q…CG º˘˘°SG •É˘˘≤˘˘°SEG
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,á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG ÖÑ°ùH hCG ,π«é°ùàdG
∫ɪμà°SG øY ÚÑNÉædG ¢ùYÉ≤J hCG ájQGOE’G AÉ£NC’G hCG
.á«YôŸG ∫ƒ°UC’G ≥ah π«é°ùàdG á«∏ªY
Administrative Exclusion
…QGOEG AÉ°übEG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Voting conducted before election dayduring a period specified by the electorallaw. Countries that allow early votingmay require citizens to justify why theyare unable to cast a ballot on electionday. See also “Early voting.”
Political campaigning in a form of votercontact in which the campaign pays tohave the mass media deliver the message.See also “Mass Media,” “Message,”and “Paid Media.”
In the electoral context, this is a person,political group, or a non-politicalorganization associated with a candi-date or political organization.
Individuals living in a country who arenot legal citizens of the nation or of thestate in which they reside, and thereforedo not have access to the same rightsand responsibilities as citizens. See also“Citizen” and “Resident.”
An association of groups, people, ornations who agree to cooperate toachieve a common goal. An alliance isusually a formal agreement. See also“Bloc” and “Coalition.”
Distribution of seats to political partiesor candidates within a legislative bodyaccording to votes received.
IO~ÙG IÎØdG øª°V ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj πÑb …ôéj ´GÎbG
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ôjÈJ É¡«æWGƒe øe Ö∏£J ¿CG ôμÑŸG ´GÎb’ÉH íª°ùJ
.ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ‘ º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G øY ºgõéY ÖÑ°S
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Advance Voting ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ
Advertisements (á∏ª◊G) äÉfÓYEG
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.''´ƒa~e ΩÓYEG''h ''(á∏ª◊G)
Affiliate `H §ÑJôe
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áØ°U πªëj ¿CG ÒZ øe øq«©e ~∏H ‘ ¢û«©j lOôa
áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG ÉjÉYôd I~FÉ©dG »Yô°ûdG øWGƒŸG
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kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''~∏ÑdG ‘ º«≤e''h ''øWGƒe''
Alien/Non-Citizen»ÑæLCG
Alliance∞dÉ–
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»àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~©d kÉ≤ah á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG πNGO
.É¡«∏Y ¿ƒ∏°üëj
≈∏Y ≥aGƒàJ k’hO hCG kÉ°UÉî°TCG hCG äÉYƒª› qº° j ™ qªŒ
.∑ΰûe ±~g ≥«≤– πLCG øe É¡æ«H Ée ‘ ¿hÉ©àdG
™LGQ .»ª°SQ ¥ÉØJG πμ°T kIOÉY ∞dÉëàdG òîàjh
kÉ° jCG.''±ÓàFG''h ''πàμJ''
Allocation of Seats ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
4
A voting method used in plurality/major-ity systems in single-member districts inwhich voters mark their order prefer-ences for candidates on the ballot byusing numbers. If no candidate wins anabsolute majority when first preferencevotes are distributed, the least successfulcandidates are excluded and the secondpreference votes of their supporters areredistributed. This process continuesuntil a candidate achieves a majority.
A revision or change made in the elec-toral law and regulations by formal proce-dure. See also “Electoral Reform.”
A deviation or departure from the normalorder, form, or rule. Can be found bycomparing election results (e.g. rates ofvoter participation, numbers of spoilt bal-lots, margins of victory, etc.) from a cur-rent election in the region with data fromprevious years.
A trend among some voters that demon-strates lack of interest in voting, politics,candidates, and other public issues. See also“Voter Drop Off” and “Voter Fatigue.”
A device used in some list proportionalrepresentation systems which enablesseparate parties to declare themselveslinked for the purpose of seat allocation.
Any court of law that is empowered tohear an appeal of a court or other tribunal.In the process of electoral complaintsadjudication, an appellate court can be thenext body of review after the electionmanagement body (EMB), electoral court,electoral tribunal, or other designated judi-cial body has issued a decision. See also“Review Authority/Body.”
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º¡«dEG øjÒ°ûe ,Ú∏° ØŸG º¡«ë°Tôe ´GÎb’G ábQh
πnæj ⁄ ∫ÉM ‘h .º¡j~d á«∏° aC’G áLQO Ö°ùëH m ΩÉbQCÉH
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¿CG ¤EG I qôμdG OÉ©oJh .á«fÉãdG á«∏«° ØàdG º¡j~jDƒe
.ájÌcC’ÉH Úë°TôŸG ~MCG ≈¶ëj
Alternative Vote πj~ÑdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf
Amendment of Electoral Law
»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG πj~©J
Gòg ‘ á«YôŸG ᪶fC’Gh ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ´É° NEG
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Anomaly I~YÉ≤dG øY Phò°T
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äÉHÉîàf’G É¡à∏é°S »àdG èFÉàædG áfQÉ≤à äÉHÉîàf’G
´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG O~Yh ,ÚÑNÉædG ácQÉ°ûe Ö°ùæc) ájQÉ÷G
øe IÉ≤à°ùe äÉfÉ«ÑH (É¡«dEG Éeh ,RƒØdG ¢ûeÉgh ,á∏WÉÑdG
.á≤HÉ°S mäGƒæ°S ‘ á≤£æŸG ‘ äôL äÉHÉîàfG
Apathy Voter m ∫ÉÑe’ ÖNÉf
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Apparentement »HÉîàfG πàμJ
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‘ É¡∏àμJ øY ø∏©J ¿CG É¡æ«H Ée ‘ •ÉÑJQG ’ mÜGõMC’
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Appellate Court ±ÉæÄà°S’G áªμfi
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áÄ«g ~©H ¿ƒ©£dG √òg ‘ ô¶æJ »àdG á©LGôŸG áÄ«g ΩÉ≤e
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QG~°UE’ ¢V sƒØe ôNBG »FÉ° b RÉ¡L q…CG ~©H hCG á«HÉîàf’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿CÉ°ûdG Gò¡H QGôb.''á©LGôŸG áÄ«g''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Applying forCandidacy
í«°TÎdG Ö∏W Ë~≤J
The procedure by which an individualofficially declares his or her candidacyto contest an election. Depending onthe electoral law of the country, apply-ing for candidacy may require collectinga certain number of signatures or pay-ing a deposit. See also “BallotQualification” and “Registration ofParties or Candidates.”
An individual holding public officeselected for the position by anotherbranch of government, such as theexecutive or legislature, rather than byan election by citizens.
A single-seat election method inwhich voters can vote for, or approveof, as many candidates as they wish.Each approved candidate receives onevote, and the candidate with the mostvotes wins.
Group of individuals who organizearound a common idea or cause, witheither formal or informal status in a polit-ical system. Associations are consideredcivil society organizations (CSOs) andcan include non-governmental organiza-tions (NGOs) or labor unions. See also“Civil Society Organization (CSO),”“Non-Governmental Organization(NGO)” and “Union.”
Candidates may be elected “at-large” torepresent an entire jurisdiction thatcontains sub-districts. This jurisdictionthen serves as a single constituency. At-large systems allow 50 % of voters tocontrol 100 % of seats, and in conse-quence typically results in racially andpolitically homogenous elected bodies.
¢Vƒÿ ¬˘ë˘°Tô˘J ø˘Y ø˘∏˘©˘j ¿CɢH Oô˘Ø˘∏˘d í˘«˘à˘˘j AGô˘˘LEG
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kɨ∏Ñe ´ pOƒj ¿CG hCG ™«bGƒàdG øe kÉæq«©e kGO~Y ™ªéj ¿CG
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.''Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G
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Appointed Official øs«©oe ∫hDƒ°ùee
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äɢĢ«˘g ø˘e iô˘NCG á˘Ä˘«˘g Öfɢ˘L ø˘˘e Ö°üæŸG Gò˘˘¡˘˘d
ÖLƒÃ ’ ,á«©jô°ûàdG hCG ájò«ØæàdG ᣰùdÉc ,ºμ◊G
.ÚæWGƒŸG øe ¬HÉîàfG
Approval Voting á≤aGƒŸÉH âjƒ°üJ
øe ÚÑNÉædG øuμªoJ ,~MGh ~©≤e AπŸ ÜÉîàfG á«dBG
,ºgO~Y ¿Éc kÉjCG ,Úë°TôŸG øe ¿hDhÉ°ûj øŸ âjƒ°üàdG
í°Tôe πc ∫Éæj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .º¡ë«°TôJ ≈∏Y á≤aGƒŸG hCG
RƒØj ¿CG ≈∏Y kG~MGh kÉJƒ°U ÚÑNÉædG á≤aGƒÃ ≈¶ëj
.äGƒ°UC’G á«Ñ∏ZCG ∫Éæj …òdG oí°TôŸG ~©≤ŸÉH
Associationá£HGQ/á«©ªL
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Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe ΩÉ≤à Èà©oJ »àdG äÉ«©ª÷G
äÉHÉ≤ædG hCG á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äɪ¶æŸG qº° J ¿CG øμÁ
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .᢫˘dɢª˘©˘˘dG,''Ê~ŸG ™ª˘àÛG äɢª˘¶˘æ˘e''
.''á«dɪY äGOÉ–G''h ,''á«eƒμM ÒZ äɪ¶æe''h
At-Large É¡∏eÉμH á≤£æŸG π«ã“
á˘≤˘£˘æŸG ¥É˘£˘f ≈˘∏˘Y'' ¿ƒ˘ë˘°TôŸG Ö˘ nî˘à˘æ oj ¿CG Rƒ˘˘é˘˘j
´ qôØàJ »àdG ájQGOE’G I~MƒdG πeÉc Gƒ∏㪫d ''É¡∏eÉμH
IôFGO á≤£æŸG √òg πqμ°ûàa .á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO É¡æY
IO~©àŸG ᪶fC’G íª°ùJ ,‹ÉàdÉHh .I~MGh á«HÉîàfG
Iô£«°ùdÉH ÚÑNÉædG øe áÄŸG ‘ 50 áÑ°ùæd π«ãªàdG
¤EG kɢ«˘F~˘Ñ˘e »˘˘° Ø˘˘j ɇ ,~˘˘Yɢ˘≤ŸG O~˘˘Y π˘˘eɢ˘c ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y
.kÉ«°SÉ«°Sh kÉ«bôY á°ùfÉéàe ánÑ nîàæe äÉÄ«g π«μ°ûJ
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
6
A district that contains sub districts, orwhere more than one candidate sharesthe same district. A mayor may run“at-large” while city council membersrun in districts. See “Multi-MemberDistrict.”
See “Block Vote/Bloc Vote.”
A person or people to whom informationis conveyed or messages are directed.
An examination of records and activi-ties conducted to ensure compliancewith established controls, policies, andoperational procedures. Also to recom-mend any indicated changes in con-trols, policy, or procedures.
Quality that leads the judgments, deci-sions, recommendations, and orders ofcertain individuals and institutions tobe accepted voluntarily as right andtherefore to be implemented throughobedience and cooperation. Authorityis a main source of political power, butit is not identical to it. For example, theState may be the main holder ofauthority, and therefore be the targetof advocacy.
At-Large District É¡∏eÉμH á≤£æe
»àdG hCG ,á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO I~Y qº° J »àdG á≤£æŸG
¢ù«Fô˘d Rƒ˘é˘«˘a .~˘MGh í˘°Tô˘e ø˘e ÌcCG ɢ¡˘ª˘°Sɢ≤˘à˘j
ɪ«a ''É¡∏eÉμH á≤£æŸG π«ãªàd'' í°TÎj ¿CG áj~∏ÑdG
ô˘˘˘FGh~˘˘˘˘dG ø˘˘˘˘Y …~˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG Aɢ˘˘˘° YCG í˘˘˘˘°TÎj
™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G.''~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO''
At-Large Plurality Ö°ùëëH á∏àμdG âjƒ°üJ
…ÌcC’G ΩɶædG
™LGQ.''á∏àμdG Ωɶf''
AudienceQƒ¡ªL
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.πFÉ°SôdG º¡«dEG
Audit (Electoral) (»HÉîàfG) ≥«b~J
Ég~q«≤J øe ~cCÉà∏d ,ᣰûfC’Gh äÓé°ùdG áæjÉ©e
,á«YôŸG πª©dG äGAGôLEGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh §HGƒ° dÉH
≈∏Y ¬dÉNOEG ì nÎ≤e πj~©J …CG ¿CÉ°ûH äÉ«°UƒJ ™aôdh
.IQƒcòŸG øjOÉ«ŸG
Authorityá£∏°S
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øY IQOÉ°üdG ôeGhC’Gh äÉ«°UƒàdGh äGQGô≤dGh ΩÉμMC’G
,áë«ë°Uh ᪫∏°S ÉgQÉÑàYÉH äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG OGôaC’G ¢ ©H
hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG √ò¡d É«°üf’G ∫ÓN øe Égƒ≤Ñ£j ¿CG ≈∏Yh
q~ªà°ùJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG q¿CG lí«ë°U .É¡©e ¿hÉ©àdG
qøμdh ,É¡d áMƒæªŸG á£∏°ùdG øe ∫hC’G É¡Jƒb Q~°üe
øY ™˘Ñ˘£˘dɢH ∞˘∏˘à˘î˘j á˘dhDƒ˘°ùe á˘¡˘é˘c á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Ωƒ˘¡˘Ø˘e
±~˘¡˘à˘°ùJ kÓ˘ã˘e ɢæ˘g ø˘e .᢫˘MÓ˘°üc á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Ωƒ˘¡˘Ø˘e
á¡÷G kÓãe ¿ƒμJ ~b É¡qfCG Éà nádh~dG á©aG~ŸG oäÓªM
.á£∏°ùdG É¡«dEG π ncƒoJ »àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Media that presents more than one sideof a story when appropriate. To be bal-anced, media is not required to allocateprecisely equal time to all sides, but thequality of being balanced precludesinflated coverage of one side and/ordisregard or omission of another.
Official container into which votersplace their ballot papers.
A method of tamper-proofing the ballotbox, with a uniquely numbered keyedlock. It is appropriate to seal, with apaper seal, wax, or some other method,the keyhole of each lock when it isaffixed to the ballot box. Tamper-proofsealing of ballot boxes is one of the basicguarantees of voting integrity. Ballotboxes must be sealed from the com-mencement of voting through to theiropening, after the close of voting, forremoval of ballot boxes for the count.
A type of voter fraud in which an indi-vidual submits more than one ballot.This term is also used when a respon-dent to computerized survey submitsmore than one survey.
≈àe ÈN q…CG øY ô¶f á¡Lh øe ÌcCG ¢Vô©j ΩÓYEG
’ ¿RGƒ˘à˘dG á˘Ø˘°U ΩÓ˘YE’G Üɢ°ùà˘cGh .kÉ˘Ñ˘°Sɢ˘æ˘˘e ¿É˘˘c
á˘Mɢ°ùŸG ±Gô˘WC’G ™˘«˘˘ª˘˘L í˘˘æÁ ¿CG ¬˘˘æ˘˘e »˘˘Y~˘˘à˘˘°ùj
∫ƒëj ¿CG ¬æe »Y~à°ùj ɉEG , kG~j~– É¡JGP á«eÓYE’G
hCG/h kÉ«eÓYEG ±GôWC’G ~MCG á«£¨J ‘ •GôaE’G ¿hO
.øjôNB’G ±GôWC’G ∫ɪgEG hCG πgÉŒ
Balanced Media ¿RGƒàe ΩÓYEG
7
B
Ballot Box ´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U
.´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a § p≤°ùoj »ª°SQ AÉYh
Ballot Box Seals ´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ΩÉàNCG
≥˘˘jô˘˘W ø˘˘Y ,´GÎb’G ≥˘˘jOɢ˘æ˘˘°üH åÑ˘˘©˘˘dG ™˘˘æŸ ᢢ«˘˘dBG
¿CG ≥ahC’G øªa .Iõq«‡ ΩÉbQCÉH ô qØ°ûe πØ≤H Ég~jhõJ
,¥h~æ°üdÉH ≥q∏©e ƒgh ,´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U πØb ºnàîoj
á∏«°Sh …CÉH hCG ,ôªMC’G ™ª°ûdÉH hCG ,¥Qh øe ”ÉîH
É¡H åÑ©dG ™æÁ m πØ≤H ´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U ºàîa .iôNCG
.´GÎb’G ágGõæd á«°SÉ°SC’G äÉfɪ° dG ~MCG πμ°ûj
á«∏ªY A~H òæe káeƒàfl ≥jOÉæ°üdG ≈≤ÑJ ¿CG Öéjh
Üɢ˘H ∫ɢ˘Ø˘˘bEG ô˘˘KEG ≥˘˘jOɢ˘æ˘˘°üdG í˘˘à˘˘a ᢢjɢ˘˘¨˘˘˘dh ´GÎb’G
.RôØdG »YGh~d É¡∏≤æd kG~«¡“ ,´GÎb’G
Ballot Box Stuffing ´GÎb’G ¥h~æ°U ƒ°ûMM
~˘ª˘©˘j å«˘M »˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ô˘jhõ˘à˘dG Ühô˘°V ø˘˘e Üô˘˘°V
.¥h~æ°üdG ‘ ´GÎbG ábQh øe ÌcCG •É≤°SEG ¤EG ÖNÉædG
´Ó£à°SG ‘ m∑QÉ°ûe ¤EG kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûjh
.´Ó£à°S’G áHƒLCG øY áî°ùf øe ÌcCG π°Sôj ÊhÎμdEG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
A proposed piece of legislation (a law)on which people can vote. See also“Referendum.”
The location and order of races, candi-date names, and ballot initiatives on theballot. Races are often placed in orderof importance and candidate names areoften ordered randomly.
A set of pre-established criteria that par-ties or individual candidates must meetto be placed on a ballot. These require-ments should be rational, reasonable,and objective. See also “Applying forCandidacy” and “Registration ofParties or Candidates.”
The process of comparing the numberof ballots in the ballot box with thenumber of voters according to the vot-ers list or other records of the totalnumber of persons who cast ballots.The number of ballots cast shouldequal the number of voters accordingto the voters list.
The method of presenting voter choic-es on the ballot paper (i.e. candidate-centered vs. party-centered).
Deliberately spoiling paper ballots of avoter one seeks to disenfranchise,often in the aim of eliminating votesfor a political opponent. See also“Disenfranchise.”
Official document on which voters canindicate their preferences to cast theirvote.
Ballot Initiative âjƒ°üàdG IQOÉÑe
âjƒ°üàdG Ö©°û∏d ≈qæ°ùàj ì nÎ≤e (¿ƒfÉb) ™jô°ûJ
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬«∏Y.''ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG''
8
Ballot Placement ´GÎb’G ábQh Ö«JôJ á≤jôW
,ɢ¡˘«˘∏˘Y ¢ù˘ naɢæ˘àŸG Ö°UɢæŸG ∞˘∏˘àfl Ö«˘Jô˘Jh ™˘bƒ˘˘e
ᢢbQh ‘ âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG äGQOɢ˘Ñ˘˘eh ,Ú뢢°TôŸG Aɢ˘˘ª˘˘˘°SCGh
kÉ≤ah Ö°UÉæŸG √òg Ö«JôJ qºàj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .´GÎb’G
.kÉ«FGƒ°ûY Úë°TôŸG Aɪ°SCG êGQOEG qºàj ɪæ«H ɡ૪gC’
Ballot Qualification í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T
ôaGƒàJ ¿CG Öéj »àdG kÉØ∏°S IO~ÙG ÒjÉ©ŸG øe á∏ªL
,í°TÎdG º¡d ≥ë«d øjOôØæŸG Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G ‘
á˘dƒ˘≤˘©˘eh ᢫˘≤˘£˘æ˘e •hô˘°ûdG √ò˘g ¿ƒ˘˘μ˘˘J ¿CG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .᢫˘˘Yƒ˘˘°Vƒ˘˘eh''í˘«˘°TÎdG Ö∏˘W Ë~˘≤˘˘J''
.''Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G π«é°°ùJJ''h
Ballot Reconciliation ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG á≤HÉ£e
IOƒLƒŸG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG O~Y áfQÉ≤à »° ≤j lAGôLEG
í˘FGƒ˘d ≥˘˘ah ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG O~˘˘©˘˘H ´GÎb’G ¥h~˘˘æ˘˘°U ‘
ÚÑNÉædG ´ƒª› O~ëj ôNBG πé°S …CG hCG Ö£°ûdG
øe øq«Ñàj ¿CG Öéj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH GƒdOCG øjòdG
…hÉ°ùj É¡H ¤~ŸG ¥GQhC’G O~Y q¿CG ÚÑNÉædG áëF’
.ÚÑNÉædG nO~Y
Ballot Structure ´GÎb’G ábQh º«ª°üJ
ábQh ‘ ÖNÉædG äGQÉ«N É¡«a ¢V nô©oJ »àdG á≤jô£dG
´GÎb’G ÖNÉæ∏d IÒNC’G √òg í«àJ ¿CÉc) ´GÎb’G
.(ÜGõMCG ídÉ°üd ’ Úë°Tôe ídÉ°üd
Ballot Tampering/Vote Tampering
/´GÎb’G ¥GQhCÉH ÖYÓJ
äGƒ°UC’ÉH ÖYÓJ
ÚÑNÉædG ´GÎbG ¥GQhCÉH kG~ªY åÑ©dG ≈∏Y ºg~MCG ΩG~bEG
±~¡H ∂dPh ,âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe º¡fÉeôM ¤EG ≈©°ùj øjòdG
.»˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG º˘°üÿG ¤EG á˘∏˘jB’G äGƒ˘°UC’G ¢ ©˘H Oɢ©˘Ñ˘à˘°SG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.'' GÎb’G ≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ¿ÉeôM''
º˘¡˘«˘ë˘°Tô˘e ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Nɢæ˘dG ɢ¡˘«˘a O~˘ë˘j ᢢ«˘˘ª˘˘°SQ ᢢbQh
.º¡d ¿ƒJ qƒ°üj øjòdG Ú∏° ØŸG
Ballot/Ballot Paper ´GÎbG ᪫°ùbb/ábQh
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
See “Voting.”
Ballots that have been renderedinvalid because of damage or tampering;
Ballots that have been disposed ofafter the election results have been madeofficial. Ballots should not be destroyeduntil after the time for challenging aresult before a court or tribunal haspassed, or if a challenge has been lodged,after the challenge has been finally dealtwith. Ballots should be destroyed in sucha manner that keeps the vote secret.
The number of ballots correctly deposit-ed into the ballot box or transmittedthrough an electronic voting machine(EVM) which will be enumerated in thevote count. Unused and spoilt ballots arenot considered ballots cast.
A chart with rectangular bars withlengths proportional to the values thatthey represent. Bar graphs have severaluses in elections, such as representingwhere candidates or parties stand in rela-tion to each other in the electoral race.
A political poll taken to determine asmuch information about the voters aspossible. The baseline poll is usually doneearly in the campaign before there ismuch political activity. See “PoliticalPolling” and “Tracking Poll/Survey.”
A leaning in favor of or against some-thing or someone; partiality or preju-dice. For antonym, see “Unbiased.”
Balloting´GÎbG
9
' ™LGQ.''âjƒ°üJ'
Ballots Destroyed áØ∏àe ´GÎbG ábQh
hCG ɢ¡˘˘«˘˘a m π˘˘∏˘˘N Oƒ˘˘Lƒ˘˘d á◊ɢ˘°U ÒZ ´GÎbG ᢢbQh
;É¡H ÖYÓàdG ÖÑ°ùH
øY kÉ«ª°SQ ¿ÓYE’G ~©H É¡H åÑ©dG q” ´GÎbG ábQh
’EG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ±ÓJEG Rƒéj ’ .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf
ΩÉeCG äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàæH ø©£dG ≈∏Y âbh Qhôe ~©H
q” »˘à˘dG ¿ƒ˘©˘£˘dɢH kɢ«˘Fɢ¡˘f qâÑ˘dG ~˘©˘H hCG ,á˘ª˘˘μÙG
´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ±Ó˘JEG kɢ° jCG ø˘q«˘©˘à˘jh .ɢ¡˘H Ω~˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘dG
.´GÎb’G ájô°S ≈∏Y ßaÉ– má≤jô£H
Ballots/Votes Cast /É¡H ¤~ o ŸG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG
áYp Î≤e äGƒ°UCG
πμ°ûH â p£≤°SoCG »àdG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG O~Y ¤EG Ò°ûJ
Iõ¡LCG ÈY â∏ p°SQoCG hCG ´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U πNGO í«ë°U
ÉgDhÉ°üMEG qºàj ¥GQhCG »gh ,á«fhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG
ÒZ ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ɢ˘˘˘˘˘eCG .äGƒ˘˘˘˘˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘˘˘˘˘a ~˘˘˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘˘˘˘Y
.áfÉÿG √òg ‘ πN~J Óa á∏WÉÑdG hCG á∏ª©à°ùŸG
Bar Graph I~ªYCG πμ°T ≈∏Y ÊÉ«H º°SQ
Ö°SÉæàj πμ°ûdG á∏«£à°ùe I~ªYCG øe ∞dCÉàj ∫h~L
¬˘LhCG O~˘©˘à˘Jh .ɢ¡˘∏˘ã“ »˘à˘dG á˘ª˘«˘˘≤˘˘dG ™˘˘e ɢ˘¡˘˘dƒ˘˘W
Rp Èàa ,äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ á«fÉ«ÑdG Ωƒ°SôdG √òg ∫ɪ©à°SG
¢ ©ÑdG º¡° ©H øe ÜGõMC’G hCG Úë°TôŸG ™bGƒe kÓãe
.á«HÉîàf’G ácô©ŸG ‘
Baseline Poll á«dhC’G …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG
≈∏˘Y ∫ƒ˘°ü◊G ±~˘¡˘H ᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG AGQBÓ˘d ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG
…ôéjh .ÚÑNÉædG øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øe øμ‡ Q~b ÈcCG
øe IôμÑe á∏Môe ‘ kIOÉY ‹hC’G ´Ó£à°S’G Gòg
á˘£˘°ûfC’G ∞ qã˘μ˘à˘J ¿CG π˘Ñ˘˘b ᢢ«˘˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ᢢ∏˘˘ª◊G
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.''á«∏MôŸG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG''h
BiasRÉ«ëfG/õq«–
Ω~Yh ôNBG ¿hO ±ôW hCG á«° ≤d Ö°ü©àdG hCG ÜõëàdG
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .ájOÉ«◊G.''õq«ëàe ÒZ''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
In government, bicameralism is thepractice of having two legislative or par-liamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameralparliament or bicameral legislature is aparliament or legislature which consistsof two chambers or houses. See also“Unicameral Legislature.”
Proposed act not yet passed by the leg-islature.
Consisting of, or supported by, mem-bers of two major political parties.
Official records of people’s births. Insome countries it is necessary to pro-duce an official copy of one’s birth cer-tificate to prove citizenship or votingeligibility.
The practice of recording votes using adirect recording electronic (DRE) sys-tem that does not provide a subsequentpaper record of the voter’s action.
A ballot with no mark, meaning that thevoter did not vote for any of the candi-dates on the ballot, nor did he or shevote for or against a proposition on theballot.
A primary election in which the namesof all the candidates for all the partiesare on one ballot. This term is used specifi-cally within the U.S. electoral system.
q¿CG ¤EG ºμ◊G á°SQɇ Qɪ° e ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
hCG ÚàaôZ øe ¿Éf qƒμàj á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG
™˘˘˘˘˘˘˘LGQ .Úæ˘˘˘˘˘˘˘KG Ú°ù∏›á˘jOɢMCG ᢫˘©˘jô˘°ûJJ á˘Ä˘«˘g''
.''π«ãªàdG
Bicameral Legislature á«FÉæK á«©jô°ûJJ áÄ«g
Ú°ù∏∏› äGP/π«ãªàdG
10
Bill ¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûee
.~©H ¿ÉŸÈdG √ qô≤j ⁄ ì nÎ≤e ¿ƒfÉb
Bipartisan /ÚHõëH ≥∏©àe
ÚHõM øe ~sjDƒe
¿GÈà˘© oj Ú«˘°Sɢ«˘°S ÚHõ˘M Aɢ° YCɢH ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j ɢe qπ˘˘c
ø˘e qπ˘c hCG ,᢫˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G Rô˘˘HCG ø˘˘e kᢢ°Uɢ˘N
.º¡ªY~H ≈¶ëj
Birth Registry äGO’ƒdG πé°°S
»Øa .IO’ƒdG äGOÉ¡°T hCG ᫪°SôdG äÓé°ùdÉH πqãªàj
øY ᫪°SQ áî°ùf QG~°üà°SG øq«©àj ,¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H
᢫˘∏˘˘gC’ hCG Oƒ˘˘dƒŸG ᢢ«˘˘°ùæ÷ kɢ˘Jɢ˘Ñ˘˘KEG IO’ƒ˘˘dG IOɢ˘¡˘˘°T
.âjƒ°üàdG
Black Box Voting Oƒ°SC’G ¥h~æ°üdG ‘ âjƒ°üJ
äGƒ˘˘°UC’G π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘°ùJ ᢢ«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘˘Y ¤EG Ò°ûj lí˘˘˘∏˘˘˘£˘˘˘°üe
âjƒ°üàdG ᪶fCG ΩG~îà°SG ≥jôW øY á«HÉîàf’G
πé°S q…CG kÉ≤M’ Q~°üoJ ’ »àdG ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G
.ÖNÉædG É¡H Ωƒ≤j »àdG ´GÎb’G á«∏ª©d »bQh
Blank Ballot AÉ° «H ´GÎbG ábQh
q¿CG ¤EG kIQɢ˘°TEG ,ᢢeÓ˘˘Y …CG ø˘˘e ᢢ«˘˘˘dɢ˘˘N ´GÎbG ᢢ˘bQh
ºgDhɪ°SCG IOQGƒdG Úë°TôŸG øe q…C’ ä qƒ°üj ⁄ ÖNÉædG
âjƒ°üà∏d ìhô£e ìGÎbG …C’ ’h ,´GÎb’G ábQh ‘
.¬à°VQÉ©e hCG ¬«∏Y á≤aGƒŸG π«Ñb øe ¿EG
Blanket Primary á∏eÉ°T áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG
Úë°TôŸG ™«ªL Aɪ°SCG É¡«a O pôJ áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG
.I~˘˘MGh ´GÎbG ᢢbQh ‘ ᢢ˘aɢ˘˘c ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G ø˘˘˘e™«°ûj
Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG ø˘ª˘˘°V kG~˘˘j~– í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘g ∫ɢ˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
When all eligible voters in a geographicarea are encouraged to vote regardlessof which candidate they support. Forexample, in areas where there is consid-erable support for a candidate - say sixout of ten voters support the candidate- it may benefit the campaign of thatcandidate if as many voters as possiblego to the polls, regardless of whether ornot the supporters have been identified.See also “GOTV Get Out The Vote”and “Pull.”
A group with a shared interest/purpose;group of voters or politicians who sharecommon goals. See also “Alliance” and“Coalition.”
A multi-seat election method in plurali-ty/majority systems in which each votercan vote on as many seats that are to befilled within the electoral district. Thecandidates with the most votes win - anabsolute majority is not required. Seealso “Plurality/Relative Majority.”
Usually a non-partisan or multi-partisanboard set up to oversee the election andensure that it is conducted fairly. Seealso “Election Management Body(EMB).”
The act of seizing and controlling apolling station so that many fraudulentvotes may be cast there.
Managing of the booths in the pollingstation.
âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ™«ªL ™«é°ûJ á«∏ªY
A’OE’G ≈∏Y IO~fi á«aGô¨L á©≤H øª°V øj~LGƒàŸGh
.¬fh~jDƒj …òdG í°TôŸG øY ô¶ædG q¢ ¨H º¡JGƒ°UCÉH
kÓãe Úë°TôŸG ~MCG É¡«a ≈¶ëj »àdG ≥WÉæŸG »Øa
π˘°UCG ø˘e ÚÑ˘Nɢf á˘à˘°S º˘Y~˘H π˘˘ o≤˘˘næ˘˘d ,ÒÑ˘˘c º˘˘Y~˘˘H
Q~b ÈcCG ¬LƒJ øe í°TôŸG ∑GP á∏ªM ~«ØJ ~b ,Iô°ûY
ô¶ædG q¢ ¨H ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG øe øμ‡
.øjô°UÉæŸG Qƒ° M øe ~cCÉàdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG i~e øY
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ™aO''h ''âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°°ûJJ''
.''âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG
Blind Pull âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO
õ««“ ¿hO
11
Blocá∏àc/πàμJ
hCG í˘dɢ°üe º˘¡˘©˘ªŒ ø˘jò˘dG ¢UɢTC’G ø˘˘e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª›
hCG ÚÑ˘˘˘Nɢ˘˘æ˘˘˘dG ø˘˘˘e ᢢ˘Yƒ˘˘˘ª› hCG ;ᢢ˘cΰûe äɢ˘˘jɢ˘˘˘Z
™LGQ .ácΰûe ±G~gCG º¡©ªŒ øjòdG Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG
kÉ° jCG.''±ÓàFG''h ''∞dÉ–''
Block Vote/Bloc Vote á∏àμdG âjƒ°üJ/á∏àμdG Ωɶf
Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG qπ˘X ‘ ≥˘sÑ˘£ oJ ~˘Yɢ≤˘e I~˘Y AπŸ Üɢî˘à˘fG ᢫˘dBG
∫OÉ©j äGƒ°UCG O~Y íæÁ ¿CG ÖNÉf πμd í«àJh …ÌcC’G
.á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y
O~Y ÈcCÉH ¿ƒ¶ëj øjòdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG √ò¡H RƒØjh
ájÌcC’G ≈∏Y IQhô° dÉH Gƒ∏°üëj ⁄ ¿EGh ,äGƒ°UC’G øe
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á≤∏£ŸG.''á«Ñ°ùff ájÌcCG''
Board of Elections äÉHÉîàf’G ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G áÄ«g
I~Y πãÁ hCG ÜõM q…CG πãÁ ’ RÉ¡L ¤EG kIOÉY Ò°ûJ
≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ±Gô˘˘˘°TE’G ±~˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘H √Dhɢ˘˘˘°ûfEG º˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘jh ,ÜGõ˘˘˘˘MCG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡JQGOEG ø°ùM ≈∏Y ô¡°ùdGh äÉHÉîàf’G
.''äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g''
Booth Capturing ´GÎb’G º∏≤H ºqμ–
¬H ∑É°ùeE’Gh ´GÎb’G º∏b ≈∏Y ~«dG ™°VƒH ≈q∏éàJ
.äGƒ°UC’G øe ÒÑc O~Y ôjhõàH íª°ùj mƒëf ≈∏Y
Booth Management ´GÎb’G º∏b IQGOEG
.´GÎb’G º∏b πNGO ∫RÉ©ŸG IQGOEG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
A voting system for single or multiple-seat elections using rank preference bal-lots. A voter’s first choice is worth a fullpoint and subsequent choices are wortha percentage of a point. The candidate(s)with the most cumulative points wins.
A situation in which the flow of peopleis slowed at one place in the votingprocess, therefore causing the processto slow down or halt.
A multi-seat election method. Similar toinstant runoff voting except runoffcycles stop when number of remainingcandidates is equal to the number ofseats to be filled.
Something that marks an electoral limitor border. See also “Constituency.”
The process of drawing boundaries ofconstituencies for allocation of seats. Seealso “Districting” and “Redistricting.”
The act of giving or promising anymoney gift, office, employment, orreward to a voter, at anytime in order toinfluence him or her to give or withholdhis/her vote. See also “Vote-Buying.”
A short and clear summary of a situa-tion or an event. It can be a meeting ora set of written materials.
á˘jOɢ˘MC’G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dG ø˘˘ª˘˘°V ~˘˘ nª˘˘à˘˘©˘ oj âjƒ˘˘°üJ Ωɢ˘¶˘˘f
¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àjh ,π«ãªàdG IO~©àŸG hCG π«ãªàdG
.´GÎb’G ábQh ‘ á«∏° aC’G Ö°ùëH Úë°TôŸG ÖqJôj
‘ qπ˘ë˘j …ò˘dG í˘°TôŸG ∫ɢ˘æ˘˘j ,Ωɢ˘¶˘˘æ˘˘dG Gò˘˘g qπ˘˘X ‘h
…òdG í°TôŸG ≈¶ëj ɪ«a á∏eÉc á£≤f ¤hC’G áÑJôŸG
√ò˘g ø˘e á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘H ᢫˘˘dɢ˘à˘˘dG ÖJGôŸG ‘ qπ˘˘ë˘˘j
O~Y ÈcCG ™ªéj …òdG ƒ¡a õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ÉeCG .á£≤ædG
.•É≤ædG øe
Borda Count äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùààM’ ''GOQƒH'' Ωɶf
12
Bottleneck (´GÎb’G á«∏ªY) á∏bôY
≥a~J É¡«a ô°ùëæj mádÉM ∞°Uƒd Ω n~îà°ùoj í∏£°üe
ɇ ,´GÎb’G á«∏ªY πMGôe øe á∏Môe ‘ ÚÑNÉædG
.É¡∏«£©J hCG ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY AÉ£HEÉH ÖÑ°ùàj
Bottoms Up OÉ©Ñà°SÉH ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ
πbCG ≈∏Y Ú∏°UÉ◊G Úë°TôŸG
äGƒ°UC’G øe O~Y
øY âjƒ°üàdÉH lá¡«Ñ°T ~YÉ≤e I~Y AπŸ ÜÉîàfG á«dBG
™jRƒJ äGQhO q¿CG AÉæãà°SÉH ,äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JôJ ≥jôW
ÚbÉÑdG Úë°TôŸG O~Y ihÉ°ùàj ÚM ∞bƒàJ ~YÉ≤ŸG
.ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~©H
Boundary (Election) (á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG) Oh~M
™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ∞∏àfl ÚH π°üØj Ée »g
kÉ° jCG.''á«HÉîàfG IôFGO''
Boundary Delimitation á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ
¢VGôZC’ káe~N á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG Oh~M º°SQ á«∏ªY
kɢ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘LGQ .~˘˘˘˘Yɢ˘˘˘≤ŸG ™˘˘˘˘jRƒ˘˘˘˘Jô˘FGh~˘dG º˘«˘°Sô˘˘J''
.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG''h ''á«HÉîàf’G
Bribing Voters Iƒ°TôdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ádɪà°SG
≠dÉÑe ,íæà OƒYh ™£b hCG ,íæe ≈∏Y í°TôŸG ΩG~bEG
q…CG ¤EG äBÉaÉμe hCG ,∞FÉXh hCG ,Ö°UÉæe hCG ,á«dÉe
hCG ¬Jƒ°üH A’OE’ÉH ¬YÉæbE’ ¿Éc âbh q…CG ‘h ,ÖNÉf
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdG øY ΩÉéME’ÉH.''äGƒ°UC’G AGô°T''
Briefing ≥Ñ°ùee ¢üî∏e
ƒgh .ç~M hCG ™°Vh q…CG øY í°VGhh õLƒe ¢üî∏e
πμ°T ≈∏Y ´ sRƒoj ¿CG hCG ´ÉªàLG πμ°T òîàj ¿CG øμÁ
.áYƒÑ£e OGƒe
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
The amount of money a candidate orparty spends on various aspects of thecampaign. Can also refer to allocationof time and resources.
An election not held at the regularlyscheduled time, often to fill a vacancyin the office. There is often muchlower voter turnout in a special or by-election. By-elections are also knownas special elections.
A law or rule governing the internalaffairs of an organization.
BudgetáfRGƒe
13
¬≤Øæj …òdG ‹ÉŸG ≠∏ÑŸG ¤EG kIOÉY í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
∞˘∏˘à˘îÃ á˘«˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G á˘∏˘ª◊G ≈˘∏˘Y Üõ◊G hCG í˘˘°TôŸG
âbƒdG ¤EG kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj ¿CG øμÁh .É¡ÑfGƒL
.É¡d IOƒ°UôŸG ájô°ûÑdG OQGƒŸGh á∏ªë∏d ¢ü°üıG
By-Election á«Yôa äÉHÉîàfG
º s¶æoJ ɉEG É¡d O~ÙG ~YƒŸG ‘ kIOÉY ~ n≤©oJ ’ äÉHÉîàfG
á˘˘Ñ˘˘°ùf ɢ˘eCG .ô˘˘Zɢ˘°T mÖ°üæ˘˘e AπŸ ¿É˘˘«˘˘MC’G Ö∏˘˘ZCG ‘
äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ á° Øîæe ¿ƒμJ Ée kÉÑdɨa ácQÉ°ûŸG
.á°UÉÿG äÉHÉîàf’ÉH kÉ° jCG ± nô©oJ »àdG á«YôØdG
By-Law »∏NGO Ωɶf
.᪶æª∏d á«∏NG~dG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ≈Yôj Ωɶf hCG ¿ƒfÉb
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Political activity, including meetings, ral-lies, speeches, demonstrations, parades,other events, and the use of mediaintended to inform citizens or govern-ment about the platform of a particularcandidate, coalition, or group of citi-zens, to gather support.
An infringement, either intentional orunintentional, of the electoral law’s reg-ulations on any aspect of the campaign,such as campaign finance, advertising,and media restrictions.
A calendar developed by a campaign toschedule events and voter contact inthe campaign.
The decision-making group in a cam-paign made up of the key advisors tothe candidate. This committee couldalso provide financial assistance to can-didates, in addition to strategic support.See also “Campaign Team.”
A contribution of money to fund apolitical campaign. There are two typesof campaign donations: “hard money,”which is regulated by campaign financelaws, and “soft money,” which is notsubject to campaign finance laws, butcannot be used to directly support acandidate for federal office. See also“Hard Money/Soft Money.”
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CCampaigná∏ªM
äÉYɪàL’G πª°ûJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG ᣰûfC’G øe lá∏ªL
äɢ°VGô˘©˘à˘˘°S’Gh äGÒ°ùŸGh Ö˘˘ n£oÿGh äɢ˘fɢ˘Lô˘˘¡ŸGh
.᪠q¶æŸG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG øe ÉgÒZh IQÉq«°ùdG ÖcGƒŸGh
ΩÓYEG áq«æH ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SG É¡«dEG ±É° oj
hCG í°Tôe Ég q~p©oj »àdG èeGÈdÉH áeƒμ◊G hCG ÚæWGƒŸG
.ºY~∏d kG~°ûM ÚæWGƒŸG øe ≥jôa hCG øq«©e ∞dÉ–
Campaign Abuse/Violation
º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG ¥ôN/∑É¡àfG
á∏ª◊G
¿ƒ˘fɢ≤˘dG Ωɢμ˘MC’ ,~˘ª˘©˘à˘˘e ÒZ hCG ~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘e ,l¥ô˘˘N
ÖfGƒL øe ÖfÉL q…CG º«¶æJ ≈YôJ »àdG »HÉîàf’G
»àdG Oƒ«≤dGh ,É¡JÉfÓYEGh ,á∏ª◊G πjƒªàc ,á∏ª◊G
.»eÓYE’G iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y É¡d ™° îJ
Campaign Calendar á∏ª◊G áeÉfRhQ
∫h~÷G ~˘j~˘ë˘à˘d á˘∏˘ª◊G ƒ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e ɢg q~˘©˘ oj ᢢeɢ˘fRhQ
ɢ˘gDhɢ˘«˘˘MEG ™˘˘eõŸG äɢ˘Ñ˘˘°Sɢ˘æŸGh çG~˘˘MCÓ˘˘d »˘˘æ˘˘eõ˘˘˘dG
.ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G ~«YGƒeh
Campaign Committee á∏ª◊G áæ÷
‘ QGô≤dG ™˘æ˘°U ¬˘«˘dEG ~˘ n¡˘©˘oj …ò˘dG ≥˘jô˘Ø˘dɢH π qã˘ª˘à˘J
√ò¡d ≈qæ°ùàjh .í°TôŸG …QÉ°ûà°ùe RôHCG qº° jh á∏ª◊G
káaÉ°VEG á«dÉŸG äG~YÉ°ùŸÉH í°TôŸG q~“ ¿CG kÉ° jCG áæé∏dG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬d √ôaƒJ …òdG »é«JGΰS’G ºY~dG ¤EG
.''á∏ª◊G ≥jôa''
Campaign Donation á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ
.á«°SÉ«°S á∏ªM πjƒªàd Ω s~≤oJ »àdG á«dÉŸG áªgÉ°ùŸG
πjƒªàdG'' :äÉYÈàdG øe ÚYƒæH äÓª◊G ≈¶–h
π˘jƒ˘ª˘à˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ¬˘ª˘ q¶˘æ˘J …ò˘dG ''~˘q«˘≤ŸG
™˘° î˘j ’ …ò˘dG ''~ q«˘˘≤ŸG ÒZ π˘˘jƒ˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG''h ,ᢢ∏˘˘ª◊G
…CG ºY~d ¬dɪ©à°SG Q qò©àj ɉEG IQƒcòŸG ÚfGƒ≤∏d
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ . kGô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘˘e kɢ˘ª˘˘YO ‹GQ~˘˘a Ö°üæŸ í˘˘°Tô˘˘e
.''~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“/~q«≤e πjƒ“''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
15
A movement to restrict and monitorthe amount of money individuals andinterest groups can contribute to politi-cal campaigns.
Laws that restrict the amount of moneyindividuals and interest groups can con-tribute to political campaigns. Regulationsrequire candidates or political parties tomaintain and disclose financial records.
Printed campaign material used toinform and persuade potential votersabout the candidate.
The person responsible for overseeingthe strategic development and the day-to-day running of the campaign. The candi-date cannot be the campaign manager.
Period of time, defined by law, withinwhich candidates may conduct cam-paign activities and distribute electionpropaganda.
The written document drafted at thebeginning of a campaign bringing togeth-er the important research, targeting, mes-sage, strategy, and step-by-step outline ofhow the campaign will get to election day.
People who have proven past experi-ence working on campaigns, and under-stand the fundamentals of campaigndevelopment, such as raising money,formulating a campaign message, work-ing with the media, and targeting andpersuading voters. See also “CampaignCommittee,” “Campaign Manager,”and “Scheduler.”
Campaign Finance Reform
á∏ª◊G πjƒ“ ᪶fCG ìÓ°UEG
í˘ nª˘°ù oj »˘à˘dG ᢫˘dÉŸG ≠˘dÉ˘ÑŸG á˘ª˘«˘˘b ø˘˘e q~– ÚfGƒ˘˘b
äÓªë∏d É¡H GƒYÈàj ¿CÉH ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª›h OGôaCÓd
äÓª◊G πjƒ“ ᪶fCG ÖLƒà°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .á«°SÉ«°ùdG
∑ɢ˘˘°ùeE’G ᢢ˘«˘˘˘°Sɢ˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G hCG Ú뢢˘°TôŸG ø˘˘˘e
.É¡æY ∞°ûμdGh á«dÉe äÓé°ùH
Campaign FinanceRegulations
äÓª◊G πjƒ“ ᪶fCG
»àdG á«dÉŸG ≠dÉÑŸG §Ñ°Vh áÑbGôŸ ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G
π˘jƒ˘ª˘˘à˘˘d í˘˘dɢ˘°üŸG äɢ˘Yƒ˘˘ª›h OGô˘˘aC’G ɢ˘¡˘˘H º˘˘¡˘˘°ùj
.á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÓª◊G
Campaign Literature á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûææe/OGƒe
ÚÑNÉædG ´ÓWE’ á∏ª◊G É¡YRƒJ »àdG áYƒÑ£ŸG OGƒŸG
.¬d âjƒ°üàdÉH º¡YÉæbEGh í°TôŸG ≈∏Y Ú∏ªàÙG
Campaign Manager á∏ª◊G ôj~e
ᢢ«˘˘é˘˘«˘˘JGΰSG ™˘˘°Vh ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ±ô˘˘°ûj …ò˘˘dG ¢ü°ûdG
≈∏Y Q qò©àj ,øμdh .á«eƒ«dG É¡fhDƒ°T IQGOEGh á∏ª◊G
.á∏ª◊G ôj~e Qh~H ™∏£° j ¿CG í°TôŸG
Campaign Period á∏ª◊G I~e
Úë°Tôª∏d É¡«a íª°ùjh ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ÉgO~ëj á«æeR IÎa
äÉjÉY~dGh OGƒŸG Ghô°ûæjh á∏ª◊G ᣰûfCG GhòØæj ¿CÉH
.á«HÉîàf’G
Campaign Plan á∏ª◊G á£N
á˘eɢ¡˘dG çɢë˘HC’G ™˘ªŒ »˘˘à˘˘dG ᢢHƒ˘˘à˘˘μŸG ᢢ≤˘˘«˘˘Kƒ˘˘dG
á«é˘«˘JGΰS’Gh á˘dɢ°Sô˘dGh ᢠna~˘¡˘à˘°ùŸG äɢYƒ˘ªÛGh
¤EG QÉ°üoj Ée kÉÑdÉZh .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ‘ á©ÑqàŸG
ᣰûfCG ÖcGƒàa ,á∏ª◊G ájG~H ‘ á£ÿG √òg áZÉ«°U
.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ¤EG k’ƒ°Uh ,kIƒ£N kIƒ£N á∏ª◊G
Campaign Professionals
äÓª◊G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ ¿ƒ°üàfl/AGÈN
ÉgƒÑ°ùàcG ∫ÉÛG Gòg ‘ á∏jƒW mIÈîH ¿ƒ©àªàj l¢UÉî°TCG
ºgh »°VÉŸG ‘ äÓª◊G øe O~Y º«¶æJ ‘ º¡∏ªY øe
±nô©ojh .πª©dG Gòg AGOCG AÉ≤d kGôLCG ¿ƒ°VÉ≤àj Ée kÉÑdÉZ
äÓª◊G º«¶æàd á«°SÉ°SC’G ÇOÉÑŸÉH ™°SGƒdG º¡eÉŸEG º¡æY
,á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘dɢ°SQ á˘Zɢ«˘°Uh ,äɢYÈà˘dG ™˘ª˘L ∫ɢã˘e ≈˘∏˘Y
ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG ±G~˘¡˘à˘°SGh ,ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘Fɢ°Sh ™˘e »˘Wɢ©˘à˘dGh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdÉH º¡YÉæbE’ôj~e''h ,''á∏ª◊G áæ÷''
.''∫ɪYC’G/~«YGƒŸG ∫h~L ™°VGh''h ,''á∏ª◊G
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
16
See “Rally.”
The money, time, information, andmanpower help to which a campaignhas access.
A decision-making group in the cam-paign made up of the key advisors tothe candidate. In some cases the cam-paign team may be the campaign com-mittee plus the campaign staff. See also“Campaign Committee.”
The person running for a particularelected position. The role of the candi-date is to meet voters and potentialdonors to the campaign and persuadethem to support the candidate. Thecandidate cannot be the campaign man-ager.
All the information, both good and bad,that a campaign can put together on itsown candidate as well as on the com-petitor. This research is typically con-ducted either before a campaign periodbegins or early into a campaign periodto identify any potentially controversialinformation that is easily accessible. Seealso “Opposition Research” and“Research.”
See “Party Agent.”
A person designated by a candidate tobe responsible for the financial man-agement of his or her campaign, andthe completion of the statutory reports.
Campaign Rally á∏ª◊G äÉfÉLô¡e
™LGQ.''(»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e''
Campaign Resources á∏ª◊G OQGƒe
,äɢeƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh ,᢫˘æ˘eõ˘dG I~ŸGh ,∫Gƒ˘˘eC’ɢ˘H π˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘J
.á∏ªM q…CG É¡æe ~«ØJ »àdG ájô°ûÑdG ábÉ£dGh
Campaign Team á∏ª◊G ≥jôa
qº° jh á∏ª◊G ‘ QGô≤dG ™æ°U ¬«dEG ~ n¡©oj …òdG ≥jôØdG
~˘˘˘b ,ä’É◊G ¢ ©˘˘˘H ‘h .í˘˘˘°TôŸG …Qɢ˘˘°ûà˘˘˘°ùe Rô˘˘˘˘HCG
∞∏àfl ÖfÉL ¤EG á∏ª◊G áæ÷ øe á∏ª◊G ≥jôa ¿ qƒμàj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡«a Ú∏eÉ©dG.''á∏ª◊G áæ÷''
Candidateí°Tôe
.øq«©e Ö°üæà RƒØ∏d äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒîj l¢üî°T
¤EG ,¬H ™∏£° j …òdG Qh~dG QÉWEG ‘ ,í°TôŸG ~ª©jh
¿CG π nªàëoj øjòdG ÚëfÉŸGh ÚÑNÉædG ™e äGAÉ≤d ~≤Y
Ë~≤àH º¡YÉæbEG π«Ñ°S ‘ á∏ª◊G πjƒªàH GƒYÈàj
¿CG í°TôŸG ≈∏Y Q qò©àj ,πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ ,øμdh .¬d ºY~dG
.á∏ª◊G ôj~e Qh~H ™∏£° j
Candidate Research í°TôŸG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG
,á«Ñ∏°ùdG hCG É¡æe á«HÉéjE’G ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πc øª° àj
í°TôŸG øY É¡©ªL øe á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe øqμªàj »àdG
√ò˘˘g AGô˘˘LEG ¤EG Qɢ˘°ü˘˘ojh .AGƒ˘˘°ùdG ≈˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ¬˘˘˘eɢ˘˘°üNCGh
ᢰü°üıG IÎØ˘˘dG ᢢjG~˘˘H π˘˘Ñ˘˘b ɢ˘eEG kIOɢ˘Y çɢ˘ë˘˘HC’G
,á∏ª◊G πMGôe øe IôμÑe á∏Môe ‘ hCG á∏ªë∏d
π˘¡˘°ùj ∫~˘é˘∏˘d IÒã˘e äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘e …CG ~˘˘°Uô˘˘d ∂dPh
kɢ° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .ɢ˘¡˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘Y ∫ɢ˘°üë˘˘à˘˘°S’G∫ƒ˘M çÉɢ뢢HCG''
.''çÉÉëHCG''h ''á°VQÉ©ŸG
Candidate’s Agent í°TôŸG Üh~æe
™LGQ.''Üõ◊G Üh~æe''
Candidate’s Official Agent
í°Tôª∏d »ª°SQ Üh~æe
á˘∏˘ª◊G IQGOEG ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ù∏˘d í˘°TôŸG ¬˘æ˘q«˘˘©˘˘j l¢ü°T
ΩÉ“EGh ,á∏°üdG äGP á«dÉŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ≥«Ñ£Jh ,kÉ«dÉe
.¿ƒfÉ≤dG É¡«∏Y q¢üæj »àdG ôjQÉ≤àdG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
17
Canvass (QGO ¤EG QGO øe) ±GƒW
A type of citizen contact in which thecandidate, campaign organizers, or vol-unteers go from one home to another,talking directly to citizens. This can beone of the most persuasive methods ofgaining credibility and support, though itis time and labor intensive. Canvassing isalso known as “Door-to-door.”
See “Voting.”
Form of ballot which only allows for achoice of a single candidate or party.
A meeting of party leaders and/orsupporters, the purpose of which maybe to show unity for a particular issue(usually held privately) or to select acandidate for office;
A group within a legislative or decision-making body seeking to represent a spe-cific interest or influence a particular areaof policy. In the British system, this termrefers to a committee within a politicalparty charged with determining policy.
Process whereby small groups selectrepresentatives who, in turn, choosecandidates to serve in a given govern-ment. This term is used specifically within theU.S. electoral system.
The denial of freedom of speech or free-dom of the press. Censorship can takethe form of the suppression of ideas andinformation that certain persons -individ-uals, groups or government officials -findobjectionable or dangerous. The offen-sive material may be considered immoralor obscene, heretical or blasphemous,seditious or treasonable, or injurious tothe national security. See also “DirectCensorship” and “Self-Censorship.”
π≤æàj å«M ,ÚæWGƒŸÉH ∫É°üJ’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T
¤EG QGO øe ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG hCG á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe hCG í°TôŸG
á∏«°SƒdG √òg qπ©dh .º¡«dEG Iô°TÉÑe ç q~ëà∏d QGO
Ö°ùc ≈∏Y kIQ~bh kÉYÉæbEG ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh ÌcCG »g
å«˘ã◊G ~˘¡÷Gh âbƒ˘dG º˘ZQ º˘˘Y~˘˘dGh ᢢ«˘˘bG~˘˘°üŸG
.¬qÑ∏£àJ …òdG
Casting a Vote ¬Jƒ°üH (ÖNÉædG) A’OEG
™LGQ.''âjƒ°üJ''
Categorical Ballot º°SÉM ´GÎbG
hCG í°Tôe QÉ«àNÉH ’EG ÖNÉæ∏d íª°ùJ ’ ´GÎbG á≤jôW
.~MGh ÜõM
Caucus á«Hõ◊G IOÉ«≤dG ´ÉªàLG
»HõM ô“Dƒe
AG~HEG ±~¡H ¬jô°UÉæe hCG/h Üõ◊G IOÉ≤d ´ÉªàLG
IQƒ°üH kIOÉY ~≤©æj) áæq«©e á«° b øe ~qMƒe ∞bƒe
;øq«©e Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe QÉ«àNG ±~¡H hCG (á≤∏¨e
á÷ƒe áÄ«g …CG hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG øª°V ≥jôa
hCG ᢰUɢN í˘dɢ°üe π˘«˘ã“ ¤EG ≈˘©˘°ùj QGô˘≤˘˘dG ™˘˘æ˘˘°üH
ÉeCG .á°SÉ«°ùdG øjOÉ«e øe øq«©e ¿G~«e ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG
áæ÷ ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°û«a ,ÊÉ£jÈdG ΩɶædG ‘
º˘°SQ á˘ª˘¡˘e ɢ¡˘«˘˘dEG π˘˘ ncƒ˘˘J »˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG Üõ◊G π˘˘NGO
.áeÉ©dG á°SÉ«°ùdG
Caucus-Style Election Iô°TÉÑe ÒZ äÉHÉîàfG
QÉ«àNÉH IÒ¨°U äÉYƒªÛ í«àJ á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY
Qɢ«˘à˘NG ¤EG ,º˘˘gQh~˘˘H ,¿h~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ɢ˘¡˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ã‡
.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe i~MEG ‘ º¡∏ªY AGOC’ Úë°TôŸG
ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G
Censorship äÉYƒÑ£ŸG ≈∏Y) áHÉbQ
(ΩÓYE’G hCG
¿CG øμÁh .ΩÓYE’G ájôM hCG ÒÑ©àdG ájôM øe ~◊G
AÉ˘Ø˘NEGh Qɢμ˘aC’G ™˘ª˘b π˘μ˘°T ᢢHɢ˘bô˘˘dG √ò˘˘g ò˘˘î˘˘à˘˘J
kGOGô˘aCG ,¢UɢTC’G ¢ ©˘˘H ɢ˘gGô˘˘j »˘˘à˘˘dG äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG
É¡fCG ,áeƒμ◊G ‘ ÚdhDƒ°ùe hCG ,äÉYƒª› hCG ,GƒfÉc
É¡fCG áæ«¡ŸG IOÉŸG ônÑà©oJ ~≤a .IÒ£N hCG áæé¡à°ùe
hCG á˘≤˘Wô˘¡˘dG ø˘e kɢHô˘˘°V ,á˘˘æ˘˘«˘˘°ûe hCG ᢢ«˘˘bÓ˘˘NCG ÒZ
øeC’ÉH qô° J É¡fCGh ,á«æjƒîJ hCG á«° jô– ,∞j~éàdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»eƒ≤dG.''á«JGP áHÉbQ''h ''Iô°TÉÑe áHÉbQ''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
18
A survey of all people and householdsin a specified region that providesessential demographic information forgovernment, business, and the commu-nity. Conducted on a national, state, ordistrict level. Data from the census isused to update the voter registry insome countries.
See “Election Management Body(EMB).”
An independent organization that over-sees certification of election-relatedtechnologies.
The process of endorsing the validity oftabulated election results, thus makingthem official. The election is not com-pleted until after it is certified and elect-ed candidates qualify and take office.
A tiny bit of paper that is punched froma ballot using a punch-type mechanicalvoting machine. This term is used specifical-ly within the U.S. electoral system. See also“Hanging Chad.”
A legal complaint that questions compli-ance with the election law at any point inthe electoral process. A challenge maycall into question the validity of electionresults for certain polling stations or elec-toral districts, or for national-levelresults. See also “Contest an Election,”and “Contestation.”
See “Tendered Ballot.”
Census ¿Éμ°ù∏∏d »ª°SQ AÉ°üMEG
IO~fi á≤£æe ‘ ÚæWÉ≤dG ô°SC’Gh OGôaC’G ™«ª÷ lí°ùe
™ªàÛGh ,∫ɪYC’G ´É£bh ,ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe O qhõj
…ôéj .ájQhô° dG á«aGôZƒÁ~dG äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉH »∏ÙG
hCG ,áj’ƒdG hCG ,øWƒdG iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y ¿Éμ°ùdG AÉ°üMEG
á∏ q°üÙG äÉfÉ«ÑdG Ω n~îà˘°ù oJh ,᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G Iô˘FG~˘dG
.¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H ‘ ÚÑNÉædG πé°S åj~ëàd ¬æe
Central Election Commission
äÉHÉîàfÓd ájõcôe áæ÷
™LGQ.''äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g''
Certification Body ≥j~°üàdG áÄ«g
≈∏Y ≥j~°üàdG äGAGôLEG ≈∏Y ±ô°ûJ á∏≤à°ùe áÄ«g
.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ I~ªà©ŸG äÉ«LƒdƒæμàdG áeÓ°S
Certification ofElection Results
èFFÉàf (áë°U) ≈∏Y ≥j~°üJ
äÉHÉîàf’G
äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G è˘Fɢà˘f á˘ë˘°U ≈˘∏˘Y á˘bOɢ°üŸG ᢫˘∏˘ª˘˘Y
.kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW É¡ëæÁ Éà ,∫hG~÷G ‘ ÉgOhQh Ö°ùëH
É¡éFÉàf ≈∏Y ábOÉ°üŸÉH ’EG πªàμJ ’ äÉHÉîàf’Éa
.º¡Ñ°UÉæe ‹ƒàd Úë°TôŸG πgCÉàHh
Chad ´GÎb’G ábQh Ö≤K
ábQh Ö≤K øY èàæJ »àdG IÒ¨°üdG ¥QƒdG á°UÉ°üb
á˘∏˘«˘°Sƒ˘c π˘ nª˘©˘à˘°ù oJ ᢫˘μ˘«˘fɢ˘μ˘˘«˘˘e ᢢdBɢ˘H ´GÎb’G
.´GÎbGøª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædGkÉ° jCG ™LGQ
.''(´GÎb’G ábQh ‘) ≥dÉY Ö≤K''
Challenge (Electoral) (äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘) ø©W
ΩGõàd’G i~e ‘ ∂μ°ûJ á«fƒfÉb iƒμ°ûH Ω~≤àdG
á«∏ª©dG πMGôe øe á∏Môe q…CG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dÉH
èFÉàf áë°U ‘ ¿ƒ©£dG ~MCG ∂μ°ûj ~≤a .á«HÉîàf’G
hCG ´GÎb’G ΩÓ˘˘bCG ¢ ©˘˘H ø˘˘Y IQOɢ˘°üdG äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G
iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y É¡éFÉàf áë°U ‘ hCG á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG
.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»æWƒdG
Challenged Ballot É¡«a ¿ƒ©£e ´GÎbG ábQh
™LGQ.''á≤q∏©e ´GÎbG ábQh''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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A campaign message must be concise,truthful and credible, persuasive, easy toremember, and be important to citizens.A good message speaks to the heart, is tar-geted and repeated. See also “Message.”
The individual responsible for ensuringthe fair and impartial conduct of elec-tions described under the electoral law,managing the operations of the electionmanagement body (EMB) to achieveobjectives and meet all legislative andreporting responsibilities; maintainingaccurate electoral rolls; promoting publicawareness of electoral practices througheducation and information programs;conducting research on electoral matters;and providing advice on electoral mattersto members of the legislature, politicalparties, and others. See also “ElectionManagement Body (EMB).”
A method of counting in preferentialvote systems whereby least successfulcandidates are eliminated and their votesreallocated to remaining candidates.
See “Single Transferable Vote (STV).”
See “Single Transferable Vote (STV).”
A method of counting in preferentialvote systems, whereby surplus votes aretransferred from leading candidateswho have reached a given quota toremaining candidates. The single votethat the voter cast is transferable attimes, in part or whole, to another can-didate under certain conditions speci-fied in the election law.
Characteristics of Message
ádÉ°SôdG äÉeƒ≤e
¿CGh ábOÉ°Uh IõLƒe á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ ¿ƒμJ ¿CG Öéj
Öéjh ;´ÉæbE’G ≈˘∏˘Y IQ~˘≤˘dɢHh ᢫˘bG~˘°üŸÉ˘H »˘Mƒ˘J
‘ ᫪gCG qπà– ¿CGh ádƒ¡°ùH ¿ÉgPC’G ‘ ≥∏©J ¿CG kÉ° jCG
»àdG ádÉ°SôdG »g áëLÉædG ádÉ°SôdÉa .ÚæWGƒŸG ô¶f
.ÉgOGOôJ Ìμjh ±~¡dG ≈∏Y õ qcôJh ôYÉ°ûŸG ∑ qô–
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''
Chief ElectoralOfficer/ElectionCommissioner
/äÉHÉîàf’G áÄ«g ¢ù««FQ
≈∏YC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒØe
á¡jõf má≤jô£H äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S ÚeCÉJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG
IQGOEGh ;ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ¬«∏Y q¢üæj Ée ≥ah ájOÉ«Mh
±G~gC’G ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G áÄ«g ∫ɪYCG
IÉYGôe á¡÷ äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG qπμH ´Ó£°V’Gh IOƒ°ûæŸG
áb~dG »NƒJh ;ôjQÉ≤àdG Ë~≤J äÉeõ∏à°ùeh ÚfGƒ≤dG
∫ƒ˘M Ωɢ©˘dG »˘Yƒ˘˘dG ᢢYɢ˘°TEGh ;ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG ∫hG~˘˘L ‘
᢫˘Yƒ˘à˘dG è˘eGô˘H ∫Ó˘N ø˘e ᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G äɢ˘°SQɢ˘ªŸG
¿hDƒ˘°ûdG ∫ƒ˘M çɢë˘HC’G AGô˘LEGh ;äɢeƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG Òaƒ˘˘Jh
¿hDƒ°ûdG √òg ∫ƒM í°üædG AG~°SEG kGÒNCGh ;á«HÉîàf’G
á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ¤EG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ºgGƒ°Sh.''äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g''
Choice Elimination äGQÉ«ÿG OÉ©Ñà°SG
âjƒ˘ ˘°üà˘ ˘dG ᢠ˘ª˘ ˘¶˘ ˘ fCG ‘ äGƒ˘ ˘ °UC’G Üɢ ˘ °ùà˘ ˘M’ ᢠ˘«˘ ˘ dBG
kɶM Úë°TôŸG qπbCG OÉ©Ñà°SG ¤EG QÉ°üoj å«M »∏«° ØàdG
.Úë°TôŸG øe ≈ q≤ÑJ øe ≈∏Y º¡JGƒ°UCG ™jRƒJ IOÉYEG ¤EGh
Choice Runoff äGƒ°UC’G/äGQÉ«ÿG ™jRƒJ IOÉYEG
™LGQ.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf''
Choice Selection äGQÉ«ÿG ~j~–
™LGQ.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf''
Choice Transfer 䃰üdG Ò«Œ
âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG ᢢª˘˘˘¶˘˘˘fCG ‘ äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G Üɢ˘˘°ùà˘˘˘M’ ᢢ˘«˘˘˘dBG
á° FÉØdG äGƒ°UC’G Ò«Œ ¤EG QÉ°üoj å«M »∏«° ØàdG
¿ƒ∏°üëjh ¤hC’G ÖJGôŸG ¿ƒ∏àëj øjòdG Úë°TôŸG øe
äƒ˘°üdɢa .Ú뢰TôŸG »˘bɢH ¤EG á˘æ q«˘˘©˘˘e ᢢ°üM ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y
‘ Ò«éà∏d πHÉb ƒg ÖNÉædG ¬H ‹~j …òdG ~MGƒdG
kÉ©ÑJ ôNBG í°Tôe ¤EG ,kÉ«∏c hCG kÉ«FõL ,¿É«MC’G ¢ ©H
.ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ‘ IO~ÙG •hô°ûdG ¢ ©Ñd
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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See “Single Transferable Vote (STV).”
An individual who is a naturalized ornative-born resident of a State, displaysallegiance to that State’s political andlegal authority, and who is thereforeentitled to the rights and protections ofits laws, including the right to politicalparticipation. See also “Alien/Non-Citizen” and “Resident.”
A mechanism which enables voters toplace legislative issues on the ballot orin front of their legislature.
The act of individuals participating inthe collecting, reporting, analysis, anddissemination of news and information.Citizen journalism incorporates a vari-ety of mediums, including blogging,SMS or text messaging, twitter, photog-raphy, video, and traditional newspieces. Major broadcasting networks,such as Al-Jazeera, BBC, and CNN,have launched citizen journalism proj-ects. See also “Civic Journalism.”
Right of national identity bestowed by aState to individual members of that sys-tem by birth or application, whichrequests citizen allegiance.
Choice Voting äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH âjƒ°üJ
™LGQ.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf''
CitizenøWGƒe
»∏eÉM øe ¿ÉcCG ,¿G~∏ÑdG øe m~∏H ‘ º«≤j …òdG OôØdG
√ÉŒ A’ƒ˘˘dɢ˘H ô˘˘©˘˘°ûjh ,√~˘˘«˘˘dGƒ˘˘e ø˘˘e hCG ¬˘˘à˘˘«˘˘°ùæ˘˘L
ƒgh .¬ªμ– »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG
¬æ«fGƒb É¡«∏Y q¢üæJ »àdG ¥ƒ≤◊ÉH ‹ÉàdÉH ™àªàj
IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ≥M ∂dP ‘ Éà ,É¡àjɪëH qπ¶à°ùjh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«°SÉ«°ùdG.''~∏ÑdG ‘ º«≤e''h ''»ÑæLCG''
Citizen Initiative á«f~e IQOÉÑe
¿hDƒ˘˘°ûdG ¢ ©˘˘H ìô˘˘˘W ø˘˘˘e ÚÑ˘˘˘Nɢ˘˘æ˘˘˘dG ø˘˘˘qμ“ á˘˘˘«˘˘˘dBG
á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ΩɢeCG ¢Tɢ≤˘æ˘∏˘d hCG âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d ᢫˘©˘˘jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG
.á«©jô°ûàdG
Citizen Journalism áaÎfi ÒZ á«f~e áaÉë°U
≈∏Y áaÉë°üdG Úæ¡àªŸG ÒZ Ú«f~ŸG ΩG~bEÉH πqãªàJ
á˘Zɢ«˘°Uh ,äɢeƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh QÉ˘Ñ˘NC’G ™˘˘ª˘˘L ‘ ᢢcQɢ˘°ûŸG
π˘ª˘°ûJh .ɢgô˘°ûfh ,ɢ¡˘∏˘«˘∏–h ,ɢ˘¡˘˘dƒ˘˘M ô˘˘jQɢ˘≤˘˘à˘˘dG
øe áY qƒæàe áYƒª› áaÎÙG ÒZ á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG
,âfÎfE’G ÈY äÉfh~ŸG Ωɶf É¡«a Éà ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh
πFÉ°SôdGh äÉfh~ŸG Ωɶfh ,IÒ°ü≤dG πFÉ°SôdG áe~Nh
™˘bƒ˘eh á˘e~˘˘N ΩG~˘˘î˘˘à˘˘°Sɢ˘H) ∫ɢ˘≤˘˘æ˘˘dG ∞˘˘Jɢ˘¡˘˘dG ÈY
ä’É≤ŸGh ƒj~«ØdG ~gÉ°ûeh Qƒ°üdG ô°ûfh ,(''ÎjƒJ''
∫É°SQE’G äÉμÑ°T á«˘Ñ˘dɢ¨˘a .á˘j~˘«˘∏˘≤˘à˘dG á˘jQÉ˘Ñ˘NE’G
»H'' á«fÉ£jÈdG áYGPE’G áÄ«gh Iôjõ÷Éc ,ájQÉÑNE’G
â≤∏WCG ~b á«cÒeC’G ''¿G ¿G »°S'' áμÑ°Th ''»°S »H
™LGQ .áaÎÙG ÒZ á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ∫É› ‘ ™jQÉ°ûe
kÉ° jCG.''áaÎfi á«f~e áaÉë°U''
Citizenshipá«æWGƒe/á«°ùææL
ádh~dG É¡ëæ“ »àdG á«°ùæ÷G ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G ‘ ≥◊G
ÖLƒÃ hCG IO’ƒdG ºμëH É¡eɶæd Ú©°VÉÿG OGôaC’G ¤EG
É¡d A’ƒdG πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ º¡æe »° à≤j ɇ ,á«°ùæ÷G Ö∏W
.ÚæWGƒŸG A’h
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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Programs which introduce the basicrules and institutional features of ademocratic political system, and pro-vide knowledge about democraticrights and practices, such as under-standing constitutional rights, genderequity and collective action. By betterunderstanding their constitutionalrights and community organizing tech-niques, citizens are able to more effec-tively participate in their government.Civic education programs aim to impartthe necessary knowledge and skillsneeded to effectively participate in thecommunity, government, and politics.See also “Voter Education.”
Professional media that focuses on put-ting the interest of citizens above thatof politicians and journalists. It is basedon the understanding that journalistshave a fundamental responsibility forstrengthening civic culture and democ-racy. It seeks to listen to how citizensframe their problems and what citizenssee as solutions to those problems. Thecivic journalism movement began withthe 1988 U.S. elections when journalistsand scholars began looking for a betterway to cover politics. Today, it is prac-ticed by newspapers, radio, and televi-sion stations in many parts around theworld. See also “Citizen Journalism.”
A list or registry of all national citizensmaintained by the government andsometimes used as the basis of a voterlist. However, they may not contain allthe information relevant to the votingprocess.
᢫˘°Sɢ°SC’G ~˘˘YGƒ˘˘≤˘˘dɢ˘H ± qô˘˘©˘˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG è˘˘eGÈdG ´ƒ˘˘ª›
,»WGô≤Á~dG »°SÉ«°ùdG ΩɶædG ‘ äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG äÉeƒ≤eh
á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQɪŸGh ¥ƒ≤◊ÉH áaô©ŸG ™«°ûJ »àdGh
,Ú°ùæ÷G ÚH IGhɢ°ùŸGh ,á˘jQƒ˘à˘°S~˘˘dG ¥ƒ˘˘≤◊G º˘˘¡˘˘Ø˘˘c
,¿ƒæ˘WGƒŸG ø qμ˘ª˘à˘j ,π˘Hɢ≤ŸG ‘h .»˘Yɢª÷G π˘ª˘©˘dGh
á˘jQƒ˘à˘°S~˘dG º˘¡˘bƒ˘≤˘ë˘H º˘¡˘à˘aô˘˘©˘˘e ™˘˘«˘˘°Sƒ˘˘J π˘˘° Ø˘˘H
øe ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ ‘ I~ªà©ŸG äÉ«æ≤àdGh
∂dòd .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ á«∏©a kácQÉ°ûe ácQÉ°ûŸG
áeRÓdG ±QÉ©ŸG ô°ûf ¤EG á«f~ŸG á«HÎdG èeGôH ±~¡J
™ªàÛG πªY ‘ kÉ«∏©a ácQÉ°ûª∏d áHƒ∏£ŸG äGQÉ¡ŸGh
™LGQ .»°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG ‘h ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒeh »∏ÙG
kÉ° jCG.''ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ''
Civic Education á«f~e á«HôJ
Civic Journalism áaÎfi á«f~e áaÉë°U
≈∏Y √Oƒ¡L qÖ°üj …òdG ±ÎÙG ΩÓYE’ÉH πqãªàJ
Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG ídÉ°üe ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ídÉ°üe Ö«∏¨J
Ú«aÉë°üdG ø q≤«J ≈∏Y õμJôJ »gh .Ú«aÉë°üdGh
áaÉ≤ãdG õjõ©J ∫É› ‘ á«°SÉ°SCG á«dhDƒ°ùe øe º¡d ɪ pd
á«f~ŸG á˘aɢ뢰üdɢa .᢫˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG º˘«˘Y~˘Jh ᢫˘f~ŸG
É¡«a ¢Vô©à°ùj »àdG á≤jô£dG ¤EG »¨°üJ áaÎÙG
á≤aGƒe É¡fhôj »àdG ∫ƒ∏◊G ¤EGh º¡∏cÉ°ûe ¿ƒæWGƒŸG
~≤a á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ácôM ÉeCG .πcÉ°ûŸG ∂∏J qπ◊
ΩÉ©dG ‘ á«cÒeC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ÉHEG QƒædG äô°üHCG
øY ¿ƒãëÑj ¿ƒ°SQG~dGh ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG ìGQ ÚM 1988
âJɢHh .»˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG ᢫˘£˘¨˘˘à˘˘d ™‚CG π˘˘Fɢ˘°Sh
I~Y ‘ á«fƒjõØ∏àdGh á«YGPE’G äÉ£ÙGh ∞ë°üdG
ø˘˘e ´ƒ˘˘æ˘˘dG Gò˘˘g Ωƒ˘˘«˘˘dG ¢SQÉ“ ⁄ɢ˘©˘˘dG ø˘˘e ≥˘˘˘Wɢ˘˘æ˘˘˘e
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áaÉë°üdG.''áaÎfi ÒZ á«f~e áaÉë°U''
Civil Registry /¢SƒØædG πé°°S/Ê~e πé°°S
~«≤dG πé°°S
I~˘¡˘Y ‘ ߢ nØ˘˘ë˘ oJh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘L º˘˘° J ᢢª˘˘Fɢ˘b
Gòg ≈∏Y kÉfÉ«MCG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ~æà°ùJh .áeƒμ◊G
á∏°üàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG qπc øª° àj ’ ~b ¬fCG ™e πé°ùdG
.´GÎb’G á«∏ª©H
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Civil Society Ê~e ™ªà›
Voluntary collective activities organizedaround shared interests, values, andobjectives. These civil society activitiescan be diverse and may include provid-ing services, supporting independenteducation, or affecting public policy. Inthe last example, citizens may cometogether outside of government toinform, bring pressure to bear on, orreinforce policies (punish or rewardpolicymakers). See also “Civil SocietyOrganization (CSO).”
Comprised of people who form associa-tions to work for a common cause. Thisincludes non-governmental organizations(NGOs) and community-based organiza-tions (CBOs) both of which are specifictypes of civil society organizations(CSOs). Although extremely diverse, theone commonality between all forms ofCSOs is their autonomy, in principle atleast, from government and private sec-tor. It is this independence that allows forsuch organizations to exist and play animportant role in a democracy. See also“Non-Governmental Organization(NGO).”
See “Challenge (Electoral).”
A form of list proportional representationin which electors are restricted to votingonly for a party or political grouping andcannot express a preference for any candi-date within a party list. See also “FreeList,” “Open List,” and “Party List.”
Primary election in which only a politi-cal party’s members may vote on itsnominees. See also “Open Primary.”
É¡ª q¶æJ »àdG á«Yƒ£àdG ᣰûfC’G ´GƒfCG qπc ¤EG Ò°ûj
.ᢢcΰûe ±G~˘˘gCGh º˘˘«˘˘bh í˘˘dɢ˘˘°üe ∫ƒ˘˘˘M ᢢ˘Yɢ˘˘ª÷G
•ôîæj »àdG ájɨ∏d áYƒæàŸG ᣰûfC’G √òg πª°ûJh
º«∏©àdG ºYO hCG ,äÉe~ÿG Ë~≤J Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG É¡«a
»Øa .áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG hCG ,π≤à°ùŸG
™ªàéj ¿CG Rƒéj ,kÓãe ÒNC’G •É°ûædG Gòg QÉWEG
ô˘˘°ûæ˘˘d »˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G π˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘dG Iô˘˘FGO êQɢ˘N ¿ƒ˘˘æ˘˘WGƒ˘˘˘e
•ƒ˘¨˘° dG ᢰSQɇ hCG ,äɢ°Sɢ«˘°ùdG ∫ƒ˘˘M äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG
hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG »©fÉ°U áÑbÉ©e) Égõjõ©J hCG ,É¡fCÉ°ûH
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .(º¡JCÉaÉμe.''Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe''
Civil SocietyOrganization (CSO)
Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe
Iô˘°üæ˘d π˘ª˘©˘J äɢ«˘©˘ª˘L ¿hDƒ˘°ûæ˘j kɢ°UɢTCG qº˘˘° J
ÒZ äɢ˘˘ª˘˘˘¶˘˘˘æŸG π˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°ûJ »˘˘˘gh .ᢢ˘cΰûe ᢢ˘«˘˘˘˘° b
É¡æe wπc õeôj »àdG á«∏gC’G äɪ¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G
™˘ª˘àÛG ‘ äɢª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG ∫ɢ˘μ˘˘°TCG ø˘˘e O~fi π˘˘μ˘˘°T ¤EG
äɪ¶æe ÚH ™ªŒ »àdG ácΰûŸG Iõ«ŸG ÉeCG .Ê~ŸG
πãªàJ »¡a ,É¡Y qƒæJ I~°T ≈∏Y , káaÉc Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
øe ¬∏bCG ¢UÉÿG ´É£≤dGh áeƒμ◊G øY É¡dÓ≤à°SÉH
Ée ƒg ‹Ó≤à°S’G ™HÉ£dG Gòg qπ©dh .CG~ÑŸG å«M
¢VQC’G ≈˘∏˘Y π˘ª˘˘©˘˘J ¿Cɢ˘H äɢ˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG √ò˘˘¡˘˘d í˘˘ª˘˘°ùj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»WGô≤ÁO Ωɶf …CG ‘ ΩÉg Qh~H ™∏£° Jh
.''á«eƒμM ÒZ äɪ¶æe''
Claims (äÉHÉîàf’G èFFÉàf) ≈∏Y ¢VGÎYG
™LGQ.''(äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘) ø©W''
Closed List á∏Ø≤e/á≤∏¨e áëF’
í˘ª˘°ùj ’ …ò˘˘dG ᢢ«˘˘Ñ˘˘°ùæ˘˘dG ᢢ뢢FÓ˘˘dG ∫ɢ˘μ˘˘°TCG ~˘˘MCG
»˘Hõ˘M º˘«˘¶˘æ˘J hCG Üõ◊ ’EG âjƒ˘°üà˘˘dɢ˘H ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘∏˘˘d
í°Tôe …C’ º¡∏«° ØJ øY ÒÑ©àdG º¡d qƒîj ’h ,~MGh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Üõ◊G áëF’ øª°V êQ~e,''IôM áëF’''
.''Üõ◊G áëF’''h ''áMƒàØe áëF’h
Closed Primary á≤∏¨e áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG
’EG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G AÉ° YC’ É¡«a q≥ëj ’ äÉHÉîàfG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬«ë°TôŸ âjƒ°üàdÉHáj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG''
.''áMƒàØe
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23
Closely ContestedElection
/áeƒªfi äÉHÉîàfG
¢ùaaÉæàdG I~j~°T
An election in which there are manyclose races and/or the results are diffi-cult to predict. Closely contested elec-tions may result in one party refusingto acknowledge the declared winnerand challenging the results. See also“Contest an Election.”
An alliance, temporary or perma-nent, of different persons or organiza-tions that unify for a common cause orengage in a joint activity, usuallyfocused on advocating to governmentfor change;
Association of two or more politicalparties constituting a joint force for thepurpose of contesting an election orforming a government. This may alsobe labeled an “Alliance of Parties.” Seealso “Alliance” and “Bloc.”
A parliamentary government createdfrom more than one political party. It issometimes, but not always, created whenno single party has gained an overallmajority in a general election. See also“Government of National Unity.”
An allusion to the rear panels (“tails”)of a gentleman’s frock coat, the termrefers to the ability of a popular office-holder or candidate for office toincrease the chances for victory ofother candidates of the same politicalparty based on the strength of his orher own popularity. This candidate issaid to carry others to victory “on hiscoattails.” This term is used specifically with-in the U.S. electoral system.
hCG Úë°Tôe I~Y ÚH ¢ùaÉæàdG É¡«a Ω~àëj äÉHÉîàfG
ÜGõMC’G ~MCG ¢ aôj ~bh .É¡éFÉàæH qø¡μàdG Ö©°üj
í˘°TôŸG Rƒ˘Ø˘H n±GÎY’G äɢHɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G √ò˘˘g ᢢjɢ˘¡˘˘f ‘
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡éFɢà˘æ˘H ø˘©˘£˘dG Qô˘≤˘«˘a ¬˘æ˘Y ø n∏˘©ŸG
.''äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN''
Coalition±ÓàFG
áYƒª› ,áªFGO hCG áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH ,qº° j l∞dÉ–
¿h~Mƒj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G hCG äɪ¶æŸG øe áYƒæàe
‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG hCG ácΰûe á«° b øY ´Éa~∏d ºgOƒ¡L
á©aG~ŸG ∫ɪYCG ≈∏Y kIOÉY ¿hõ qcôjh ,»æeÉ° J •É°ûf
;Ò«¨àdG ƒëf áeƒμ◊ÉH ™a~J »àdG
Iƒb π«μ°ûàd ÌcCG hCG Ú«°SÉ«°S ÚHõM πàμJ
π˘«˘μ˘°ûJ hCG äɢHɢî˘à˘˘f’G ¢Vƒ˘˘N π˘˘LCG ø˘˘e ᢢcΰûe
á˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘cÎdG √ò˘˘g ∞˘˘«˘˘æ˘˘°üJ õ˘˘FÉ÷G ø˘˘˘eh .ᢢ˘eƒ˘˘˘μ◊G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ ''»Hõ◊G ∞dÉëàdÉH''.''πàμJ''h ''∞dÉ–''
Coalition Government á«aÓàFG áeƒμM
ÜõM øe ÌcCG ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj Ú«fÉŸôH qº° J áeƒμM
≈∏Y ’ ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ CÉ°ûæJ »gh .~MGh »°SÉ«°S
≈˘∏˘˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘°ü◊G ‘ ~˘˘MGh Üõ˘˘M ≥˘˘Ø˘˘î˘˘j ÚM ,ΩGh~˘˘dG
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .á˘eɢ˘Y äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fG ‘ ᢢ≤˘˘Mɢ˘°S ᢢjÌcCG
.''á«æWh I~Mh áeƒμM''
Coattails ôNBG í°Tôe á«Ñ©°T øe IOÉØà°SG
(''πjòdG'') »Ø∏ÿG Aõ÷G ¤EG …õ«∏μfE’G í∏£°üŸG í qª∏j
mIQÉ°TEG ‘ ,á∏jƒ£dG ᫪°SôdG IΰùdG IôNDƒe øe ‹~àŸG
±hô©ŸG Ö°üæª∏d í°TôŸG hCG Ö°üæŸG πZÉ°T IQ~b ¤EG
i~˘d Rƒ˘Ø˘dG ¢Uô˘a IOɢjR ≈˘∏˘Y ᢩ˘˘°SGƒ˘˘dG ¬˘˘à˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘©˘˘°ûH
øe kÉbÓ£fG ¬JGP »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G øe øjôNBG Úë°Tôe
q¿EG mòF~æY ∫É≤o«a .É¡H ™àªàj »àdG á°UÉÿG á«Ñ©°ûdG
ø˘e ø˘j~˘«˘Ø˘˘à˘˘°ùŸG ø˘˘jô˘˘NB’G Ú뢢°TôŸG'' qô˘˘é˘˘j í˘˘°TôŸG
.RƒØdG ¤EG ''¬à«Ñ©°Tí∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~–
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Code of Conduct ∑ƒ∏°ùddG ÜGOBG áfh~e
A set of rules of behavior for electoralactors belonging to a specific group(political parties and their supporters,election observers, election officials, etc.)relating to their participation in an elec-tion process, to which groups or individ-uals agree to voluntarily or by mandate oflaw. See also “Neutrality Pledge.”
See “Code of Conduct.”
Calculated for each district by dividingthe number of valid votes cast by thenumber of seats allocated to the district.
Events within the home of a volunteeror supporter their friends are able tomeet a candidate. These have theadvantage of face-to-face contact andare the most persuasive form of votercontact. Coffees can also be used forsmall donor fundraising.
A demographic group similar to or havingsimilar interests to another demographicgroup. For example, teachers may sharean interest in improving education withmothers. Teachers and mothers would becollateral groups.
See “Tabulation of Results.”
iƒ≤dG ∑ƒ∏°S ≈YôJ »àdG áeÉ©dG ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›
á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘Yƒ˘ªÛ ᢩ˘Hɢà˘dG äɢHɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ‘ ᢢ∏˘˘Yɢ˘Ø˘˘dG
»˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘bGô˘˘˘eh ,ɢ˘˘¡˘˘˘jô˘˘˘°Uɢ˘˘æ˘˘˘eh ᢢ˘«˘˘˘°Sɢ˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G)
(ºgGƒ°Sh ,äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S øY ÚdhDƒ°ùŸGh ,äÉHÉîàf’G
≥aGƒj »àdGh ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ É¡àcQÉ°ûe á¡÷
ÖLƒÃ hCG º¡JOGQEG Aπà äÉYƒªÛG hCG OGôaC’G É¡«∏Y
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿ƒfÉ≤dG.''ájOÉ«◊G ΩGõàdÉH ~¡©J''
Code of Ethics πª©dG ÜGOBG/äÉ«bÓNCG
™LGQ.''∑ƒ∏°ùddG ÜGOBG áfh~e''
Coefficient/Electoral Quotient
á«HÉîàfG áÑ°ùff/»HÉîàfG π°UÉM
≥jôW øY á«HÉîàfG IôFGO πμd áÑ°ùædG √òg Ö n°ùàëoJ
~YÉ≤ŸG O~©H á◊É°üdG áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ᪰ùb
.IôFG~∏d á°ü°üıG
Coffees ∫RÉæŸG ‘ (á«HÉîàfG) äGAÉ≤d
å«M ô°UÉæŸG hCG ´ƒ£àŸG IQGO ‘ äÉ°ù∏÷G ∂∏J ~ n≤©oJ
äÉæ°ùM øeh .í°TôŸÉH AÉ≤àd’G øe √DhÉb~°UCG øqμªàj
,í°TôŸG ™e ô°TÉÑŸG ∫É°üJ’G øqeDƒJ É¡fCG äGAÉ≤∏dG √òg
ádɪà°SG ≈∏Y kIQ~b ÌcC’G ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe Èà©oJh
~b ∫RÉæŸG ‘ äGAÉ≤∏dG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ°TE’G Q~Œ .ÖNÉædG
.ÚëfÉŸG Qɨ°U øe äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ kÉ° jCG í∏°üJ
Collateral Group áeRÓàe äÉYƒª›
á¡«Ñ°T ídÉ°üe hCG ¢üFÉ°üN É¡d á«aGôZƒÁO áYƒª›
.iôNCG á«aGôZƒÁO áYƒª› ídÉ°üe hCG ¢üFÉ°üîH
iƒà°ùe ™aQ ‘ káë∏°üe kÓãe ¿ƒ°SQ~ŸG ~éj ~≤a
¿ƒ°SQ~ŸG ∑GPPEG Èà˘©˘o«˘a ,äɢ¡˘eC’G i~˘d º˘«˘∏˘©˘à˘dG
.ÚàeRÓàe ÚàÄa äÉ¡eC’Gh
Collation of Results èFFÉàædG ™ªL
™LGQ.''èFFÉàædG ádh~L''
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Commissionáæ÷/á«°VƒØe
A formal group of individuals broughttogether on a regular or ad hoc basis todebate matters within that sphere ofexpertise, and often with regulatory orquasi-judicial powers such as the abili-ty to license activity or to subpoenawitnesses. Commissions usually alsohave advisory powers to the govern-ment. The organizational form of acommission is often resorted to bygovernments to exhaustively investi-gate a matter of national concern, andis often known as a “commission ofinquiry.” This legal structure can becontrasted with a council, the latternot enjoying quasi-judicial or regulato-ry powers. See also “Council.”
A system in which seats are not onlydivided on a communal basis, but theentire system of parliamentary repre-sentation is similarly based on com-munal considerations. This usuallymeans that each defined communityhas its own electoral roll, and electsonly members of its “own group” tothe legislature.
A register of voters in which set criteriasuch as race, language, or ethnicitydetermine which electors can enroll tovote, and which candidates can be elect-ed, within the wider electoral contest.
The list proportional representationseats in a mixed-member proportionalsystem that are awarded to parties onthe basis of their proportion of thenational vote and designed to correctany disproportions in the results of theelections held in plurality/majority dis-trict seats.
ΩɶàfÉH ¿ƒ©ªàéj øjòdG OGôaC’G øe ᫪°SQ áYƒª›
™≤J »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ‘ ∫hG~àdG ±~¡H ¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d hCG
á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ò˘g ™˘à˘ª˘à˘Jh .º˘¡˘°Uɢ°üà˘˘NG Iô˘˘FGO ø˘˘ª˘˘°V
IQ~≤dG πãe á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG ᫪«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üH
AɢY~˘à˘°SG hCG ø˘q«˘©˘e π˘ª˘Y á˘dhGõà ¿PE’G í˘æ˘˘e ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y
™qàªàJ ,∂dP øY kÓ° a .áªμÙG ΩÉeCG ∫ƒãª∏d ~gÉ°T
ájQÉ°ûà°S’G äÉe~ÿG Ë~≤J á«MÓ°üH kIOÉY á«°VƒØŸG
º«¶æ˘J ¤EG äɢeƒ˘μ◊G Cɢé˘∏˘J ɢe kÉ˘Ñ˘dɢZ .á˘eƒ˘μ˘ë˘∏˘d
≥«≤– AGôLEG πLCG øe πμ°ûdG Gòg ≈∏Y äÉÄ«¡dG
áæé∏H'' ∑GòfBG ± nô©oàa ,á«æWh ádCÉ°ùe ∫ƒM πeÉ°T
á«fƒfÉ≤dG á«∏μ«¡dG √òg áfQÉ≤e øμÁh .''≥«≤ëàdG
äɢ«˘MÓ˘°üH ™˘à˘ª˘à˘j ’ …ò˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG ᢫˘∏˘μ˘«˘g ™˘e
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG ᫪«¶æJ.''¢ù∏∏›''
Communal Representation
á«∏ÙG äÉYɪ÷G π«ã“
π˘«˘ã“ ¢Sɢ°SCG ≈˘∏˘˘Y ~˘˘Yɢ˘≤ŸG ¬˘˘«˘˘a ´ qRƒ˘˘à˘˘J ’ Ωɢ˘¶˘˘f
kɢ° jCG ¬˘«˘a õ˘μ˘Jô˘j π˘H ,Ö°ùMh ᢢ«˘˘∏ÙG äɢ˘Yɢ˘ª÷G
äGQÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YG ≈˘∏˘Y ¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ π˘«˘ã˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG Ωɢ˘¶˘˘f π˘˘ª›
¤EG kIOÉY ∂dP »° Øj å«M ,á«∏ÙG äÉYɪ÷G »YGôJ
É¡d áÄa hCG áYƒª› πμH ¢UÉN »HÉîàfG πé°S OƒLh
øe'' AÉ° YCG ’EG ÖîàæJ ’ ‹ÉàdÉH »gh ,É¡°üFÉ°üN
.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ É¡∏«ãªàd ''É¡aƒØ°U ÚH
Communal Roll á°UÉÿG ÚÑNÉædG ∫hG~L
á«∏ÙG äÉYɪ÷ÉH
hCG áYɪL πμd I~FÉ©dG ¢üFÉ°üÿG ¬«a ºqμëàJ lπé°S
~j~ëàH ,»æKE’G Aɪàf’G hCG ,á¨∏dG hCG ,¥ô©dÉc ,áÄa
,º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd º¡∏«é°ùJ øμÁ øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG
á˘cô˘©ŸG ø˘ª˘°V º˘¡˘Hɢî˘à˘fG Rƒ˘é˘j ø˘jò˘dG Ú뢰TôŸGh
.™°ShC’G á«HÉîàf’G
Compensatory Seats á«° jƒ©J ~YÉ≤e
á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG ÖLƒÃ ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y ´ sRƒJ l~YÉ≤e
áÑ°ùf ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ,á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG Ωɶf πX ‘
ÜÉ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ‘ ɢ˘¡˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘Y ¿ƒ˘˘∏˘˘°ü뢢j »˘˘à˘˘dG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G
øY kÉ° jƒ©J ÜGõMCÓd ~YÉ≤ŸG √òg ´ sRƒoJh .»æWƒdG
πX ‘ …ôŒ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ‘ π°UÉ◊G π∏ÿG
.…ÌcC’G ΩɶædG
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Competitive Election á«°ùaaÉæJ äÉHÉîàfG
An election in which at least two politi-cal parties present alternative sets ofcandidates and there is equitable andopen competition for votes withoutgovernment harassment or restrictionof opposition groups. Elections mustbe deemed “competitive” by domesticor international actors to meet interna-tional standards.
A form to be filled out by an observer,monitor, or individual who witnessed acase of electoral fraud to be submitted tothe election management body (EMB) oran independent body (i.e. court of law).
See “Review Process.”
See “By-Election.”
When voting is a legal obligationinstead of a legal right, of all eligible cit-izens. Those who fail to vote and fail topresent a valid reason for abstentionmay face official penalties.
The use of computer programs to ana-lyze an electronic copy of the voters listfor errors and trends. These tests areoften conducted by election authoritiesor technical consultants to detect thenumber of records, missing data, dupli-cate and ineligible records, wrong con-stituencies, additions, deletions, and cor-rections. See also “Voters List Audit.”
¿Gôq«î«a πbC’G ≈∏Y ¿ÉHõM É¡«a ¢ùaÉæàj läÉHÉîàfG
,Ú뢢°TôŸG ø˘˘e á˘˘Ø˘˘∏˘˘àfl äɢ˘Yƒ˘˘ª› ÚH ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘˘æ˘˘˘dG
øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH RƒØ∏d ádOÉYh IôM á°ùaÉæe ‘ ¿ÓN~jh
Oƒ«b hCG äÉ≤jÉ° Ÿ á°V pQÉ©ŸG äÉYƒªÛG ¢V qô©J ¿hO
äɢHɢî˘à˘˘f’G ∞˘˘°üà˘˘J ¿CG ø˘˘e q~˘˘H ’h .ᢢeƒ˘˘μ◊G ø˘˘e
hCG á«∏ÙG á∏YÉØdG iƒ≤dG …CGQ Ö°ùëH ,''á«°ùaÉæàdÉH''
.á«dh~dG ÒjÉ©ŸÉH »ØJ ≈àM ,á«dh~dG
Complaint Form ihÉμ°ûddG Ë~≤àd IQɪà°SG
∫ɪYCG ~¡°ûj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG hCG ÖbGôŸG √CÓÁ lêPƒ‰
¤EG ¬e~≤j ¿CG ¬«∏Y øq«©àjh ,äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ôjhõJ
á∏≤à°ùe iôNCG áÄ«g …CG hCG äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g
.(áªμÙÉc)
Complaints Adjudication Process
ihÉμ°ûddG ‘ qâÑdG äGAGôLEG
™LGQ.''á©LGôŸG äGAGôLEG''
ComplementaryElection
á«∏«ªμJ äÉHÉîàfG
™LGQ.''á«Yôa äÉHÉîàfG''
Compulsory Voting »eGõdEG âjƒ°üJ
™«ªL ≈∏Y kÉ«fƒfÉb kÉÑLGh ´GÎb’G É¡«a πqãÁ ládÉM
.º¡d kÉ«fƒfÉb kÉ≤M ’ ,âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG
¿CG ¿hO øe ´GÎb’G øY ¿ƒØ∏îàj øjòdG ¿ƒæWGƒŸÉa
äÉHƒ≤©d ¿ƒ°Vô©àj ~b á©æ≤e áéëH º¡HÉ«Z GhQÈj
.᫪°SôdG äÉ¡÷G øe
Computer Tests ofthe Voter List
ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ¢üëa
ôJƒ«ÑªμdG ᣰSGƒH
í˘FGƒ˘d π˘«˘∏˘ë˘à˘d ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘˘dG è˘˘eGÈH ᢢfɢ˘©˘˘à˘˘°S’G
AÉ£NCÓd kG~°UQ ,á«fhÎμdE’G É¡àî°ùf ‘ ,Ö£°ûdG
äGQÉÑàN’G √òg …ôŒ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .âjƒ°üàdG äÉgÉŒGh
Ú«æ≤J øjQÉ°ûà°ùe hCG á«HÉîàf’G á£∏°ùdG ~j ≈∏Y
ᢰübɢæ˘dG äÓ˘˘é˘˘°ùdGh ,äÓ˘˘é˘˘°ùdG O~˘˘Y ~˘˘j~˘˘ë˘˘à˘˘d
ÒZ äӢ颢°ùdGh ,IQô˘˘μ˘˘àŸG ï˘˘ n°ù˘ oæ˘˘dGh ,äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG
ôFGh~dG ~j~– ‘ AÉ£NC’G øq«Ñàd ∂dòch ,᪫∏°ùdG
ᢢahòÙGh ᢢaɢ˘˘° oŸG äɢ˘˘fɢ˘˘«˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dGh ,ᢢ˘«˘˘˘Hɢ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áëë°üŸGh.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
27
Confidence Level á≤ãdG πeÉY
Confidence levels specify the rela-tionship between a sample and a popu-lation for a parallel vote tabulation(PVT), voters list audit, or other sur-veys that require a population sample.Confidence levels concern how thesample data can be compared to thepopulation; the more confidencerequires that the sample distributionwill reflect the population distribution,the larger the sample has to be;
The term confidence level is alsoused to describe the degree of trust vot-ers have in the electoral process (voterregistration, vote tabulation, etc.). If thegeneral population has a low confi-dence level in the elections, the resultsmay be considered illegitimate.
The date for the commencement of thepreparation of the preliminary lists ofelectors for that election, with respectto an election in an electoral district.Depending on the election law, declara-tion of the confirmation date can betimed by the governing party to putother parties at a disadvantage.
A situation in which someone in aposition of trust or authority, has com-peting professional or personal inter-ests, which can make it difficult to ful-fill duties impartially. A conflict ofinterest exists even if no unethical orimproper act results from it and cancreate an appearance of improprietythat can undermine confidence in theperson/position/office. Clear guide-lines spelled out in bylaws and memo-randa of understandings serve to pre-vent actual, potential, or perceivedconflicts of interest.
á˘æ˘q«˘©˘dG ÚH º˘Fɢ≤˘dG §˘HGô˘dG á˘≤˘ã˘dG π˘eɢY O~˘˘ë˘˘j
,ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G ádh~L AGREG ¿Éμ°ùdGh á«LPƒªædG
Ωɢ«˘≤˘dG hCG ,ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG í˘˘FGƒ˘˘d ‘ ≥˘˘«˘˘b~˘˘à˘˘dG ~˘˘æ˘˘Y hCG
Ú©˘à˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG iô˘NC’G ᢫˘YÓ˘£˘à˘˘°S’G äɢ˘°SGQ~˘˘dɢ˘H
á«Ø«μH ≥∏©àj á≤ãdG πeÉ©a .¿Éμ°ùdG øe áæq«©H
~jõJ ∂dòd ;¿Éμ°ùdG áæq«©H äÉfÉ«ÑdG áæq«Y áfQÉ≤e
QÉÑàYÉH ,É¡ªéM ™°ùJG ɪ∏c IQÉàıG áæq«©dÉH á≤ãdG
;ÊÉμ°ùdG n™jRƒàdG ¢ùμ©«°S áæq«©dG o™jRƒJ q¿CG
á≤K i~e ~j~ëàd kÉ° jCG IQÉÑ©dG √òg Ω n~îà°ùoJh
,ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ) á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dÉH ÚæWGƒŸG
èFÉàf Èà©oJ ~b ,‹ÉàdÉHh .(ïdEG ,äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh
¿É˘μ˘°ùdG á˘≤˘K äõ˘Yõ˘J GPEG ᢫˘Yô˘°T ÒZ äɢHɢî˘à˘˘f’G
.á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG äÉjôéà áeÉY
Confirmation Date âqÑãe ïjQÉJ
᢫˘dhC’G ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG í˘˘FGƒ˘˘d Ò° ë˘˘à˘˘H A~˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ~˘˘Yƒ˘˘e
ôFGh~dG iƒà°ùe ≈˘∏˘Y ɢgDhGô˘LEG ™˘eõŸG äɢHɢî˘à˘fÓ˘d
¿CG øμÁ ,ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ¤EG kGOÉæà°SGh .á«HÉîàf’G
qÖ°üj ’ mâ«bƒàH ïjQÉàdG Gòg øY ºcÉ◊G Üõ◊G ø∏©j
.iôNC’G ÜGõMC’G áë∏°üe ‘
Conflict of Interest ídÉ°üŸG ÜQÉ° J
‘h á≤K n™°Vƒe ¿Éc øe ÊÉ©j ÚM ádÉ◊G √òg RÈJ
á«æ¡ŸG ¬◊É°üe ÚH Ée mÜQÉ° J øe á£∏°ùdG ™bƒe
πμH ¬JÉÑLGh AGOCG ¬«∏Y Ö©°üj å«ëH ,á«°üî°ûdGh
‘ ≈˘à˘M kɢ˘° jCG í˘˘dɢ˘°üŸG ‘ lÜQɢ˘° J RÈjh .ᢢjOɢ˘«˘˘M
hCG ¥ÓNCÓd m±Éæe π©a …CG É¡æY CÉ°ûæj ’ »àdG ä’É◊G
~ p≤ØoJh π©ØdG Gòg áë°U ‘ ∂qμ°ûoJ ~b ɉEG ,∫ƒ°UCÓd
∂dòd .øjôNB’G á≤K Ö°üæŸG hCG ™bƒŸG hCG ¢üî°ûdG
‘ O pônJ »˘à˘dG á˘ë˘°VGƒ˘dG ᢫˘¡˘«˘Lƒ˘à˘dG ÇOÉ˘ÑŸG í˘∏˘°üJ
q…CG ‘Ó˘à˘d º˘gÉ˘Ø˘à˘dG äGô˘cò˘eh ᢫˘∏˘NG~˘dG á˘ª˘¶˘˘fC’G
‘ kÉ©bƒàe hCG kÓªàfi hCG kÉægGQ ¿EG ,ídÉ°üŸG ‘ ÜQÉ° J
.πÑ≤à°ùŸG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
General agreement that involves seek-ing and taking into account the view ofall parties concerned, and to reconcilingany conflicting arguments. Consensusdoes not imply unanimity. Consensus isa way of making decisions which aimsto include everyone in the process andresolve any objections.
Political representative divisions within astate, the boundaries of which are drawnup by the state legislature. One memberof the House of Representatives is elect-ed per district. This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.
An individual with a political philoso-phy supporting conserving heritage,traditional values, or an establishedsocial order. He or she does not rejectchange but insists that further changebe organic rather than revolutionary.For antonym, see “Liberal.”
The consolidation of democracy is theprocess by which democracy becomesso broadly and profoundly legitimatizedamong its citizens that it is very unlike-ly to break down. When democracy isconsolidated, it has been accepted bymost citizens as the only game in town.The consolidation of democracyinvolves behavioral and institutionalchanges that normalize democratic pol-itics and narrow its uncertainty. Thisnormalization requires the expansion ofcitizen access, development of demo-cratic citizenship and culture, broaden-ing of leadership recruitment of amature civil society, and more impor-tantly, political institutionalization.Consolidation requires that habituationto the norms and procedures of demo-cratic conflict regulation be developed.A high degree of institutional routiniza-tion is key to such a process.
øª°V »°SÉ«°ùdG π«ãªà∏d ~ nªà©oJ ájQGOEG äɪ«°ù≤J
‘ ᢫˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ɢ˘gOh~˘˘M º˘˘°Sô˘˘J ,äɢ˘j’ƒ˘˘dG
øe kG~MGh kGƒ° Y ÖîàæJ ¿CG IôFGO qπμd ≥ëjh .áj’ƒdG
.ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCGí∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG πNGO »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG ‘ kG~j~–
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Congressional Districts áj’ƒdG øª°V á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO
ConservativeßaÉfi
®ÉØ◊G CG~Ñe ~qjDƒJ »àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG áØ°ù∏ØdG ÖMÉ°U
»YɪàL’G ΩɶædG hCG áKQGƒàŸG º«≤dG hCG çQE’G ≈∏Y
òîàj ¿CG ≈∏Y O~°ûj ɉEG Ò«¨àdG ≈HCÉj ’ ƒ¡a .~FÉ°ùdG
™˘˘LGQ .kɢ˘jQƒ˘˘K ’ kɢ˘jQƒ˘˘à˘˘°SO k≈˘˘ë˘˘æ˘˘e Ò«˘˘¨˘˘à˘˘dG Gò˘˘˘g
:¢ «≤ædG.''‹GÈ«d''
Consolidation of Democracyâ«ÑãJ/ï«°SôJ/~«WƒJ
á«WGô≤Á~dG
™°ShCG ká«Yhô°ûe »WGô≤Á~dG ΩɶædG Ö p°ùμoJ lá«∏ªY
≈∏Y π q¡°ùj ’ mƒëf ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH ≥ªYCGh
≈∏Y q∫~j ɉEG á«WGô≤Á~dG ï«°SÎa .¬∏«£©J íLQC’G
¿hO áÑ©∏dG √òg ~YGƒb ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG º¶©e á≤aGƒe
äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J çG~MEG »° à≤j ƒgh ,ÉgGƒ°S
á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™«Ñ£J πLCG øe äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh
ɢ˘eCG .ɢ˘¡˘˘dƒ˘˘M Ωƒ˘˘ë˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ∂°ûdG ¢ûeɢ˘g ¢ü«˘˘∏˘˘≤˘˘Jh
á˘cQɢ°ûŸG ´É˘°ùJG Ö∏˘£˘à˘à˘a √ò˘g ™˘«˘Ñ˘£˘à˘dG ᢫˘∏˘ª˘˘Y
á˘aɢ≤˘ã˘dGh ᢢ«˘˘æ˘˘WGƒŸG º˘˘«˘˘gɢ˘Ø˘˘e ô˘˘jƒ˘˘£˘˘Jh ,ᢢ«˘˘f~ŸG
õ˘˘cGôŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘°Uƒ˘˘dG ¢Uô˘˘a Ú°ù–h ,ᢢ«˘˘˘WGô˘˘˘≤Á~˘˘˘dG
,∂dP øe ºgC’Gh ,m ´Gh Ê~e ™ªà› øª°V ájOÉ«≤dG
.»˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y »˘Jɢ°ù°SDƒ˘e ™˘Hɢ˘W Aɢ˘Ø˘˘°VEG
ÒjÉ©ŸÉH ¢S qôªàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG oï«°SôJ Ö∏£àj ∂dòch
π˘Fɢ°Sƒ˘dɢH äɢYGõ˘æ˘dG qπ˘M ≈˘Yô˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG äGAGô˘˘LE’Gh
ìÉ‚ ô°S q¿EG ∫ƒ≤dG øY w»æZh .Égôjƒ£Jh á«WGô≤Á~dG
ÒÑc x~M ¤EG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG OÉ«àYG ‘ øªμj á«∏ª©dG √òg
.äÉ°SQɪŸG øe §ªædG Gòg ≈∏Y
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Consensus≥aGƒJ
±GôWC’G qπc AGQBG ‘ åMÉÑàdG ≈∏Y ™«ª÷G ¥ÉØJG
ÚH ≥«aƒàdG ∂dòch ,QÉÑàY’G Ú©H ÉgòNCGh Ú«æ©ŸG
»æ©j ’ ¥ÉØJ’G Gòg qøμdh .áHQÉ° àŸG ô¶ædG äÉ¡Lh
π«Ñ°ùdG ƒg πH ,~MGh …CGQ ≈∏Y ´ÉªLE’G IQhô° dÉH
‘ ™«ª÷G ∑Gô°TEÉH íª°ùj mƒëf ≈∏Y äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’
.Ú©fɪŸG I~≤Y qπMh ºFÉ≤dG QÉ°ùŸG
The concept that the candidate and theparty are constantly working for thenext election and do not wait for elec-tion time to start delivering a message.
A portion of the population repre-sented by a particular elected leader ororganization;
The electoral district or area, or thepeople in it, which an elected officialrepresents.
A citizen who is represented by anelected official.
Set of basic rules by which the govern-ment of a State is organized that regu-lates the relationships between the leg-islature, the executive, and the judiciary,and enumerates rights and responsibili-ties of citizens.
To strive to be elected, to enter as acandidate in an electoral race;
To dispute the declared result of anelection or to object to the way an elec-toral process was administratively car-ried out. Most electoral laws affordpolitical parties and individual votersthe right to bring cases of electoralfraud before an electoral court or tribu-nal. Individuals may contest electionsbased on violations of the electoral law,which may include misconduct on thepart of poll workers, the ineligibility ofa candidate to hold office, the casting ofillegal votes, or voter intimidation. Seealso “Closely Contested Election.”
An objection of administrative or anynature to activities and decisions relatingto the electoral processes and results.See also “Challenge (Electoral).”
Constituency áÑNÉf äÉÄ«g/ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL
á«HÉîàfG IôFGO
πs㪟G ¿Éμ°ùdG øe Aõ÷G ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
;äɪ¶æŸG i~MEÉH hCG Ö nîàæe øq«©e ∫hDƒ°ùÃ
hCG ,á«HÉîàf’G á≤£æŸG hCG IôFG~dG ¤EG kÉ° jCG Ò°ûjh
.Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùà πãªàJ »àdG ,É¡«a Úª«≤ŸG
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ConstituentÖNÉf
.Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùe ¬∏ãÁ …òdG øWGƒŸG
ConstitutionQƒà°SO
πªY º˘ q¶˘æ˘J »˘à˘dG ᢫˘°Sɢ°SC’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª›
ÚH äɢ˘bÓ˘˘©˘˘dG ∂dò˘˘ch ∫h~˘˘dG ‘ º˘˘μ◊G äɢ˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘e
,á«Fɢ° ≤˘dGh á˘jò˘«˘Ø˘æ˘à˘dGh ᢫˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG äɢ£˘∏˘°ùdG
.º¡JÉ«dhDƒ°ùeh ÚæWGƒŸG ¥ƒ≤M ≈∏Y ¢üæJh
Contest an Election äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN
(äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘) ø©W
¤EG kɢ«˘©˘°S í˘°Tô˘ª˘c ᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G á˘cô˘©ŸG ¢Vƒ˘˘N
;ÜÉîàf’G ≥jôW øY Ö°üæŸÉH RƒØdG
hCG á˘æ˘∏˘©ŸG äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G è˘Fɢà˘f á˘ë˘°üH ∂«˘μ˘°ûà˘dG
íæ“h .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG IQGOEG á≤jôW ≈∏Y ¢VGÎY’G
᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG nÜGõ˘MC’G ᢫˘ Hɢî˘à˘f’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG o᢫˘Ñ˘dɢZ
∫ƒ˘M ᢫˘Fɢ° ≤˘dG ihɢY~˘dG ™˘aQ ≥˘M kGOGô˘aCG ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dGh
ᢰüàıG º˘cÉÙG ΩɢeCG »˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ô˘jhõ˘à˘ ˘dG ∫ɢ ˘ª˘ ˘YCG
áë°üH OGôaC’G ø©£j ¿CG Rƒéjh .á«HÉîàf’G ¿hDƒ°ûdÉH
¿ƒfÉ≤dÉH á≤MÓdG äÉcÉ¡àf’G ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG äÉHÉîàf’G
ÚØ˘XƒŸG ±ô˘°üJ Aƒ˘°S π˘ª˘°ûJ ~˘b »˘à˘dG »˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G
π¨°ûd í°TôŸG á«∏gCG Ω~Y hCG ,´GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ Úæq«©ŸG
hCG ,áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ¢ ©H á«Yô°T Ω~Y hCG ,Ö°üæŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædG Ö«gôJ.''áeƒªfi äÉHÉîàfG''
Contestation (äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘) ø©W
hCG ᣰûfC’G ≈∏Y ôNBG πμ°T …CÉH hCG kÉjQGOEG ¢VGÎY’G
èFÉàfh á«HÉîà˘f’G äGAGô˘LE’ɢH á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG äGQGô˘≤˘dG
™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬JGP í∏£°üŸG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
§°TÉædG ¬∏ªY ‘ Üõ◊Gh í°TôŸG QGôªà°SÉH ∫ƒ≤j CG~Ñe
~Yƒe QɶàfG Ω~˘©˘Hh ,á˘≤˘MÓ˘dG äɢHɢî˘à˘fÓ˘d kG~˘«˘¡“
.¬àdÉ°SQ π≤f ‘ ´hô°û∏d äÉHÉîàf’G √òg øY ¿ÓYE’G
Constant Campaign Iôªà°ùee á∏ªM
ControlledEnvironment
áWƒÑ° e áÄ«H
Districts comprised of areas which aregeographically adjoined or touching.
A voting environment that meets thefollowing criteria:
Representatives of political contest-ants, non-partisan domestic electionmonitoring organizations, and otherappropriately authorized persons arephysically present, and are able toaccess and observe the environment;
Election officials are present, incharge of the process and have legalresponsibilities and powers to ensurethe accuracy and integrity of the elec-toral process;
Access (whether physical or virtual) tothe environment, including the technologi-cal devices, is secured and controlled, and isregulated by a process that is independent-ly auditable and verifiable. For antonym,see “Uncontrolled Environment.”
A meeting of party delegates and lead-ers at any of the three levels of govern-ment (federal, state, or local) in orderto formulate party strategy and tacticswhile also nominating candidates forpolitical office. In addition, the partyplatform is written and approved,detailing where the party “stands” onthe important issues of the upcomingcampaign. This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.
An increase in a presidential candidate’spopularity, as indicated by public opin-ion polls, in the days immediately fol-lowing his or her nomination for officeat his or her party’s national conven-tion. This term is used specifically within theU.S. electoral system.
:á«dÉàdG ÒjÉ©ŸG É¡«a ôaGƒàJ á«HÉîàfG áÄ«H
ácô©ŸG ‘ Ú°ùaÉæàŸG »∏㪟 »∏©a Qƒ° M É¡«a πqé°ùoj
án∏ ncƒŸG IRÉë˘æŸG ÒZ ᢫˘∏ÙG äɪ˘¶˘æ˘ª˘∏˘dh ,᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG
øj~˘ nª˘à˘©ŸG ¢UÉTC’G ø˘e º˘gÒ ˘dh ,äÉHÉî˘à˘f’G á˘Ñ˘bGôÃ
;É¡àÑbGôeh áÄ«ÑdG ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG øe ¿ƒæμªàj øjòdG
äÉHÉîàf’G øY ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG Qƒ° M É¡«a πqé°ùoj
á«HÉîàf’G á«∏˘ª˘©˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ±Gô˘°TE’G ¿ƒ˘dƒ˘à˘j ø˘jò˘dG
á«fƒfÉ≤dG äÉ«MÓ˘°üdGh äɢ«˘dhDƒ˘°ùŸÉ˘H ¿ƒ˘©˘∏˘£˘° jh
;É¡àgGõfh äÉHÉîàf’G áeÓ°S ¿Éª°V º¡d í«àJ »àdG
á£∏°S ~j ≈∏Y ≥«b~à∏d ™° îJ láq«dBG É¡«a ≥sÑ£oJ
º«¶æ˘Jh á˘Ñ˘bGô˘eh á˘eÓ˘°S ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùà˘a ,á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe
ᢢĢ˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dG ¤EG (kɢ˘˘«˘˘˘°VGÎaG hCG kɢ˘˘j~˘˘˘°ùL ¿EG) ∫ƒ˘˘˘°Uƒ˘˘˘dG
á«LƒdƒæμàdG Iõ¡LC’G ∫ƒ°Uh ∂dP ‘ Éà ,á«HÉîàf’G
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .É¡«dEG.''áWƒÑ° e ÒZ áÄ«H''
30
Convention »HõM ô“Dƒe
øe iƒà°ùe …CG ~æY ¬JOÉbh Üõ◊G »Hh~æe ´ÉªàLG
hCG »ª«∏bE’G hCG ‹GQ~ØdG) áKÓãdG ºμ◊G äÉjƒà°ùe
¬˘£˘£˘Nh Üõ◊G ᢫˘é˘«˘JGΰSG º˘°SQ ±~˘˘¡˘˘H (»˘˘∏ÙG
º˘¡˘˘«˘˘ë˘˘°Tô˘˘e ᢢ«˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ Öfɢ˘L ¤EG ,ᢢ«˘˘μ˘˘«˘˘à˘˘μ˘˘à˘˘dG
~ª©j kÉ° jCG ô“DƒŸG Gòg ‘h .á«°SÉ«°ùdG Ö°UÉæª∏d
Üõ◊G èeÉfôH áZÉ«°U ¤EG ¿ƒHh~æŸGh IOÉ≤dG A’Dƒg
™«°VGƒŸG øe Üõ◊G ''∞bƒe'' øjO~fi ,¬«∏Y á≤aGƒŸGh
.á˘eOɢ≤˘dG á˘∏˘ª◊G ‘ ìô˘£ oà˘°S »˘˘à˘˘dG IRQɢ˘Ñ˘˘dG™«°ûj
Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG ø˘ª˘˘°V kG~˘˘j~– í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘g ∫ɢ˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G
Convention Bounce ô“DƒŸG ~©H í°TôŸG º¡°SCG ´ÉØJQG
/»Hõ◊G
ô“DƒŸG ~©H í°TôŸG á«Ñ©°T OÉjORG
»Hõ◊G
Ò°ûJ Ée ~M ≈∏Y ,»°SÉFôdG í°TôŸG á«Ñ©°T OÉjORG
Ö≤©J »àdG ΩÉjC’G ‘ ,ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG ¬«dEG
.Üõë∏d »æWƒdG ô“DƒŸG ‘ Ö°üæŸG Gò¡d ¬à«ª°ùJ
ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
hCG á≤°UÓàe hCG á£HGÎe ≥WÉæe qº° J »àdG ôFGh~dG
.kÉ«aGô¨L á∏°üàe
Contiguous Districts IQhÉéààe á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO
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See “Revised Voter’s List.”
The abuse of entrusted power for pri-vate gain.
A formal group of experts broughttogether on a regular basis to debatematters within that sphere of expertise,and with advisory powers to govern-ment. It can be contrasted with a com-mission which, although also a body ofexperts, is typically given regulatorypowers in addition to a role as advisorto the government;
The local body that operates in the townhall to raise local taxes and administer localservices. See also “Commission.”
The process of sorting, tallying, record-ing, and tabulating votes cast in an elec-tion. See also “Tabulation of Results.”
A centralized location in which votesfrom several polling stations are aggre-gated and counted.
Any attempt by the campaign to bringtogether a large group of people or sup-porters. Created events may receivepress coverage and thereby influenceother voters or can also be used to raisefunds and energize supporters. See“Preset Events” and “Rally.”
The positive or negative view votershave of a candidate or party. By creat-ing contrast, campaigns can use theirmessage to raise their candidate’s credi-bility, lower their opponents’ credibili-ty, or both;
CorruptionOÉ°ùaa
π˘Zɢ°T ɢ¡˘«˘∏˘Y ø˘ nª nJDƒŸG á˘£˘∏˘˘°ùdG ∫ɢ˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG Aƒ˘˘°S
.á°UÉN Ö°SÉμà kÉ©ªW ,Ö°üæŸG
Council¢ù∏∏›
ΩɶàfÉH ¿ƒ©ªàéj øjòdG AGÈÿG øe ᫪°SQ áYƒª›
™≤J »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ‘ ∫hG~àdG ±~¡H ¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d hCG
kÉ° jCG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ò˘g ™˘à˘ª˘à˘Jh .º˘¡˘°Uɢ°üà˘NG Iô˘FGO ø˘ª˘°V
.á˘eƒ˘μ˘ë˘∏˘d á˘jQɢ°ûà˘°S’G äɢe~ÿG Ë~˘≤˘J ᢫˘MÓ˘°üH
øe kÉ° jCG ¿ qƒμàJ »àdG á«°VƒØŸÉH ¢ù∏ÛG áfQÉ≤e øμÁh
äɢ«˘MÓ˘°üH IOɢY ™˘à˘ ˘ª˘ ˘à˘ ˘J ɢ ˘¡˘ ˘fCG ÒZ AGÈN ᢠ˘Yƒ˘ ˘ª›
;áeƒμë∏d ájQÉ°ûà°SG áÄ«¡c ÉgQhO ÖfÉL ¤EG ᫪«¶æJ
Ωô˘M ‘ ɢ¡˘dɢª˘YCG ¢SQÉ“ »˘à˘dG ᢫˘˘∏ÙG ᢢĢ˘«˘˘¡˘˘dG
IQGOEGh ᢢ«˘˘∏ÙG ÖFGô˘˘° dG ᢢjɢ˘Ñ÷ …~˘˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«∏ÙG äÉe~ÿG.''á«°VƒØe''
Count äGƒ°UC’G Rôa
äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ‘ ᢢYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘a ᢢ«˘˘˘∏˘˘˘ª˘˘˘Y
™LGQ .∫hG~L ‘ É¡ª«¶æJh ,É¡∏«é°ùJh ,É¡à≤HÉ£eh
kÉ° jCG.''èFFÉàædG ádh~L''
Counting Center äGƒ°UC’G Rôa õcôe
øe I~aGƒdG ´GÎb’G ≥jOÉæ°U ¬«a qÖ°üJ …õcôe ™bƒe
.RôØdG á«∏ª©d kG~«¡“ ´GÎbG ΩÓbCG I~Y
Created Events á°UÉN äÉÑ°SÉæe
.¢SÉædG øe ÒÑc ~°ûM ™ª÷ á∏ª◊G QÉWEG ‘ ádhÉfi …CG
≈∏Y á∏ª◊G ƒª q¶æe πª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G q¿CG lí«ë°Uh
Gòg q¿CG ’EG ,øjô°UÉæŸG OG~Y ‘ kÓ°UCG ¿hÈà©oj º¡©ªL
π° ØH øjôNBG ÚÑNÉf ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ íéæj ~b ç~◊G
√òg º«¶æJ í∏°üjh .É¡H ≈¶ëj »àdG á«eÓYE’G á«£¨àdG
¢SƒØf ‘ á°Sɪ◊G ÜOh äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ kÉ° jCG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG
™LGQ .øjô°UÉæŸG.''(»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e''h ''áeÉY äÉÑ°SÉæe''
Credibilityá«bG~°üe
Iô¶ædG ¤EG äÓª◊G ¥É«°S ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG É¡«a ô¶æj »àdG á«Ñ∏°ùdG hCG á«HÉéjE’G
É¡ª«≤j »àdG äÉfQÉ≤ŸG ∫ÓN øeh .Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG
õjõ©àd á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ GƒØ qXƒj ¿CG øμÁ ,äÓª◊G ƒª¶æe
hCG ,¬eƒ°üN á«bG~°üe º«£ëàd hCG í°TôŸG á«bG~°üe
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
™LGQ.''ád~©ŸG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''Corrected Voter's List /ÚÑNÉædG ºFGƒb hCG íFGƒd
áëë°üŸG Ö£°ûddG íFGƒd
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Cross Cutting Cleavages
á∏NG~àe äÉæjÉÑJ/äÉeÉ°ù≤≤fG
In terms of an electoral system, thisrefers to citizens’ faith in the system inwhich the elections take place and theperception of whether or not electionresults reflect the choice of voters.
Political allegiances of voters which cutacross societal cleavages of ethnicity,religion, or class.
Comparing or referencing variousresponses to questions on a political pollwith responses to other questions ordemographic information. The real infor-mation in a political poll comes from thecross tabs. See also “Political Polling.”
The act of removing the names of can-didates from the ticket or party list byputting a cross over their names and insome cases writing in a different name.Crossing out candidates occurs in abloc vote system.
A sample of voters that considers agegroups, gender, ethnicity in such a waythat reflects a normal distribution.Cross-sections of voters can be used inpublic opinion polls, parallel vote tabu-lation (PVT) samples, and for audits ofthe voters list. See also “Sampling ofResults” and “Voters List Audit.”
Small groupings within the demographicbreakdown that are members of at leasttwo other demographic sets.
A system of voting in which each voter isgiven as many votes as there are positionsto be filled and is allowed to cast those
»àdG ÚÑNÉædG i~d á«°SÉ«°ùdG äGA’ƒdG ‘ ¢ùμ©æJ
ø˘Y á˘Ä˘°Tɢæ˘dG ᢫˘©˘ª˘àÛG äɢ˘eɢ˘°ù≤˘˘f’G ≈˘˘£˘˘î˘˘à˘˘J
.á«≤Ñ£dG hCG á«æj~dG hCG á«bô©dG äGAɪàf’G
Cross Tabs á©WÉ≤àe ∫hG~L
É¡Mô£j á∏Ä°SCG øY áHƒLCG I~Y ÚH ¿QÉ≤J ∫hG~L
iôNCG á∏Ä°SCG øY áHƒLCÉH á«°SÉ«°ùdG AGQBÓd l´Ó£à°SG
‘ áë«ë°üdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉa .á«aGôZƒÁO äÉeƒ∏©Ã hCG
∫hG~÷G ø˘˘e »˘˘JCɢ˘J ɉEG äɢ˘YÓ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘˘°S’G √ò˘˘˘g π˘˘˘ã˘˘˘e
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á©WÉ≤àŸG.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G Ó£à°SG''
Crossing OutCandidates (on theTicket)
áëFÓdG øe) Aɪ°SCG Ö«£°ûJJ
(á«HÉîàf’G
ø˘e Ú뢰TôŸG ¢ ©˘H Oɢ©˘Ñ˘à˘°SG ᢫˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘H ≈˘˘q∏˘˘é˘˘à˘˘j
Ö£˘°ûH Üõ◊G á˘ë˘F’ ø˘e hCG ᢫˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ᢢ뢢FÓ˘˘dG
kÉæ«M øjôNBG Úë°Tôà º¡dG~Ñà°SGh kÉæ«M º¡Fɪ°SCG
.á∏àμdG Ωɶf ‘ Ö«£°ûàdG ™«°ûjh .ôNBG
Cross-Section of Voters ÚÑNÉædG øY á«LPƒ‰ áæq«Y
í˘FGô˘°ûdG QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘Y’G Ú©˘H ò˘NCɢJ ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG ø˘e á˘æ˘q«˘˘Y
≈∏Y »æKE’G Aɪàf’Gh ,»YɪàL’G ´ƒædGh ,ájôª©dG
¿CG í∏°üjh .…OÉ©dG ÊÉμ°ùdG ™jRƒàdG ¢ùμ©j mƒëf
äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh ,ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG ~æà°ùJ
¤EG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~àdG á«∏ªYh ,ájRGƒàŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«LPƒªædG áæq«©dG √ògáæq«Y QÉ«àNG''
.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''h ''èFFÉàædG øe
Cross-Sets á∏NG~àe äÉYƒª›
᢫˘aGô˘ZƒÁ~˘dG á˘Ñ˘«˘˘cÎdG ø˘˘ª˘˘°V IÒ¨˘˘°U äɢ˘Yƒ˘˘ª›
Úà˘˘«˘˘aGô˘˘ZƒÁO Úà˘˘ë˘˘jô˘˘°T ™˘˘e ɢ˘gDhɢ˘° YCG ∑Qɢ˘°ûà˘˘J
.πbC’G ≈∏Y ÚjôNCG
Cumulative Voting »ªcGÎdG âjƒ°üàdG Ωɶf
äGƒ°UCG O~Y íæÁ ¿CG ÖNÉf qπμd í«àj âjƒ°üJ Ωɶf
¬d í«àjh ,ÉgDƒ∏e Öéj »àdG Ö°UÉæŸG O~Y …hÉ°ùj
¬JGƒ°UCG ´Rƒj ¿CG hCG ~MGh í°TôŸ ¬Jƒ°üH ‹~j ¿CG kÉ° jCG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
;kÉ©e Úa~¡dG øjòg ≥«≤ëàd
á≤K ¤EG Ò°ûj ƒ¡a ,»HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG ¥É«°S ‘ ÉeCG
¬∏X ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G …ôŒ …òdG ΩɶædG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG
¢ùμ©J äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf q¿CÉH ºgOÉ≤àYG i~e ¤EGh
.ÚÑNÉædG QÉ«N
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Curtain (for VotingBooth)
∫RÉY/∫RÉY QÉà°S
votes for one candidate or distributethem in any way among the candidates. Itis a system of proportional representationin which minorities may be able to ensuretheir approximate proportional represen-tation by concentrating their votes on asubset of candidates commensurate withtheir size in the electorate. See also“Proportional Representation.”
A piece of hung cloth intended toblock or obscure light; a curtain is acritical feature of a voting booth tomaintain the secrecy of the vote. Seealso “Secret Ballot.”
Öé◊ π˘ª˘©˘à˘°ù oJ ¢Tɢª˘≤˘dG ø˘e ᢢ«˘˘d~˘˘à˘˘e ᢢ©˘˘£˘˘b
´GÎb’G IQƒ°ü≤e äÉeƒ≤e ~MCG Èà©j ƒgh ;Aƒ° dG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G ájô°S ≈∏Y ®ÉØë∏d á«°SÉ°SC’G
.''…ô°S ´GÎbG''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
…òdG ΩɶædG Gò¡a .Úë°TôŸG ≈∏Y ¬d ƒ∏ëj ɪc
ø qμÁ »˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘dG π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG á˘ª˘˘¶˘˘fCG ᢢfɢ˘N ‘ π˘˘N~˘˘j
x~M ¤EG kÉ«Ñ°ùf kÓ«ã“ É¡°ùØæd øqeDƒJ ¿CG øe äÉ«∏bC’G
ø˘˘e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª› ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ɢ˘¡˘˘˘JGƒ˘˘˘°UCG qÖ°U ∫Ó˘˘˘N ø˘˘˘e ɢ˘˘e
±ƒØ°U ÚH ¬∏ã“ …òdG ºé◊Gh Ö°SÉæàJ Úë°TôŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædG.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''
Dark Horse Oƒ°SCG ¿É°üM
A usually little-known candidate whounexpectedly wins a party’s nominationor an election. See also “Underdog”and “Front-Runner.”
The central location to which electionobservers relay information for a parallelvote tabulation (PVT), reports of fraud, orother relevant information. The mostcommon method of communicatinginformation to the data collection center isby phone, however faxing, and SMS mes-saging are other techniques that are used.
The transfer of data from one database,such as a civil registry, to another, suchas a voter database.
Procedures for election observers,including directions for how and whento report data on the quality of theprocess and the vote count results.
A searchable structured collection ofrecords or data that is stored in a com-puter system. Databases have many usesin the electoral process: They are usedto store information on the electorate inthe form of voter registries and civil reg-istries; and campaigns often use data-bases to track information on voters,such as their likeliness to support a par-ticular candidate, party, or issue.
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Dí«°TÎH ≈˘¶˘ë˘j ɉEG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Nɢæ˘dG ¬˘aô˘©˘j ɢª˘∏˘b í˘°Tô˘e
.™bƒàe ÒZ mƒëf ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØj hCG Üõ◊G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''Ω~≤àe í°Tôe''h ''ô°SÉN í°Tôe''
Data Collection Center äÉfÉ«ÑdG ™ª÷ õcôe
äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ƒ˘Ñ˘bGô˘˘e ¬˘˘«˘˘dEG π˘˘°Sô˘˘j …õ˘˘cô˘˘e ™˘˘bƒ˘˘e
hCG ,á˘jRGƒ˘àŸG äGƒ˘°UC’G á˘dh~÷ á˘eRÓ˘dG äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG
iôNC’G äÉeƒ∏©ŸG hCG ,ôjhõàdG ∫ɪYCG øY ôjQÉ≤àdG
Gòg ¤EG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG π≤f êQ~jh .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH á∏°üàŸG
π˘Fɢ°Sh ÌcCG √QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YɢH ∞˘Jɢ¡˘dG ∫ɢª˘©˘˘à˘˘°Sɢ˘H õ˘˘côŸG
iôNCG äÉ«æ≤J ∫ɪ©à°SG ÖfÉL ¤EG ,kÉYƒ«°T ∫É°üJ’G
.IÒ°ü≤dG πFÉ°SôdG áe~Nh ¢ùcÉØdÉc
Data Migration äÉfÉ«ÑdG Iôégg
¤hCG äɢfɢ«˘H I~˘Yɢb ø˘e äɢfɢ˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG π˘˘≤˘˘f ᢢ«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘Y
I~˘Yɢ≤˘c ᢫˘fɢK äɢfɢ«˘H I~˘Yɢb ¤EG Ê~ŸG π˘é˘°ùdɢ˘c
.ÚÑNÉædÉH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG
Data Reporting Protocols
äÉfÉ«ÑdG π≤f ∫ƒ°UCG
,äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ƒ˘Ñ˘bGô˘e ɢ¡˘©˘Ñ qà˘j äGAGô˘˘LEG ᢢ∏˘˘°ù∏˘˘°S
π˘≤˘f ~˘˘«˘˘YGƒ˘˘eh ᢢ≤˘˘jô˘˘W ∫ƒ˘˘M äGOɢ˘°TQEG ø˘˘ª˘˘° à˘˘J
᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ᢫˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ᢫˘Yƒ˘æ˘H ᢰUÉÿG äɢfɢ«˘Ñ˘˘dG
.äGƒ°UC’G Rôa èFÉàfh
Database äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb
πNGO ß nØëoJ »àdG äÉfÉ«ÑdG hCG äÓé°ùdG øe áYƒª›
.åëÑdG äÉ«∏ªY π q¡°ùj mƒëf ≈∏Y ôJƒ«ÑªμdG Ωɶf
á«∏ª©dG ‘ äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ΩG~îà°SG ¬LhCG O~©àJh
á≤∏©àŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øjõîàd í∏°üJ »¡a :á«HÉîàf’G
ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG äӢ颰S π˘μ˘°T ≈˘∏˘Y ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘˘dG ´ƒ˘˘ª˘˘éÃ
Ú©à°ùj Ée kÉÑdÉZ ,∂dP øY kÓ° a ;á«f~ŸG äÓé°ùdGh
äÉeƒ∏©ŸG »°ü≤àd äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉ≤H äÓª◊G ƒª¶æe
i~˘˘e ø˘˘Y ΩÓ˘˘©˘˘à˘˘˘°S’ɢ˘˘c ,ÚÑ˘˘˘Nɢ˘˘æ˘˘˘dɢ˘˘H ᢢ˘£˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘JôŸG
.áæq«©e á«° b hCG ÜõM hCG í°Tôe ºY~d ºgOG~©à°SG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
DatabaseAccountability
äÉfÉ«ÑdGI~YÉb ádAÉ°ùee á«fÉμeEG
A database design requirement thatdirects the database to keep records ofchanges, deletions, and insertions forreview purposes.
Standards set by the election authoritiesthat inform the specifications used byprogrammers to build the database.
Electronic versions of some or all ofthe records in a database intended to beused by another database and thus not“usable” by people.
An output of a database containing acompilation of information available ina variety of formats intended for theend user.
Face-to-face discussion among citizens,candidates, and/or elected officials onissues of concern where different sidesof an argument are presented anddefended. Debates can occur at all threelevels of government, but the most pub-licized on the national level are debatesinvolving the presidential nominees.These are typically broadcast live, caninvolve questions from journalists andaverage citizens, and may reach largenumbers of voters at one time.
Oral or written formal public communi-cation of the result of an electoral event.This may consist of the number of votesreceived by each candidate or politicalparty contesting an election, and of thecandidate(s) and/or party(ies) who sit aselected members/seats under the provi-sions of the electoral law; or of thenumber of votes recorded for each oftwo or more options presented in theuse of direct democracy voting.
I~˘Yɢb º˘«˘ª˘°üJ ‘ kɢª˘μ˘M ô˘aGƒ˘˘à˘˘J ᢢjQhô˘˘°V Iõ˘˘«˘˘e
äÉfÉ«ÑdG ø˘Y äӢ颰S ß˘Ø˘ë˘H ɢ¡˘e põ˘∏ oà˘a äɢfɢ«˘Ñ˘dG
í«≤æàdG ¢VGôZC’ káe~N ,áLQ~ŸGh áahòÙGh ád~©ŸG
.í«ë°üàdGh
35
äɢ˘˘£˘˘˘∏˘˘˘°ùdG ɢ˘˘gO q~– »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG Òjɢ˘˘©ŸG ø˘˘˘e ᢢ˘Yƒ˘˘˘ª›
~q«≤àj »àdG äÉØ°UGƒŸG É¡ÑLƒÃ í q°VƒJh á«HÉîàf’G
.äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb AÉ°ûfEG ~æY ¿ƒ›ÈŸG É¡H
Database DesignRequirements
äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb º«ª°üJ •hô°T
Database Exports äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb äGQG~°UEG
IOƒLƒŸG äÓé°ùdG qπc hCG ¢ ©H øY á«fhÎμdEG ï n°ùof
I~Yɢb ‘ ɢ¡˘eG~˘î˘à˘°SG í˘∏˘°üj ,äɢfɢ«˘Ñ˘dG I~˘Yɢb ‘
.ΩÉ©dG ''ΩG~îà°SÓd í∏°üJ ’'' ɉEG iôNCG äÉfÉ«H
Database Product(or Report)
äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ôjô≤J
»˘à˘˘dG äɢ˘fɢ˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG I~˘˘Yɢ˘b ø˘˘e ᢢLQÉÿG äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG
∫Éμ°TCG ‘ IôaGƒàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øe áYƒª› øª° àJ
.ΩG~îà°SÓd IõgÉ÷Gh áYƒæàe
DebateIôXÉæe/¢TÉ≤f
±ƒ˘˘Ø˘ ˘°U ø˘˘ª˘˘°V hCG ÚH kᢢ¡˘˘LGƒ˘˘e Qh~˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢Tɢ˘≤˘ ˘æ˘ ˘dG
∫ƒM ÚÑîàæŸG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG hCG/h ,Úë°TôŸG hCG/h ,ÚæWGƒŸG
¿CG ±GôWCÓd ≈qæ°ùàj å«Mh ,º¡eɪàgG ÒãJ »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG
~ n≤©oJh .É¡æY Gƒ©aG~«a áæjÉÑàe ô¶f äÉ¡Lh Gƒ°Vô©à°ùj
»àdG ∂∏J ÉeCG ,çÓãdG ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äÉ°TÉ≤ædG √òg
»¡a »æWƒdG iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y á«eÓYEG á«£¨J ™°ShCÉH ≈¶–
¿ƒ˘ë˘°TôŸG ɢ¡˘«˘a ∑Qɢ°ûj »˘à˘dG ᢫˘fƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dG äGô˘XɢæŸG
åH ‘ kIOÉY π n≤æoJ »àdG ,äGôXÉæŸG √òg ∑ pô°ûoJh .¿ƒ«°SÉFôdG
∫Ó˘N ø˘e ÚjOɢ©˘˘dG Úæ˘˘WGƒŸGh Ú«˘˘aɢ ˘ë˘˘°üdG ,ô˘˘°Tɢ ˘Ñ˘ ˘e
πFÉg O~Y É¡©HÉàj ¿CG øμÁh ,á∏Ä°SC’G ìôW ¤EG º¡LGQ~à°SG
.¬JGP âbƒdG ‘ ÚÑNÉædG øe
Declaration of Results èFFÉàædG ¿ÓYEG
¿É«H ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G É¡«dEG ∫hDƒJ »àdG èFÉàædG ¿ÓYEG
Gò˘g ø˘ª˘° à˘j ~˘≤˘a .»˘£˘N hCG »˘¡˘Ø˘°T ,»˘ª˘˘°SQ Ωɢ˘Y
ÜõM hCG í°Tôe qπc É¡dÉæj »àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ¿É«ÑdG
Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG ∂dòch äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒîj »°SÉ«°S
¿ƒfÉb ΩÉμMCG ÖLƒÃ ~©≤ŸÉH RƒØj/¬HÉîàfG qºàj …òdG
»àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ¿É«ÑdG øª° àj hCG ;ÜÉîàf’G
I~˘Y ø˘e hCG) ø˘jQɢ˘«˘˘N ø˘˘e Qɢ˘«˘˘N π˘˘c ɢ˘¡˘˘H ≈˘˘¶˘˘ë˘˘j
.AÉàØà°SÓd áMhô£e (äGQÉ«N
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Declaration Votes íjô°üJ ÖLƒÃ âjƒ°üJ
Votes that are sealed in an envelopesigned by the voter and cast when thevoter casts an absent or postal vote.Used when the voter’s name cannotbe found on the electoral roll, orwhen the voter’s name is marked offthe electoral roll as already havingvoted. See also “Absentee Ballot,”“Postal Vote/Voting By Mail,” and"Tendered Ballot.”
The ballot of an elector that hasdeclined to vote. In some countries, theballot may be marked and counted as“declined.” See also “Protest Vote.”
An individual authorized to act as arepresentative for another, as a deputyor an agent, or as a representative to aconference or convention;
A representative, usually choseneither in state caucuses or presidentialprimaries, who will be responsible forchoosing presidential and vice presi-dential nominees at the national partyconventions every four years. Most del-egates are pledged to support a specificcandidate. A majority of the delegates’votes at the convention is needed for apresidential candidate to receive theparty’s nomination. This term is usedspecifically within the U.S. electoral system.
Political system in which the peopleshare in directing the activities of theState, as distinct from governmentscontrolled by a single class, selectgroup, or autocrat. The definition ofdemocracy has been expanded todescribe a philosophy that insists on theright and the capacity of a people, act-ing either directly or through represen-tatives, to control their institutions fortheir own purposes.
Qƒ¡‡ ∞∏¨e øª°V ê nQ~oJ á°UÉN IQɪà°SG Aπà âjƒ°üJ
~æY âjƒ°üàdG Gòg ~ nªà©oj .ÖNÉædG ™«bƒJ πªëj
Q qò©àj ÚM hCG ,~jÈdG ÈY hCG kÉ«HÉ«Z ÖNÉædG ´GÎbG
ÚM hCG ,ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ ÖNÉædG º°SG ≈∏Y Qƒã©dG
≈∏Y kád’O máeÓ©H ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ ÖNÉædG º°SG º n°Sƒj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´ÎbGh ≥Ñ°S ¬fCG,''»HÉ«¨dG ´GÎb’G ábQh''
.''á≤∏©e ´GÎbG ábQh''h ,''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h
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Declined Ballot ™pæà‡ äƒ°U
.âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ø˘Y ™˘˘æ˘˘àÁ …ò˘˘dG ÖNɢ˘æ˘˘dG ´GÎbG ᢢbQh
™æàeCG'' áeÓ©H ¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H ‘ ábQƒdG √òg º n°SƒJh
™LGQ .¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg ≈∏Y Ö n°ùàëoJh ,''âjƒ°üàdG øY
kÉ° jCG.''»LÉéààMG 䃰U''
DelegateÜh~æe
‘) ÖFÉædÉc ,ôNBG ¢üî°T π«ã“ ¢V sƒØŸG ¢üî°ûdG
ô“Dƒe ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj …òdG 烩џG hCG ,π«cƒdG hCG (¿ÉŸÈdG
;áæq«©e á¡L hCG áÄa øY π㪪c »ª°SQ ´ÉªàLG hCG
äGô“DƒŸG QÉWEG ‘ ÉeEG kIOÉY √QÉ«àNG ºàj …òdG π㪟G
äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G hCG äɢ˘j’ƒ˘˘dG iƒ˘˘à˘˘°ùe ≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ᢢ˘«˘˘˘Hõ◊G
QÉ«àNG øY k’hDƒ°ùe ¿ƒμ«a ,áj~«¡ªàdG á«°SÉFôdG
ô“DƒŸG ‘ ¢ù«˘Fô˘dG ÖFɢfh ¢ù«˘Fô˘dG r»˘˘nÑ˘˘°üæŸ ¬˘˘ë˘˘°Tô˘˘e
º¶©e ~¡©àjh .äGƒæ°S ™HQCG πc Üõë∏d »æWƒdG
»°SÉFôdG í°TôŸG q¿CG kɪ∏Y øq«©e í°Tôe ºY~H ÚHh~æŸG
äGƒ°UCG ájÌcCÉH RÉa GPEG ’EG Üõ◊G í«°TÎH ≈¶ëj ’
.ô“DƒŸG ‘ ÚHh~æŸGí∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~–
Democracyá«WGô≤ÁO
ᣰûfCG Ò«°ùàH Ö©°ûdG ¬«a º¡°ùj »°SÉ«°S lΩɶf
É¡«∏Y ô£«°ùJ »àdG ºμ◊G ᪶fC’ kÉaÓN ,ádh~dG
.§q∏°ùàe ºcÉM hCG áæq«©e áYƒª› hCG I~MGh á≤ÑW
á«Ø°ù∏a º«gÉØe πª°û«d ™ q°SƒJ ∞jô©àdG Gòg q¿CG ÒZ
º˘ qμ˘˘ë˘˘à˘˘dG ‘ ¬˘˘à˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘gCGh Ö©˘˘°ûdG ≥˘˘M ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y O q~˘˘°ûJ
¬˘«˘∏˘ã‡ á˘£˘°SGƒ˘H hCG ô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘e m π˘μ˘°ûH ɢeEG ,¬˘Jɢ˘°ù°SDƒÃ
.á°UÉÿG ¬aG~gC’ kÉ≤«≤–
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
See “Consolidation of Democracy.”
Grouping of the voting populationbased on age, gender, income, educationlevel, occupation, ethnic background,religion, or any other identifiable group-ing of the voter population. It isassumed that voters who identify with aparticular demographic group will votein a similar way. See also “Targeting”and “Geographic Targeting.”
An attempt to make a computer orcomputer service inaccessible to itsintended users by flooding it with illegit-imate requests that overwhelm it, ren-dering regular use impossible.
An input device that creates an elec-tronic record while simultaneouslymarking specialized paper. The devicerecognizes and records the movementof the pen's point and at the same timeleaves an ink trail on the paper. Thepaper contains microscopic dot pat-terns that allow the digital pen to recog-nize the position of the mark on thedigital paper. Data stored in the pen canthen be uploaded to a computer andsoftware transforms the data into text.
A preventative form of censorshipwhich entails pre-publication review,licensing and registration require-ments, and government monopoliza-tion. See also “Censorship” and“Self-Censorship”.
DemocraticConsolidationâ«ÑãJ/ï«°SôJ/~«WƒJ
á«WGô≤Á~dG
™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
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DemographicTargeting
‘GôZƒÁO ±G~¡à°SG
´ƒædG hCG ,ôª©dG ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ´ƒª› º«°ù≤J
hCG ,»˘ª˘∏˘©˘dG iƒ˘à˘°ùŸG hCG ,∫ƒ˘N~ŸG hCG ,»˘ ˘Yɢ ˘ª˘ ˘à˘ ˘L’G
hCG ,»æj~dG Aɪàf’G hCG ,á«æKE’G §HGhôdG hCG ,áØ«XƒdG
¢üFÉ°üN äGP kɪéM ô¨°UCG äÉYƒª› øª°V º¡ª«°ù≤J
ø˘jò˘dG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Nɢæ˘dG ä qƒ˘ ˘°üj ¿CG ¢V nÎØŸG ø˘ ˘eh .ᢠ˘ë˘ ˘°VGh
.¬JGP √ÉŒ’G ‘ áæq«©e á«aGôZƒÁO áYƒªéà ¿ƒ∏Kɪàj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''‘Gô¨L ±G~¡à°SG''h ''(ÚÑNÉædG) ±G~¡à°SG''
Denial of ServiceAttack (DoS Attack)
áe~ÿG Öé◊◊ Ωƒégg
hCG ܃°SÉ◊G RÉ¡L ¤EG Úe~îà°ùŸG ∫ƒ°Uh ™æŸ ádhÉfi
∫É«¡fE’G ∫ÓN øe ¬JÉe~N øe IOÉaE’G ¿hO ∫hDƒ◊G
¬eG~îà°SG ≥«©àa ¬μHôoJ á«Yô°T ÒZ mäÉÑ∏£H ¬«∏Y
.ájOÉY IQƒ°üH
Digital Pen »ªbQ º∏b
âbƒdG ‘ Ωƒ≤jh kÉ«fhÎμdEG kÓé°S Å°ûæj ∫ÉNOEG RÉ¡L
± qô˘©˘à˘j .¢UɢN ¥Qh ≈˘∏˘Y äɢ˘eÓ˘˘Y ™˘˘°Vƒ˘˘H ¬˘˘°ùØ˘˘f
‘ ,kÉcQÉJ É¡∏qé°ùjh º∏≤dG á£≤f ácôM ¤EG RÉ¡÷G
ábQƒdG …ƒà–h .¥QƒdG ≈∏Y È◊G ôKCG ,¬°ùØf âbƒdG
¿CÉH »ªbôdG º∏≤∏d íª°ùJ ájô¡› •É≤æd •É‰CG ≈∏Y
øeh .᫪bôdG ábQƒdG ≈∏Y áeÓ©dG ™bƒe ¤EG ± qô©àj
‘ áXƒØÙG äÉfÉ«ÑdG 𫪖 ¿ÉμeE’ÉH íÑ°üj ºK
è˘eɢfô˘H Ωƒ˘≤˘jh ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG Iõ˘¡˘LCG ~˘MCG ¤EG º˘∏˘≤˘˘dG
.¢üf ¤EG äÉfÉ«ÑdG πjƒëàH ôJƒ«ÑªμdG
Direct Censorship Iô°TÉÑe áHÉbQ
»° à≤j …òdG á«FÉbƒdG áHÉbôdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T
∫ƒ°ü◊G •Î°ûjh ,ÉgQG~°UEG πÑb äÉYƒÑ£ŸG á©LGôe
≥◊G Gòg ô°üMh ,π«é°ùàdG ¥ƒ≤Mh ¢ü«NGÎdG ≈∏Y
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áeƒμ◊G ‘äÉYƒÑ£ŸG ≈∏Y) áHÉbQ''
.''á«JGP áHÉbQ''h ''(ΩÓYE’Gh
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Direct Data Capture(DDC) Device
Iô°TÉÑe äÉfÉ«ÑdG •É≤àdG RÉ¡L
A device that allows on-the spot entry ofinformation in an electronic format. Thisdata can be transmitted immediately or ata later date from the device to a central-ized repository. DDCs can be used toenter and store voter information duringthe voter registration process.
Sending voters solicitations in the mailasking them to contribute to an organi-zation, political party, or candidate.
A voting technology that allows thevoter to use a keyboard or touch-screenmachine to indicate his/her choice andrecords that information in an electron-ic format on that device. This is to bedistinguished from systems that use acomputer interface to print a scanableballot and do not record voter choices.DRE systems may, however, produce apaper record.
An electronic voting (E-Voting) systemin which votes are tallied directly to com-puter memory. The voting machines typ-ically take the form of an automatic tellermachine or a laptop computer.
Elections in which voters directly electtheir representatives in government.
Any method by which the candidate orthe campaign communicates the messageto potential voters in person, rather thanusing some form of media.
The office or position of a director, aboard of directors, or the entire staff ofa bureau or department.
ÊhÎμ˘dE’G ɢ¡˘∏˘μ˘°ûH äɢeƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ∫ɢNOEG í˘ª˘°ùj Rɢ¡˘˘L
,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG √òg ∫É°SQEG ‹ÉàdÉH øμÁh . kGô°TÉÑe k’ÉNOEG
ôNBG …õcôe RÉ¡L ¤EG RÉ¡÷G Gòg øe ,kÉ≤M’ hCG kGQƒa ÉeEG
•É≤àdG RÉ¡L ΩG~îà°SG øμÁ .äÉfÉ«ÑdG ßØ◊ ¢ü q°üfl
ÚÑNÉædÉH á°UÉÿG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ∫ÉNOE’ Iô°TÉÑe äÉfÉ«ÑdG
.ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY ∫ÓN ‘ É¡¶ØMh
Direct MailFundraising
/∫GƒeC’G ™ªL
~jÈdG ÈY kIô°TÉÑe äÉYÈàdG
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Ë~˘≤˘J º˘¡˘æ˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘∏˘W ~˘jÈdG ÈY ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dɢH ∫ɢ˘°üJ’G
.í°Tôe hCG ,»°SÉ«°S ÜõM hCG ,áª¶æŸ äɪgÉ°ùŸG
Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE)Equipment
ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L
á˘Mƒ˘d ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SɢH ÖNɢæ˘∏˘d í˘ª˘°ùj âjƒ˘°üJ Rɢ˘¡˘˘L
√QÉ«N ~j~ëàd áq«°ùŸ á°TÉ°ûH IOhõŸG ádB’G hCG í«JÉØŸG
≈∏˘Y ÊhÎμ˘dEG m π˘μ˘°ûH á˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ß˘Ø˘Mh π˘«˘é˘°ùJh
…òdG ΩɶædG øY ΩɶædG Gòg õ««“ øe q~H ’ .RÉ¡÷G
´GÎbG á˘bQh ™˘Ñ˘£˘d ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG á˘¡˘LGh Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùj
,ÖNÉædG äGQÉ«N πé°ùj ¿CG ¿hO øe í°ùª∏d á∏HÉb
…òdG ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎcE’G âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L ±ÓN ≈∏Y
.kÉ«bQh kÓé°S Q~°üj
Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE)Voting System
ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG Ωɶf
π«é°ùàH íª°ùj …òdG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG Ωɶf
ádBG òîàJh .ôJƒ«ÑªμdG IôcGP ‘ Iô°TÉÑe äGƒ°UC’G
hCG ‹B’G ‹ÉŸG ±Gô°üdG πμ°T ÉeEG kIOÉY √òg âjƒ°üàdG
.∫É≤ædG ôJƒ«ÑªμdG RÉ¡L πμ°T
Direct Suffrage ô°TÉÑe ÜÉîàfG/´GÎbG
¤EG º˘¡˘«˘∏˘ã‡ ∫ɢ°üjEɢH ÚÑ˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘∏˘˘d í˘˘ª˘˘°ùj lÜɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fG
.ô°TÉÑŸG âjƒ°üàdG ÈY ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe
Direct Voter Contact ÚÑNÉædÉH ô°TÉÑe ∫É°üJG
í˘˘«˘˘à˘˘J »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG ∫ɢ˘˘°üJ’G π˘˘˘Fɢ˘˘°Sh ø˘˘˘e ᢢ˘∏˘˘˘«˘˘˘°Sh q…CG
º˘¡˘à˘dɢ°SQ nπ˘≤˘f äÓ˘ª◊G »˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸ hCG Ú뢢°Tô˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘d
ÈY É¡∏≤f ¢V nƒpY ,Ú∏ªàÙG ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG kÉ«°üî°T
.ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh i~MEG
DirectorateIQGOEG
πeÉc hCG ,IQGOE’G ¢ù∏› hCG ,ôj~ŸG ™bƒe hCG Ö°üæe
.º°ùb hCG Öàμe øª°V Ú∏eÉ©dG ÚØXƒŸG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
A ballot that was not placed in a ballotbox after marked by the voter.
The release, transfer, provision ofaccess to, or divulging in any othermanner of information outside the enti-ty holding the information.
Explicit or implicit revocation of, orfailure to grant, the right to vote to aperson or a group of people. Forantonym, see “Enfranchise(ment).”
See “Choice Elimination” and“Choice Transfer.”
The requirement that to win an electiona candidate must not merely win a spec-ified proportion of the vote nationallybut also a specified degree of supportfrom different regions.
See “Electoral District” and“Constituency.”
The number of legislative seats assignedto an electoral district.
All the information and research that acampaign can put together about a rel-evant electoral district. Should be con-ducted at the beginning of a campaign.See also “Research.”
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¥h~˘˘æ˘˘°U π˘˘NGO ÖNɢ˘æ˘˘dG ɢ˘¡˘˘£˘˘≤˘˘°ùj ⁄ ´GÎbG ᢢbQh
.áeÓ©H É¡ª°Sh ¿CG ~©H ´GÎb’G
Discarded Ballot á∏WÉH ´GÎbG ábQh
Disclosure øY ∞°ûcc
hCG ,É¡H øjôNB’G ~jhõJ hCG ,É¡∏≤f hCG ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûf
¥É£f êQÉN âfÉc á∏«°Sh áqjCÉH ∫hG~àdG ‘ É¡©°Vh
.É¡H ßØà– »àdG áÄ«¡dG
Disenfranchise(ment) ≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ~jôŒ/¿ÉeôM
âjƒ°üàdG
≥◊G Gòg íæe øY ´Éæàe’G hCG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M AɨdEG
á«æ∏Y á≤jô£H ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°T ¤EG
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .á«æª°V hCG.''âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe''
Distribution ofPreferences
/á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ
äGQÉ«ÿG
™LGQ.''䃰üdG Ò«Œ''h ''äGQÉ«ÿG OÉ©Ñà°SG''
DistributionRequirement
~«jCÉJ ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G •ô°T
É«aGô¨L ´ qRƒe
äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØ∏d í°TôŸG øe •ô°ûdG Gòg »° à≤j
~«©°üdG ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G øe IO~fi áÑ°ùæH RƒØj ’CG
Q~b ≈∏Y π°üëj ¿CG kÉ° jCG ¬«∏Y πH ,Ö°ùMh »æWƒdG
.≥WÉæŸG ∞∏àfl øe ºY~dG øe øq«©e
DistrictIôFGO
™LGQ.''á«HÉîàfG IôFGO''
District Magnitude IôFG~dG ºéMM
‘ á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG π«ãªàd á°ü°üıG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y
.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG
District Research IôFG~dG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG
ƒ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e ɢ¡˘«˘∏˘Y π˘°üë˘à˘°ùj »˘à˘dG äɢeƒ˘∏˘˘©ŸG qπ˘˘c
√òg »JCÉJh .á∏°U äGP á«HÉîàfG IôFGO ∫ƒM á∏ª◊G
ÉgRÉ‚EG Q~éj »àdG çÉëHC’G 𪛠¥É«°S ‘ çÉëHC’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á∏ª◊G ájG~H ‘.''çÉÉëHCG''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Districting á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ
The process for determining the way inwhich constituency or electoral areaboundaries are drawn; it deals with thedivision of a country into electoral dis-tricts and the allocation of electors toelectoral districts and polling sites. Thelegislature itself or an independent com-mittee may do the districting or redistrict-ing. Districting is also known as boundarydemarcation. See also “BoundaryDelimitation” and “Redistricting.”
Situation in which a multiplicity of per-spectives exist based on religious, polit-ical, racial, or other differences. See also“Heterogeneous Population.”
A situation in which one party controlsthe executive office and another partycontrols the legislature. Divided gov-ernment can frequently occur in presi-dential systems.
A national of a country who monitorselection processes, including observingprocedures inside polling places, as partof a non-partisan domestic electionmonitoring organization. See also“Election Monitor/Observer.”
A non-partisan domestic organizationthat, on the basis of political impartiali-ty, monitors election processes to pro-mote electoral integrity and ensure thatthe rights of voters are respected in theelectoral process. Such an organizationis comprised of local citizens and doesnot support or detract from a competi-tor in an election. See also “ElectionMonitoring/Observing.”
á˘jQGOE’G äɢª˘«˘°ù≤˘à˘dG hCG ô˘FGh~˘dG Oh~˘M º˘°Sô˘d ᢫˘dBG
¤EG ~∏ÑdG º«°ù≤àH á«dB’G √òg »° ≤Jh .á«HÉîàf’G
ôFGh~dG ∂∏J ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™jRƒJh á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO
ᢢ˘Ä˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘dG q¿CG ¤EG IQɢ˘˘˘°TE’G Q~Œ .´GÎb’G õ˘˘˘˘cGô˘˘˘˘eh
¤ƒàJ ~b á∏≤à°ùe áæ÷ hCG ,É¡JGP ~ëH ,á«©jô°ûàdG
™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG hCG º«°SôJ
kɢ˘° jCGº˘«˘°Sô˘J IOɢYEG''h kÉ˘Ø˘fBG OQGƒ˘dG ¬˘æ˘«˘Y í˘∏˘£˘°üŸG
.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG
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Diversity´ qƒæJ
¿CG øμÁ »àdG AGQB’G ájO~©àH íª°ùJ mádÉM øY qºæj
hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG ᢫˘æ˘j~˘dG äɢæ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J
kɢ˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .ɢ˘¡˘˘«˘˘dEG ɢ˘e hCG ᢢ«˘˘bô˘˘˘©˘˘˘dGÒZ ¿É˘μ˘˘°S''
.''Ú°ùffÉéààe
Divided Government (ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°°SDƒe ÚH) áæcÉ°ùee
á£∏°ùdÉH ºqμëàj ÜGõMC’G ~MCG q¿CG É¡«a øq«Ñàj ládÉM
á£∏°ùdG ≈∏Y ôNBG ÜõM ô£«°ùj ɪæ«H ájò«ØæàdG
á«°SÉFôdG ºμ◊G ᪶fCG ~¡°ûJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .á«©jô°ûàdG
.IôgɶdG √òg πãe
Domestic ElectionMonitor (or Observer)
»∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe
,á«HÉî˘à˘f’G ᢫˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ÖbGô˘j ø˘q«˘©˘e ~˘∏˘H ø˘e ø˘WGƒ˘e
õcGôe πNGO á≤Ñ£ŸG äGAGôLE’G ¬eÉ¡e πª°ûJ å«ëH
IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi ᪶æe ‘ kGƒ° Y ¬àØ°üH ,´GÎb’G
™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôà án∏ ncƒe.''äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe''
Domestic ElectionMonitoringOrganization
án∏ ncƒe IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi ᪶æe
äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ
É¡aÉ°üJG ºμëH ,¤ƒàJ IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi ᪶æe
᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ᢫˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ná˘Ñ˘bGô˘e ,»˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG Oɢ«◊ɢH
¥ƒ≤M ΩGÎMG ¿Éª°Vh äÉHÉîàf’G ágGõf õjõ©J ±~¡H
Gòg øe ᪶æe qº° J .á«∏ª©dG ∂∏J ‘ ÚÑNÉædG
ɢ˘¡˘˘«˘˘a …ôŒ »˘˘à˘˘dG OÓ˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dG ø˘˘˘e Úæ˘˘˘WGƒ˘˘˘e ´ƒ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG
¢ùaÉæàe …CG ¢VQÉ©J hCG ºY~J ’ »gh äÉHÉîàf’G
™˘˘LGQ .ᢢ«˘˘˘Hɢ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G ᢢ˘cô˘˘˘©ŸG ‘ ∑Qɢ˘˘°ûjáÑbGôe''
.''äÉHÉîàf’G
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
A ballot paper marked with preferencesfor candidates without consideration oftheir policies or abilities. A classic don-key vote is one which records prefer-ences straight down the ballot paper inthe same order as the names printed.This term is used specifically within theAustralian electoral system.
One who contributes resources, usuallymoney, to a cause or fund. In politicalcampaigns, donors can be individuals,organizations, or companies. See also“Campaign Donation.”
See “Canvass.”
See “Two-Round System (TRS).”
A data entry technique whereby datais entered by two separate operatorsand compared for inconsistency.Double data entry is used to ensurequality of data.
A ballot that is over voted with exactlytwo marks.
Candidate names for less importantoffices are placed lower on the ballot,and are thus called “down ballot”offices. Often down ballot officesreceive fewer votes due to voter dropoff or voter fatigue. See also “LowProfile Race,” “Voter Drop Off,”and “Voter Fatigue.”
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Donkey Vote ≈ªYCG/»FGƒ°ûYY âjƒ°üJ
¿hO øe ¬«ë°Tôe ÖNÉædG É¡«a QÉàîj ´GÎbG ábQh
Gò˘g qπ˘©˘dh .º˘¡˘JGQ~˘b hCG º˘¡˘Jɢ°Sɢ«˘˘°ùd Qɢ˘Ñ˘˘à˘˘YG …CG
ÚM ≈∏éàj ,áj~«∏≤àdG √ôgɶe ÌcCG ‘ ,âjƒ°üàdG
äOQhCG …òdG π°ù∏°ùàdÉH ¬JGQÉ«N ÖNÉædG πé°ùj
.Ú뢢˘˘°TôŸG Aɢ˘˘˘ª˘˘˘˘˘°SCG ´GÎb’G ᢢ˘˘˘bQh ¬˘˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘˘a™«°ûj
Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG ø˘ª˘°V kG~˘j~– í˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘g ∫ɢ˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘°SG
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G
DonorífÉe
,kIOÉY ∫GƒeCG πμ°T ≈∏Y ,OQGƒŸG Ë~≤àH ºgÉ°ùj øe qπc
,á«HÉîàf’G äÓª◊G ‘ ÉeCG .øq«©e ¥h~æ°U hCG á«° ≤d
,äɪ¶æŸG hCG ,OGôaC’G áØ°U Gƒ∏ªëj ¿CG øμÁ ¿ƒëfÉŸÉa
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉcô°ûdG hCG.''á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ''
Door-to-Door QGO ¤EG QGO øe (±GƒW)
™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Double Ballot System Úàdƒ÷G Ωɶf
™LGQ.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Double Entry êhhOõe ∫ÉNOEG
ɢ¡˘dÓ˘N ø˘e ø˘μÁ äɢfɢ«˘Ñ˘dG ∫ɢNOE’ ᢰUɢN ᢫˘æ˘≤˘˘J
áfQÉ≤ŸGh äÉfÉ«ÑdG ∫ÉNOEG ø r« n∏˘°üØ˘æ˘e ø˘r«˘ne~˘î˘à˘°ùŸ
Ω~îà°ùoJ .¢ bÉæJ …CG øe Égƒ∏N øe ~cCÉà∏d É¡æ«H
.äÉfÉ«ÑdG IOƒL ¿Éª° d êhOõŸG ∫ÉNOE’G á«æ≤J
Double-Marked Ballot ÚJôe áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh
¥ƒØj mƒëf ≈∏Y) kG~j~– ÚàeÓY πª– ´GÎbG ábQh
.(äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ƒ°Vƒîj øjòdG Úë°TôŸG O~Y
Down Ballot kÉfCÉ°T ≈fOC’G Ö°UÉæŸG ÜÉîàfG
Ú뢢˘°TôŸG Aɢ˘˘ª˘˘˘°SCG qπ˘˘˘à– ,Üɢ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G Gò˘˘˘g qπ˘˘˘X ‘
,´GÎb’G ábQh ‘ ≈fOCG áÑJôe ᫪gCG πbC’G Ö°UÉæª∏d
Ée kÉ˘Ñ˘dɢZ .''kɢfCɢ°T ≈˘fOC’G'' Ö°UɢæŸG'' ‹É˘à˘dɢH ≈˘ª˘°ùà˘a
äGƒ°UC’G øe πbCG kGO~Y Ö°UÉæŸG A’Dƒg ÜÉë°UCG ∫Éæj
hCG É¡H á°UÉÿG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG iƒà°ùe ™LGÎd
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡dÉ«M º¡à qªg Qƒàa áé«àfácô©e''
iƒà°ùee ¢VÉØîfG''h ,''AGƒ°VC’G øY I~«©H á«HÉîàfG
.''ÖNÉædG á qªg Qƒàa''h ,''ácQÉ°ûŸŸG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
The formula that is used to calculate theminimum number, or quota, of votesrequired to capture a seat in a multi-member constituency. The quota isascertained by the following formula:total vote divided by the number of seatsplus one: [total valid poll/(seats+1)]+1.
An error on the voters registry in whicha voter’s name appears twice.Duplicate registrations can open thedoor to voter fraud allowing voters tovote multiple times.
Droop Quota (~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒàd) ''ÜhQO'' ÉJƒc
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á°ü◊G hCG ≈fOC’G ~◊G ÜÉ°ùàM’ É¡H ∫ƒª©e ádOÉ©e
IôFGO ‘ ~©≤e ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d äGƒ°UC’G øe áHƒ∏£ŸG
á°ü◊G √ò˘g ¤EG π˘°Uƒ˘à˘dG º˘à˘jh .π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG IO~˘©˘à˘e
O~˘Y ´ƒ˘ª› á˘ª˘°ùb :᢫˘˘dɢ˘à˘˘dG ᢢdOɢ˘©ŸG ≥˘˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘H
= á°ü◊G :~MGh ~FGR ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G
[(1 + ~YÉ≤ŸG)/á◊É°üdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y.1 + ]
Duplicate Registration êhhOõe π«é°°ùJJ
ÖNÉædG º°SG O pôj å«M ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ ßnë∏oj CÉ£N
Gò¡d íª°ùj ¿CG øμÁ ÚJôe º°S’G π«é°ùàa .ÚJôe
ΩÉeCG ÜÉÑdG kÉYô°ûe äGôe I~Y âjƒ°üàdÉH ÖNÉædG
.ôjhõàdG ∫ɪYCG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Early Voting ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ
See “Advanced Voting.”
Any coverage of the campaign in thepress that is not purchased is called“earned media,” as opposed to “paidmedia,” because the campaign willoften have to expend a considerableamount of time and energy to receivegood coverage.
Expressed opinions by individuals, news-paper and radio editors, and TV journal-ists intended to persuade viewers and lis-teners by taking one side of a particularissue or supporting one candidate overanother. See also “Endorsements” and“Opinion Leaders.”
An individual holding public office whoreached his or her post through theelectoral process.
Decision-making process throughwhich citizens of a State who are eligi-ble to vote choose an individual orgroup of individuals to hold publicoffice and work on their behalf.
™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
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E
Earned Media ´ƒa~e ÒZ ΩÓYEG
Ée Gògh .πHÉ≤e ¿hO øe ΩÓYE’G ‘ á∏ª◊G á«£¨J
ΩÓ˘˘YEÓ˘˘˘d'' kɢ˘˘aÓ˘˘˘N ''´ƒ˘˘˘a~ŸG ÒZ ΩÓ˘˘˘YE’ɢ˘˘H'' ± nô˘˘˘©˘˘ oj
k’GƒeCG ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ≥ØæJ á∏ª◊G q¿C’ ,''´ƒa~ŸG
᢫˘£˘¨˘J ≈˘∏˘Y ∫ƒ˘°üë˘∏˘d á˘∏˘˘Fɢ˘g äɢ˘bɢ˘Wh ᢢ∏˘˘Fɢ˘W
.I~«L á«eÓYEG
Editorialá«MÉààaG
,OGôaC’G ,ô°ü◊G ’ OG~©àdG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y ,É¡æY ôqÑ©j AGQBG
¿ƒ˘∏˘°SGôŸGh ,äɢYGPE’Gh ∞˘ë˘°üdG ‘ ô˘jô˘ë˘à˘dG Aɢ°SDhQh
Ú©˘ª˘à˘°ùŸGh ø˘j~˘gɢ°ûŸG ´É˘æ˘bEG ±~˘¡˘ H ,¿ƒ˘jQÉ˘Ñ˘NE’G
.ôNBG ~°V í°Tôe ºY~H hCG áæq«©e á«° b ¤EG RÉ«ëf’ÉH
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''…CGôdG IOÉb''h ''~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG''
Elected Official Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùee
á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY áé«àf kÉeÉY kÉÑ°üæe π¨°ûj ¢üî°T
.ºμ◊G ¤EG ¬à∏°UhCG
ElectionäÉHÉîàfG
Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG ∫ qƒîJ »àdG QGô≤dG PÉîJG á«∏ªY
¢üî°T QÉ«àNG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G âjƒ°üà∏d
á˘eɢ©˘dG Ö°UɢæŸG π˘¨˘°ûd ¢UɢTC’G ø˘e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª› hCG
.º¡ª°SÉH πª©dGh
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Advertising used during a campaignperiod to promote or oppose, directlyor indirectly, the election of a candi-date or a registered political party.Election advertising can take variousforms such as flyers, newspapers, mag-azines, billboards, letters, radio, televi-sion, promotional items, signs, andInternet space.
A detailed calendar created and main-tained by the election managementbody (EMB) that highlights key dead-lines and dates in the election periodincluding candidate registration dead-lines, voter registration deadlines,beginning and end of the campaignperiod, announcement of results, thecomplaints period, etc.
See “Election Management Body(EMB).”
The designated responsibility of volun-teers in an election observation missionon election day. Election day assign-ments can include monitoring thepolling stations, answering a hotline forcomplaints, etc.
The procedures or set of rules for elec-tion day. Various stakeholders--theelection management body (EMB),observation missions, political parties,media, and others-- will each have theirown set of election day protocolswhich are essential to achieve theirelection day goal- be it fair elections,preliminary results reporting, electoralvictory, free press, etc.
ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°ûàd á∏ª◊G I~e ∫GƒW Ω n~îà°ùoJ äÉfÓYEG
hCG π˘é˘°ùe »˘°Sɢ«˘°S Üõ˘M hCG í˘ ˘°Tô˘ ˘e Üɢ ˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘fG ≈˘˘∏˘ ˘Y
¿CG øμÁh .Iô°TÉÑe ÒZ hCG Iô°TÉÑe á≤jô£H ,¬à°VQÉ©e
,äɢjƒ˘£ŸÉ˘c ∫É˘μ˘°TCG I~˘Y »˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ¿Ó˘YE’G ò˘î˘à˘j
,á«fÓYE’G äÉMƒ∏dGh ,äÓÛGh ,∞ë°üdÉH Ú©à°ùjh
OGƒŸGh ,᢫˘fƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dGh ᢫˘YGPE’G äɢ£ÙGh ,π˘Fɢ°Sô˘dGh
.âfÎfE’G áμÑ°T ≈∏Y äÉMÉ°ùŸGh ,äÉàaÓdGh ,á«FÉY~dG
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Election Advertising »HÉîàfG ¿ÓYEG
Election Calendar á«HÉîàf’G çGG~MC’G áeÉfRhQ
QGôªà°SÉH É¡«∏˘Y ±ô˘°ûJh ɢg q~˘© oJ á˘∏˘°üØ˘e á˘eɢfRhQ
áeÉfRhôdG √òg ¢Vô©à°ùJh .äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g
»àdG πMGôª∏d IO~ÙG ïjQGƒàdGh iƒ°ü≤dG π¡ŸG RôHCG
IO~ÙG π¡ŸG É¡«a Éà ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG É¡H qô“
π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘°ùà˘˘d IO~ÙG π˘˘¡ŸGh ,Ú뢢°TôŸG π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘˘°ùà˘˘˘d
¿Ó˘YEGh ,ɢ¡˘à˘jɢ¡˘fh á˘∏˘ª◊G IÎa á˘jG~˘Hh ,ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG
.¿ƒ©£dG Ë~≤àd IO~ÙG IÎØdGh ,èFÉàædG
Election Commission /äÉHÉîàf’G áæ÷
äÉHÉîàf’G á«°VƒØe
™LGQ.''äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g''
Election DayAssignment (forMonitors/Observers)
Ωƒ«dG (»ÑbGôe ¤EG án∏ ncƒe) ΩÉ¡e
»HÉîàf’G
Ωƒj Ú∏eÉ©dG ÚYƒ£àŸG ¤EG ~ n¡©oJ »àdG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG
.äÉHÉî˘à˘f’G á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e á˘ã˘©˘H QɢWEG ø˘ª˘°V Üɢî˘à˘f’G
õcGôe áÑbGôe ∫ɪYCG »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ΩÉ¡e πª°ûJh
»≤∏àd ¢ü°üıG øNÉ°ùdG §ÿG ≈∏Y OôdGh ,´GÎb’G
.ΩÉ¡e øe É¡«dEG Éeh ,ihÉμ°ûdG
Election DayProtocol/Schedule
/»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG äGAGôLEG
»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG πªY èeeÉfôH
∫ɪYCG º q¶æJ »àdG äÉ¡«LƒàdG áYƒª› hCG äGAGôLE’G
≈∏Y ,Ú∏ãªàŸG ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCÉa .»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG
,áÑbGôŸG äÉã©Hh ,äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«¡H ,º¡YƒæJ
,º˘˘¡˘˘¡˘˘Hɢ˘°T ɢ˘eh ,ΩÓ˘˘YE’Gh ,ᢢ«˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’Gh
Ωƒ˘j ‘ ᢢ«˘˘YôŸG ∫ƒ˘˘°UC’G ø˘˘e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª› ¿ƒ˘˘©˘˘Ñ˘˘qà˘˘«˘˘°S
»˘à˘dG ±G~˘gC’G ≥˘«˘≤˘ë˘à˘˘d ᢢjQhô˘˘° dGh ,Üɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G
,á¡jõf äÉHÉîàfG AGôLEG »gh ,Ωƒ«dG Gò¡d ÉghO~M
¿ƒ°Uh ,äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØdGh ,á«dhC’G èFÉàædG π≤fh
.±G~gCG øe É¡«dEG Éeh ,ΩÓYE’G ájôM
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Election Day Report »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ôjô≤J
A report issued by an election observer,either domestic or international,released on election day, which pro-vides an account of election day proce-dures, such as voter fraud and intimida-tion. More detailed findings or conclu-sions can be issued later in a prelimi-nary, interim, or final statement fromthe observation mission.
The day on which the voters come tothe polls and cast their votes to electtheir leaders.
The overall aim of an election cam-paign. In most cases the election goal isto win the seat or office; sometimes itis the specific number of votesrequired to win the seat or office. Inother cases, candidates run for office topromote a particular idea or expose anopponent’s record on a particular issueregardless of their likelihood of win-ning the election.
See “Free and Fair Elections.”
An organization or body created toadminister and manage some or all ofthe essential elements of the electoralprocess in accordance with the lawsand regulations of the country. Theseelements may include issuing guide-lines for eligibility to vote, party andcandidate registration and nomination,voter registration, voting, vote tabula-tion, and electoral complaints, amongother processes. In most countries, thebody is made up of independent,appointed individuals who form acommission or board.
,äÉHÉîàf’G »ÑbGôe øY ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj Q~°üj ôjô≤J
kÉ° «Øà°ùe kÉMô°T ¬«a ¿ƒe~≤«a ,Ú«dhO hCG GƒfÉc Ú«∏fi
øY Óãe ∞°ûμdÉc ,»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ‘ AGOC’G á≤jôW øY
¬d ¿ƒ°Vô©àj Éeh ¿ƒÑNÉædG É¡ÑμJôj »àdG ôjhõàdG ∫ɪYCG
…òdG »FÉ¡ædG hCG ,âbDƒŸG hCG ,‹hC’G ¿É«ÑdG ÉeCG .Ö«gôJ øe
á«aÉ°VEG π«°UÉØJ Ω~≤«a áÑbGôŸG áã©H øY kÉ≤M’ Q~°üj
.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG á°UÓN hCG èFÉàædG øY
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Election Day/PollingDay
»HÉîàfG Ωƒj/ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj
´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a ¬Lƒàj …òdG Ωƒ«dG
.º¡JOÉb ÜÉîàfGh º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd
Election Goal äÉHÉîàf’G ±~g
º¶©e »Øa .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G øe ‹ÉªLE’G ±~¡dG
;Ö°üæà hCG ~©≤à RƒØdG ¤EG á∏ª◊G ±~¡J ,ä’É◊G
ø˘˘e O~fi O~˘˘Y ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘°ü◊G ¤EG ±~˘˘¡˘˘J kɢ˘fɢ˘˘«˘˘˘MCGh
‘h .Ö°üæŸG hCG ~©≤ŸÉH RƒØ∏d áHƒ∏£ŸG äGƒ°UC’G
±~˘¡˘H Ö°üæ˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘d ¢ü°ûdG í˘˘°TÎj ,iô˘˘NCG mä’ɢ˘M
πsé°ùoj É qªY ÜÉ≤ædG ∞°ûμd hCG áæq«©e IôμØd èjhÎdG
¢ ¨H áæq«©e á«° b √ÉŒ ∞bGƒe øe ¬ª°üN ≈∏Y
.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ¬j~d RƒØdG ä’ɪàMG øY ô¶ædG
Election Legitimacy äÉHÉîàf’G á«Yô°T
™LGQ.''á¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG''
Election Management Body (EMB)
äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g
πc hCG ¢ ©H IQGOE’ ÉgDhÉ°ûfEG ºàj áÄ«g hCG ᪶æe
᢫˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘dG Ò°ùH ᢢ£˘˘Ñ˘˘JôŸG ᢢ«˘˘°Sɢ˘°SC’G ô˘˘°Uɢ˘æ˘˘©˘˘dG
‘ É¡H ∫ƒª©ŸG ᪶fC’Gh ÚfGƒ≤∏d kÉ≤ÑW ,á«HÉîàf’G
ÇOɢ˘ÑŸG ~˘˘j~– ô˘˘°Uɢ˘æ˘˘©˘˘dG √ò˘˘g π˘˘ª˘˘˘°ûJh .~˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dG
»à˘dG äGAGô˘LE’Gh ,âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ᢫˘∏˘gC’ ᢫˘¡˘«˘Lƒ˘à˘dG
π˘«˘é˘°ùJ ,ô˘°ü◊G ’ OG~˘©˘à˘dG π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ≈˘∏˘Y ,≈˘˘Yô˘˘J
π˘˘˘«˘˘˘é˘˘˘°ùJh ,º˘˘˘¡˘˘˘à˘˘˘«˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°ùJh Ú뢢˘°TôŸGh ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G
,äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh ,âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªYh ,ÚÑNÉædG
,¿G~∏ÑdG º¶©e ‘h .á«HÉîàf’G ihÉμ°ûdG Ë~≤Jh
º¡æ««©J qºàj Ú∏≤à°ùe OGôaCG øe áÄ«¡dG √òg ¿ qƒμàJ
.¢ù∏› hCG á«°VƒØe AÉ°ûfE’
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
ElectionMonitor/Observer
äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe
Accredited person participating in elec-tion observation. Can be domestic orinternational.
Gathering of information regarding anelectoral process by an organizationwhich is not inherently authorized tointervene in the process. Unbiasedaccredited persons, domestic or interna-tional, participate to detect any fraud orcheating in the electoral process, and toassess the integrity of the process and itscompliance with relevant legal instru-ments and international and regionalstandards. See also “Domestic ElectionMonitoring Organization” and“International Election ObservationMission (or Delegation).”
A government official charged withadministering various tasks related tothe election process as determined bythe legal framework and the directive ofthe election management body (EMB).
See “Opinion Poll.”
In some systems, a qualified person whodesires to become a candidate for anofficial office may become a candidateby having a petition signed by a specifiednumber of eligible voters of the districtfrom which the candidate seeks election.See also “Ballot Qualification.”
á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e ᢫˘∏˘ª˘Y ‘ á˘cQɢ°ûª˘˘∏˘˘d Ü n~˘˘à˘˘æ˘ oj ¢ü°T
»∏ÙG ÖbGôŸG áØ°U πªëj ¿CG øμÁh .äÉHÉîàf’G
.‹h~dG hCG
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ElectionMonitoring/Observing
äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe
≈∏Y á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øY mäÉeƒ∏©e ™ªéH Ωƒ≤J
√òg ‘ π qN~àdÉH kÉ«F~Ñe É¡d í nª°ùoj ’ m᪶æe ~j
,øj~jÉfi l¢UÉî°TCG ᪡ŸG √òg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh .á«∏ª©dG
q…CG øY ∞°ûμ∏d ‹h~dG hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º¡H~àæj
º««≤Jh ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÖYÓJ hCG ôjhõJ
á«fƒfÉ≤dG ≥«KGƒŸÉH É¡eGõàdGh á«∏ª©dG ágGõf i~e
.᫪«∏bE’Gh á«dh~dG ÒjÉ©ŸÉH ∂dòch á∏°üdG äGP
kɢ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘LGQ''äÉHɢî˘à˘f’G á˘Ñ˘bGôŸ ᢫˘∏fi á˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e''
.''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ (‹hO ~ah hCG) á«dhO áã©H''h
Election Official äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S øY ∫hDƒ°ùee
ΩÉ¡e I~Y IQGOEG ¬«dEG ~ n¡©oJ »eƒμM ∞Xƒe hCG ∫hDƒ°ùe
QÉWE’G ÉgO~ëj ɪc ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dÉH á£ÑJôe
áÄ«˘g ø˘Y IQOɢ°üdG äɢª˘«˘∏˘©˘à˘dG Ö°ùë˘Hh ʃ˘fɢ≤˘dG
.äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG
Election OpinionSurvey
äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ƒM AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG
™LGQ.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG''
Election Petition á«HÉîàfG á° jôY
…òdG á«∏gC’G …P ¢üî°û∏d Rƒéj ,᪶fC’G ¢ ©H ‘
∫ÓN øe í°TÎj ¿CG »ª°SQ Ö°üæŸ í°TÎdG ‘ ÖZôj
âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d Ú∏˘gDƒŸG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘˘dG ø˘˘e O~fi O~˘˘Y Iƒ˘˘YO
É¡æY í°TÎdG …ƒæj »àdG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿CÉ°ûdG Gò¡H á° jôY ™«bƒJ ¤EG•hô°T''
.''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
47
The right to vote in periodic elections, tostand as a candidate for election, to formand participate in a political party, tocampaign, and to be elected into office.Though electoral laws concerning spe-cific election rights differ from countryto country, these basic rights are afford-ed universally by article 21 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights.
See “Legal Framework.”
Activity of overseeing some or all thesteps of the electoral process.
Campaigning for votes.
A standard for tagging and organizingelection information in a way that canbe exchanged among hardware, soft-ware, and service providers that arebuilt to utilize the EML standard.
See “Voter.”
See “Election Management Body(EMB).”
See “Election Management Body(EMB).”
The rules or body of law governing theelectoral process in a specific countrythat establishes the conduct of the elec-tion. See also “Legal Framework.”
Election Rights á«HÉîàfG ¥ƒ≤M
…ôŒ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ âjƒ°üàdG hCG ´GÎb’G ≥M
ÜGõ˘MC’G π˘«˘μ˘°ûJh ,äɢHɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fÓ˘˘d í˘˘°TÎdGh ,kɢ˘jQhO
‹ƒJh ,äÓª◊G º«¶æJh ,É¡«a ácQÉ°ûŸGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG
q¿CG ™˘eh .äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ‘ Rƒ˘Ø˘dG ≥˘˘jô˘˘W ø˘˘Y Ö°Uɢ˘æŸG
IO~fi á«HÉîàfG ¥ƒ≤ëH ≥∏©àJ »àdG ÜÉîàf’G ÚfGƒb
»ŸÉ©dG ¿ÓYE’G øe 21 IOÉŸÉa ,ôNBG ¤EG m~∏H øe ∞∏àîJ
.á«°SÉ°SC’G ¥ƒ≤◊G √òg kÉ«ŸÉY ¢S qôμJ ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤◊
ElectionRegulations/Rules
äÉHÉîàf’G º«¶æJ ~YGƒb
™LGQ.''ʃfÉb QÉWEG''
Election Supervision äÉHÉîàf’G ≈∏Y ±Gô°TEG
πc hCG ¢ ©H ‘ á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG Ò°S ≈∏Y ô¡°ùdG
.É¡ÑfGƒL
Electioneering á«HÉîàfG ájÉYO
.ÚÑNÉædG äGƒ°UCG ádɪà°S’ äÓªM º«¶æJ
Elections MarkupLanguage (EML)
äÉHÉîàf’G õ«eôJ á¨d
äɢHɢî˘à˘f’ɢH ᢰUÉÿG äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG õ˘˘«˘˘eÎd Qɢ˘«˘˘©˘˘e
äG~˘˘©˘˘e ÚH ɢ˘¡˘˘dOɢ˘Ñ˘˘J ø˘˘μÁ å«˘˘ë˘˘H ɢ˘¡˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘Jh
᪪ o°üŸG äÉe~ÿG …O qhõeh äÉ«›ÈdGh ôJƒ«ÑªμdG
.á¨∏dG √òg ~YGƒb ΩG~îà°S’
Elector´Î≤e
™LGQ.''ÖNÉf''
Electoral Administration
äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g
™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Electoral Authority äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG á£∏°S
™LGQ.''äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g''
Electoral Code/Law »HÉîàfG ¿ƒfÉb/ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb
á«∏ª©dG ≈YôJ »àdG ÚfGƒ≤dG áYƒª› hCG ᪶fC’G
.øq«©e ~∏H ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S º q¶æJh á«HÉîàf’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ..''''ÊʃƒffÉÉbb QQÉÉWWEEGG''''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Electoral College »HÉîàfG ™ª›
Voter representative body that official-ly elects the President of the UnitedStates. When Americans vote for apresident and vice president, they actu-ally vote for presidential electors,known collectively as the ElectoralCollege. It is these electors, chosen bythe people, who elect the chief execu-tive. This term is used specifically within theU.S. electoral system.
See “Election Management Body(EMB).”
Political parties and candidates compet-ing for elected office and organizedgroups supporting or opposing proposi-tions presented in referendums. See also“Candidate” and “Political Party.”
See “Contest an Election” and“Contestation.”
Court of justice existing in some coun-tries with the exclusive purpose of han-dling and adjudicating electoral disputes,complaints, and challenges. An electoralcourt is also known as an electoral tribu-nal. See also “Review Body.”
Any dispute related to the electoralprocess.
The geographic area delimited for elec-toral purposes. See also “Constituency.”
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‘ ájQƒ¡ª÷G ¢ù«FQ ÖîàæJh ÚÑNÉædG πã“ áÄ«g
¿ƒÑNÉædG ä qƒ°üj Úëa .á«cÒeC’G I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG
¿ƒJ qƒ°üj ɉEG ,¢ù«FôdG ÖFÉfh ¢ù«Fô∏d ¿ƒ«cÒeC’G
,¬ÑFÉfh ¢ù«FôdG kÉ«∏©a ¿ƒÑîàæj øjòdG ÚHh~æª∏d
A’Dƒ¡a .»HÉîàf’G ™ªÛÉH áYƒªéªc ¿ƒaô©oj ºgh
ø˘jò˘dG º˘g ,Ö©˘°ûdG º˘˘gQɢ˘à˘˘î˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ,¿ƒ˘˘Hh~˘˘æŸG
.OÓ˘Ñ˘dG ‘ ≈˘∏˘YC’G …ò˘«˘Ø˘æ˘à˘dG ∫hDƒ˘°ùŸG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘î˘˘à˘˘æ˘˘j
ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G
Electoral Commission äÉHÉîàf’G á«°VƒØe/áæ÷
™LGQ..''''ääÉÉHHÉÉîîààff’’GG IIQQGGOOEEGG ááÄÄ««gg''''
Electoral Competitors ‘ ¿ƒ°ùaaÉæàe (¿ƒë°Tôe)
äÉHÉîàf’G
¿ƒ˘˘°Vƒ˘˘î˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ¿ƒ˘˘ë˘˘°TôŸG hCG ᢢ«˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G
äɢYƒ˘ªÛG ∂dò˘ch ,Ö°UɢæŸÉ˘H Rƒ˘Ø˘˘∏˘˘d äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G
äÉMGÎbÓd É¡° aQ hCG Ég~«jCÉJ øY Üô©J »àdG á nª s¶æŸG
™LGQ .AÉàØà°SÓd á©°VÉÿG..''''»»°°SSÉÉ««°°SS ÜÜõõMM''''hh ''''íí°°TTôôee''''
Electoral Contestation äÉHÉîàf’G áë°U ‘ ø©W
™LGQ..kkÉÉØØffBBGG OOQQGGƒƒddGG ¬¬ææ««YY íí∏∏££°°üüŸŸGG
Electoral Court ¿hDƒ°ûddÉH á°üàfl áªμfi
á«HÉîàf’G
±~¡H ¿G~∏ÑdG ¢ ©H É¡Ä°ûæj »àdG ∫~©dG áªμfi
ihɢ˘μ˘˘°ûdGh äɢ˘YGõ˘˘æ˘˘dG ‘ kɢ˘jô˘˘°üM qâÑ˘˘dGh ô˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘dG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G ¿ƒ©£dGh..''''áá©©LLGGôôŸŸGG ááÄÄ««gg''''
Electoral Dispute »HÉîàfG ´Gõf
.á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dÉH ≥∏©àj ´Gõf …CG
Electoral District á«HÉîàfG IôFGO
.á«HÉîàfG ¢VGôZC’ ÉgOh~M º s°SôoJ á«aGô¨L á≤£æe
™LGQ..kkÉÉØØffBBGG OOQQGGƒƒddGG ¬¬ææ««YY íí∏∏££°°üüŸŸGG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
See “Voters List.”
The ratio or percentage of voters cast-ing their votes to eligible voters in aspecific election.
See “Electoral Process.”
All events and processes related to anelection, including but not limited to: reg-istration of parties and candidates, regis-tration of voters, campaigning, mediacoverage of the election, voting and tab-ulation, electoral dispute resolution, certi-fication of results, and the installation ofwinning candidates into office.
The modification of an electoral system,usually through amending the electorallaw, to change the way an electoralprocess is run. Encompasses many dif-ferent aspects of the electoral processsuch as voter and candidate registration,campaign finance reform, and the print-ing of ballots, among others. See also“Amendment of Electoral Law.”
See “Precinct.”
Combination of formulas and mecha-nisms which provides for the electorateto cast the votes and to translate thesevotes into seats in the parliament or thelegislature.
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Electoral List/Electoral Roll
/á«HÉîàfG ºFGƒb hCG íFGƒd
ÚÑNÉædG ∫hG~L
™LGQ..kkÉÉ≤≤MM’’ OOQQGGƒƒddGG ¬¬ææ««YY íí∏∏££°°üüŸŸGG
Electoral Participation äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûee
áÑ°ùf πHÉ≤e º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~j øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG áÑ°ùf
.øq«©e ÜÉîàfG ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG
Electoral Procedures äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S
™LGQ..''''áá««HHÉÉîîààffGG áá««∏∏ªªYY''''
Electoral Process á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY
Éà äÉHÉîàf’ÉH á≤∏©àŸG äGAGôLE’Gh çG~MC’G πc
ÜGõMC’G π«é°ùJ ,ô°ü◊G ’ ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y ,É¡«a
,á∏ª◊G º«¶˘æ˘Jh ,ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG π˘«˘é˘°ùJh ,Ú뢰TôŸGh
™ªLh âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªYh ,kÉ«eÓYEG á∏ª◊G á«£¨Jh
,᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G äɢYGõ˘æ˘dG qπ˘Mh ,∫hG~˘˘L ‘ äGƒ˘˘°UC’G
ÚÑNÉædG ºq∏°ùJh ,äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ≈∏Y ≥j~°üàdGh
.º¡eÉ¡e øjõFÉØdG
Electoral Reform »HÉîàfG ìÓ°UEG
πj~©J ÈY kIOÉY qºàj …òdG »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG Ò«¨J
á≤jô˘W ‘ Ò«˘¨˘J çG~˘MEG ±~˘¡˘H »˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fɢ≤˘dG
»HÉîàf’G ìÓ°UE’G ∫É£jh .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG IQGOEG
É¡æe ôcòf ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øe IO~©àe ÖfGƒL
ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG π˘«˘é˘°ùJ ô˘°ü◊G ’ OG~˘©˘à˘dG π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ≈˘∏˘˘Y
¥GQhCG ™ÑWh ,á∏ª◊G πjƒ“ Ωɶf ìÓ°UEGh ,Úë°TôŸGh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G..''''»»HHÉÉîîààff’’GG ¿¿ƒƒffÉÉ≤≤ddGG ππjj~~©©JJ''''
Electoral Sub-District á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO
™LGQ..kkÉÉ≤≤MM’’ OOQQGGƒƒddGG ¬¬ææ««YY ™™∏∏££°°üüŸŸGG
Electoral System »HÉîàfG Ωɶf
A’OE’G ø˘˘e ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG ø˘˘ qμ“ mäɢ˘˘«˘˘˘dBGh m ≠˘˘˘«˘˘˘°U è˘˘˘eO
hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG π˘NGO ~˘Yɢ≤˘e ¤EG ɢ¡˘à˘ª˘Lô˘Jh º˘¡˘JGƒ˘˘°UCɢ˘H
.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Electoral Tribunal ¿hDƒ°ûddÉH á°üàfl áªμfi
á«HÉîàf’G
See “Electoral Court.”
An infringement, either intentional orunintentional, of the electoral law’s reg-ulations on any aspect of the electoralprocess; violations can include voterfraud, irregularities in the voter registra-tion process, campaign abuses, intimi-dation, and other offences. See also“Booth Capturing,” “Bribing Voters,”“Campaign Abuse/Violation,” “Vote-Buying,” “Voter Fraud,” and “VoterIntimidation/Harassment.”
This is the portion of the population able tovote in a given election. See also “Voter.”
Internet, television, and radio outletsthat use spoken words and/or video, asopposed to the print media, which usesthe written word. See also “MassMedia” and “Print Media.”
An electronic voters list that may haveadditional functions and abilities, suchas connection to a network or centralvoter database.
Voting and/or tabulation that utilizeselectronic technologies. This can includethe use of paper ballots that are scannedand tabulated by computer, such as inoptical mark recognition (OMR) or opti-cal character recognition (OCR) devices,or the use of direct recording electronic(DRE) equipment. Electronic votes arestored digitally in a storage medium suchas a tape cartridge, diskette, or smartcard (a microchip-based storage unit)before being sent to a centralized loca-tion where tabulation programs compileand tabulate results.
™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
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Electoral Violation »HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCG ∑É¡àfG
¿ƒ˘˘fɢ˘≤˘˘dG Ωɢ˘μ˘˘MC’ ,~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘e ÒZ hCG ~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘à˘˘e ,¥ô˘˘N
á«∏ª©dG ÖfGƒL øe ÖfÉL …CÉH á≤∏©àŸG »HÉîàf’G
ô˘jhõ˘à˘dG ∫ɢª˘YCG äɢbhôÿG √ò˘g π˘ª˘°ûJh ;᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G
á«∏ªY ‘ áXƒë∏ŸG AÉ£NC’Gh ,ÖNÉædG É¡ÑμJôj »àdG
,á∏ª◊G ‘ áÑμJôŸG äÉØdÉıGh ,ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉj~©J øe É¡¡HÉ°T Éeh ,Ö«gÎdG ∫ɪYCGh
,''Iƒ°TôdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ádɪà°SG''h ,''´GÎb’G º∏≤H ºqμ–''
,''äGƒ°UC’G AGô°T''h ,''á∏ª◊G º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG ∑É¡àfG ''h
.''ÚÑNÉædG πjƒ¡J/Ö«gôJ''h ,''»HÉîàfG ôjhõJ''h
Electorate áÑNÉf äÉÄ«g/ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL
.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ´GÎbÓd á∏gDƒŸG á«fÉμ°ùdG áëjô°ûdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ÖNÉf''
Electronic Media
ÊhÎμdG ΩÓYEG
᢫˘fƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dG ᢫˘eÓ˘YE’G π˘Fɢ°Sƒ˘dGh âfÎfE’G ™˘bGƒ˘e
ká˘fQɢ≤˘e ,IQƒ˘°üdGh äƒ˘°üdG Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG ᢫˘YGPE’Gh
á˘ª˘∏˘μ˘dG Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG á˘Yƒ˘Ñ˘£ŸG ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘Fɢ°Sƒ˘ H
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áHƒàμŸG.''´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG''h ''ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh''
Electronic Poll Book
ÊhÎμdE’G ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S
(áæq«©e IôFG~H ¢UÉÿG)
∞FÉXh É¡d ¿ƒμJ ~b ÚÑNÉædÉH á«fhÎμdEG áªFÉb
I~˘Yɢ≤˘H hCG á˘μ˘Ñ˘°ûH •É˘˘Ñ˘˘JQ’ɢ˘c ᢢ«˘˘aɢ˘°VEG äGQ~˘˘bh
.ÚÑNÉæ∏d ájõcôe äÉfÉ«H
Electronic Voting(E-Voting)
ÊhÎμdEG âjƒ°üJ
äɢ«˘æ˘≤˘à˘dG ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SɢH äGƒ˘°UC’G á˘dh~˘L hCG/h ´GÎb’G
¥GQhCG √ò˘g ´GÎb’G á˘≤˘jô˘W Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùJh .᢫˘fhÎμ˘dE’G
Iõ¡LCG ᣰSGƒH É¡àdh~Lh É¡ë°ùe …ôéj »àdG ´GÎb’G
¤EG »Fƒ˘° dG ±ô˘©˘à˘dG Iõ˘¡˘LCG ∫ɢã˘e ≈˘∏˘Y ,ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG
âjƒ˘°üà˘dG Ωɢ¶˘f ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SG hCG ,±ô˘MC’G hCG äɢeÓ˘©˘dG
π˘Fɢ°Sƒ˘dG ÈY á˘Yp Î≤ŸG äGƒ˘°UC’ɢa .ô˘°TÉ˘ÑŸG ÊhÎμ˘dE’G
øjõîàdG πFÉ°Sh i~MEG ‘ kÉ«ªbQ É¡¶ØM ºàj á«fhÎμdE’G
hCG ,Ò¨°U èe~e ¢Uôb hCG ,§jô°T á°TƒWôN ∫Éãe ≈∏Y
äÉbÉbQ ≈∏Y πª©J øjõîJ I~Mh »gh) á«cP ábÉ£H
~ª©J å«M …õcôe ¿Éμe ¤EG É¡dÉ°SQEG πÑb (IÒ¨°U
.∫hG~L ‘ É¡ª«¶æJh èFÉàædG ™ªL ¤EG ádh~÷G èeGôH
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
A mechanical device using electricity usedfor voting. See also “Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE) Equipment,”“Electronic Voting (E-Voting),”“Optical Character Recognition(OCR) Devices,” or “Optical MarkRecognition (OMR) Devices.”
An individual who satisfies the legalrequirements to participate in the elec-tion. Those requirements are usuallyrelated to nationality, age, soundness ofmind, and absence of a criminal record.
A method of external voting in whichvoters residing outside a country mayvote at their embassy or consulate. Seealso “Absentee Voting” and “Out ofCountry Voting (OCV).”
Occurs when a voter cannot go to thepolling station on election day (or votein the early voting) for specific reasonsthat meet the requirements of the coun-try or district regulations concerningthis kind of voting. Some countriesallow emergency voting if the person issuddenly hospitalized, or becomes seri-ously ill, or is suddenly called awayfrom home. If this person meets all therequirements, and he cannot be presentat the polling station to express hischoice through voting, an emergencyballot is issued to the authorized repre-sentative of the voter. See also “ProxyVote” and “Substitution of Voter.”
Practice by which an influential individ-ual or group legitimizes a candidate orpolicy. See also “Opinion Leaders.”
á˘bɢ£˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ¬˘∏˘«˘˘¨˘˘°ûJ º˘˘à˘˘j »˘˘μ˘˘«˘˘fɢ˘μ˘˘«˘˘e Rɢ˘¡˘˘L
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üà∏d Ω n~îà°ùojh á«FÉHô¡μdGRÉ¡L''
,''ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdGhCG,''ÊhÎμdEG âjƒ°üJ''
hCG ,''±ôMC’G ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ±ô©àdG RÉ¡L''hCGRÉ¡L''
.''äÉeÓ©dG ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ±ô©àdG
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Electronic VotingMachine (EVM)
ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L
Eligible Voter
âjƒ°üà∏d πgDƒe ÖNÉf
ᢢ«˘˘fƒ˘˘fɢ˘≤˘˘dG •hô˘˘°ûdG ¬˘˘«˘˘a ô˘˘aGƒ˘˘à˘˘˘J …ò˘˘˘dG Oô˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘dG
•hô˘°ûdG √ò˘g §˘Ñ˘Jô˘Jh .äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ‘ á˘cQɢ°ûª˘∏˘d
,π≤©˘dG á˘eÓ˘°Sh ,ô˘ª˘©˘dGh ,᢫˘°ùæ÷G π˘eGƒ˘©˘H kIOɢY
.ΩôL …CG øe ‹~©dG ¬∏é°S qƒ∏Nh
Embassy Voting
äGQÉØ°ùddG ‘ âjƒ°üJ
º«≤ŸG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àJ ÜGÎZ’G OÓH ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d á«dBG
™LGQ .á«∏°üæ≤dG hCG IQÉØ°ùdG ‘ ä qƒ°üj ¿CG êQÉÿG ‘
kÉ° jCG.''~∏ÑdG êQQÉN âjƒ°üJ''h ''»HÉ«Z âjƒ°üJ''
Emergency Voting
áFQÉ£dG ä’É◊G ‘ âjƒ°üJ
¤EG ¬LƒàdG ÖNÉædG ≈∏Y Q qò©àj ÚM ¬«dEG Aƒé∏dG ºàj
πμ°ûH âjƒ°üàdG hCG) ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ‘ ´GÎb’G õcôe
᪶fC’G äÉeõ∏à°ùe ™e ≥aGƒàJ IO~fi ÜÉÑ°SC’ (ôqμÑe
´ƒædG Gòg ¿CÉ°ûH á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG hCG ~∏ÑdG ‘ á«YôŸG
âjƒ˘°üà˘dɢH ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dG ¢ ©˘H í˘ª˘˘°ùjh .âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG ø˘˘e
,áFQÉW IQƒ°üH ≈Ø°ûà°ùŸG ¤EG ÖNÉædG πNO GPEG ÇQÉ£dG
¬dõæe øY OÉ©àHÓd ô£°VG hCG ,∫É° Y ¢Vôà ֫°UCG hCG
√òg ‘ƒà°ùj ÖNÉædG ¿Éc ∫ÉM ‘ .áÄLÉØe IQƒ°üH
õ˘cô˘e ¤EG Qƒ˘° ◊G ¬˘«˘˘∏˘˘Y Q qò˘˘©˘˘à˘˘jh ,ɢ˘¡˘˘∏˘˘c •hô˘˘°ûdG
¤EG Qɢ˘°ü˘˘oj ,√Qɢ˘«˘˘N ø˘˘Y kɢ˘HGô˘˘YEG âjƒ˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘∏˘˘˘d ´GÎb’G
π˘˘ã˘˘ªŸG ¤EG ᢢ˘FQɢ˘˘W IQƒ˘˘˘°üH ´GÎbG ᢢ˘bQh QG~˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘°SG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÖNÉædG øe ¢V sƒØŸG''ádÉcƒdÉH âjƒ°üJ''
.''ôNBG ÖNÉf qπfi ÖNÉf âjƒ°üJ''h
Endorsement
ºY~dG/~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG
,äɢYƒ˘ª› hCG Gƒ˘fɢc kGOGô˘aCG ,Pƒ˘Ø˘æ˘dG Üɢ뢰UCG Ωɢ˘«˘˘b
™LGQ .á°SÉ«°S hCG ÖNÉf …CG ≈∏Y á«Yhô°ûŸG AÉØ°VEÉH
kÉ° jCG.''…CGôdG IOÉb''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
End-to-End Test πeÉ°T QÉÑàNG
A test that conducts actual simulationsof the complete voting process thatwill occur on election day. See also“Load Test.”
To grant the privilege of voting to aperson who meets requirements set bythe State for voter eligibility. Morebroadly, enfranchisement can refer tothe process by which an individual orgroup receives the right for some sortof action or voice. For antonym, see“Disenfranchise(ment).”
See “Voter Registration.”
A State-initiated voter registrationprocess in which election officials havethe responsibility of identifying eligiblenon-registered voters. This is typicallydone by trained staff canvassing door-to-door in search of eligible individuals.
An equal entitlement to something(despite race, gender, ethnicity, creed,etc.). Access to concepts like justiceand due process, or to ownership ofproperty or some interest in property,real or personal. These rights includevarious freedoms, protection againstinterference with enjoyment of life andproperty, civil rights enjoyed by citi-zens such as voting and access to thecourts, natural rights accepted by civi-lized societies, human rights to protectpeople throughout the world from ter-ror, torture, barbaric practices, anddeprivation of civil rights and profitfrom their labor.
mQÉÑàN’ É¡∏eÉμH »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG äÉjô› ´É° NEG
.á«∏ª©dG √ò¡d »∏©ØdG ™bGƒdG IÉcÉfi ܃∏°SCG ™Ñqàj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''AGOC’G QÉÑàNG''
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Enfranchise(ment) âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe
¢üî°ûdG ¤EG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe í∏£°üŸG Gòg »æ©j
ɪc ,âjƒ°üà∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T ¬«a ôaGƒàJ …òdG
ƒ¡a ,™°ShC’Gh πª°TC’G √Éæ©e ‘ ÉeCG .ádh~dG ÉgO~–
øq«©e ≥jôa hCG OôØd íª°ùJ »àdG á«∏ª©dG ¤EG Ò°ûj
™LGQ .¬jCGôH A’OE’G hCG Ée ∑ôëàH ΩÉ«≤dG ≥M ∫Éæj ¿CÉH
¢ «≤ædG.''âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ¿ÉeôM''
Enrollment (ÚÑNÉædG) π«é°°ùJJ
™LGQ.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Enumeration (ÚÑNÉædG) AÉ°üMEG
¤EG ~¡©J ádh~dG øe IQOÉÑà ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY
Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ~j~– á«dhDƒ°ùe äÉHÉîàf’G »ØXƒe
√òg ¤ƒàjh .íFGƒ∏dG ‘ Ú∏é°ùŸG ÒZ ɉEG âjƒ°üà∏d
QGO øe ±Gƒ£dG ≈∏Y ¿ƒHQ~ŸG ¿ƒØXƒŸG kÉ«F~Ñe ᪡ŸG
.âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒe OGôaCG øY kÉãëH QGO ¤EG
EqualOpportunity/Rights
¥ƒ≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ°ùee/¢UôØdG DƒaÉμJ
q¢ ¨H) áæq«©e ¢Uôa hCG ¥ƒ≤ëH IGhÉ°ùŸG Ω~b ≈∏Y ™àªàdG
»æKE’G AɪàfE’G hCG »YɪàL’G ƒædG hCG ¥ô©dG øY ô¶ædG
øe IOÉaE’Éc ,(πeGƒY øe É¡«dEG Ée hCG ,á«æj~dG I~«≤©dG hCG
∫ƒ°UC’G IÉYGôeh ádG~©dÉH kÓãe á≤∏©àŸG º«gÉØŸG ¢ ©H
∑ÓeCG øe ´ÉØàf’G hCG äÉμ∏ટG AÉæàbG hCG ,á«fƒfÉ≤dG
,äÉjô◊G πª°ûJ ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡a .ájQÉ≤Y ÒZ hCG ájQÉ≤Y
∫É˘μ˘°TCG ø˘e π˘μ˘°T …CG ~˘°V ø˘ q°üë˘à˘dGh ,ɢ¡˘Yƒ˘æ˘J ≈˘∏˘Y
kÉ° jCG πª°ûJh ,á«μ∏ŸGh IÉ«◊ÉH ™àªàdG ≥M ‘ πN~àdG
´GÎb’G ≥˘ë˘c Úæ˘WGƒ˘ª˘∏˘d á˘Mƒ˘æ˘ªŸG ᢫˘f~ŸG ¥ƒ˘≤◊G
É¡H qô≤J »àdG á«©«Ñ£dG ¥ƒ≤◊Gh ,ºcÉÙG ¤EG Aƒé∏dGh
»˘ª– »˘à˘dG ¿É˘°ùfE’G ¥ƒ˘≤˘Mh ,á˘f~˘ª˘àŸG äɢ©˘ª˘àÛG
äɢ°SQɢªŸGh Öjò˘©˘à˘dGh ÜɢgQE’G ø˘ ˘e ⁄ɢ ˘©˘ ˘dG ܃˘ ˘©˘ ˘°T
øeh á«f~ŸG ¥ƒ≤◊G √òg øe É¡fÉeôM ¿hO ∫ƒ–h ájôHÈdG
.É¡dɪYCG øe ìÉHQC’G Ö°ùc
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Equal Suffrage ´GÎb’G ‘ IGhÉ°ùee
Principle according to which every per-son is entitled to one vote (one person,one vote).
Demands that voting operations offerequal opportunities for participation toall eligible voters and political partici-pants. Encompasses aspects of accessi-bility and transparency.
States that have a long history withdemocratic principles and operations,and have undergone a consolidation ofdemocracy. See also “Consolidationof Democracy.”
The label given to powerful, elite indi-viduals or groups who can make impor-tant social, political, and economic pol-icy decisions for society.
An elected position that oversees therunning of the government, such as amayor, governor, or president. See also“Legislative Office.”
When a voter fails to indicate all prefer-ences in a preferential voting system,thus no further preferences can be deter-mined when distributing preferences.
An assessment of the election resultsobtained by canvassing voters as theyleave the polling stations.
The anticipated rate of voter participa-tion in an upcoming election.
~MGh 䃰üH A’OE’G Oôa qπμd √É° à≤à ≥ëj CG~Ñe
.(~MGƒdG ÖNÉæ∏d ~MGh 䃰U)
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Equity (Electoral) (ÚÑNÉædG) ±É°üfEG
áÄaÉμàe kÉ°Uôa ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ô qaƒJ ¿CÉH áÑdÉ£ŸG
Üɢî˘à˘˘fÓ˘˘d Ú∏˘˘gDƒŸG ¢Uɢ˘î˘˘°TC’G ™˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘L ᢢcQɢ˘°ûŸ
Gò˘g ø˘° à˘ë˘jh .»˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘˘dG ‘ ÚWô˘˘î˘˘æŸGh
.ádAÉ°ùŸGh á«aÉØ°ûdG ôgɶe ¢ ©H Ωƒ¡ØŸG
Established Democracies
áî°SGQ äÉ«WGô≤ÁO
πª©dGh á«WGô≤Á~dG ÇOÉÑŸG ≥«Ñ£àH É¡d ~ n¡°ûoj ∫hO
ºFÉYO âÑ«ãJ ¤EG kI~gÉL â©°S ~bh ,É¡æe m »MƒH
kɢ˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .ɢ˘¡˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘¶˘˘fCG ‘ ᢢ«˘˘WGô˘˘≤Á~˘˘dGï«°SôJ''
.''á«WGô≤Á~dG
Establishment PƒØædG ÜÉë°UCG
äɢYƒ˘ªÛG hCG ¢UɢTC’G ø˘e má˘Ñ˘î˘æ˘d ≈˘£˘© oj lÖ≤˘˘d
≈∏Y ™ªàéª∏d áeÉg mäGQGôb òîàJ ¿CG É¡©°ùj »àdG
.ájOÉ°üàb’Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«YɪàL’G I~©°UC’G
Executive Office …ò«ØæJ Ö°üæe
πª©dG Ò°S ≈∏Y ¬©bƒe øe ±ô°ûj Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùe
hCG ,áj’ƒdG ºcÉM hCG ,áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù«Fôc ,áeƒμ◊G ‘
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ájQƒ¡ª÷G ¢ù«FQ.''»©jô°ûJJ Ö°üæe''
Exhausted Votes ~Øæà°SG 䃰U/~Øæà°ùee 䃰U
¬JGQÉ«N
qπX ‘ ¬JGQÉ«N ™«ªL O~ëj ’ …òdG ÖNÉædG ádÉM
~j~ëàH íª°ùj ’ Éà ,»∏«° ØàdG âjƒ°üàdG Ωɶf
.á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ ~æY á«aÉ°VEG äGQÉ«N
Exit Poll ~æY (ÚÑNÉædG) AGQBG ´Ó£à°SG
IQOɨŸG
AGQBG ø˘Y ΩÓ˘©˘à˘°S’ɢH äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G è˘Fɢ˘à˘˘f º˘˘«˘˘«˘˘≤˘˘J
.´GÎb’G õcGôe ”QOɨe ~æY ÚÑNÉædG
Expected Turnout á©bƒàŸG ácQÉ°ûŸŸG áÑ°ùff
‘ ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Nɢæ˘dG ɢ¡˘∏˘é˘°ùj ¿CG ™˘bƒ˘àŸG á˘cQɢ°ûŸG á˘˘Ñ˘˘°ùf
.á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉHÉîàf’G
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Federal
…OÉ–G/‹GQ~a
Of or describing a constitutionallydelineated union of states having a cen-tral government. In the American sys-tem, a federal union is ultimately basedupon national supremacy but is also apolitical arrangement that reservespowers for the states.
An independent regulatory agency cre-ated by the U.S. Congress in 1975. Theduties of the Federal ElectionCommission (FEC) are to disclosecampaign finance information, toenforce provisions of the law on thelimits and prohibitions on contribu-tions, and to oversee public funding ofpresidential elections. This term is usedspecifically within the U.S. electoral system.
National or international political sys-tem in which two levels of governmentcontrol the same territory and citizens.Countries with federal political systemshave both a central government andgovernments based in smaller politicalunits, usually called states, provinces,or territories. These smaller politicalunits surrender some political power tothe central government, relying on it toact for the common good.
Qƒà°S~dG ÉgOh~M º°Sôj äÉj’h OÉ–G ≈∏Y ≥n∏£oJ láØ°U
‘ ‹GQ~ØdG OÉ–’G ÉeCG .ájõcôe áeƒμM IQGOE’ ™° îJh
IOɢ˘«˘˘°S ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y kGÒNCGh k’hCG õ˘˘μ˘˘JÒa »˘˘cÒeC’G Ωɢ˘˘¶˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG
á«°SÉ«°ùdG áÑ«cÎdG Ö°ùëH ,¬fCG ™e á«æWƒdG áeƒμ◊G
.äÉ«MÓ°üdG ¢ ©H äÉj’ƒdG íæÁ ,É¡H ™àªàj »àdG
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F
Federal ElectionCommission (FEC)/áæ÷
äÉHÉîàfÓd á«dGQ~a á«°VƒØe
ÜGƒ˘æ˘dG ¢ù∏› ɢgCɢ°ûfCG á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe ᢫˘ª˘«˘¶˘æ˘J á˘Ä˘«˘g
᢫˘°Vƒ˘˘ØŸG √ò˘˘g ¤ƒ˘˘à˘˘Jh .1975 Ωɢ˘©˘˘dG ‘ »˘˘cÒeC’G
᢫˘dÉà á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG äɢeƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG ø˘˘Y ∞˘˘°ûμ˘˘dG ᢢª˘˘¡˘˘e
≈∏Y ¢üæj …òdG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCG ≥«Ñ£Jh ,á∏ª◊G
,äɪgÉ°ùŸG ≈∏Y á°VhôØŸG ô¶◊G ∫Éμ°TCGh Oƒ«≤dG
.á«°SÉFôdG äÓªë∏d ΩÉ©dG πjƒªàdG ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’Gh
ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G
Federalism
‹GQ~a Ωɶf/á«dGQ~a
øe Újƒà°ùe ¢SQÉÁ ‹hO hCG »æWh »°SÉ«°S Ωɶf
.º˘¡˘°ùØ˘fCG Úæ˘WGƒŸGh ɢ˘¡˘˘JGP »˘˘°VGQC’G ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y º˘˘μ◊G
‹GQ~˘Ø˘dG »˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG ™˘Ñ qà˘J »˘à˘dG ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dɢa
äÉeƒμ◊Gh ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d ~MGh m¿BG ‘ ™° îJ
kIOÉY ± nô©oJ kɪéM ô¨°UCG á«°SÉ«°S äG~Mh ‘ áªFÉ≤dG
√òg ∫RÉæàJh .äÉ©WÉ≤ŸG hCG º«dÉbC’G hCG äÉj’ƒdÉH
ᢢ«˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG ɢ˘¡˘˘Jɢ˘«˘˘MÓ˘˘°U ¢ ©˘˘H ø˘˘Y äɢ˘eƒ˘˘˘μ◊G
πª©à°S IÒNC’G √òg ¿CÉH É¡à≤ãd ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d
.ΩÉ©dG ÒÿG Ω~îj ÉÃ
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Field Director ÊG~«e ôj~e
A person on the campaign staff respon-sible for organizing the direct contactwith the voters by the candidate and thevolunteers.
The last day and time in which a candi-date or political party can file to run for aparticular office. See also “Applying forCandidacy,” “Ballot Qualification,”and “Registration of Parties orCandidates.”
The final outcome of an election certi-fied by the election authorities, takinginto consideration any legal complaintsand resolutions, recounts, etc. See also“Declaration of Results,” “Preli-minary Results,” and “Results.”
A comprehensive report issued by an elec-tion observation mission, either domesticor international, to provide all the informa-tion that is relevant to understanding theelection and the observation mission’sactivities, including final reflections andrecommendations. The final report can bereleased weeks or even months after anelection and can expand upon and correctany initial inaccuracies in the election day,preliminary, and interim statements. Seealso “Election Day Report,” “InterimStatement on Observation,” and “Post-Election/Preliminary Statement onObservation.”
A list that is generated for use on electionday to determine who is permitted tovote. The list is typically divided by pollingstation into the corresponding number ofvoters lists. See also “Preliminary VotersList” and “Voters List.”
ä’É°üJ’G º«¶æJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG á∏ª◊G »ØXƒe ~MCG
.ÚÑNÉædÉH ¿ƒYƒ£àŸGh í°TôŸG É¡jôéj »àdG Iô°TÉÑŸG
55
Filing Deadline Ö∏W Ë~≤àd »FÉ¡f ~Yƒe
(í«°TÎdG)
hCG í°Tôª∏d É¡«a ≥ëj (áYÉ°ùdG + ïjQÉàdG) á∏¡e ôNBG
Ö°üæŸ ¬˘ë˘«˘°Tô˘J Ö∏˘W Ω q~˘≤˘j ¿CG »˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG Üõ◊G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .øq«©e•hô°T''h ,''í«°TÎdG Ö∏W Ë~≤J''
.''Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G π«é°°ùJJ''h ,''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G
Final Results á«FÉ¡f èFFÉàf
á£∏°ùdG øe káb~°üe ,ÜÉîàfÓd á«FÉ¡ædG á∏«°ü◊G
ihÉ˘μ˘°ûdG QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘Y’G Ú©˘H ò˘NCɢJ »˘gh .᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G
IOÉYEG á«∏ªYh ,É¡fCÉ°ûH IQOÉ°üdG ΩÉμMC’Gh á«fƒfÉ≤dG
kɢ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ .ɢ˘˘¡˘˘˘«˘˘˘dEG ɢ˘˘eh ,äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘˘˘a¿ÓYEG''
.''(äÉHÉîàf’G) èFFÉàf''h ''á«dhCG èFFÉàf''h ,''èFFÉàædG
Final Statement onObservation
»FÉ¡ædG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H
,äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe áã©H øY Q~°üj πeÉ°T ôjô≤J
äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πc Ë~≤J ±~¡H ,á«dhO hCG á«∏fi âfÉcCG
,áã©ÑdG ᣰûfCGh äÉHÉîàf’G QÉ°ùe º¡Ød ájQhô° dG
ô°ûf Rƒéjh .á«FÉ¡ædG É¡JÉ«°UƒJh É¡FGQBG ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ
™«HÉ°SCÉH äÉHÉîàf’G AÉ¡àfG ~©H »FÉ¡ædG ôjô≤àdG Gòg
äOQh AÉ£NCG q…CG ¤EG ¥ô£àj ¿CG øμÁh ô¡°TCÉH ≈àM hCG
ÚfÉ«ÑdG ‘h ,ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj QOÉ°üdG ¿É«ÑdG ‘ kÓ°UCG
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .ɢ¡˘ë˘ë˘˘°ü«˘˘a ,»˘˘∏˘˘MôŸGh ‹hC’Gôjô≤J''
¿É«H''h ,''»∏MôŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''h ,''»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG
.''äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée/‹hC’G ÚÑbGôŸG
Final Voters List á«FÉ¡ædG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd
qºàj ,âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d Ú∏˘gDƒŸG ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG Aɢª˘°SCɢH á˘ë˘F’
á˘ë˘FÓ˘dG √ò˘g º˘ s°ù≤ oJh .Üɢî˘à˘f’G Ωƒ˘j ɢ¡˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘J
ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG í˘˘FGƒ˘˘d ø˘˘e Ö°Sɢ˘æ˘˘e O~˘˘Y ¤EG ᢢ«˘˘Fɢ˘¡˘˘æ˘˘dG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G õcGôe Ö°ùëH ÚYRƒŸGíFGƒd''
.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''h ''á«dhC’G ÚÑNÉædG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Instructions and data which are directlyand semi-permanently programmedinto the circuitry of an electronic device.
A voting system in single-member dis-tricts under which the candidate whogains the most votes is elected. Only asimple majority, not an absolute majori-ty, is required to win the contested seat.
Method in preferential voting in whichchoices are moved into order of prefer-ence, not assigned a particular number.See also “Instant Run-Off Voting.”
A database in which all information isin a single table. Flat databases are easi-ly observed but not practical for man-aging large amounts of data.
A method of sociological research inwhich a small group of people is broughttogether and asked a series of questions.The aim is to receive qualitative informa-tion about public attitudes and test reac-tions to various messages and informa-tion. See also “Political Polling.”
See “Valid Vote.”
The style of data organization thatdetermines the possible operations thatmay be conducted using the database.
The right to vote. See also “Disen-franchise(ment)” and “Enfranchise-(ment).”
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Firmware âHÉK èeeÉfôH
ô°TÉÑe πμ°ûH èeÈoJ »àdG äÉfÉ«ÑdGh äɪ«∏©àdG
.ÊhÎμdE’G RÉ¡÷G áÑ«côJ ‘ ºFGO ¬Ñ°Th
First Past the Post /∫hC’G õFÉØdG Ωɶf
äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCÉH õFÉa
¿CÉH »° ≤jh ájOôØdG ôFGh~dG ‘ ≥qÑ£oj âjƒ°üJ Ωɶf
øe O~Y ÈcCG ∫Éæj …òdG í°TôŸG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØj
ájÌcC’G ∫Éæj ¿CG í°TôŸG Gò¡d áLÉM ’h .äGƒ°UC’G
~©≤ŸG ‘ RƒØ∏d ájOÉ©dG ájÌcC’ÉH »Øàμj πH á≤∏£ŸG
.¬«∏Y ¢ù naÉæàŸG
First Preference äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JôJ
ÖNɢæ˘dG ɢ¡˘«˘a ÖJô˘j »˘∏˘«˘° Ø˘à˘dG âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d ᢫˘˘dBG
º¡«dEG Ö°ùæoJ Óa ,á«∏° aC’G áLQO Ö°ùëH Úë°TôŸG
™LGQ .áæq«©e ΩÉbQCG.''äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH âjƒ°üJ''
Flat Database á룰ùee äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb
‘ äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ɢ¡˘«˘a ô˘aGƒ˘à˘J á˘£˘«˘°ùH äɢfɢ«˘H I~˘Yɢb
äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ¤EG kIOÉY ´ƒLôdG π¡°ùj .~MGh m ∫h~L
äÉ«ªc IQGOEG ‘ á«∏ªY â°ù«d É¡æμdh á룰ùŸG
.äÉfÉ«ÑdG øe IÒÑc
Focus Group õ«cÎdG áYƒª›
¤EG ≈˘˘˘Y~˘˘˘J »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG ¢Uɢ˘˘î˘˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘˘e IÒ¨˘˘˘°U ᢢ˘Yƒ˘˘˘˘ª›
±~¡j .á∏Ä°SC’G øe á∏°ù∏°S É¡«∏Y ìô£«d ´ÉªàL’G
∫ƒ°ü◊G á«YɪàL’G çÉëHC’G ‘ ~ªà©ŸG è¡æŸG Gòg
øe áYƒªÛG AÉ° YCG ∞bƒe øY á«Yƒf äÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y
º¡∏©a äGOQ QÉÑàNGh áYƒæàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh πFÉ°SôdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡gÉŒ.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''
Formal Vote •hô°ûddG ‘ƒà°ùee 䃰U
™LGQ.''ídÉ°U 䃰U''
Format of the VoterRecord
ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S ᨫ°U
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdG ≥M≥M øe (ÖNÉædG) ¿ÉeôM''
.''âjƒ°üàdG
Franchiseâjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe
á∏ªàÙG äÉ«∏ª©˘dG O~˘ë˘j äɢfɢ«˘Ñ˘dG º˘«˘¶˘æ˘à˘d l§‰
I~˘Yɢb ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SG ∫Ó˘N ‘ ɢ¡˘H Ωɢ«˘˘≤˘˘dG ø˘˘μÁ »˘˘à˘˘dG
.äÉfÉ«ÑdG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Free and Fair Elections á¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG
The definition of a free and fair electionis about more than just a smooth techni-cal process, but also includes the respectfor basic civil and political rights, such asfreedom of expression, of movement, ofassociation and assembly; as well as theabsence of barriers to the full participa-tion of all citizens, without any form ofdiscrimination; the absence of any formof intimidation; and the complianceoverall with the rule of law.
A form of list proportional representa-tion in which voters may vote for aparty, grouping, one or more candi-dates, whether or not those candidatesare nominated by that party or group-ing. See also “Closed List,” “OpenList,” and “Party List.”
Political condition that permits freedomof choice of action for individuals andalso for individuals and groups to partic-ipate in the decisions and operations ofthe society and political system. See also“Freedom of Expression,” “Freedomof Press,” and “Freedom of Speech.”
The right of expressing oneself aboutany subject and in any forum, be it oral-ly, written, in print, on the Internet, or inart forms. Built into freedom of expres-sion is the right to seek, receive, andimpart information and ideas. Freedomof expression is considered a universalright as it is guaranteed by Article 19 ofboth the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights and the InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rightsand is a cornerstone of democracy.
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å«˘M ø˘e ,á˘¡˘jõ˘æ˘dGh Iô◊G äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ô˘ ˘°üà˘ ˘≤˘ ˘J ’
ɉEG ,á°SÓ°ùH …ôŒ á«æ≤J á«∏ªY Oô› ≈∏Y ,∞jô©àdG
äɢjô◊G ΩGÎMG CG~˘Ñ˘e »˘YGô˘J ᢫˘∏˘ª˘Y ¤EG kɢ ˘° jCG Ò°ûJ
π≤æàdGh ÒÑ©àdG ájôëc á«°SÉ°SC’G á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«f~ŸG
√ò˘g q∫~˘J ∂dò˘ch ;äɢ«˘©˘ª÷G ¢ù«˘°SCɢJh ™˘ ˘ qª˘ ˘é˘ ˘à˘ ˘dGh
qπc ácQÉ°ûe ¿hO ∫ƒ– ≥FGƒY …CG ÜÉ«Z ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G
∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T q…CG øY kG~«©H á∏eÉc ácQÉ°ûe ÚæWGƒŸG
ôgɶe øe ô¡¶e …C’ º¡°V qô©J Ω~Y ≈∏Yh ;õ««ªàdG
.¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCÉH k’ɪLEG ºg~q«≤J ≈∏Yh ;Ö«gÎdG
Free List IôM áëF’
¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d õ«éj …òdG á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG ∫Éμ°TCG ~MCG
hCG í°TôŸ ¬àjƒ°üJ ÖfÉL ¤EG ™ªéàd hCG Üõ◊ ä qƒ°üj
í°Tôe ÒNC’G Gòg ¿Éc GPEG ɪY ô¶ædG ¢ ¨H ,ÌcCG
kɢ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ .Qƒ˘˘˘còŸG ™˘˘˘ª˘˘˘é˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG hCG Üõ◊GáëF’''
.''Üõ◊G áëF’''h ,''áMƒàØe áëF’''h ,''á≤∏¨e
FreedomájôM
∑ôëàdG ájôM OGôaCÓd í«àJ »àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ±hô¶dG
A’Dƒ¡dh äÉYƒªéª∏d íª°ùJh ,•ô°T hCG ~«b ¿hO øe
∫ɢ˘ª˘˘YC’Gh äGQGô˘˘≤˘˘˘dG ‘ ᢢ˘cQɢ˘˘°ûŸÉ˘˘˘H kɢ˘˘° jCG OGô˘˘˘aC’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩɶædGh ™ªàÛÉH á£ÑJôŸG
.''ΩÓμdG ájôM''h ,''ΩÓYE’G ájôM''h ,''ÒÑ©àdG ájôM''
Freedom of Expression ÒÑ©àdG ájôM
…CÉHh ´ƒ°Vƒe …CG ‘ ¬jCGQ øY ÒÑ©àdG ‘ OôØdG ≥M
ΩCG ,kɢ«˘£˘N ΩCG ,¿É˘c kɢ«˘¡˘Ø˘°TCG ,∫ɢ˘μ˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e π˘˘μ˘˘°T
,ájô◊G √òg øe m »MƒHh .á«æa ∫Éμ°TCÉH ΩCG ,kÉYƒÑ£e
äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G Ö∏£j ¿CG kÉ° jCG OôØ∏d ≥ëj
¿ÓYE’G q¿CG ÉÃh .Égô°ûæj ¿CGh ,ÉgÉ≤∏àj ¿CGh ,QÉμaC’Gh
~¡©dGh ,¬æe 19 IOÉŸG ‘ ,¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤◊ »ŸÉ©dG
,á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«f~ŸG OôØdG ¥ƒ≤ëH ≥∏©àŸG ‹h~dG
ônÑà©oJ ájô◊G √ò¡a ,ÒÑ©àdG ájôM ɪgÓc ¿ÓØμj
.»WGô≤Á~dG ΩɶædG Iõ«cQh á«ŸÉ©dG ¥ƒ≤◊G øe
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Freedom of Press ΩÓYE’G ájôM
The right to publish, either in print or onthe Internet, and broadcast ones ideasfreely without censorship or limitation.See also “Freedom of Expression.”
The right to speak freely without censor-ship or limitation. Freedom of speech isone aspect of freedom of expression,though the terms are often used synony-mously and international standardsexpand free speech to include non-oralforms of expression, such as written,printed, and Internet-based expression.See also “Freedom of Expression.”
The practice of scheduling state partycaucuses and state primary electionsincreasingly earlier in advance of thegeneral election. By moving their pri-maries to early dates, states hope tolend decisive momentum to one or twopresidential candidates and thus havedisproportionate influence on eachparty’s nomination. This term is usedspecifically within the U.S. electoral system.
The label given to the candidate who, ina primary or general campaign, is in thelead over other opponents and/or isthe favorite to be elected, according topolls and/or political pundits. See also“Dark Horse” and “Underdog.”
List that includes all the candidates.
See “Proportional Representation.”
A ballot in which all information - e.g.all of the offices and candidates to bevoted on - are presented on a singlesheet of paper or a single screen. Seealso “Single-Ballot System.”
ÈY hCG äÉYƒÑ£ŸG ‘ ÉeEG ,ô°ûæj ¿CG ‘ OôØdG ≥M
¿hO øe ájôM πμH √QÉμaCG qåÑj ¿CGh ,âfÎfE’G áμÑ°T
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Oƒ«b hCG áHÉbôd ´ƒ° ÿG.''ÒÑ©àdG ájôM''
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Freedom of Speech ΩÓμdG ájôM
hCG áHÉbôd ´ƒ° ÿG ÒZ øe ájôëH ΩÓμdG ‘ OôØdG ≥M
á˘jô˘M √ƒ˘Lh ø˘e kɢ¡˘Lh ΩÓ˘μ˘dG á˘jô˘M Èà˘©˘Jh .Oƒ˘«˘b
Ö∏ZCG ‘ øjÒÑ©àdG øjòg ÚH §∏ÿG ºZQ ,ÒÑ©àdG
ájôM Ωƒ¡Øe ™ q°SƒJ á«dh~dG ∑ƒμ°üdG q¿CG ™eh ,¿É«MC’G
É¡«a Éà ,á«¡Ø°ûdG ÒZ ÒÑ©àdG ∫Éμ°TCG πª°û«d ΩÓμdG
≈∏Y IõμJôŸGh ,áYƒÑ£ŸGh ,áHƒàμŸG ÒÑ©àdG ∫Éμ°TCG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âfÎfE’G áμÑ°T ∫ɪ©à°SG.''ÒÑ©àdG ájôM''
Front-Loading äÉHÉîàfÓd ôμÑe ~Yƒe ~j~–
(áj~«¡ªàdG)
äGô“DƒŸG ~«YGƒe ~j~– á«∏ªY ≈∏Y ≥n∏£oJ ᫪°ùJ
πÑb äÉj’ƒdG ‘ áj~«¡ªàdG äÉHÉîàf’G hCG á«Hõ◊G
,äÉj’ƒdG πeCÉJh .áeÉ©dG äÉHÉîàf’G øe á∏jƒW IÎa
»£©J ¿CG ‘ ,áj~«¡ªàdG É¡JÉHÉîàfG ~«YGƒe Ë~≤àH
ôqKDƒJ ¿CGh ,Ú«°SÉFQ Úë°Tôe hCG í°TôŸ kGÒÑc kɪNR
.ÜõM qπc äÉë«°TôJ ≈∏Y kÉJhÉØàe kGÒKCÉJ ‹ÉàdÉH
ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G
Front-Runner Ω~≤àe í°Tôe
¬eƒ°üN ≈∏Y Ω q~≤àj …òdG í°TôŸG ≈∏Y ≥n∏£oj lÖ≤d
äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ‘ kɶM ôahC’G í°TôŸG ≈∏Y hCG øjôNB’G
…CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG Ö°ùëH ,áeÉ©dG hCG áj~«¡ªàdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG AGÈÿG hCG/h AGQBGh¿É°üM''
.''ô°SÉN í°Tôe''h ''Oƒ°SCG
Full List á∏ªàμe áëF’
.º¡∏c Úë°TôŸG qº° J áëF’
Full Representation πeÉc »Ñ°ùff π«ã“
™LGQ.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''
π˘˘˘˘eɢ˘˘˘c I~˘˘˘˘MGh ᢢ˘˘°Tɢ˘˘˘°T hCG I~˘˘˘˘MGh ᢢ˘˘bQh Úª˘˘˘˘˘° J
Ö°Uɢ˘æŸG ô˘˘Fɢ˘°ùH ᢢ≤˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘àŸG ∂∏˘˘à˘˘˘c ,äɢ˘˘eƒ˘˘˘∏˘˘˘©ŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡d âjƒ°üàdG øq«©àj øjòdG Úë°TôŸGh
.''I~MGh ´GÎbG ábQh ΩG~îà°SÉH âjƒ°üJ Ωɶf''
Full-Face Ballot á∏ªàμe ´GÎbG ábQh
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
A test that determines if the data entryinterface design is appropriate and doesnot contribute to data entry errors.
An external funding source that entersinto an agreement with a person or anorganization to support research,instruction, public service, or othersponsored electoral activities. Fundersinclude private businesses, corpora-tions, foundations and other not-for-profit organizations, and universities.
An event planned with the goal ofraising money for a campaign cause ororganization;
A person who raises the funds forthe campaign by any method.
Any method used to raise money forthe campaign, or resources required tosuccessfully implement it.
»æ«ÑdG í£°ùdG º«ª°üJ ¿Éc GPEG Ée O q~ëj QÉÑàNG
ÜÉμJQG ¿hO ∫ƒëjh kɪFÓe äÉfÉ«ÑdG ∫ÉNOEÉH ¢UÉÿG
.äÉfÉ«ÑdG ∫ÉNOEG ~æY AÉ£NC’G
Functionality Test á«dÉ©ØdG QÉÑàNG
59
Funder/Sponsorm ´GQ/∫ uƒ‡
hCG m ¢üî°T ™e kÉbÉØJG ~≤©j πjƒªà∏d »LQÉN OQƒe
áe~ÿG hCG ,äɪ«∏©àdG hCG ,çÉëHCÓd kɪYO ᪶æe
≈˘˘¶– »˘˘à˘˘dG ᢢ«˘˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ᢢ£˘˘°ûfC’G hCG ,ᢢeɢ˘˘©˘˘˘dG
,á°UÉÿG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG Úd qƒªŸG o∞«Ød πª°ûjh .ájÉYôdÉH
äɢ˘°ù°SDƒŸG ø˘˘˘e ɢ˘˘gG~˘˘˘Y ɢ˘˘eh ,∫ɢ˘˘ª˘˘˘YC’G äɢ˘˘cô˘˘˘°Th
.äÉ©eÉ÷Gh ,á«ëHôdG ÒZ äɪ¶æŸGh
Fundraiser äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ πØM
äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™eÉL
hCG á∏ª◊ kɪYO ,∫GƒeC’G ™ªL ±~¡H º s¶æoj ç~M
;áæq«©e ᪶æe hCG á«° b
…ò˘˘dG ¢ü°ûdG ¤EG kɢ˘° jCG í˘˘∏˘˘˘£˘˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘˘g Ò°ûj
.âfÉc á∏«°Sh ájCÉH á∏ªë∏d mäÉYÈJ ™ªéj
Fundraising äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™ªL
áeRÓdG ∫GƒeC’G ™ªL ±~¡H Ω n~îà°ùoJ »àdG á∏«°SƒdG
.ìÉéæH Égò«ØæJ ¿Éª° d áHƒ∏£ŸG OQGƒŸG hCG á∏ªë∏d
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Gender Mainstreaming /»YɪàL’G ´ƒædG IÉYGôe º«ª©J
äÉ°SÉ«°ùddG ‘ Ú°ùææ÷G ÉjÉ° b êÉÉeOEG
IQ~æL/èeeGÈdGh
Process of ensuring that the prioritiesof men and women in policies and pro-grams are given adequate considerationfor equal rights and access to partici-pate in civic, political, and other socialenvironments.
An election for national bodies in whichall members of a given political body areup for election. The term is generally usedto refer to elections held for a nation’sprimary legislative body, as distinguishedfrom by-elections and local elections. Seealso “National Election.”
See “Free and Fair Elections.”
Grouping the voting population based onwhere people live and determining pat-terns based on geography. It is assumedthat voters who live in a particular areaand voted one way in the past will proba-bly vote the same way in the future, bar-ring any extreme change in their situation.See also “Demographic Targeting”and “Targeting.”
The deliberate manipulation of bound-ary delimitation to give advantages ordisadvantages to particular politicalinterests, parties, or candidates. See also“Boundary Delimitation.”
General Election áeÉY äÉHÉîàfG
Genuine Elections á«≤«≤M äÉHÉîàfG
ICGôŸGh πLôdG äÉjƒdhCG ≈¶– ¿CG ≈∏Y ¢Uô– lá«∏ªY
øª° Jh ;èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ ΩRÓdG Ωɪàg’ÉH
≥˘˘˘˘˘M ‘h ICGôŸGh π˘˘˘˘˘Lô˘˘˘˘˘˘dG ÚH ¥ƒ˘˘˘˘˘˘≤◊G ‘ IGhɢ˘˘˘˘˘°ùŸG
ÉgGƒ°Sh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«f~ŸG áÄ«ÑdG ‘ ɪ¡àcQÉ°ûe
.á«YɪàL’G äÉÄ«ÑdG øe
¤EG QÉ°üoj å«M á«æWƒdG äÉÄ«¡∏d äÉHÉîàfG AGôLEG
.á«æ©ŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ™«ªL ÜÉîàfG
äÉHÉîàf’G ¤EG IQÉ°TEÓd káeÉY í∏£°üŸG Ω n~îà°ùojh
,á«æWƒdG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ÜÉîàf’ º s¶æoJ »àdG
äÉHÉîàf’Gh ᢫˘Yô˘Ø˘dG äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ø˘Y õ˘jɢª˘à˘dɢHh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«∏ÙG.''á«æWh äÉHÉîàfG''
™LGQ.''á¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG''
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Geographic Targeting ‘Gô¨L ±G~¡à°SG
Gerrymandering á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dÉH ÖYÓJ
(áYhô°ûee ÒZ ¢VGôZC’)
º¡àeÉbEG ¿Éμe ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL ™jRƒJ
≈˘∏˘Y º˘¡˘j~˘d IOƒ˘¡˘©ŸG âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG äɢ˘gÉŒG ~˘˘j~–h
q¿Cɢ˘H Oɢ˘≤˘˘à˘˘Y’G Oƒ˘˘°ùjh .‘Gô˘˘¨÷G º˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘jRƒ˘˘J ¢Sɢ˘°SCG
øjòdGh áæq«©e á≤£æe ‘ ¿ƒ°û«©j øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG
≈˘∏˘Y ¿ƒ˘J qƒ˘°ü«˘°S »˘˘°VÉŸG ‘ ø˘˘q«˘˘©˘˘e √ÉŒÉ˘˘H Gƒ˘˘J qƒ˘˘°U
¿h~°üàj å«ëH ,πÑ≤à°ùŸG ‘ ¬JGP √ÉŒ’ÉH íLQC’G
kɢ˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .º˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘˘°Vh O~˘˘˘¡˘˘˘j …Qò˘˘˘L Ò«˘˘˘¨˘˘˘J q…C’
.''(ÚÑNÉædG) ±G~¡à°SG''h ''‘GôZƒÁO ±G~¡à°SG''
ídÉ°üŸ káe~N á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG Oh~ëH kG~ªY åÑ©dG
kÉæ©W hCG ,Ú«°SÉ«°S Úë°Tôe hCG ,á«°SÉ«°S ÜGõMCG hCG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡◊É°üÃ.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
“Get Out The Vote” or GOTV is theterm used to remind voters to go to thepolls and vote for your candidate.Often a campaign will expend a consid-erable amount of effort just before elec-tion day to make sure that your sup-porters turn out and vote. See “BlindPull” and “Pull.”
The persons (or committees or depart-ments) who make up a body for the pur-pose of administering something, suchas a State, company, or organization.
System of social control under which theright to make laws, and the right toenforce them, is vested in a particulargroup in society. There are many classi-fications of government. According tothe classical formula, governments aredistinguished by whether power is heldby one person, a few, or a majority.
Broad coalition governments includingall major parties in the legislature oftenformed during times of war or nationalemergency. Some countries with numer-ous divergent political parties or reli-gious and ethnic groups use govern-ments of national unity as the preferredform of government to build consensus.See also “Coalition Government.”
An individual who is involved in thepublic administration of a governmentwho attained his or her post eitherthrough an election, appointment, oremployment.
The chief executive of a state or of agovernorate. See also “Governorate.”
GOTV = Get Out The Vote
âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°°ûJJ
¤EG ¬qLƒà˘dɢH ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG Òcò˘à˘d Ω~˘î˘à˘°ù˘oj lí˘∏˘£˘°üe
.í°Tôª∏d º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G πLCG øe ´GÎb’G õcGôe
ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj πÑb kGÒÑc kG~¡L á∏ª◊G ∫òÑJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ
᢫˘∏˘ª˘Y ‘ ¿ƒ˘cQɢ°û«˘°S ø˘jô˘°UɢæŸG ¿CG ø˘e ~˘cCÉ˘à˘˘∏˘˘d
™LGQ .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~ojh ´GÎb’G¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO''
.''âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO''h ''õ««“ ¿hO âjƒ°üàdG
Governing Authority
áªcÉM á£∏°S/ºμ◊G á£∏°S
πqμ°ûàj øjòdG (äGQGOE’G hCG ¿Éé∏dG hCG) ¢UÉî°TC’G
hCG ,ádh~dG IQGOEÉc ájQGOEG ΩÉ¡Ã π ncƒŸG RÉ¡÷G º¡æe
.᪶æŸG hCG ,ácô°ûdG
Government
ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°°SDƒe/áeƒμM
qø˘°S ≥˘M ~˘ n¡˘©˘ oj å«˘˘M ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG ¿hDƒ˘˘°T IQGOE’ lΩɢ˘¶˘˘f
I~Y ≥n∏£oJh .øq«©e ≥jôØd É¡≤«Ñ£J ≥Mh ÚfGƒ≤dG
,ɡ૪°ùJ ∞∏àîJ »àdG áeƒμ◊G ≈∏Y äÉØ«æ°üJ
±ÓàNÉH ,~ nªà©ŸG …~«∏≤àdG ∞«æ°üàdG ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG
hCG kGOôØæe kÉ°üî°T ¿ÉcCG á£∏°ùdG ¢SQÉÁ …òdG ±ô£dG
.ájÌcC’G hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe á∏b
61
Government ofNational Unity
á«æWh I~Mh áeƒμM
Government Official »eƒμM ∞Xƒe/∫hDƒ°ùee
Governor (¿ÉæÑd) ßaÉfi/áj’ƒdG ºcÉM
á«°SÉ°SC’G ÜGõMC’G ™«ªL qº° j ™°SGh ∞dÉ– øY qºæJ
‘ πqμ°ûàJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ á∏ãªàŸG
¢ ©H CÉé∏jh .áFQÉW m±hôX qπX ‘ hCG Üô◊G äGÎa
hCG ᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG ¬˘HGõ˘MCG O~˘©˘à˘H õ q«˘ª˘à˘j …ò˘dG ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘˘dG
π«μ°ûJ ¤EG AGQB’G áæjÉÑàŸG á«æKE’Gh á«æj~dG ¬JÉYɪL
á«eƒμM áÑ«côJ ÒN É¡àØ°üH ,áeƒμ◊G √òg πãe
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .≥aGƒàdG AÉæH ‘ º¡°ùJ.''á«aÓàFG áeƒμM''
iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG IQGOEG ‘ •ôîæj ¢üî°T
hCG ,Üɢî˘à˘f’ɢH ɢeEG Gò˘g ¬˘Ñ˘°üæ˘e π˘¨˘°ûjh á˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G
.∞«XƒàdG hCG ,Ú«©àdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á¶aÉfi hCG áj’h ‘ …ò«ØæàdG ¢ù«FôdG
.''á¶aÉfi''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
In Arab countries, the territory ruledover by a governor. A governorate mayinclude several electoral districts andcities. See also “Governor.”
The involvement of citizens in politicallife, typically at the local level.
The selection of a governor by a state’svoters.
Governorateá¶aÉfi
á≤£æŸG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj ,á«Hô©dG ¿G~∏ÑdG ‘
á¶aÉÙG qº° J ¿CG øμÁh .ßaÉÙG É¡fhDƒ°T ôj~j »àdG
kɢ˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .ᢢ«˘˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fG ô˘˘FGhOh ¿~˘˘e I~˘˘˘YºcÉM''
.''ßaÉfi/áj’ƒdG
Grassroots á«Ñ©°T ~YGƒb
iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG •GôîfG
.IOÉY »∏ÙG
Gubernatorial Election áj’ƒdG ºcÉM ÜÉîàfG
.áj’ƒdG ‘ ÚÑNÉædG äGƒ°UCÉH ºcÉ◊G QÉ«àNG
62 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
HHagenbach-BischoffFormula
ñÉÑæZÉg ádOÉ©e-±ƒ°û««H
See “Droop Quota.”
A chad that did not completely detachfrom the ballot. When there is a hang-ing chad, that vote may not be countedcorrectly. See also “Chad.”
Terms used to differentiate betweencampaign funding that is and is notregulated by federal campaign financelaw. “Hard money” is a term used todescribe donations by individuals andgroups made directly to political can-didates running for federal office thatare regulated by law. “Soft money”describes donations not regulated bylaw that can be spent only on civicactivities such as voter registrationdrives, party-building activities,administrative costs, and in supportof state and local candidates. Softmoney contributions may not, by law,be used to directly support a candi-date for federal office.
The mechanical, magnetic, electronic,and electrical components making up acomputer system. For example, harddiscs, screens, keyboards, and wires.
™LGQ.''ÜhQO'' ÉJƒc
Hanging Chad
(´GÎb’G ábQh ‘) ≥dÉY Ö≤K
π°üØæj ⁄ …òdG ´GÎb’G ábQh øe ܃≤ãŸG Aõ÷G
ø˘ª˘°V á˘bQƒ˘dG √ò˘g Ö°ùà˘ë oJ ’ ~˘bh .kɢ«˘˘∏˘˘c ɢ˘¡˘˘æ˘˘Y
.É¡H kÉ≤dÉY Ö≤ãdG Gòg AÉ≤Ñd kGô¶f á◊É°üdG ¥GQhC’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''´GÎb’G ábQh Ö≤K''
Hard Money/SoftMoney
~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“/~q«≤e πjƒ“
π˘jƒ“ ÚH õ˘«˘«˘ª˘à˘∏˘d ¿É˘ë˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG ¿Gò˘˘g Ω n~˘˘î˘˘à˘˘°ù˘ oj
‹GQ~ØdG ¿ƒfÉ≤∏d ™° îj ’ hCG ™° îj …òdG äÓª◊G
¤EG ''~q«≤ŸG πjƒªàdG'' Ò°û«a .äÓª◊G πjƒªàH ≥∏©àŸG
kIô°TÉÑe äÉYƒªÛGh OGôaC’G É¡e~≤j »àdG äÉYÈàdG
»gh ,á«dGQ~ØdG Ö°UÉæª∏d Úë°TΟG Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG ¤EG
πjƒªàdG'' ÉeCG .QƒcòŸG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG áHÉbôd ™° îJ läÉYÈJ
™˘˘° J ’ »˘˘à˘˘dG äɢ˘YÈà˘˘dG ¤EG Ò°û«˘˘˘a ''~˘˘˘q«˘˘˘≤ŸG ÒZ
ᣰûfC’G ≈∏Y ’EG É¡bÉØfEG Rƒéj ’ »àdGh ,¿ƒfÉ≤∏d
á˘£˘°ûfC’Gh ,ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘˘dG π˘˘«˘˘é˘˘°ùJ äÓ˘˘ª˘˘ë˘˘c ᢢ«˘˘f~ŸG
,ájQGOE’G ∞«dÉμàdGh ,Üõ◊G äGQ~b AÉæÑd ᪶æŸG
Újƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y Úë°TôŸG ºYO ¤EG á«eGôdG ᣰûfC’Gh
π˘μ˘°T ò˘î˘à˘J »˘à˘dG äɢYÈà˘dɢa .»˘∏ÙGh »˘ª˘«˘∏˘bE’G
,¿ƒfÉ≤dG ÖLƒÃ ,Ω n~îà°ùoJ ’ ~b ~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“
. kGô°TÉÑe kɪYO ‹GQ~ØdG Ö°üæª∏d í°TôŸG ºY~d
Hardware
ôJƒ«ÑªμdG RÉ¡L äG~©e
á«fhÎμdE’Gh á«°ù«£æ¨ŸGh á«μ«fÉμ«ŸG äÉf qƒμŸG
…CG ,ôJƒ«Ñªμ˘dG Ωɢ¶˘f π˘μ˘°ûJ »˘à˘dG ᢫˘FɢHô˘¡˘μ˘dGh
,äÉ°TÉ°ûdGh ,áÑ∏°üdG ¢UGôbC’G :∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y
.∑Ó°SC’Gh ,í«JÉØŸG äÉMƒdh
63NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Hare Quota
(~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒàd) ''…QÉg'' ÉJƒc
Used in largest remainder proportionalrepresentation electoral systems todetermine how seats are awarded. Thequota is ascertained by the followingformula: total vote divided by the num-ber of seats. See also “ProportionalRepresentation.”
A group of people, often inhabitants of thesame geographic area, who differ in demo-graphic characteristics such as race, ethnic-ity, religion, social-economic class, etc. Seealso “Diversity” and for antonym, see“Homogenous Population.”
An election campaign for a particularoffice that voters are interested in andwant to hear about. High profile racesoften receive the highest voter turnout.For antonym, see “Low Profile Race.”
A formula used with proportional repre-sentation list systems to translate votesinto seats. Party vote totals are dividedby a series of devisors, under d’Hondt(by 1,2,3, etc.) or Sainte-Lagu (by 1,3,5,etc.) formulas. After each stage, the partywith the highest average wins the seat.The count continues with party votetotals being divided by sequential num-bers until all seats are filled. See also“Proportional Representation.”
A group of people, often inhabitants ofthe same geographic area, sharing thesame characteristics, such as race, eth-nicity, religion, social-economic class,etc. For antonym, see “Heterogene-ous Population.”
»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG ᪶fCG qπX ‘ á°ü◊G √òg ~ nªà©oJ
á≤jôW ~j~ëàd ≈∏YC’G »bÉÑdG á≤jô£H πª©J »àdG
ɢJƒ˘μ˘dG √ò˘˘g ¤EG π˘˘°Uƒ˘˘à˘˘dG º˘˘à˘˘jh .~˘˘Yɢ˘≤ŸG ™˘˘jRƒ˘˘J
äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› ᪰ùb :á«dÉàdG ádOÉ©ŸG ≥«Ñ£àH
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y ≈∏Y.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''
HeterogeneousPopulation
Ú°ùffÉéààe ÒZ ¿Éμ°S
á˘≤˘£˘æŸG ‘ ¢û«˘˘©˘˘J ɢ˘e kɢ˘Ñ˘˘dɢ˘Z ,¢Uɢ˘î˘˘°TCG ᢢYƒ˘˘ª›
É¡°üFÉ°üN å«M øe õjɪàJ ɉEG ,É¡JGP á«aGô¨÷G
,øj~dGh ,»æKE’G Aɪàf’Gh ,¥ô©dÉc ,á«aGôZƒÁ~dG
á«YɪàL’G á≤Ñ£dGh-™LGQ .É¡«dEG Éeh ,ájOÉ°üàb’G
kÉ° jCG'' qƒæJ''¢ «≤ædGh.''¿ƒ°ùffÉéààe ¿Éμ°S''
High Profile Race
áÑNÉ°U á«HÉîàfG ácô©e
É¡«a ¿ƒÑNÉædG ºà¡j øq«©e Ö°üæŸ á«HÉîàfG á∏ªM
á«HÉîàf’G ∑QÉ©ŸG ≈¶– Ée kÉÑdÉZ .É¡©ÑàJ ‘ ¿ƒÑZôjh
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .á˘cQɢ°ûŸG ø˘e á˘˘Ñ˘˘°ùf ≈˘˘∏˘˘YCɢ˘H á˘˘Ñ˘˘Nɢ˘°üdG
.''AGƒ°VC’G øY I~«©H á«HÉîàfG ácô©e''
Highest Average Method
™jRƒàd) ≈∏YC’G §°SƒàŸG á≤jôW
(~YÉ≤ŸG
»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG íFGƒd ᪶fCG ‘ ~ nªà©oJ ládOÉ©e
√ò˘˘g ÖLƒÃh .~˘˘Yɢ˘≤˘˘e ¤EG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G π˘˘jƒ– ±~˘˘¡˘˘H
Üõ◊G É¡dÉf »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› º n°ù≤oj ,ádOÉ©ŸG
''âfƒg …O'' ádOÉ©Ã kÓªY ,º°SGƒ≤dG øe á∏°ù∏°S ≈∏Y
hCG (∂«dGhO Gòμgh ,3h ,2h ,1 ΩÉbQC’G ≈∏Y ᪰ùb)
,3h ,1 ΩÉbQC’G ≈∏Y ᪰ùb) ''»Z’ âfÉ°S'' ádOÉ©Ã
~©≤ŸÉH RƒØj ,á∏Môe qπc ~©Hh .(∂«dGhO Gòμgh ,5h
.äGƒ°UC’G øe ≈∏YC’G §°SƒàŸG ∫Éæj …òdG Üõ◊G
»àdG äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› ᪰ù≤H äGƒ°UC’G Rôa ôªà°ùjh
Aπe ÚM ¤EG á∏°ù∏°ùàŸG ΩÉbQC’G ≈∏Y Üõ◊G É¡dÉf
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡∏c ~YÉ≤ŸG.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''
HomogenousPopulation
¿ƒ°ùffÉéààe ¿Éμ°S
á˘≤˘£˘æŸG ‘ ¢û«˘˘©˘˘J ɢ˘e kɢ˘Ñ˘˘dɢ˘Z ,¢Uɢ˘î˘˘°TCG ᢢYƒ˘˘ª›
ɢ¡˘°üFɢ°üN å«˘M ø˘e ¬˘Hɢ˘°ûà˘˘Jh ɢ˘¡˘˘JGP ᢢ«˘˘aGô˘˘¨÷G
,øj~dGh ,»æKE’G Aɪà˘fE’Gh ,¥ô˘©˘dɢc ᢫˘aGô˘ZƒÁ~˘dG
á«YɪàL’G á≤Ñ˘£˘dGh-øe ɢ¡˘«˘dEG ɢeh ,á˘jOɢ°üà˘b’G
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .¢üFÉ°üN.''Ú°ùffÉéààe ÒZ ¿Éμ°S''
64 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Horse Race
Úë°TôŸG Ö«JÎd ´Ó£à°SG
Polling questions or analysis focused onwhich candidates are ahead and whichare behind. This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.
A question on a political poll that asks,“If the election were held today, wouldyou vote for candidate X or candidateY?” This type of information is often oflittle use to the campaign because it doesnot provide a reason for the decision.The only horse race question that countsis at the polls on election day. This term isused specifically within the U.S. electoral system.See also “Political Polling.”
Tracking polls may be taken every dayby a candidate, especially during thelater stages of a campaign, so that he orshe can see if progress is being madetoward victory. Tracking polls canreveal the true nature of the political“horse race,” i.e., who is in the lead andwho is trailing. This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.
Cards handed out to voters by civicgroups or party supporters at voting cen-ters showing how supporters of a partyor candidate should fill in their ballotpapers. See also “Voter Education.”
The rights people are entitled to simplybecause they are human beings, irrespec-tive of their citizenship, nationality, race,ethnicity, language, sex, sexuality, or abili-ty. Human rights become enforceablewhen they are codified as conventions,covenants, or treaties, or as they becomerecognized as customary international law.
≈∏Y õ qcôJ á«YÓ£à°SG π«dÉ– AGôLEG hCG á∏Ä°SCG ìôW
.º¡H Ú≤MÓdG Úë°TôŸGh Úe~≤àŸG Úë°TôŸG ~j~–
ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G
Horse Race Question
ÖNÉædG QÉ«N ~j~ëàd ´Ó£à°SG
᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG AGQB’G ´Ó˘£˘à˘˘°SG Qɢ˘WEG ‘ ì nô˘˘£˘ oj ∫GDƒ˘˘°S
~ n≤©oJ ¿CG äÉHɢî˘à˘fÓ˘d Q u~˘ ob ƒ˘d'' :᢫˘dɢà˘dG ᢨ˘«˘°üdɢH
ɪ∏b ''?∑Gòd hCG í°TôŸG Gò¡d ä qƒ°üàd âæcCG ,Ωƒ«dG
ø˘e ´ƒ˘æ˘dG Gò˘˘g ø˘˘e ᢢ«˘˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G äÓ˘˘ª◊G ~˘˘«˘˘Ø˘˘J
PÉîJG AGQh áæeÉμdG ÜÉÑ°SC’G Q qÈj ’ ¬fC’ äÉeƒ∏©ŸG
‘ ¢Vô¨dÉH »ØJ »àdG I~«MƒdG á∏Ä°SC’G ÉeCG .QGô≤dG
õcGôe ~æY ì nô£oJ »àdG á∏Ä°SC’G »¡a ∫É◊G √òg πãe
.Üɢ˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G Ωƒ˘˘˘j ‘ ´GÎb’GGòg ∫ɪ˘©˘à˘°SG ™˘«˘°ûj
äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG
.I~ëàŸG kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''
Horse Race Tracking
í°TôŸG áq«©°Vh ™qÑààd ´Ó£à°SG
kɢ«˘˘eƒ˘˘j AGQB’G ´Ó˘˘£˘˘à˘˘°SG ¤EG í˘˘°TôŸG ~˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘j ¿CG ø˘˘μÁ
øe á«FÉ¡ædG πMGôŸG ‘ ɪ«°S ’ ,¥ÉÑ°ùdG ™qÑàààd
…òdG Ω~≤àdG i~e øe ≥≤ëàdG ¬d ≈qæ°ùàj »c ,á∏ª◊G
ø˘˘˘e ´ƒ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘dG Gò˘˘˘¡˘˘˘a .Rƒ˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘dG ≥˘˘˘«˘˘˘≤– √ÉŒÉ˘˘˘H √Rô˘˘˘ë˘˘˘˘j
᢫˘©˘°Vh ø˘Y Üɢ≤˘æ˘dG ∞˘˘°ûμ˘˘j …CGô˘˘dG äɢ˘YÓ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘°SG
øjòdG Úë°TôŸG øY …CG Ö«JÎdG ‘ á«≤«≤◊G Úë°TôŸG
‘ ¿ƒq∏ëj øjòdG Úë°TôŸG øYh á©«∏£dG ‘ ¿ƒq∏ëj
.á«dÉàdG ÖJGôŸGkG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V
How-to-Vote Cards
á≤jôW º«∏©àd ábÉ£H
âjƒ°üàdG
hô˘°Uɢæ˘e hCG ᢫˘f~ŸG äɢYƒ˘ªÛG ɢ¡˘˘YRƒ˘˘J läɢ˘bɢ˘£˘˘H
»gh ,´GÎb’G õcGôe ~æY ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y ÜGõMC’G
¥GQhCG Aπe á≤jôW í°TôŸG hCG Üõ◊G …ô°UÉæŸ ìô°ûJ
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G.''ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ''
Human Rights
¿É°ùffE’G ¥ƒ≤M
,kÉfÉ°ùfEG ¬fƒc OôÛ OôØdG É¡H ™àªàj »àdG ¥ƒ≤◊G
,¬bôY hCG ,¬à«°ùæL hCG ¬æWƒe øY ô¶ædG ±ô°üH ∂dPh
¬˘dƒ˘«˘e hCG ,¬˘°ùæ˘L hCG ,¬˘à˘¨˘d hCG ,»˘æ˘KE’G ¬˘˘Fɢ˘ª˘˘à˘˘fG hCG
ÚM ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡H πª©dG …ô°ùjh .¬JGQ~b hCG ,á«°ùæ÷G
ÚM hCG äG~gÉ©ŸG hCG Oƒ¡©dG hCG äÉ«bÉØJE’G É¡Y qô°ûJ
.á«dh~dG ÚfGƒ≤dG áeƒ¶æe ‘ kÉaôY ê nQ~oJ
65NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Hype
»eÓYEG èjjhôJ/á«eÓYEG áé°°V
Slang for political ads, e.g., slick, shortTV commercials. The term may alsorefer to exaggerated promises or state-ments made by a candidate (or hissupporters) on the campaign trail. Thisterm is used specifically within the U.S. elec-toral system.
á«fƒjõØ∏àdG äÉjÉY~dG πμ°T òîàJ á«°SÉ«°S äÉfÓYEG
Gò˘˘˘g Ò°ûj ¿CG ø˘˘˘μÁh .ᢢ˘YGÈH ᢢ˘˘dƒ˘˘˘˘¨˘˘˘˘°ûŸG IÒ°ü≤˘˘˘˘dG
á˘fÉ˘æ˘£˘dG í˘jQɢ˘°üà˘˘dG hCG Oƒ˘˘Yƒ˘˘dG ¤EG kɢ˘° jCG í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG
QÉ°ùŸG ∫ƒM (√hô°UÉæe hCG) í°TôŸG É¡≤∏£j »àdG áfÉfôdG
.á∏ª◊G ¬μ∏°ùJ …òdGí∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~–
66 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
IImage
í°TôŸG IQƒ°U
Impartiality
RÉ«ëf’G hCG õq«ëàdG Ω~Y/O qôŒ
Imperiali Quota
(~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒàd) ''‹ÉjÈeEG'' ÉJƒc
Impersonation
á«°üî°ûddG ∫ÉëàfG
The character projected to the public, asby a person or institution, especially as itis interpreted by the mass media.Politicians are often very concerned withtheir image and may hire “image makers”to psychoanalyze how the voters willinterpret the way a candidate dresses andthe way he or she appears in the media.See also “Campaign Professionals.”
Dealing with matters in a fair and unbi-ased manner. It is the operationalexpression of neutrality. See also “Non-Partisan.”
Sometimes used in largest remainderproportional representation electoralsystems to determine how seats areawarded. The quota is ascertained bythe following formula: total vote divid-ed by the number of seats plus two. Seealso “Proportional Representation.”
In the electoral context, this term isused to describe a person who assumesthe identity of another person with theintent of voting in his/her place.Impersonating a voter is considered atype of voter fraud.
GƒfÉc kÉ°UÉî°TCG ,¿ƒ«æ©ŸG πª©j »àdG áeÉ©dG IôμØdG
¢üNC’ÉHh ,Ö©°ûdG i~d É¡æjƒμJ ≈∏Y ,äÉ°ù°SDƒe ΩCG
qºà¡j Ée kGÒãμa .ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh É¡æY ôqÑ©J ɪc
Gƒæ«©à°ùj ¿CG q~M ¤EG ,º¡JQƒ°U ≥«ªæàH ¿ƒ«°SÉ«°ùdG
Gƒ∏∏ë«a ''ΩÓYE’G ‘ º¡JQƒ°U ¿hRõ©j AGÈîH'' kÉfÉ«MCG
,º¡°ùÑ∏e á≤jôW ¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ô¶æ«°S ∞«c kÉ«°ùØf
™˘LGQ .᢫˘eÓ˘YE’G º˘¡˘J’Ó˘WEGh ,á˘eɢ©˘dG º˘¡˘˘JQƒ˘˘°Uh
kÉ° jCG''.äÓª◊G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ AGÈN''
¤EG QÉ°ûoj .á«Yƒ°Vƒeh ∫~Y πμH QƒeC’G ™e »WÉ©àdG
.OÉ« p◊G áª∏μd ÊÓª©dG ÒÑ©àdG ƒg í∏£°üŸG Gòg q¿CG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''õq«ëàe ÒZ/»HõM ÒZ''
»àdG »Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG ᪶fCG qπX ‘ kÉfÉ«MCG ~ nªà©oJ
™jRƒJ á≤jôW ~j~ëàd ≈∏YC’G »bÉÑdG á≤jô£H πª©J
≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘à˘H ɢJƒ˘μ˘dG √ò˘g ¤EG π˘°Uƒ˘à˘dG º˘à˘jh .~˘Yɢ≤ŸG
O~Y ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› ᪰ùb :á«dÉàdG ádOÉ©ŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .2 ~FGR ~YÉ≤ŸG.''»Ñ°ùff π«ã“''
¤EG ,»˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ¥É˘˘«˘˘°ùdG ‘ ,í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘g Ò°ûj
âjƒ°üàdG áq«æH ôNBG ¢üî°T ájƒg πëàæj ¢üî°T
ôNBG ÖNÉf ájƒg ∫ÉëàfG Èà©oj ∂dòd .¬æY áHÉ«ædÉH
.»HÉîàf’G ôjhõàdG Ühô°V øe Üô°V
67NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
ImproperCampaigning
á∏ª◊G º«¶æJ ΩÉμMCG áØdÉfl
Contravention of campaign regulationsset by the electoral code/law, such asrestrictions on campaign finance, mediause, advertising, etc.
Refers to a voter registration processthat includes all groups and categoriesof citizens.
A candidate running again for an elect-ed position that he or she already holds.
The government that currently holdsoffice.
Ink that cannot be washed off. In manycountries, voters are required to dip a fin-ger into a bottle, which produces an indeli-ble ink stain to prevent multiple voting.
An organization that has been qualifiedby the U.S. Election AssistanceCommission to test and/or certify vot-ing equipment. This term is used specifical-ly within the U.S. electoral system.
Any persons, candidates or members,unaffiliated with a political party.
A figure that illustrates the collectivedisparity between the votes cast for par-ties in an election and the seats in thelegislature the parties win.
The creation of an electronic voterrecord at a later date and/or separatelocation using previously collectedvoter registration data.
º«¶æJ ≈YôJ »àdG ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ΩÉμMCG ∑É¡àfG
,á˘∏˘ª◊G π˘jƒ“ ≈˘∏˘Y ᢰVhô˘ØŸG Oƒ˘«˘≤˘dɢc ,äÓ˘ª◊G
.É¡«dEG Éeh ,»HÉîàf’G ¿ÓYE’Gh ,ΩÓYE’G ΩG~îà°SGh
Inclusive Registration
πeÉ°T π«é°°ùJJ
π˘ª˘°ûJ »˘à˘dG ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG π˘«˘é˘°ùJ ᢫˘∏˘˘ª˘˘Y ¤EG Ò°ûj
.º¡JÉÑ©°ûJh º¡JÉÄa ±ÓàNG ≈∏Y ,ÚæWGƒŸG
Incumbent Candidate
¬àj’h á«¡àæe í°Tôe
øq«©e Ö°üæà RƒØ∏d kGO~› äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒîj í°Tôe
.øgGôdG âbƒdG ‘ ¬∏¨°ûj
IncumbentGovernment
á«dÉM áeƒμM
.ºμ◊G ¿hDƒ°T kÉ«dÉM ôj~J »àdG áeƒμ◊G
Indelible Ink ∫hõj ’ ÈM
ÖNÉædG øe Ön∏£oj ,¿G~∏ÑdG º¶©e »Øa .√ƒfi Q qò©àj lÈM
…òdG È◊G øe ká©≤H ¬«∏Y ∞q∏îJ IÈfi ‘ ¬©Ñ°UEG qπpÑj ¿CG
.äGôe I~Y âjƒ°üàdG øe ¬©æŸ ∂dPh ,∫hõj ’
Independent TestingAuthority
äGQÉÑàN’G AGôLE’ á∏≤à°ùee áÄ«g
I~YÉ°ùª∏d á«cÒeC’G áæé∏dG ÉgÈà©J »àdG ᪶æŸG
hCG/h âjƒ°üàdG äG~©e QÉÑàN’ ká∏ qgDƒe äÉHÉîàf’G ‘
.É¡«∏˘Y ≥˘j~˘°üà˘∏˘dí∏£˘°üŸG Gò˘g ∫ɢª˘©˘à˘°SG ™˘«˘°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~–
Independents¿ƒ∏≤à°ùee
¬d •ÉÑJQG ’ áÄ«g ƒ° Y hCG í°Tôe hCG ¢üî°T …CG
.»°SÉ«°S ÜõëH
Index ofDisproportionality
Ö°SÉæàdG Ω~Y ô°TDƒe
»àdG äGƒ°UC’G áÑ°ùf ÚH ¥QÉØdG ´ƒª› RÈj lºbQ
»àdG ~YÉ≤ŸGh ,á¡L øe äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Üõ◊G É¡dÉæj
.iôNCG á¡L øe ¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ É¡H RƒØj
‘ hCG/h ≥M’ mâbh ‘ ÚÑNÉæ∏d ÊhÎμdEG πé°S AÉ°ûfEG
π«é°ùJ äÉfÉ«H ΩG~îà°SG ∫ÓN øe π°üØæe m¿Éμe
.≥HÉ°S mâbh ‘ ⩪oL »àdG ÚÑNÉædG
Indirect Recording ô°TÉÑe ÒZ π«é°°ùJJ
68 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Indirect Vote ô°TÉÑe ÒZ âjƒ°üJ
A vote that delegates the power tochoose an elected leader to a representa-tive, either an individual or organization.
A donation of time, expertise, space, orgoods. These might include officespace or lunch for a meeting, officesupplies, technical assistance, or occa-sional administrative work. See also“Campaign Donation.”
A method of voting in a single-memberdistrict in which voters have one voteand rank candidates in order of prefer-ence. If no candidate receives a majori-ty of first preference rankings, the can-didate with the fewest number of votesis eliminated and those votes are redis-tributed to the voters’ next preferencesamong the remaining candidates.
Polls set up in particular health carefacilities (including hospitals and per-sonal care homes). See also “MobileVoting Center.”
Groups characterized by the will to influ-ence political decision-making, in orderto successfully implement certain politi-cal goals or values. Interest groups tendto be integrated into the political process.See also “Lobby” and “Political ActionCommittee (PAC).”
A statement issued by an electionobservation mission, either domestic orinternational, that provides moredetailed findings or conclusions about acontinuing event (i.e. unsettled disputesand resolution of certain problems).The interim statement is typically pub-lished after the preliminary statement
IOÉ≤dG QÉ«àNG á«MÓ°U ´Î≤ŸG ¬«a ¢V qƒØj ´GÎbG
ΩCG kGOôa π㪟G Gòg ¿ÉcCG ,¬æY π㇠¤EG ÚÑîàæŸG
.᪶æe
In-kind Contribution á«æ«Y äÉYÈJ
hCG âbƒdG :á«dÉàdG ∫Éμ°TC’G ~MCG òNCÉJ »àdG äÉÑ¡dG
√òg πª°ûJ ¿CG Rƒéjh .OGƒŸG hCG ¿ÉμŸG hCG äGÈÿG
á˘Ñ˘Lh hCG Öà˘μ˘ª˘c á˘e~˘î˘à˘˘°ùŸG ᢢMɢ˘°ùŸG äɢ˘Ñ˘˘¡˘˘dG
,á«ÑàμŸG ΩRGƒ∏dG hCG ,´ÉªàLG AÉæKCG áe~≤ŸG AG~¨dG
áfÉeCG ∫ɪYCÉH kÉàbDƒe ΩÉ«≤dG hCG ,á«æ≤àdG I~YÉ°ùŸG hCG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ô°ùdG.''á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ''
Instant RunoffVoting (IRV)
äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH âjƒ°üJ
‹~j ’ å«M ájOôØdG IôFG~dG ‘ ≥sÑ£oJ âjƒ°üJ á«dBG
Ö°ùëH Úë°TôŸG ¿ƒÑJôjh ~MGh m䃰üH ’EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG
í°Tôe q…CG nßëj ⁄ ∫ÉM »Øa .º¡j~d á«∏° aC’G áLQO
,Úë°Tôª∏d Ö«JôJ ∫hCG Ö°ùëH äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCÉH
øe áÑ°ùf ≈fOCG ∫Éæj …òdG í°TôŸG OÉ©Ñà°SG ¤EG QÉ°üoj
≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G ∂∏J ™jRƒJ OÉ©oj ¿CG ≈∏Y äGƒ°UC’G
᢫˘dɢà˘dG ÖJGôŸG ‘ ¿ƒ˘∏˘ë˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG Ú뢢°TôŸG »˘˘bɢ˘H
.á«∏° aC’G áLQO Ö°ùëH
Institutional Polls äÉ°ù°°SDƒŸG ‘ ´GÎbG
á«ë°üdG ájÉYôdÉH á°UÉÿG äBÉ°ûæŸG ‘ ´GÎb’G …ôéj
᢫˘ë˘°üdG á˘jÉ˘æ˘˘©˘˘dG QhOh äɢ˘«˘˘Ø˘˘°ûà˘˘°ùŸG ɢ˘¡˘˘«˘˘a ÉÃ)
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .(á°UÉÿG.''∫ uƒéààe ´GÎbG õcôe''
Interest Groups ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª›
™˘æ˘°U ≈˘∏˘Y ÒKCɢà˘dG ‘ ɢ¡˘à˘Ñ˘Zô˘H õ˘q«˘ª˘à˘J läɢYƒ˘˘ª›
¢ ©H ≥«≤– ‘ ìÉéædG ±~¡H á«°SÉ«°ùdG äGQGô≤dG
äÉYƒªÛG √òg ´õæJh .á«°SÉ«°ùdG º«≤dG hCG ±G~gC’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ •Gôîf’G ƒëf
.''»°SÉ«°ùddG πª©dG áæ÷''h ''§¨° dG äÉYƒª›''
Interim Statement onObservation
»∏MôŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H
ÉeEG ,äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôà án∏ ncƒe áã©H øY Q~°üj l¿É«H
ø˘Y ᢫˘aɢ˘°VEG π˘˘«˘˘°Uɢ˘Ø˘˘J Ω q~˘˘≤˘˘jh ,ᢢ«˘˘dhO hCG ᢢ«˘˘∏fi
ç~M É¡«dEG ¢üo∏N »àdG èFÉàædG hCG äÉLÉàæà°S’G
~©H π°UƒàdG Ω~©d kGô¶f) ~©H ¬dƒ°üa p¬àæJ ⁄ øq«©e
.(πcÉ°ûŸG ¢ ©H qπMh äÉYGõædG ¢ ©H ‘ qâÑdG ¤EG
≥Ñ°ùjh ‹hC’G n¿É«ÑdG ~©H IOÉY »∏MôŸG o¿É«ÑdG »JCÉj
69NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
but before the more comprehensive finalreport. Findings in the interim report arestill considered preliminary. See also“Final Statement on Observation”and “Post-Election/Preliminary State-ment on Observation.”
A foreign national, who as part of aninternational election mission or dele-gation engages in international electionobservation. See also “ElectionMonitor/Observer.”
The organized efforts of intergovernmen-tal and international non-governmentalorganizations and associations to conductinternational election observation. See also“Election Monitoring/Observing.”
A method of voter contact using com-puters and communications networksand involves developing campaignpages on the World Wide Web. Whilethis can be an inexpensive way to con-vey a lot of information to those inter-ested in the candidate and the campaign,it is not an effective voter contactmethod because it does not go to thevoters. Instead voters have to go to it.
The act of casting a ballot on a comput-er via the World Wide Web. Internetvoting can take place remotely, fromany home computer, or at specific com-puters under the control of a pollingauthority, as in poll-site Internet votingor kiosk voting. See also “KioskVoting,” “Poll-Site Internet Voting,”and “Remote Internet Voting.”
»àdG èFÉàædG q¿CG ’EG ,k’ƒª°T ÌcC’G »FÉ¡ædG ôjô≤àdG
èFÉàf Èà©J ∫GõJ ’ »∏MôŸG ôjô≤àdG É¡«dEG ¢ü∏îj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«dhCG¿É«H''h ,''»FÉ¡ædG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''
.'' äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée/‹hC’G ÚÑbGôŸG
70
International ElectionMonitor (or Observer)
‹h~dG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe
á«dhO áã©H ‘ kGƒ° Y ¬àØ°üH ,∑QÉ°ûj »ÑæLCG øWGƒe
áÑbGôŸG Oƒ¡L ‘ ,äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ ‹hO ~ah hCG
™LGQ .äÉHÉîàfÓd á«dh~dG.''äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe''
International ElectionObservation Mission(or Delegation)
áÑbGôŸ (‹hO ~ah hCG) á«dhO áã©H
äÉHÉîàf’G
ÒZ äɢ˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸGh ᢢ«˘˘dh~˘˘dG ᢢ«˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G äɢ˘ª˘˘¶˘˘˘æŸG
±~¡H ÉgOƒ¡L ≥°ùæJ »àdG äÉ«©ª÷Gh á«eƒμ◊G
™˘LGQ .‹h~˘dG iƒ˘à˘°ùŸG ≈˘∏˘Y äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G á˘Ñ˘cGƒ˘˘e
kÉ° jCG.''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe''
Internet Campaigning âfÎfE’G ÈY äÓª◊G º«¶æJ
Iõ¡LCG Ω~îà°ùJ ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh
IOÉY á∏«°SƒdG √òg Ωƒ≤Jh .∫É°üJ’G äÉμÑ°Th ôJƒ«ÑμdG
á˘μ˘Ñ˘°T ≈˘∏˘Y á˘∏˘ª˘ë˘∏˘d äɢë˘Ø˘°U ¢ü«˘°üî˘J ≈˘∏˘˘Y
ÒZ á∏«°Sh q~©oJ √òg ∫É°üJ’G á∏«°Sh q¿CG ™eh .âfÎfE’G
¢UɢTC’G ¤EG äɢeƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ø˘e xº˘c ∫ɢ°üjE’ á˘Ø˘ ˘∏˘ ˘μ˘ ˘e
ádÉ©a á∏«°Sh Èà©J ’ »¡a ,¬à∏ªëHh í°TôŸÉH ڪ࡟G
,ÖNÉædG ¤EG É¡≤jôW ∂∏°ùJ ’ É¡fC’ ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd
.É¡«dEG ¬≤jôW ~éj ¿CG ¬°ùØf ÖNÉædG øe Ö∏£àJ ɉEG
Internet Voting âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üJ
á˘˘μ˘˘Ñ˘˘°T ÈY ¬˘˘Jƒ˘˘°üH A’OE’G ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ÖNɢ˘˘æ˘˘˘dG ΩG~˘˘˘bEG
âfÎfE’G ÈY ÖNÉædG ä qƒ°üj ¿CG Rƒéjh .âfÎfE’G
…òdG ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG Rɢ¡˘L ΩG~˘î˘à˘°SɢH ɢeEG ,~˘©˘H ø˘Y
ôJƒ«Ñªc Iõ¡LCG ΩG~îà°SÉH hCG ¬dõæe ‘ ¬e~îà°ùj
á˘Ä˘«˘g ±Gô˘°TEG â– ™˘°Vƒ˘˘J ¢Vô˘˘¨˘˘dG Gò˘˘¡˘˘d ᢢ°ü°üfl
âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ˘°üà˘˘dG ‘ ∫É◊G »˘˘g ɢ˘ª˘˘c ,º˘˘∏˘˘≤˘˘dG
™LGQ .∑É°ûcC’G ‘ âjƒ°üàdG hCG ´GÎbE’G ™bƒe øª°V
ø˘ª˘°V ~˘˘©˘˘H ø˘˘Y âjƒ˘˘°üJ''h ,''∑ɢ˘°ûccC’G ‘ âjƒ˘˘°üJ''
.''âfÎfE’G ÈY ~©H øY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''´GÎbE’G ™bƒe
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Invalid Votes á◊É°U ÒZ ´GÎbG ábQh
See “Rejected Ballot.”
The annulment of elections due tomistabulation, fraud, or other activitiesdetermined by a legal entity to haveerroneously impacted the outcome ofthe election.
A subject or interest for advocates ordecision-makers. See also “Public PolicyIssue.”
A person who does not reside in anydistrict, but whose name has beenplaced on the register of electors. Thisterm is used specifically within the Australianelectoral system.
™LGQ.''á«Z’ ´GÎbG ábQh''
Invalidation of Results ÜÉîàf’G èFFÉàf AɨdEG
ádh~L ‘ π∏N OƒLh áé«àf äÉHÉîàf’G ¿Ó£H ¿ÓYEG
…CG ÜÉμJQG ÖÑ°ùH hCG ,»HÉîàfG ôjhõJ hCG ,äGƒ°UC’G
â q∏˘NCG ɢ¡˘fCɢH ᢫˘fƒ˘˘fɢ˘b ᢢĢ˘«˘˘g qô˘˘≤˘˘J iô˘˘NCG ∫ɢ˘ª˘˘YCG
.äÉHÉîàf’G á∏«°üëH
IssueádCÉ°ùee/á«° b
»˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e Ωɢª˘à˘gG π˘¨˘˘°ûj …ò˘˘dG ´ƒ˘˘°VƒŸG hCG ¿Cɢ˘°ûdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äGQGô≤dG »©fÉ°U hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM
.''áeÉ©dG á°SÉ«°ùddG ¿hDƒ°T''
Itinerant Elector ∫ uƒéààe ´Î≤e
º«≤j ’ ¬fCG ™e ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ ¬ª°SG O pôj l¢üî°T
.á«HÉîàfG IôFGO …CG ‘í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~–
71NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
JJargon
á«MÓ£°UG á¨d
The specialized language of a particularprofession, trade, or industry.
The power of the judiciary branch ofgovernment, to annul the acts of theother branches when these branches arenot in accordance with a higher norm.
The geographical area over which acourt or government body has thepower and right to exercise authority.
áYÉæ°U hCG IQÉŒ hCG áæ¡e ‘ ádhG~àŸG ¢UÉ°üàN’G á¨d
.áæq«©e
Judicial Power á«FÉ° b á£∏°S
∫É£HEÉH á«FÉ° ≤dG áÄ«¡dG ¤EG π ncƒJ »àdG á£∏°ùdG
Újô˘NC’G Úà˘£˘∏˘°ùdG ø˘Y IQOɢ°üdG ∫ɢª˘YC’G ∫ƒ˘©˘Ø˘e
.É¡«∏Y ± nQÉ©àŸG É«∏©dG ÒjÉ©ŸG ™e ≥aGƒàJ ’ ÚM
Jurisdiction ¥É£f/¢UÉ°üàNG hCG á«MÓ°U
ºμ◊G hCG PƒØædG á≤£æe/á£∏°ùddG
hCG áªμÙG É¡«∏Y §°ùÑJ »àdG á«aGô¨÷G áMÉ°ùŸG
¿CG É¡d ≥ëjh ÉgPƒØf ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe øe á°ù°SDƒe …CG
.ÉgOh~M øª°V É¡à£∏°S ¢SQÉ“
72 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
KKiosk Voting
∑É°ûccC’G ‘ âjƒ°üJ
Internet voting that is conducted atany voting center within a voter’selectoral district on designated com-puters that are controlled and moni-tored by election officials. See also“Poll-Site Internet Voting” and“Remote Internet Voting.”
A term used to describe the key advi-sors to a candidate informally organizedso as not to attract attention.
âjƒ°üJ õcôe …CG ‘ ÖNÉædG ¬jôéj âfÎfE’G ÈY ´GÎbG
º«≤j »àdG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V á©bGƒdG õcGôŸG øe
á˘Ñ˘bGôŸ ™˘° î˘J IO~fi ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘c Iõ˘¡˘LCG ÈYh ,ɢ¡˘«˘a
™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G »ØXƒeøª°V âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üJ''
.''âfÎfE’G ÈY ~©H øY âjƒ°üJ''h '' ´GÎb’G ™bƒe
Kitchen Cabinet ÚHô≤ŸG øjQÉ°ûàà°ùŸŸG ≥jôa
Rô˘˘HCG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ᢢd’~˘˘∏˘˘d í˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘˘°üŸG Gò˘˘˘g Ω n~˘˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘°ù˘˘˘oj
¿ƒ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘à˘j ø˘jò˘dG í˘°TôŸG ø˘e ÚHô˘≤ŸG ø˘jQɢ°ûà˘°ùŸG
.√ÉÑàf’G âØ∏d kÉÑæŒ á«ª°SQ ÒZ á≤jô£H
73NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
LLandslide
/äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ≥MÉ°S Rƒa
á≤MÉ°S ájÌcCG hCG á«Ñ∏ZCG
An election in which one candidatedefeats the other by a very large margin.
A method of translating votes into seatsin a proportional representation list sys-tem according to determined quotas.There are two stages to this method ofcounting. First, parties are awardedseats in proportion to the number ofquotas they fulfill (quotas vary depend-ing on which of three systems are used).Second, remaining seats are awarded toparties on the basis of the left overvotes they possess after the ‘quota’stage of the count. Largest remainderseats are allocated in order of vote size.
A general body of rules and regulationsofficiated by authority. Laws are gener-ally found in constitutions, legislation,and judicial opinions.
The strict enforcement of the law andthe consequent social stability thatcomes from the enforcement of lawwithin a given society.
Large signs with the candidate’s nameon them and the office they are seeking,which can be placed on lawns and otherareas near roads. Lawn signs are good
¬˘«˘°ùaɢæ˘e ≈˘∏˘Y äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ‘ Ú뢰TôŸG ~˘MCG Rƒ˘a
.äGƒ°UC’G øe ÒÑc ¥QÉØH
Largest RemainderMethod (Rarely Used)
™jRƒàd) ≈∏YC’G »bÉÑdG á≤jôW
(∫ɪ©à°S’G IQOÉf) (~YÉ≤ŸG
Ωɶf qπX ‘ ~YÉ≤e ¤EG äGƒ°UC’G É¡«a ∫ qƒëàJ á≤jôW
á≤jôW ô“h .IO~ÙG ¢ü°üë∏d kÉ≤ah á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG
,¤hC’G á∏MôŸG ‘ .Úà∏MôÃ √òg äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàMG
O~Y ™e Ö°SÉæàdÉH ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ …ôéj
∞∏àîJ á°ü◊G √òg q¿CG kɪ∏Y) É¡H GhRÉa »àdG ¢ü°ü◊G
ÉeCG .(áKÓãdG ᪶fC’G ÚH øe ~ nªà©ŸG ΩɶædG ±ÓàNÉH
≈˘∏˘Y ᢫˘≤˘Ñ˘àŸG ~˘Yɢ≤ŸG ´ qRƒ˘à˘à˘a ,᢫˘fɢã˘dG á˘∏˘MôŸG ‘
~©H É¡d ≈ q≤ÑàJ »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ÜGõMC’G
, mòF~æY .''ÉJƒμdG Ωɶæd'' kÉ©ÑJ äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàMG á∏Môe
≈∏YC’G »bÉÑdG á≤jô£d kÉ≤ÑW á«≤ÑàŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG ´ sRƒoJ
.É¡àdÉf »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ºéM Ö°ùëH ÜGõMC’G ≈∏Y
Law¿ƒfÉb
i~MEG É¡°SôμJ »àdG ᪶fC’Gh ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›
ÒJÉ°S~dG ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG êQ~æJ ,ΩÉY m¬LƒHh .äÉ£∏°ùdG
.á«FÉ° ≤dG äGOÉ¡àL’Gh äÉ©jô°ûàdGh
Law and Order øeCÓd kGõjõ©J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J
ΩɶædGh
¤EG …ODƒj mƒëf ≈∏Y kÉeQÉ°U kÉ≤«Ñ£J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J
PÉ˘Ø˘fEG ø˘Y œÉ˘˘æ˘˘dG »˘˘Yɢ˘ª˘˘à˘˘L’G QGô˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘°S’G Aɢ˘°SQEG
.øq«©e ™ªà› ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG
Lawn Signs (í°TôŸÉH ∞jô©à∏d) äÉàa’
74
…ò˘˘dG Ö°üæŸGh í˘˘°TôŸG º˘˘°SG π˘˘ª– IÒÑ˘˘˘c äɢ˘˘à˘˘˘a’
ø˘e ᢠHô˘≤˘e ≈˘∏˘Yh ∫Rɢ ˘æŸG Ωɢ ˘eCG ¢S nô˘ ˘ ˘ oJh ¬˘ ˘d í˘ ˘°TÎj
~jõJ É¡fCG äÉàaÓdG √òg äÉæ°ùM øeh .áeÉ©dG äÉbô£dG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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for increasing name recognition of thecandidate and reminding people tovote. See also “Visibility.”
Someone who rules, guides, or inspiresothers. A leader can be someone incharge of others or someone membersof a community follow.
The ability to lead, gain followers andto influence others towards theachievement of political goals.
The particular traits people are lookingfor in those who represent them.
Voters legally excluded from registeringand voting on grounds including suchconditions as property ownership,wealth, literacy, race, gender, incarcera-tion, military service, and mental fitness.
Structure of political processes consist-ing of the constitutional rules, laws,complementary regulations, and explic-it or implicit codes of conduct. Withregards to elections, collectively thelegal framework consists of the consti-tutional rules, electoral laws, comple-mentary regulations, and explicit orimplicit codes of conduct that dictatethe electoral system and direct theadministration of electoral processes.See also “Electoral Code/Law.”
A revision or change brought to the lawof a country in accordance with a for-mal procedure. See also “Amendmentof Electoral Law” and “ElectoralReform.”
âjƒ°üàdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ô qcòJh í°TôŸG ¤EG ±ô©àdG ¢Uôa
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬d.''í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G §«∏°ùJJ''
Leaderº«YR/~FÉb
hCG ,ø˘jô˘NB’G ≈˘∏˘Y ¬˘à˘£˘∏˘°S §˘°ùÑ˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢ü°ûdG
kɢ° jCG ƒ˘gh .º˘¡˘d Ωɢ¡˘dEG Q~˘°üe ¿ƒ˘μ˘j hCG ,º˘˘¡˘˘¡˘˘Lƒ˘˘j
hCG øjôNB’G ¿hDƒ°T ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G ¤ƒàj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
.áYɪ÷G AÉ° YCG ¬©Ñàj …òdG
Leadership ájOÉ«b ìhQ
≈˘∏˘Y kɢ«˘dɢJh …OɢjQ Qh~˘H ´Ó˘£˘°V’G ≈˘∏˘˘Y IQ~˘˘≤˘˘dG
ÒKCÉàdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG kÉ° jCG »gh .´ÉÑJC’G ádɪà°SG
±G~gC’G ≥«≤– ƒëf º¡¡«LƒJh ´ÉÑJC’G A’Dƒg ≈∏Y
.IOƒ°ûæŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG
Leadership Qualities ájOÉ«b äGõ«e/äÉØ°U
øe ¢üî°T ‘ OôØdG É¡æY åëÑj »àdG á°UÉÿG íeÓŸG
.¬∏qãÁ
Legal Exclusion ʃfÉb AÉ°übEG
âjƒ°üàdGh π«é°ùàdG øY kÉ«fƒfÉb ÚÑNÉædG OÉ©Ñà°SG
,IhÌdGh ,á«μ∏ŸÉc áæq«©e πFÉ°ùà ≥∏©àJ mÜÉÑ°SC’
,øé°ùdGh ,»˘Yɢª˘à˘L’G ´ƒ˘æ˘dGh ,¥ô˘©˘dGh ,᢫˘eC’Gh
.á«∏≤©dG á«∏gC’Gh ,ájôμ°ù©dG áe~ÿGh
Legal Framework ʃfÉb QÉWEG
πª°ûJ »àdG á«°SÉ«˘°ùdG ᢫˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ᢫˘æ˘H ‘ ≈˘∏˘é˘à˘j
Éeh ,ÚfGƒ≤dGh ,~YGƒ≤dG ≈∏Y …ƒ£æJh äÉHÉîàf’G
∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~˘YGƒ˘b äɢfh~˘eh á˘ª˘¶˘fCG ø˘e ɢ¡˘∏˘ª˘μ˘à˘°ùj
.Qƒà°S~dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj »àdG á«æª° dG hCG á«æ∏©dG
™˘ª˘é˘«˘a äɢHɢî˘à˘f’ɢH ¢UÉÿG ʃ˘fɢ˘≤˘˘dG Qɢ˘WE’G ɢ˘eCG
ɢeh ,᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dGh ,á˘jQƒ˘à˘°S~˘dG Ωɢμ˘MC’G
∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~˘YGƒ˘b äɢfh~˘eh á˘ª˘¶˘fCG ø˘e ɢ¡˘∏˘ª˘μ˘à˘°ùj
»HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG ≈YôJ »àdG á«æª° dG hCG á«æ∏©dG
.É¡∏MGôe qπμH ᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ᢫˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG IQGOEG ¤ƒ˘à˘Jh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb''
Legislative Amendment
äÉ©jô°ûààdG πj~©J
hCG á©LGôª∏d ~∏ÑdG ‘ É¡H ∫ƒª©ŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ´É° NEG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»ª°SQ AGôLE’ kÉ©ÑJ Ò«¨àdGπj~©J''
.''»HÉîàfG ìÓ°UEG''h ''»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG
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Legislative Office »©jô°ûJJ Ö°üæe
A position in a parliament, assembly, orcongress.
A mechanism through which citizenscan remove a public official fromoffice. Legislative recalls are authorizedby constitutional or statutory provi-sions, which differ per country or state.Typically legislative recalls commencewith the filing of a petition with signa-tures supporting the removal of an offi-cial from office. If the petition gains acertain level of support (as specified bythe relevant provision) the official iseither removed from office as a resultof the petition, or an election may beheld to determine whether to removethe official. Special elections are subse-quently held to elect a successor. Insome cases, non-elected public officialscan also be recalled.
An officially elected or otherwise select-ed body of people vested with theresponsibility and power to make lawsfor a political unit, such as a state ornation. Sometimes called a parliament,assembly, or congress.
All free and legitimate government isbased on governing the interactionsbetween sovereign individuals throughmutually accepted contracts.
The act of giving equal opportunities todifferent participants or players.
To use personal or institutional influ-ence or position to gain support and/orfinancial backing of other people and/orinstitutions in a mutual endeavor.
hCG ,»˘˘˘˘˘©˘˘˘˘˘jô˘˘˘˘˘°ûà˘˘˘˘˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG hCG ,¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ Ö°üæ˘˘˘˘˘e
.¢Sô¨fƒμdG
Legislative Recall ÖFÉf hCG ∫hDƒ°ùee) ∫õY/ádÉbEG
»Ñ©°T âjƒ°üàH (ÊÉŸôH
hCG »eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùe ádÉbEÉH ÚæWGƒª∏d íª°ùJ á«dBG
ɢeEG ᢫˘dB’G √ò˘g ~˘ nª˘à˘©˘oJh .¬˘Ñ˘°üæ˘e ø˘e ÊÉŸô˘˘H ÖFɢ˘f
»àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dG ¢Uƒ°üædG hCG Qƒà°S~dG ΩÉμMCG ÖLƒÃ
‘ ò˘î˘à˘Jh ,∫h~˘dG hCG ¿G~˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ±Ó˘˘à˘˘Nɢ˘H ∞˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘î˘˘J
¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› É¡© qbƒJ má° jôY πμ°T ¢SÉ°SC’G
ø˘e ÚdhDƒ˘°ùŸG ~˘MCG á˘dɢbEG Ö∏˘£˘d kɢª˘YO ɢ¡˘H Ω q~˘≤˘˘à˘˘Jh
~«jCÉàdG øe øq«©e q~ëH á° jô©dG â¶M GPEG .¬Ñ°üæe
ÉeEÉa ,(á∏°üdG äGP á«fƒfÉ≤dG ¢Uƒ°üædG √O~– Ée ≥ah)
ká˘Hɢé˘à˘°SG ¬˘Ñ˘°üæ˘e ø˘˘e ∫hDƒ˘˘°ùŸG ᢢdɢ˘bEG ¤EG Qɢ˘°ü˘ oj ¿CG
Ö∏˘˘˘˘£ŸG Gò˘˘˘˘g ´É˘˘˘˘° NEG ¤EG hCG ,ᢢ˘˘° jô˘˘˘˘©˘˘˘˘dG Ö∏˘˘˘˘˘£Ÿ
∫hDƒ°ùŸG ádÉbEG á«fÉμeEG i~e øe åÑãà∏d âjƒ°üà∏d
äÉHÉîàfG AGôLEG á∏MôŸG √òg Ö≤©j ¿CG ≈∏Y , q»æ©ŸG
¤EG kÉ° jCG IQÉ°TE’G øe q~H ’ .¬d m∞∏N QÉ«àN’ á°UÉN
áæq«©e ±hôX qπX ‘ á«dB’G √òg ¤EG Aƒé∏dG á«fÉμeEG
.Ö nîàæe ÒZ »ª°SQ ∫hDƒ°ùe ádÉbE’
Legislature á«©jô°ûJJ á£∏°S/áÄ«g
kÉaÓN hCG É¡HÉîàfG …ôéj »àdG ¢UÉî°TC’G áYƒª›
᢫˘dhDƒ˘°ùe ɢ¡˘«˘dEG ~˘ n¡˘© oJ »˘à˘dGh ,ɢ˘gQɢ˘«˘˘à˘˘NG ∂dò˘˘d
I~˘Mh ø˘ª˘°V …ô˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG qø˘°S ᢫˘MÓ˘˘°Uh
QÉ°ûoj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .áeC’G hCG áj’ƒdÉc áæq«©e á«°SÉ«°S
.¢Sô¨fƒμdG hCG »©jô°ûàdG ¢ù∏ÛG hCG ¿ÉŸÈdÉH É¡«dEG
LegitimateGovernment
á«Yô°T áeƒμM
õμ˘Jô˘jh kɢ«˘Yô˘°T kɢ©˘HɢW π˘ª– »˘à˘dG Iô◊G á˘eƒ˘μ◊G
ºg mOGôaCG ÚH á«∏YÉØJ äÉbÓY ájÉYQ ≈∏Y É¡ªμM
á≤aGƒÃ ≈¶– äÉ«bÉØJG ÖLƒÃ ∂dPh ,ºgQGôb OÉ«°SCG
.Úaô£dG Óc
Level Playing Field ¢UôØdG DƒaÉμJ
∞∏àı áMÉàŸG ¢UôØdG ‘ IGhÉ°ùŸG ≈Yôj …òdG CG~ÑŸG
.AÉbôaC’G hCG ÚcQÉ°ûŸG
LeveragePįf
ɪ¡©bƒŸ hCG ɪgÒKCÉàd á°ù°SDƒŸG hCG ¢üî°ûdG ∫Ó¨à°SG
ø˘˘˘e ‹ÉŸG º˘˘˘Y~˘˘˘dG hCG/h ~˘˘˘«˘˘˘jCɢ˘˘à˘˘˘dG Ö°ùc π˘˘˘LCG ø˘˘˘e
.iôNC’G äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG/h ¢UÉî°TC’G
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Liberal‹GÈ«d
An individual who generally believes inthe power of an activist government toresolve society’s many domestic prob-lems, protect the interests of the poor, andimprove the lives of individual citizensthrough specific governmental programs.For antonym, see “Conservative.”
An electoral system used in multi-mem-ber districts in which voters can votefor more than one candidate, but forfewer candidates than are running foroffice. The candidates with the highestvote totals win the seats, in the sameway as in a bloc vote or single non-transferable vote. See also “Bloc Vote”and “Single Non-Transferable Vote(SNTV).”
See “Voters List.”
A system in which each party presents alist of candidates for an electoral dis-trict, voters vote for a party, and partiesreceive seats in proportion to theiroverall share of the vote. Winning can-didates are taken from the party lists.See also “Closed List,” “Free List,”and “Open List.”
Evaluation of the voters list whichchecks that names on the voters listactually belong to eligible voters. Thetest also verifies the voter information ofeach selected name on the list. See also“People-to List Audit (of the VotersList)” and “Voters List Audit.”
qπM ≈∏Y ᣰTÉædG áeƒμ◊G IQ~≤H káeÉY øeDƒj Oôa
,™ªàÛG É¡æe ÊÉ©j »àdG IÒãμdG á«∏ÙG πcÉ°ûŸG
iƒ˘à˘°ùe ™˘aQh ,IÒ≤˘Ø˘dG á˘≤˘Ñ˘£˘dG í˘dɢ°üe ᢢjɢ˘ª˘˘Mh
è˘eGô˘H ≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘J ∫Ó˘N ø˘˘e Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG i~˘˘d ᢢ°û«˘˘©ŸG
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .á°UÉN á«eƒμM.''ßaÉfi''
Limited Vote (LV) Oh~ÙG 䃰üdG Ωɶf
π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG IO~˘©˘àŸG ô˘FGh~˘dG ‘ ~˘ nª˘à˘©˘oj ´GÎbG Ωɢ˘¶˘˘f
ɉEG ,~MGh í°Tôe øe ÌcC’ ä qƒ°üj ¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àjh
¿ƒ˘˘°Vƒ˘˘î˘˘˘j ø˘˘˘jò˘˘˘dG Ú뢢˘°TôŸG O~˘˘˘Y ø˘˘˘e qπ˘˘˘bCG O~˘˘˘©˘˘˘d
¿ƒ∏°üëj øjòdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG ~©≤ŸÉH RƒØjh .äÉHÉîàf’G
ɢª˘c kɢeÉ“ ,äGƒ˘°UC’G ´ƒ˘ª› ø˘e á˘Ñ˘°ùf ≈˘˘∏˘˘YCG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y
πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG 䃰üdGh á∏àμdG »eɶf ‘ π°üëj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Ò«éà∏d䃰üdG Ωɶf''h ''á∏àμdG Ωɶf''
.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG
List of Electors ÚYÎ≤ŸG íFGƒd
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''
List ProportionalRepresentation (List PR)
á«Ñ°ùæædG áªFÉ≤dG/áëFÓdG Ωɶf
Ω q~≤j ¿CG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ∑QÉ°ûe ÜõM qπμd í«àj Ωɶf
.áæq«©e á«Hɢî˘à˘fG Iô˘FGO π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘d Ú뢰Tô˘e á˘ë˘F’
≈∏Y ÜGõMC’G π°ü–h ,Üõë∏d ¿ƒÑNÉædG ä qƒ°ü«a
»˘à˘dG äGƒ˘°UC’G ᢰüM ™˘e Ö°Sɢæ˘à˘dɢH ~˘˘Yɢ˘≤ŸG O~˘˘Y
í˘FGƒ˘∏˘dG ø˘e ɢgƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘e Rƒ˘Ø˘«˘a ,∫ɢª˘LE’ɢH ɢ¡˘dÉ˘æ˘˘J
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ á«Hõ◊G,''IôM áëF’''h ,''á≤∏¨e áëF’''
.''áMƒàØe áëF’h
List-to-People Audit(of the Voters List)
ÚH á≤HÉ£ŸG ∫ÓN øe ≥«b~J
¢SƒØædG πé°°Sh ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd
≥≤ëàdG ≥jôW øY ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd áë°U i~e º««≤J
kÉ«∏©a Oƒ©J ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ áLQ~ŸG Aɪ°SC’G q¿CG øe
í∏°üj ,∂dP øY kÓ° a .´GÎbÓd Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG
øY IOQGƒdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG áë°U ‘ ≥«b~à∏d QÉÑàN’G Gòg
≈˘∏˘Y Qɢ«˘à˘N’G ™˘≤˘j ᢢ뢢FÓ˘˘dG ‘ π˘˘é˘˘°ùe ÖNɢ˘f π˘˘c
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬ª°SGπé°°S ÚH á≤HÉ£ŸG ∫ÓN øe ≥«b~J''
.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''h ''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒdh ¢SƒØædG
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Literature Drop á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûææe/OGƒe ™jRƒJ
A voter contact method in which vol-unteers go door-to-door to leave cam-paign literature at each home of votersin the district. See also “CampaignLiterature.”
A voter contact method in which volun-teers hand campaign literature to poten-tial voters gathered in any large groups,such as workers leaving a factory, com-muters waiting for a train, or shoppersat a market. See also “CampaignLiterature.”
A test to determine how well electronicequipment can perform under the levelof usage that can be expected on elec-tion day. See also “End-to-End Test.”
People who support some commoncause, business, principle, or sectionalinterest; a group of people who tryactively to influence legislation. See also“Interest Group” and “PoliticalAction Committee (PAC).”
An election held in a particular localityto choose between candidates or tovote on ballot measures; election for alocal governing body, such as a citycouncil, municipal council, mayor, orcommunity board. See also “NationalElection” and “State Election.”
See “Operations Division.”
An election campaign for a particularoffice that may generate minimal voterinterest. See also “Down Ballot.” Forantonym, see “High Profile Race.”
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Literature Handout á∏ª◊G äGQƒ°ûææe/OGƒe º«∏°ùJJ
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Load Test AGOC’G QÉÑàNG
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Lobby á£ZÉ°V iƒb/§¨° dG äÉYƒª›
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Lower House äÉj’ƒdG) ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏∏›
Ωƒª©dG ¢ù∏∏›/(I~ëàŸG
(É«fÉ£jôH)
In a bicameral legislature, the chamberwhich generally has a larger electedmembership and is thereby more repre-sentative. Typically, it is the more pow-erful of the two chambers if power isunequal among them. For example, theHouse of Representatives is the “lowerhouse” in the U.S. federal government.See also “Bicameral Legislature” and“Upper House.”
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.''øjQÉ°ûàà°ùŸŸG/¿É«YC’G
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MA voter contact method in which cam-paign literature is sent through the postto voters via a voter file or mailing listtargeted to voters based on geographyor demographics. See also “CampaignLiterature.”
Voter registration through the postalsystem. An alternative or supplement toenumeration or registration centers.
An electoral formula in which the win-ning candidate must receive more thanhalf (50% + 1) of the votes cast. Seealso “Simple Majority.”
See “Two-Round System (TRS).”
In the electoral context, the uneven distri-bution of voters among electoral districts.
The authority granted by the elec-torate to act as its representative;
The period of time that an electedrepresentative stays in office.
A public declaration of intentions asissued by a political party or govern-ment. See also “Platform.”
Mail Outreach/Direct Outreach
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~jÈdG
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Majority System (á≤∏£ŸG) ájÌcC’G Ωɶf
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Manifesto »ª°SQ (»HÉîàfG) ¿É«H
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kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áeƒμ◊G hCG.''»HÉîàfG èeeÉfôH''
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Manipulation of thePress
á«eÓYEG äGQhÉæe
The misrepresentation or skillful presen-tation of news or information so as tochange its meaning without presentingany falsified material. For example, theomission of a critical detail can change themeaning of an entire story. Media manip-ulation is frequently used in electoral cam-paigns to discredit the competition.
A majority in which a single party winsless than 50 % of the valid votes, but anabsolute majority of the parliamentaryseats - usually occurs in a plurality/major-ity system.
In a political poll or parallel vote tabu-lation (PVT), the plus or minus rangewithin which the final percentages mayfall due to sampling error.
The disparity between the number ofvotes gained by the winning candidateand the number of votes gained by therunner-up.
An imprint on a ballot made with a penor pencil that a scanner would detect.May be deliberate marks for a listedcandidate, denote the presence of apossibly valid write-in vote, or they maybe erasures and stray marks that havebeen erroneously identified by themachine as “votes.”
A ballot on which alternate candi-dates/parties appear, and the voterplaces only a single mark to indicate hisor her preference.
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.É¡≤«Ø∏J ¿hO øe É¡fƒª° e ‘ kGÒ«¨J ç~– máμæëH
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Cɢé˘∏˘J ɢe kGÒã˘ch .á˘eɢ¡˘dG ¬˘∏˘˘«˘˘°Uɢ˘Ø˘˘J ~˘˘MCG ∫ɢ˘Ø˘˘ZEG
äGQhɢæŸG ø˘e ´ƒ˘æ˘dG Gò˘g ¤EG ᢫˘HÉ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G äÓ˘˘ª◊G
.á«HÉîàf’G á°ùaÉæŸG ágGõæH ∂«μ°ûà∏d á«eÓYE’G
ManufacturedMajority
áÑ qcôe/á©æ£°üe ájÌcCG
øe áÄŸG ‘ 50 øe πbCG ~MGh ÜõM É¡«a ∫Éæj ládÉM
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.…ÌcC’G ΩɶædG ‘ kIOÉY ájÌcC’G √òg ≥≤ëàJh .¿ÉŸÈdG
Margin of Error CÉ£ÿG ¢ûeeÉg
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ádh~L hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG AGQBÓd ´Ó£à°SG QÉWEG ‘ á«FÉ¡ædG
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Margin of Victory RƒØdG ¢ûeeÉg
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π°üM »àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Yh äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ õFÉØdG
.á«fÉãdG áÑJôŸG ‘ qπM …òdG í°TôŸG É¡«∏Y
Mark áeÓ©H (´GÎb’G ábQh) º°Sh
º∏b ∫ɪ©à°SÉH ,´GÎb’G ábQh É¡H º°SƒJ läÉeÓY
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Ò°ûJ máeÓY πμ°T äÉeÓ©dG √òg òîàJ ~bh .í°ùŸG
‘ ¬ª°SG êQ~ŸG í°Tôª∏d …OGQE’G ÖNÉædG QÉ«àNG ¤EG
á◊É°U ,´GÎbG pábQh OƒLh ≈∏Y ∫~J hCG ,áëFÓdG
~b hCG ,í°TôŸG º°SG ÖNÉædG É¡«a ¿ qhO ,íLQC’G ≈∏Y
É¡«dEG ± qô©àJ áHƒ£°ûe hCG á«ë‡ äÉeÓY QÉKBG ô¡¶J
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Mark-Choice Ballot ~j~ëàH áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh
äGQÉ«ÿG
ÜGõMC’G/Úë°TôŸG Aɪ°SCG É¡«a ô¡¶J ´GÎbG ábQh
kG~j~– I~MGh áeÓ˘©˘H ÖNɢæ˘dG ɢ¡˘ª˘ p°ùjh ,Ühɢæ˘à˘dɢH
.π° ØŸG ¬ë°TôŸ
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Mark-Sense System IAGô≤dG ᣰSGƒH âjƒ°üàdG Ωɶf
´GÎb’G ábQƒd á«Fƒ° dG
See “Optical Character Recognition(OCR) Devices” and “Optical MarkRecognition (OMR) Devices.”
Any independent press that has a largeaudience. See also “Electronic Media,”“Press” and “Print Media.”
Public money that is given to presiden-tial candidates in an amount equal tothe amount that the campaign hasraised privately. See also “PublicFunding/Public Financing.”
Tangible assets such as money, equip-ment, modes of communication, andtransportation. One of four interlinkedresources (including time, information,and manpower) essential to consider inany planning of an electoral campaignor civic action.
Chief official of a city. Can be electedor appointed.
Elections for the chief official of a city.
A question or proposal submitted in anelection to obtain an expression of thevoters’ will on the matter. Also knownas a proposition or motion. See also“Referendum.”
The degree to which political com-petitors can use the media to reachvoters. The purpose of this policy is toensure that privacy, security, and legalissues concerning the Internet andother forms of electronic communication,
™LGQRÉ¡L''h ''±hô◊G ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ±ô©àdG RÉ¡L''
.''äÉeÓ©dG ¤EG »Fƒ° dG ±ô©àdG
Mass Media ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh
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kÉ° jCG.''´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG''h ,''¿ƒ«eÓYEG''h ,''ÊhÎμdEG ΩÓYEG''
Matching Funds πHÉ≤e πjƒ“
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É¡©ªL øe á∏ª◊G âqæμ“ »àdG ≠dÉÑŸG ᪫b ɡફb
kɢ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘LGQ .¢Uɢ˘˘˘N mOƒ˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘˘éÃπ˘jƒ“/Ωɢ˘Y π˘˘jƒ“''
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Material Resources ájOÉe OQGƒe
π˘Fɢ°Shh äG~˘©ŸGh ∫Gƒ˘˘eC’ɢ˘c ᢢ°Sƒ˘˘ª˘˘∏ŸG äGOƒ˘˘LƒŸG
i~MEG äGOƒLƒŸG √òg πqμ°ûJh .π≤æàdGh ∫É°üJ’G
πeÉY ÖfÉL ¤EG) É¡æ«H Ée ‘ á£HGΟG á©HQC’G OQGƒŸG
Öéj »àdG (ájô°ûÑdG ábÉ£dGh ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh ,âbƒdG
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Mayor (¿ÉæÑd) QÉàfl/áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù««FQ
Rƒ˘é˘j .á˘æ˘j~ŸG ¿hDƒ˘°T ô˘j~˘j ≈˘∏˘YCG »˘˘ª˘˘°SQ ∫hDƒ˘˘°ùe
.¬æ««©J hCG ¬HÉîàfG
Mayoral Race áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù««FQ ÜÉîàfG ácô©e
.áæj~ŸG ‘ ≈∏YC’G ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ÜÉîàf’ º s¶æoJ
Measure AÉàØà°SÓd ìhô£e ìGÎbG
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kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿CÉ°ûdG Gòg ‘ ¬àÑZQ øY ÒÑ©àdG ¤EG
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Media Access hCG ΩÓYE’G ΩG~îà°SG ≥M
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ΩG~îà°SG ≈∏Y Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG Ú°ùaÉæàŸG IQ~b i~e
á°SÉ«°ùdG √òg ±~¡Jh .ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJÓd ΩÓYE’G
áeÓ°ùdGh á«°Uƒ°üÿG ¿hDƒ°T á÷É©e ≈∏Y ¢Uô◊G ¤EG
øe ÉgGƒ°Sh âfÎfE’ÉH á≤∏©àŸG á«fƒfÉ≤dG πFÉ°ùŸGh
~jÈdG πª°ûJ »àdG á«fhÎμdE’G ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
including e-mail, voice-mail, electronicfax, bulletin boards, television accesschannels, electronic subscription serv-ices, and any other electronic commu-nication forums are addressed, and thata policy is formally established to defineappropriate use of these tools. Manycountries require equal access to themedia for all political competitors.
Legal or independent mechanism towhich political competitors, citizens, orjournalists may turn for redress of viola-tions of political rights by the media,inappropriate governmental interference,or failure to protect press freedoms.
The geographic area reached by themass media in a particular region, par-ticularly by radio, newspaper, and tele-vision. Each type of media has its ownmedia market.
The systematic examination of the cov-erage given to a certain issue in themedia. It is often done by three sepa-rate parties - the election managementbody (EMB), international electoralobservation missions, and non-govern-mental and civil society organizations-to determine whether parties and candi-dates have adhered to the regulations orlaws governing media behavior duringelections, whether the media has beenable to contribute to making an electionfree and fair, and whether local groupshave been able to monitor the electionsfreely. See also “Media MonitoringMethodology.”
,ÊhÎμdE’G ¢ùcÉØdGh ,á«Jƒ°üdG πFÉ°SôdGh ,ÊhÎμdE’G
‘ á˘Yƒ˘°VƒŸG Iõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dG äɢ£fih ,äGô˘˘°ûæ˘˘dG äɢ˘Mƒ˘˘dh
,á«fhÎμdE’G πFÉ°SƒdG ‘ ∑GΰT’G áe~Nh ,∫hÉæàŸG
»gh .á«fhÎμdE’G ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh …CGh
É¡©° J »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG q¿CG øe ~cCÉàdG ¤EG kÉ° jCG ±~¡J
∫ɪ©à°SG á¡Lh ~j~– ¤EG »eôJ ɉEG ᫪°SôdG äÉÄ«¡dG
q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ°TE’G Q~Œ .áªFÓŸG ¥ô£dÉH äGhOC’G √òg
™«ªL π°üëj ¿CG IQhô° H »° ≤j ¿G~∏ÑdG øe ÒãμdG
ᢢĢ˘aɢ˘μ˘˘à˘˘e ¢Uô˘˘a ≈˘˘∏˘˘˘Y Ú«˘˘˘°Sɢ˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG Ú°ùaɢ˘˘æ˘˘˘àŸG
.ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°S’
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Media ComplaintMechanism
ΩÓYE’G ~°V ihÉμ°ûddG ™aôd á«dBG
¿ƒ˘°ùaɢæ˘àŸG ɢ¡˘«˘dEG Cɢé˘∏˘j á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe hCG ᢫˘fƒ˘fɢb ᢫˘dBG
…~°üàdG ᫨H ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG hCG ,¿ƒæWGƒŸG hCG ,¿ƒ«°SÉ«°ùdG
~j ≈∏Y á«°SÉ«°ùdG ¥ƒ≤◊G É¡d ¢Vô©àJ »àdG äÉcÉ¡àfÓd
hCG ,ºFÓe ÒZ mƒëf ≈∏Y áeƒμ◊G πN~àd hCG ,ΩÓYE’G
.á«eÓYE’G äÉjô◊G ájɪM ‘ ¢ùYÉ≤àdG ∫Éμ°TC’
Media Market á«eÓYEG á«£¨J
ΩÓYE’G π˘Fɢ°Sh ɢ¡˘«˘£˘¨˘J »˘à˘dG ᢫˘aGô˘¨÷G á˘≤˘£˘æŸG
,∞ë°üdGh ,äÉYGPE’G ɪ«°S ’ ,áæq«©e á≤£æe øª°V
πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh πμ∏a .á«fƒjõØ∏àdG äÉ£ÙGh
.É¡H á°UÉÿG á«eÓYE’G É¡à«£¨J ΩÓYE’G
Media Monitoring ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe
‘ áæq«©e á«° b É¡H ≈¶– »àdG á«£¨àdG áæjÉ©e
áÑbGôe ¤ƒ˘à˘J ɢe kÉ˘Ñ˘dɢZh .»˘é˘¡˘æ˘e m π˘μ˘°ûH ΩÓ˘YE’G
ø˘Y á˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùe çÓ˘K äɢ¡˘L äɢHɢî˘à˘˘f’G ‘ ΩÓ˘˘YE’G
hCG äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G IQGOEG á˘Ä˘«˘g »˘gh ,¢ ©˘Ñ˘dG ɢ¡˘˘° ©˘˘H
äɪ¶æŸG hCG ,äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ á«dh~dG äÉã©ÑdG
∂dPh ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG äɢ˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘eh ᢢ«˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ÒZ
Úë°TôŸGh ÜGõMC’G ΩGõàdG i~e øe ≥≤ëàdG ±~¡H
ΩÓYE’G á«μ∏°ùe ≈YôJ »àdG ÚfGƒ≤dG hCG ᪶fC’ÉH
ΩÉ¡°SE’G ≈∏Y ΩÓYE’G IQ~b i~eh ,äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ÓN
IQ~˘˘b i~˘˘eh ,ᢢ¡˘˘jõ˘˘fh Iô˘˘M äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘fG AGô˘˘˘LEG ‘
πμH äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe ≈∏Y á«∏ÙG äÉYƒªÛG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ájôM.''ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôŸ á«dBG''
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Media MonitoringMethodology
ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôŸ á«dBG
In elections, media monitoring entailscounting and measuring the numberand length of items devoted to differentparties, length in column inches, timingand number of direct access programs,etc. Media monitors can also evaluatethe quality of the coverage that partiesand candidates receive.
A report, often issued by non-govern-mental organizations (NGOs) andwatchdog organizations, which pres-ents verifiable findings of a media mon-itoring effort, and may make conclu-sions and recommendations.
A means through which news or infor-mation is disseminated, such as newspa-pers, magazines, radio stations, TV sta-tions, TV networks, and the Internet.
An agency or organization charged withenforcing uniform standards, codes ofconduct, and ethics to regulate all formsof the media, including electronic com-munications media, television, printmedia, radio, Internet, and other infor-mation services. Media regulatory bod-ies may be State run or independent,and in the case of elections, the electionmanagement body (EMB) may beresponsible for regulating the media.
Any person elected to a legislature; Person who voluntarily joins an organ-
ization or campaign, and has certain rightsand responsibilities within the decision-making structure. Members of organiza-tions play various roles, including volun-teer recruitment, participation in generalassembly sessions, and public relations.
¢SÉ«bh AÉ°üMEG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe Ωõ∏à°ùJ
ÉgO~Y å«M øe ¿EG ,ÜGõMC’G ∞∏àı á°ü°üıG OGƒŸG
O~Yh ,ä’É≤ŸG ∫ƒWh ,É¡àMÉ°ùe hCG É¡J~e ∫ƒW á¡÷ hCG
‘ Ω s~≤oJ »àdG/AGƒ¡dG ≈∏Y Iô°TÉÑe åÑJ »àdG èeGÈdG
»ÑbGôŸ ≥ëjh .É¡«dEG Éeh ,É¡ãH äÉbhCGh ô°TÉÑe åH
≈¶ëj »àdG á«£¨àdG á«Yƒf Gƒªq«≤j ¿CG kÉ° jCG ΩÓYE’G
.Úë°TôŸGh ÜGõMC’G øe wπc É¡H
Media MonitoringReport
ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe ∫ƒM ôjô≤J
á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äɪ¶æŸG øY ÖdɨdG ‘ Q~°üj ôjô≤J
äɢLɢà˘æ˘à˘°S’G ¢Vô˘©˘à˘°ù«˘a ,á˘Ñ˘bGôŸG äɢ˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘eh
≥≤ëàdG π¡°ùj »àdGh áÑbGôŸG Oƒ¡L øY á≤ãÑæŸG
.äÉ«°UƒàdG ™aQ ¤EG ¢ü∏îj ~bh ,É¡æe
Media Outlets ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh
,∞ë°üdÉc ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh QÉÑNC’G ô°ûæH íª°ùJ πFÉ°Sh
,ᢢ«˘˘fƒ˘˘jõ˘˘Ø˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘dGh ᢢ˘«˘˘˘YGPE’G äɢ˘˘£ÙGh ,äÓÛGh
.âfÎfE’Gh IõØ∏àdG äÉμÑ°Th
Media RegulatoryBody
ΩÓYE’G º«¶æJ áÄ«g
ÒjÉ©˘e ≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘J á˘ª˘¡˘e ɢ¡˘«˘dEG ~˘ n¡˘© oJ á˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e hCG á˘dɢch
º«¶æàd πª©dG ÜGOBGh ∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~YGƒb äÉfh~eh ,I~Mƒe
É¡«a ÉÃ ,É¡dÉμ°TCG ±ÓàNG ≈∏Y ,ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh πªY
ΩÓ˘YE’Gh ,¿ƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘dGh ,᢫˘fhÎμ˘dE’G ∫ɢ°üJ’G π˘Fɢ°Sh
ø˘e ɢ ˘¡˘ ˘¡˘ ˘Hɢ ˘°T ɢ ˘eh ,âfÎfE’Gh ,äɢ ˘YGPE’Gh ,´ƒ˘ ˘Ñ˘ ˘£ŸG
º«¶æJ RÉ¡L ™° îj ~bh .äÉeƒ∏©ŸG Ë~≤àd mäÉe~N
kɪ∏Y ,á∏≤à°ùe áØ°U πªëj hCG ádh~dG á£∏°ùd ΩÓYE’G
ɢ¡˘°ùØ˘æ˘ H ¤ƒ˘à˘J ¿CG ø˘μÁ äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G IQGOEG á˘Ä˘«˘g q¿CG
.äÉHÉîàf’G QÉWEG ‘ ΩÓYE’G º«¶æJ á«dhDƒ°ùe
Memberƒ° Y
á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ májƒ° ©H ≈¶ëj ¢üî°T …CG
;ÜÉîàf’G ≥jôW øY
hCG ᪶æŸG ¤EG ¬JOGQEG Aπà qº° æj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
¢ ©ÑH ™∏£˘° jh ¥ƒ˘≤◊G ¢ ©˘Ñ˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘«˘a ,á˘∏˘ª◊G
Ö©˘˘∏˘˘jh .QGô˘˘≤˘˘dG Pɢ˘î˘˘JG Iô˘˘FGO π˘˘NGO äɢ˘«˘˘dhDƒ˘˘°ùŸG
ºgQhO É¡æe ô ncòoj ,QGhOCG I~Y äɪ¶æŸG ‘ AÉ° YC’G
äɢ°ù∏˘L ‘ ᢢcQɢ˘°ûŸGh ,ÚYƒ˘˘£˘˘àŸG Üɢ˘£˘˘≤˘˘à˘˘°SG ‘
.áeÉ©dG äÉbÓ©dG ~«WƒJh ,áeÉ©dG á«©ª÷G
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85
Message (á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ
A body of truthful information that isconsistently conveyed by a candidate,party, or civic campaign to provide per-suasive reasons for an audience tochoose, and act on behalf of thatchoice. See also “Characteristics ofMessage.”
A campaigning exercise which requiresthe campaign to consider the candi-date’s strengths and weaknesses on anissue, the opponent’s strengths andweaknesses on an issue, and how tobest frame the message based on theseconsiderations.
An election for seats in the U.S. Senateand House of Representatives that occurswithout a simultaneous presidential elec-tion - that is, two years into the four-yearpresidential cycle. The results are some-times interpreted as a popular referen-dum on that president’s performance forthe first two years of his term. Midtermelections determine some members ofthe U.S. Senate and all members of theHouse of Representatives, as well asmany state and local officials. This term isused specifically within the U.S. electoral system.
A system in which the choicesexpressed by voters are used to electrepresentatives through two differentsystems: one proportional representa-tion system and one plurality/majoritysystem. The main aim of a mixed sys-tem is to combine the relative advan-tages of the two systems while dissuad-ing their disadvantages.
,É¡H ¥ƒKƒe mäÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y ô°üà≤j »°ù«FQ ¢üf
≈∏Y á«f~ŸG á∏ª◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG ÖXGƒjh
¬©a~J á©æ≤e kÉHÉÑ°SCG Qƒ¡ª÷G AÉ£YEG ±~¡H ÉgOGOôJ
.QÉ«ÿG ∑GP øe m »MƒH πª©dGh √QÉ«N øY ÜGôYE’G ¤EG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ádÉ°SôdG äÉeƒ≤e''
Message Box ádÉ°SôdG ™Hôe
øe »Y~à°ùjh á∏ª◊G º«¶æJ QÉWEG ‘ ≥qÑ£oj øjô“
∞©° dGh Iƒ≤dG øWGƒe GƒæjÉ©j ¿CG á∏ª◊G »ª¶æe
∂dòch ,áMhô£ŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG i~MEG ∫É«M í°TôŸG i~d
á«° ≤dG ∫É«M ¬eÉ°üNCG i~d ∞©° dGh Iƒ≤dG øWGƒe
á˘dɢ°Sô˘dG á˘Zɢ«˘°üd á˘∏˘«˘°Sh ™‚CG ø˘Y kÉ˘ã˘˘ë˘˘H ,ɢ˘¡˘˘JGP
.äGQÉÑàY’G ∂∏J ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG
Midterm Election áj’ƒdG ∞°üàæe äÉHÉîàfG
‘ ÜGƒædGh ñƒ«°ûdG »°ù∏› ‘ ~YÉ≤ŸG AπŸ läÉHÉîàfG
™˘e ø˘eGõ˘à˘dɢH …ôŒ ’ ɢ˘¡˘˘æ˘˘μ˘˘dh ,I~˘˘ë˘˘àŸG äɢ˘j’ƒ˘˘dG
IQh~dG øe Úàæ°S ~©H º s¶æoJ πH ,á«°SÉFôdG äÉHÉîàf’G
»àdG èFÉàædG ÉeCG .äGƒæ°S ™HQCG ≈∏Y I~ટG á«°SÉFôdG
≈∏Y »Ñ©°T AÉàØà°SG áHÉãà kÉfÉ«MCG ônÑà©oàa É¡∏é°ùJ
O~–h .¬àj’h øe ÚdhC’G ÚeÉ©dG ‘ ¢ù«FôdG ∑GP AGOCG
¢ù∏› Aɢ˘° YCG ¢ ©˘˘H ᢢj’ƒ˘˘dG ∞˘˘°üà˘˘æ˘˘e äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘˘fG
áaÉ°VEG ,ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCG πch »cÒeC’G ñƒ«°ûdG
äÉj’ƒdG iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG øe ÒÑc O~Y ¤EG
.ᢢ«˘˘˘∏ÙG ¢ùdÉÛGhí∏£˘°üŸG Gò˘g ∫ɢª˘©˘à˘°SG ™˘«˘°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~–
Mixed ElectoralSystem
§∏àfl »HÉîàfG Ωɶf
ÜÉîàf’ º¡JGQÉ«N øY ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a ôqÑ©j lΩɶf
π«ãªàdG Ωɶf :ÚØ∏àfl Úeɶf ∫ÓN øe º¡«∏ã‡
Oɢª˘˘à˘˘YG ø˘˘e IÈ©˘˘dGh .…ÌcC’G Ωɢ˘¶˘˘æ˘˘dGh »˘˘Ñ˘˘°ùæ˘˘dG
øe IOÉaE’G ‘ »°SÉ°SCG πμ°ûH øªμJ §∏àıG ΩɶædG
,¿ÉeɶædG ¿Gòg É¡H õq«ªàj »àdG á«Ñ°ùædG äÉæ°ù◊G
.ɪ¡FhÉ°ùŸ …~°üàdG ¤EGh , kᩪà›
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Mixed-MemberProportional System(MMP)
á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG Ωɶf
A mixed electoral system in which allvoters use a first electoral system, usual-ly the plurality/majority system, to electsome of the representatives to an elec-toral body. The remaining seats are thenallocated to parties using the secondelectoral system. Often list proportionalrepresentation is the second system, asit is used to compensate for dispropor-tionality in representation which resultsfrom the majoritarian system.
See “Mobile Voting Center.”
Election day observers, either domestic orinternational, who move around from onepolling station to another throughout thecourse of the voting. Mobile teams cannotprovide a comprehensive assessment ofwhat transpires at any given polling sta-tion, but this approach maximizes thegeographical reach of the observation andthe quantity of polling stations and votersobserved. See also “Stationary Teams(Observers/Monitors).”
A training methodology in which train-ing teams are formed and prepared atthe central level, individual teams divideand cover sections of the country untiltraining has taken place everywhere.This system preserves uniformity andquality. It is economical but requirestime. See also “National TrainingDay (Training Methodology)” and“Pyramid/Cascade System(Training Methodology).”
Voting facilities that operate outside ofassigned polling places, in which elec-tion officials take portable ballot boxesand voting compartments directly to
¿ƒÑNɢæ˘dG ¬˘«˘a Ω~˘î˘à˘°ùj §˘∏˘àfl »˘Hɢî˘à˘fG Ωɢ¶˘f
,kɢæ˘q«˘©˘e kɢ«˘Hɢî˘à˘fG kɢeɢ¶˘f ¤hCG á˘∏˘Mô˘e ‘ º˘¡˘∏˘˘c
¢ ©˘H Üɢî˘à˘f’ ,…ÌcC’G Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dɢH kIOɢY π˘ã˘ª˘à˘˘j
á«bÉÑdG ~˘Yɢ≤ŸG ɢeCG .á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘Ä˘«˘g ¤EG º˘¡˘«˘∏˘ã‡
Ωɢ˘¶˘˘æ˘˘dG ¢Sɢ˘°SCG ≈˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G ≈˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Y ´ qRƒ˘˘ oà˘˘˘a
ΩɶæH ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ πqãªàŸG ,ôNB’G »HÉîàf’G
‘ π°UÉ◊G π∏ÿG øY kÉ° jƒ©J ,á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG
.…ÌcC’G ΩɶædG ´ÉÑJG áé«àf π«ãªàdG
Mobile Polling Station ∫ uƒéààe ´GÎbG º∏b
™LGQ.''∫ uƒéààe ´GÎbG õcôe''
Mobile Teams(Observers/Monitors)
ád uƒéààŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¥ nôpa
øjòdG ,¿ƒ«dh~dG hCG ¿ƒ«∏ÙG ,ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ƒÑbGôe
᢫˘∏˘ª˘Y ∫Gƒ˘W ô˘NBG ¤EG ´GÎbG õ˘cô˘e ø˘e ¿ƒ˘∏˘≤˘æ˘˘à˘˘j
’ ᢢ∏˘˘≤˘˘æ˘˘àŸG ÚÑ˘˘bGôŸG ¥ nô˘˘˘ pa q¿CG lí˘˘˘«˘˘˘ë˘˘˘°U .´GÎb’G
øe ¬ qØ°ûà°ùJ ɪY kÓeÉ°T kɪ««≤J Ω q~≤J ¿CG ™«£à°ùJ
í˘ª˘°ùJ ᢢHQɢ˘≤ŸG √ò˘˘g qø˘˘μ˘˘d ,ø˘ q«˘˘©˘˘e ´GÎbG õ˘˘cô˘˘e
õcGôe øe O~Y ÈcCG kÉ«aGô¨L Gƒ£¨j ¿CÉH ÚÑbGôª∏d
.º¡àÑbGôe º¡d ≈qæ°ùàj øjòdG ÚÑNÉædGh ´GÎb’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''áàHÉãdG ÚÑbGôŸG ¥ nôpa''
Mobile Teams(TrainingMethodology)
á«dBG) ád uƒéààŸG ÚHQ~ŸG ¥ nôpa
(ÖjQ~J
¥ nô˘˘ pa OG~˘˘YEGh π˘˘«˘˘μ˘˘°ûà˘˘H í˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ ÖjQ~˘˘J ᢢ˘«˘˘˘dBG
¥ nôpa ´ qRƒàJ ºK ,…õcôŸG iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y ÖjQ~àdG
,≥WÉæe I~Y ‘ á«ÑjQ~J äGQhO º«¶æàd IOôØæe
.~˘∏˘Ñ˘dG Aɢë˘fG qπ˘c ÖjQ~˘à˘dG Gò˘˘g »˘˘£˘˘¨˘˘j ¿CG ¤EG
ÖjQ~àdG I~Mh ≈∏Y Gòg ÖjQ~àdG Ωɶf ßaÉëjh
¥ô¨à°ùj ɉEG ,á«dÉY áØ∏c ÖqJôj ’h ,¬à«Yƒfh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .kÓjƒW kÉàbh''ÖjQ~à∏d »æWh Ωƒj''
.''»eô¡dG ÖjQ~àdG Ωɶf''h
Mobile Voting Center ∫ uƒéààe ´GÎbG õcôe
¥É˘£˘f êQɢN …ô˘°ùJ Üɢî˘à˘f’G π˘«˘¡˘°ùà˘˘d äGAGô˘˘LEG
ƒ˘Ø˘Xƒ˘e ɢ¡˘Ñ˘˘LƒÃ π˘˘≤˘˘æ˘˘jh ,IO~ÙG ´GÎb’G õ˘˘cGô˘˘e
¤EG ádGƒ÷G ´GÎb’G IQƒ°ü≤eh ≥jOÉæ°U äÉHÉîàf’G
´GÎb’G õcGôà ÖdÉ£j Ée kÉÑdÉZ .Iô°TÉÑe ÚÑNÉædG
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voters. Mobile voting centers can oftenbe requested by eligible voters who can-not travel to their polling station, andare often used to assist electors in suchplaces as hospitals, nursing homes, orparticularly remote areas to cast a vote.
Process of organizing and motivatingcitizens to take part in civic organizing,including public advocacy campaigns,elections, or community activities.
Reports issued by either domestic or inter-national election monitors on the findingsof their delegation, which is used to judgethe legitimacy of an election. Monitors canrelease both pre and post-election reports.See also “Election Day Report,” “FinalStatement on Observation,” “InterimStatement on Observation,” “MediaMonitoring Report,” and “Post-Election/Preliminary Statement onObservation.”
Negative, often personal, sometimesexaggerated or inaccurate attacks direct-ed at the political opposition by candi-dates and/or political parties.
An electoral district from which morethan one representative is elected to alegislature or elected body. See also“Single-Member District.”
System in which more than two partiescompete for control of government.Most of the world’s democracies aremulti-party systems. For antonym, see“Single-Party System.”
’ ø˘jò˘dG âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d ¿ƒ˘∏˘gDƒŸG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Nɢæ˘dG á˘d qƒ˘é˘˘àŸG
ɢe kÉ˘Ñ˘dɢZh ,´GÎb’G õ˘cGô˘˘e ¤EG ∫ɢ˘≤˘˘à˘˘f’G º˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘°ùj
,ø˘cɢeC’G ¢ ©˘H ‘ ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG I~˘˘Yɢ˘°ùŸ Ω n~˘˘î˘˘à˘˘°ù˘˘oJ
≥WÉæŸG ‘ ká°UÉN hCG ,ájÉYôdG QhO hCG ,äÉ«Ø°ûà°ùŸÉc
.º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd ,á«FÉædG
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Mobilization ÚæWGƒŸG áÄÑ©J/~°ûMM
‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ƒëf º¡©aOh ÚæWGƒŸG º«¶æJ á«∏ªY
á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ∫ÓN øe Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG ¿hDƒ°T ÒH~J
.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG ᣰûfCG hCG ,äÉHÉîàf’G hCG ,áeÉ©dG
Monitoring Reports ÚÑbGôŸG ôjQÉ≤J
hCG Ú«∏ÙG äÉHÉëàf’G »ÑbGôe øY Q~°üJ ôjQÉ≤J
É¡«dEG ⢠n°ü o∏˘N »˘à˘dG äɢLɢà˘æ˘à˘°S’G ∫ƒ˘M Ú«˘dh~˘dG
i~e º««≤àd É¡«dEG ¿h~æà°ùj »àdGh ,áÑbGôŸG áã©H
πÑb Ée ôjQÉ≤J ¿ƒÑbGôŸG Q~°üjh .äÉHÉîàf’G á«Yô°T
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .AGƒ°ùdG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Éehôjô≤J''
¿É«H''h ''»FÉ¡ædG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''h ,''»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG
,''ΩÓYE’G áÑbGôe ∫ƒM ôjô≤J''h ,''»∏MôŸG ÚÑbGôŸG
.''äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée/‹hC’G ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''h
Mudslinging /(¢UÉî°TC’ÉH) Ò¡°ûJJ
ᩪ°ùddG ¬jƒ°ûJJ
¤EG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G hCG/h Úë°TôŸG (¢ ©H) ¬tLƒJ
Ö∏ZCG ‘ ¬°üî°ûH q¢ùÁ ,mÜÉf ΩÓμH »°SÉ«°ùdG º°üÿG
.áb~dG ¤EG ô≤àØj kÉfÉ«MCG º qî° e m ΩÓμH hCG ,¿É«MC’G
Multi-Member District /~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO
π«ãªàdG IO~©àe
~˘MGh í˘°Tô˘˘e ø˘˘e ÌcCG Öî˘˘à˘˘æ˘˘J ᢢ«˘˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fG Iô˘˘FGO
Rɢ¡˘L q…CG ‘ hCG ᢫˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ ɢ˘¡˘˘∏˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘d
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ôNBG Ö nîàæe.''ájOôa IôFGO''
Multi-Party System á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdG Ωɶf
‹ƒJ ≈∏Y ÚHõM øe ÌcCG ¬«a ¢ùaÉæàj …òdG ΩɶædG
á˘ª˘¶˘˘fC’G ᢢ«˘˘Ñ˘˘∏˘˘ZCG q¿CG ¤EG Qɢ˘°û˘˘oj .º˘˘μ◊G ~˘˘«˘˘dɢ˘≤˘˘e
.á«Hõ◊G á˘jO~˘©˘à˘dɢH õ˘q«˘ª˘à˘J ⁄ɢ©˘dG ‘ ᢫˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ.''~MGƒdG Üõ◊G Ωɶf''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
88
Multiple-Ballot System I~Y ΩG~îà°SÉH âjƒ°üJ Ωɶf
´GÎbG ¥GQhCG
A ballot system in which voters arefaced with a selection of different ballotpapers, each representing a differentparty or candidate. Voters have tochoose which ballot they prefer, usuallysealing their choice of ballot in a ballotenvelope before placing it in the ballotbox. See also “Single-Ballot System.”
A ballot that is over-voted with three ormore marks. See also, “Double-MarkedBallot.”
The election of two or more seats ofthe same type, like the election of rep-resentatives to a legislature. See also“Single-Seat Election.”
The governing authority for a municipal-ity, an administrative entity composed ofa clearly defined territory and its popula-tion and commonly denotes a city, town,or village, or a small grouping of them.
An administrative entity composed of aclearly defined territory and its popula-tion and commonly denotes a city, town,or village, or a small grouping of them. Amunicipality is typically governed by amayor, city council, or municipal council.
GhQÉàîj ¿CG ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y ¬«a øq«©àj ´GÎbG Ωɶf
kÉë°Tôe hCG kÉHõM É¡æe wπc πãÁ ,áØ∏àfl ´GÎbG ¥GQhCG
ábQh GhQÉàîj ¿CG ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y øq«©àjh .kÉØ∏àfl
π˘NGO kIOɢY ɢ¡˘fƒ˘YOƒ˘j º˘K ,¿ƒ˘∏˘° Ø˘j »˘à˘˘dG ´GÎb’G
‘ ∞˘∏˘¨ŸG •É˘≤˘°SEG π˘Ñ˘b ,º˘˘gQɢ˘«ÿ kɢ˘Jɢ˘Ñ˘˘KEG ∞˘˘∏˘˘¨˘˘e
kɢ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘˘LGQ .´GÎb’G ¥h~˘˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘˘°Uâjƒ˘°üJ Ωɢ¶˘˘f''
.''I~MGh ´GÎbG ábQh ΩG~îà°SÉH
Multiple-Marked Ballot äGôe I~Y áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh
䃰U øe ÌcCG ÖNÉædG É¡ÑLƒÃ íæÁ ´GÎbG ábQh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÌcCG hCG äÉeÓY çÓãH º n°SƒàaábQh''
.''ÚJôe áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG
Multi-Seat Election ~YÉ≤e I~Y AπŸ ÜÉîàfG
,¬˘˘JGP Ö°üæŸG ‘ ÌcCG hCG ø˘˘j~˘˘©˘˘≤˘˘e AπŸ Üɢ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘fG
.á«©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ Ö©˘°ûdG »˘∏˘ã‡ Üɢî˘à˘fɢc
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''~MGh ~©≤e AπŸ ÜÉîàfG''
Municipal Council …~∏H ¢ù∏∏›
kÉjQGOEG kÉfÉ«c πqμ°ûJ »àdG áj~∏ÑdG ¿hDƒ°T ôj~J lá£∏°S
øe ¬ qª° J Ée ™e 샰VƒH IO~fi áMÉ°ùe ≈∏Y q~àÁ
hCG ,ájôb hCG ,I~∏H hCG ,áæj~e ¤EG kIOÉY õeôjh ,¿Éμ°S
.áKÓãdG äɪ«°ù≤àdG √òg øe IÒ¨°U áYƒª› ¤EG
Municipalityáj~∏H
øe É¡æ£≤j Éà 샰VƒH IO~fi m ¢VGQCG qº° j …QGOEG ¿É«c
hCG ,ájôb hCG ,I~∏H hCG ,áæj~e ¤EG kÉeƒªY õeôjh ,¿Éμ°S
ôj~jh .áKÓãdG äɪ«°ù≤àdG √òg øe IÒ¨°U áYƒª›
¢ù∏› hCG ,ᢢj~˘˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ¢ù«˘˘FQ IOɢ˘Y ᢢj~˘˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ¿hDƒ˘˘˘°T
.…~∏ÑdG ¢ù∏ÛG hCG ,áæj~ŸG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
NName Recognition
º°S’G ¤EG ± tô©J
Identification of the candidate’s nameby voters. Sometimes voters will knowlittle about the candidates and thereforevote for the name that they recognize.
A term used to describe a democraticgovernment or regime which is justbeginning to form, start, grow, or devel-op. A democracy may be considerednascent for several years after emergingfrom a non-democratic regime.
An election held throughout an entirecountry to choose between candidates fora president and/or members of thenational legislature, or to vote on ballotmeasures. See also “General Election,”“Local Election,” and “State Election.”
Training methodology in which a largenumber of trainers are prepared anddeployed to cover an entire country inone day, with a team sent to trainobservers in each electoral constituen-cy. This method is fast, and serves as ahigh-profile national event. However,it requires intensive preparation. Seealso “Mobile Teams (TrainingMethodology)” and “Pyramid/Cascade System (TrainingMethodology).”
¬Jƒ°üH ‹~j ÖNÉædÉa .í°TôŸG º°SG ¤EG ÖNÉædG ± qô©J
ɪ«°S’ ,¬ª°SG ¤EG ±ô©àj …òdG í°TôŸG ¤EG kÉfÉ«MCG
.Úë°TôŸG øY äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ¬°ü≤æJ ÚM
Nascent Democracy áÄ°TÉf á«WGô≤ÁO
º˘˘˘˘μ◊G Ωɢ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘˘f hCG ᢢ˘˘eƒ˘˘˘˘μ◊G ¤EG Ò°ûj í˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘£˘˘˘˘˘°üe
hCG ,¥Ó£f’G hCG ,AÉ°ûfE’G ~«b ƒg …òdG »WGô≤Á~dG
Gòg ‘ QƒcòŸG ΩɶædG ôªà°ùjh .Qƒ£àdG hCG ,ƒªædG
øY ≥ãÑæj ¿CG ~©H äGƒæ°S I~©d …OG~YE’G Qƒ£dG
.»WGô≤ÁO ÒZ Ωɶf
National Election á«æWh äÉHÉîàfG
QÉ«àN’ øWƒdG áMÉ°ùe OG~àeG ≈∏Y …ôŒ äÉHÉîàfG
á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG hCG/h Úë°TôŸG ÚH øe ¢ù«FQ
ádCÉ°ùe ∫ƒM AÉàØà°SG ¢Vô©e ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d hCG ,á«æWƒdG
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .á˘æ˘ q«˘©˘eäÉHÉîà˘fG''h ,''á˘eɢY äɢHɢî˘à˘fG''
.''äÉj’ƒdG iƒà°ùee ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàfG''h ,''á«∏fi
National TrainingDay (TrainingMethodology)
ÖjQ~à∏d »æWh Ωƒj
(ÖjQ~àdG á«dBG)
ø˘e ÒÑ˘c O~˘Y ô˘˘°ûfh OG~˘˘YEɢ˘H í˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ ÖjQ~˘˘J ᢢ«˘˘dBG
∫É°SQEÉHh ,~MGh Ωƒj ‘ ≥WÉæŸG áaÉc á«£¨àd ÚHQ~ŸG
ô˘FGh~˘dG ø˘˘e Iô˘˘FGO π˘˘c ‘ ÚÑ˘˘bGôŸG ÖjQ~˘˘à˘˘d ≥˘˘jô˘˘a
áYô°ùH √òg ÖjQ~à˘dG á˘≤˘jô˘W õ˘q«˘ª˘à˘J .᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G
™°SGh ΩɪàgÉH ≈¶ëj »æWh ç~◊ í∏°üJh Égò«ØæJ
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áØãμe äGÒ° – Ö∏£àJ É¡fCG ÒZ¥ nôpa''
.''»eô¡dG ÖjQ~àdG Ωɶf''h ''ád uƒéààŸG ÚHQ~ŸG
89NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Political advertisements that attack acandidate’s opponent, often trying todestroy the opponent’s character. Seealso “Advertisements.”
Communication structure withinwhich individuals or groups share val-ues or advocate policy changes. Seealso “Networking.”
Process by which new relationships arebuilt to raise awareness about a candi-date, organization, issue, or process.Networking is an essential componentof an electoral or advocacy campaign,to build momentum and encouragebroader participation in the process.
A political environment void of parti-san dynamics in which political actorscan operate openly and competitively.
A system and/or environment that doesnot favor any particular political entity.See also “Unbiased.” For antonyms,see “Bias” and “Partisan.”
An oath of impartiality. Election obser-vers may be required to take a neutralitypledge in order to prove that they do notfavor one political competitor over anoth-er. See also “Code of Conduct.”
The formal procedure by which politi-cal parties and/or individuals put candi-dates forward for election, and theacceptance by the election managementbody (EMB) of that nomination. Seealso “Convention” and “Nominee.”
NegativeAdvertisements
ájOÉ≤àfG/á«Ñ∏°S äÉfÓYEG
kÉ«©°S ,¬ª°üN ¤EG í°TôŸG É¡H ¢V qô©àj á«°SÉ«°S ájÉYO
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ¬JQƒ°U ¬jƒ°ûJ ¤EG
.''»HÉîàfG ¿ÓYEG''
90
NetworkáμÑ°T
äɢYƒ˘ªÛG hCG OGô˘aCÓ˘d í˘«˘à˘J »˘à˘dG ä’ɢ°üJ’G ᢫˘æ˘˘H
çG~MEG ¤EG kÉ«©°S á©aG~ŸG Oƒ¡éH ΩÉ«≤dG hCG º«≤dG ∫OÉÑJ
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J.''äÉμÑ°ûddG è°°ùff''
Networking äÉμÑ°ûddG AÉ°ûffEG/è°°ùff
øe I~j~L äÉbÓY áeÉbEG ¤EG ±~¡J »àdG á«∏ª©dG
hCG ,᪶æe hCG ,í°Tôe q…CG ∫ƒM »YƒdG áYÉ°TEG πLCG
i~MEG πqμ°ûj äÉμÑ°ûdG è°ùæa .QÉ°ùe hCG ,á«° b
äÓªMh á«HÉîàf’G äÓªë∏d á«°SÉ°SC’G äÉeƒ≤ŸG
Qɢ˘˘°ùe …C’ º˘˘˘Nõ˘˘˘dG Aɢ˘˘£˘˘˘YEG ¤EG »˘˘˘eô˘˘˘jh ,ᢢ˘©˘˘˘aG~ŸG
.™°ShCG kácQÉ°ûe ¬«a ácQÉ°ûŸG ™«é°ûJh
Neutral PoliticalEnvironment
ájOÉ«M á«°SÉ«°S áÄ«H
í«àJh ÜGõMC’G á«μ«eÉæjO øe ƒ∏îJ á«°SÉ«°S áÄ«H
øe xƒéHh ájôëH πª©J ¿CG á∏YÉØdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG iƒ≤∏d
.¢ùaÉæàdG
NeutralityájOÉ«M/OÉ« pM
≈∏Y ø˘q«˘©˘à˘j ~˘≤˘a .Oô˘é˘à˘H π˘ª˘©˘dɢH ÖbGôŸG ~˘¡˘©˘J
≈∏Y kÉJÉÑKEG OÉ«◊G ΩGõàdÉH kG~¡Y Gƒ©£≤j ¿CG ÚÑbGôŸG
™LGQ .√Gƒ°S ¿hO »°SÉ«°S í°TôŸ GhRÉëæj ød º¡fCG q¿CG
kÉ° jCG.''∑ƒ∏°ùddG ~YGƒb áfh~e''
Neutrality Pledge ájOÉ«◊G ΩGõàdÉH ~¡©J
.ôNBG ≈∏Y »°SÉ«°S ¿É«c q…CG Öq∏¨J ’ áÄ«H hCG/h lΩɶf
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ ''õ q«ëàe ÒZ''Ú° «≤ædGh.''õ q«ëàe''h ''õ q«–''
Nomination (Úë°TôŸG) ᫪°ùJJ/í«°TôJ
OGôaC’G hCG/h á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMCÓd í«àj »ª°SQ AGôLEG
IQGOEG áÄ«¡dh ,äÉHÉîàfÓd ¢UÉî°TC’G ¢ ©H í«°TÎH
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .᫪°ùàdG √òg ∫ƒÑ≤H äÉHÉîàf’Gô“Dƒe''
.''Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe''h ''»HõM
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
91
Nominee Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe
The entity that a political party and/orindividuals put forward for an election.See also “Nomination.”
A ballot that is marked indicating avote.
An organization that is not developedor directed by government bodies,often having non-profit status, whosework focuses on strengthening politicalprocesses and institutions. NGOs workto create more political space andincrease the potential and quality of cit-izen participation. They are legally reg-istered civil society organizations(CSOs) with formal rights and respon-sibilities, and a binding formal gover-nance structure. See also “Civil SocietyOrganization (CSO).”
Relating to all political parties or no par-ticular political parties. A non-partisanelection is one in which candidates arenot affiliated with particular parties andparties are not listed on the ballot. Anon-partisan organization is one thatassociates with either no political partiesor many different political parties, avoid-ing the association with one particularparty. For antonym, see “Partisan.”
A national of a country who monitorselection processes, including observingprocedures inside polling places, as partof a non-partisan domestic electionmonitoring organization.
hCG/h ᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘MC’G ¬˘«˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ …ò˘˘dG ¢ü°ûdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉHÉîàfÓd í°Tôªc OGôaC’G.''í«°TôJ''
Non-BlankVote/Ballot
(áeÓ©H) áeƒ°Sƒe ´GÎbG ábQh
.âjƒ°üàdG áeÓY πª– ´GÎbG ábQh
Non-GovernmentalOrganization (NGO)
á«eƒμM ÒZ ᪶æe
hCG ɢgAɢ°ûfEG ᢫˘eƒ˘μ◊G äɢ˘Ä˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘dG ¤ƒ˘˘à˘˘J ’ lᢢª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘e
äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG πμ°T ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ òîàJ πH ,É¡JQGOEG
õ˘jõ˘©˘J ≈˘∏˘Y ɢ¡˘∏˘ª˘Y ¥É˘£˘f ‘ õ˘˘ qcô˘˘Jh ᢢ«˘˘ë˘˘Hô˘˘dG ÒZ
≈©°ùJ »¡a .äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG äGQ~bh á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG
á˘cQɢ°ûe IOɢjRh »˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG ᢩ˘bQ ™˘«˘˘°Sƒ˘˘J ¤EG
πsé°ùoJh .á«YƒædGh äÉ«fÉμeE’G å«M øe ÚæWGƒŸG
äɪ¶æe áfÉN â– kÉ«fƒfÉb á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äɪ¶æŸG
™˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘° Jh ¥ƒ˘˘≤˘˘ë˘˘H ™˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘˘J »˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG Ê~ŸG ™˘˘˘ª˘˘˘àÛG
IQGOEG ∫É› ‘ ᫪°SQ á«æÑH Ωõà∏Jh ,᫪°SQ äÉ«dhDƒ°ùÃ
äɪ¶æe hCG á«ëHôdG ÒZ äɪ¶æŸG kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡∏ªY
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG.''Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe''
Non-Partisan RÉëæe hCG õq«ëàe ÒZ/»HõM ÒZ
’ hCG ÜGõMC’G ™«ªéH §ÑJôj Ée ≈∏Y q∫~J áØ°U »g
Ω~©H ∞°üàJ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’Éa .Ú©e ÜõëH §ÑJôj
¿ƒë°TôŸG »ªàæj ’ mäÉHÉîàfG ¤EG Ò°ûJ RÉ«ëf’G
≈∏Y ´GÎb’G ábQh »JCÉJ ’h áæ«©e ÜGõMCG ¤EG É¡«a
∂∏J »¡a IRÉëæŸG ÒZ ᪶æŸG ÉeCG .ÜGõMC’G ôcP
»àdG hCG øq«©e mÜõëH É¡ª°SG •ÉÑJQG ¿hO ∫ƒ– »àdG
Üõ˘ë˘H ɢ¡˘£˘Hô˘d kɢjOÉ˘Ø˘J ,ÜGõ˘MCG I~˘Y ™˘e ≈˘Wɢ©˘˘à˘˘J
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .øq«©e.''õq«ëàe/»HõM''
Non-PartisanDomestic ElectionMonitor (or Observer)
»∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe
RÉëæŸG ÒZ
πª°ûàa ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ÖbGôj …òdG øWGƒŸG
õ˘cGô˘e π˘NGO ᢢ«˘˘YôŸG äGAGô˘˘LE’G á˘˘Ñ˘˘bGô˘˘e ¬˘˘eɢ˘¡˘˘e
IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏fi ᪶æe ‘ kGƒ° Y ¬àØ°üH ´GÎb’G
.äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôà ≈æ©oJ
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
92
Non-Partisan DomesticElection Monitoring/Observer Organization(or Group)
á«∏fi (áYƒª› hCG) ᪶æe
áÑbGôà án∏ ncƒe IRÉëæe ÒZ
äÉHÉîàf’G
A domestic organization that, on thebasis of political impartiality, monitorselection processes to promote electoralintegrity and ensures that the rights ofvoters are respected in the electoralprocess. Such an organization is com-prised of nationals of the countrywhere the voting is taking place anddoes not support or detract from anycompetitor in an election.
An improperly cast ballot. A large num-ber of null ballots can indicate of a lowlevel of voter understanding among theelectorate. See also “Ballots Destroyed”and “Rejected Ballot.”
ájOÉ«◊ɢH ɢ¡˘aɢ°üJG º˘μ˘ë˘H »˘à˘dG ᢫˘∏ÙG äɢª˘¶˘æŸG
kGõjõ©J ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG áÑbGôe ¤ƒàJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG
¥ƒ˘≤˘M ΩGÎMG ≈˘∏˘Y kɢ°Uô˘˘Mh äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ᢢgGõ˘˘æ˘˘d
äɢª˘¶˘æŸG √ò˘g qº˘° Jh .᢫˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG √ò˘g ‘ ÚÑ˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG
á«∏ªY ¬«a …ôŒ …òdG ~∏ÑdG ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj ÚæWGƒe
Ú뢢˘°TôŸG ø˘˘˘e kÉ q jCG ¿h~˘˘˘jDƒ˘˘˘j ’ º˘˘˘¡˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘μ˘˘˘˘dh ´GÎb’G
.º¡fCÉ°T øe ¿ƒ°ü≤àæj ’h äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Ú°ùaÉæàŸG
Null Ballot á∏WÉH ´GÎbG ábQh
O~Y ´ÉØJQG ¿CÉ°T øeh .CÉ£N É¡Hƒ°ûj ´GÎbG ábQh
á˘aô˘©˘e á˘∏˘b ≈˘∏˘Y q∫~˘j ¿CG á˘∏˘˘Wɢ˘Ñ˘˘dG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædG ±ƒØ°U ÚH ´GÎb’G äGAGôLEÉH
.''á«Z’ ´GÎbG ábQh''h ''áØ∏àe ´GÎbG ábQh''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
OThe process of witnessing and assessingthe integrity of the electoral process,particularly as it relates to internationalstandards. See “Election Monitoring/Observing,” “International ElectionObservation Mission (or Delegation),”and “Domestic Election MonitoringOrganization.”
See “International Election Obser-vation Mission (or Delegation).”
An identification card issued by thegovernment or election managementbody (EMB), which give individualsand organizations the authority toobserve elections.
A handbook produced by the organizerof the observation mission to distributeto volunteers to reinforce material com-municated during the training program.Observer/monitor manuals also out-line the role, duties, and responsibilitiesof election monitors.
Of a government or government official.
A voter that has been omitted from thevoters list by the enumerators.
Observation (äÉHÉîàf’G) áÑbGôe
á«∏ª©dG ágGõf i~e º««≤Jh áæjÉ©Ã íª°ùJ á«∏ªY
.á«dh~dG ÒjÉ©ŸÉH É¡eGõàdG á¡÷ ɪ«°S ’ ,á«HÉîàf’G
~ah hCG) á«dhO áã©H''h ,''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe'' ™LGQ
án∏ ncƒe á«∏fi ᪶æe''h ,''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ (‹hO
.''äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ
Observation Mission (äÉHÉîàf’G) áÑbGôe áã©H
kɢ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQá˘˘Ñ˘˘bGôŸ (‹hO ~˘˘ah hCG) ᢢ«˘˘dhO á˘˘ã˘˘©˘˘H''
.''äÉHÉîàf’G
ObserverAccreditation Card
ÖbGôŸG ¢ jƒØJ ábÉ£H
IQGOEG áÄ«g hCG áeƒμ◊G øY Q~°üJ ∞jô©J ábÉ£H
᢫˘MÓ˘°U äɢª˘¶˘˘æŸGh OGô˘˘aC’G í˘˘æ“h ,äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G
.äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe
Observer/MonitorManual
ÖbGôŸG π«dO
á˘Ñ˘bGôŸG á˘ã˘©˘H º˘ q¶˘æ˘J »˘à˘dG á˘¡÷G ø˘Y Q~˘°üj π˘«˘dO
∫ÓN áYRƒŸG OGƒª∏d kɪ«Y~J ÚYƒ£àŸG ≈∏Y ´ sRƒojh
QhO kÉ° jCG π«d~dG Gòg ¢Vô©à°ùjh .ÖjQ~àdG èeÉfôH
.º¡JÉ«dhDƒ°ùeh ,º¡eÉ¡eh ,äÉHÉîàf’G »ÑbGôe
OfficeÖ°üæe
.»eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùe Ö°üæe hCG áeƒμ◊G ‘
Omitted Voter ¬ª°SG § p≤°SoCG ÖNÉf
ÚÑNÉædG AÉ°üMEG øY ádhDƒ°ùŸG á¡÷G â£≤°SCG lÖNÉf
.ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ øe ¬ª°SG
93NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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Principle that recognizes the universali-ty of the right to vote and that each voteshould carry approximately the samevalue. See also “Equal Suffrage.”
A form of list proportional representa-tion in which voters can express a prefer-ence both for a party or grouping and forone, or sometimes more, candidates with-in the list presented by that party orgrouping. See also “Closed List,” “FreeList,” and “Party List.”
A primary election that, unlike a closedprimary, allows all eligible voters,regardless of party affiliation, to votefor a party’s nominee. See also “ClosedPrimary.”
A division responsible for the procure-ment and distribution of election mate-rials, identification of voting sites, andthe creation of timetables for the differ-ent functions at election time. Alsoknown as “logistic division.”
Individuals in the community who caninfluence others. These people may beleaders of civic organizations, politicalleaders, members of the media, or well-known and respected individuals. It isoften important to win the endorsementof these individuals early in a politicalcampaign. See also “Endorsement.”
A survey conducted between andbefore elections to get a projection onthe outcome of the elections. Can be atool of a civil society organization(CSO), political party, or governmentofficial/office to gauge public opinionon public policies or reform efforts.
One Person, One Vote ~MGƒdG ÖNÉæ∏d ~MGh 䃰U
q¿CÉHh ,™«ªé∏d ìÉàe ƒg âjƒ°üàdG ≥M q¿CÉH qô≤j CG~Ñe
iôNC’G äGƒ°UC’G QGôZ ≈∏Y ¬∏≤Kh ¬fRh 䃰U πμd
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .kÉÑjô≤J.''´GÎb’G ‘ IGhÉ°ùee''
Open List áMƒàØe áëF’
ÚÑNÉæ∏d í«àj …òdG á«Ñ°ùædG áëFÓdG ∫Éμ°TCG ~MCG
á¡L øe áYƒªÛ hCG Üõ◊ º¡à∏°VÉØe øY GƒHô©j ¿CG
øª°V ¬ª°SG êQ~e ,ÌcCG hCG ,~MGh í°TôŸ ∂dòch
áYƒªÛG ∂∏J hCG Üõ◊G ∑GP É¡e~≤j »àdG áëFÓdG
.iôNCG á¡L øeáëF’''h ,''á≤∏¨e áëF’'' kÉ° jCG ™LGQ
.''Üõ◊G áëF’''h ,''IôM
Open Primary áMƒàØe áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG
áj~«¡ªàdG äÉHÉîàfÓd kÉaÓN ,í«àJ áj~«¡“ äÉHÉëàfG
¢ ¨Hh ,âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ™«ª÷ ,á≤∏¨ŸG
í˘°TôŸ Gƒ˘J qƒ˘°üj ¿CG ,᢫˘Hõ◊G º˘¡˘JɢWÉ˘Ñ˘JQG ø˘Y ô˘¶˘æ˘dG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Üõ◊G.''á≤∏¨e áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG''
Operations Division äÉ«∏ª©dG º°ùbb
,É¡©jRƒJh á«HÉîàf’G OGƒŸG AGô°T øY ∫hDƒ°ùe lº°ùb
»˘˘˘æ˘˘˘eõ˘˘˘dG ∫h~÷G OG~˘˘˘YEGh ,´GÎb’G ™˘˘˘bGƒ˘˘˘˘e ~˘˘˘˘j~–h
.äÉHÉîàf’G IÎa ‘ ΩÉ¡ŸG ∞∏àfl ΩÉ“EG ~«YGƒÃ ≥∏©àŸG
kÉ° jCG ± nô©oj ƒgh.''»à°ùLLƒ∏dG º«¶æàdG º°ù≤≤H''
Opinion Leaders …CGôdG IOÉb
ÒKCÉàdG IQ~≤H ¿ƒ©àªàj øjòdG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG AÉæHCG
AÉ°SDhôH ¢UÉî°TC’G A’Dƒg ~°ùéàj ~bh .øjôNB’G ≈∏Y
hCG ,Ú«˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG Aɢ˘ª˘˘Yõ˘˘dG hCG ,ᢢ«˘˘f~ŸG äɢ˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æŸG
.ΩGÎM’ÉH ≈¶– áahô©e äÉ«°üî°ûH hCG ,Ú«eÓYE’G
π°üëj ¿CG í°TôŸG øe IQhô° dG »° à≤J Ée kÉÑdÉZ
IôμÑe á∏Môe ‘ OGôaC’G A’Dƒg øe »æ∏Y ~«jCÉJ ≈∏Y
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á∏ª◊G øe.''~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG''
Opinion Poll ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG
iôNCGh äÉHÉîàfG ÚH Ée …ôéj ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d AÉàØà°SG
äÉ©bƒJ ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G πLCG øe äÉHÉîàf’G πÑb Éeh
…CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG í∏°üJh .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ∫ƒM
Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe É¡e~îà°ùJ IGOCÉc kÉ° jCG √òg
¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG É¡H Ú©à°ùj hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G hCG
ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d kG~°UQ á«eƒμ◊G ôFGh~dG hCG ¿ƒ«eƒμ◊G
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Methods to obtain such public opin-ions include telephone surveys, mailedquestionnaires, specific questions on anelection ballot, and comments obtainedin public meetings. See also “PublicOpinion Research.”
A political party or candidate competingfor the same office and on the same bal-lot. See also “Electoral Competitors.”
A political party or an organized groupopposed to the group, party, or govern-ment in power.
Research focused on an opponent orrival political party to better understandthe competition. See also “CandidateResearch” and “Research.”
Machine that capture data by scanningand recognizing hand written lettersand numbers rather than pre-deter-mined marks.
Machine that capture data by scanningand recognizing a set of pre-determinedmarks, such as filled-in circles or com-pleting arrows that point to specificelectoral competitors.
A ballot that requires the voter to indi-cate preferences amongst the variouscandidates or parties by ranking them.Ordinal ballots are also known as pref-erential voting. The alternative vote,borda count, single transferable vote(STV), and supplementary vote are allexamples of preferential voting systems.
ɢeCG .ìÓ˘°UE’G Oƒ˘˘¡˘˘L hCG ᢢeɢ˘©˘˘dG äɢ˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG ∫ƒ˘˘M
á˘eɢ©˘dG AGQB’G ≈˘∏˘Y ∫ƒ˘°ü◊ɢH á˘∏˘«˘Ø˘μ˘˘dG π˘˘Fɢ˘°Sƒ˘˘dG
äÉfÉ«Ñà°S’Gh ,∞JÉ¡dG ÈY ΩÓ©à°S’G ÚH ´ qƒæààa
ábQh ‘ áMhô£ŸG IO~ÙG á∏Ä°SC’Gh ,~jÈdÉH á∏°SôŸG
äɢYɢª˘à˘L’G ‘ O pô˘J »˘à˘dG äɢ≤˘«˘∏˘©˘˘à˘˘dGh ,´GÎb’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áeÉ©dG.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''
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Opponentº°üN
Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d ᢰùaɢæŸG π˘˘N~˘˘j í˘˘°Tô˘˘e hCG »˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°S Üõ˘˘M
.É¡JGP ´GÎb’G ábQh ≈∏Y ¬ª°SG ê nQ~ojh ¬JGP Ö°üæŸÉH
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ¿ƒ°ùaaÉæàe (¿ƒë°Tôe)''
Oppositioná°VQÉ©e
¢VQÉ©J »àdG ᪠q¶æŸG áYƒªÛG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G
.á£∏°ùdG ‘ IOƒLƒŸG áeƒμ◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG ≥jôØdG
Opposition Research á°VQÉ©ŸG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG
º°üÿG hCG ¢ùaÉæŸG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G ≈∏Y õ qcôj åëH
™LGQ .᫢Hɢî˘à˘f’G á˘cô˘©ŸG ⁄ɢ©Ã á˘jGQ~˘dG ™˘«˘°Sƒ˘à˘d
kÉ° jCG.''çÉÉëHCG''h ''í°TôŸG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''
Optical CharacterRecognition (OCR) Device
¤EG »Fƒ° dG ± qô©àdG RÉ¡L
±hô◊G
í˘°ùŸG ≥˘jô˘W ø˘Y äɢfɢ«˘Ñ˘dG •É˘≤˘à˘˘d’ ¢Uɢ˘N Rɢ˘¡˘˘L
kÉ°VƒY ~«dÉH áHƒàμŸG ΩÉbQC’Gh ±ôMC’G ¤EG ± qô©àdGh
.kÉ≤Ñ°ùe IO~ÙG äÉeÓ©dG øY
Optical MarkRecognition (OMR)Device
¤EG »Fƒ° dG ± qô©àdG RÉ¡L
äÉeÓ©dG
í˘°ùŸG ≥˘jô˘W ø˘Y äɢfɢ«˘Ñ˘dG •É˘≤˘à˘˘d’ ¢Uɢ˘N Rɢ˘¡˘˘L
kÉ≤Ñ°ùe IO q~ÙG äÉeÓ©dG øe áYƒª› ¤EG ± qô©àdGh
¤EG Ò°ûJ »˘˘à˘˘dG º˘˘¡˘˘°SC’G ∫ɢ˘ª˘˘cEG hCG ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dG Aπ˘˘ª˘˘c
.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ øjO~fi Ú°ùaÉæàe
Ordinal Ballot äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH ´GÎbG ábQh
¬«ë°Tôe QÉàîj ¿CG ÖNÉædG øe »Y~à°ùJ ´GÎbG ábQh
hCG Ú뢰TôŸG ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘æ˘à˘e ᢠ˘Yƒ˘ ˘ª› ÚH ø˘˘e Ú∏˘˘° ØŸG
Gò˘g ± nô˘©˘ ojh .º˘¡˘Fɢª˘°SCG Ö«˘Jô˘J ≥˘jô˘ ˘W ø˘˘Y ÜGõ˘ ˘MC’G
䃰üdG Ωɶf Éeh .»∏«° ØàdG âjƒ°üàdÉH kÉ° jCG ´GÎb’G
Ωɢ¶˘fh ,äGƒ˘°UC’G Üɢ°ùà˘M’ ''GOQƒ˘H'' Ωɢ¶˘fh ,π˘˘j~˘ ˘Ñ˘ ˘dG
,‘É°VE’G 䃰üdG Ωɶfh ,Ò«éà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG 䃰üdG
.»∏«° ØàdG âjƒ°üàdG ᪶fCG øY IO~©àe á∏ãeCG ’EG
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Ordinary Vote …OÉY âjƒ°üJ
A vote cast, at a voting center, in theelector’s voting district, on election day.See also “Special Voting.”
A method that allows voters to cast theirvotes while temporarily or permanentlyout of the country. See also “AbsenteeVoting,” “Embassy Voting,” and“Postal Vote/Voting By Mail.”
øª°V ™bGƒdG ´GÎb’G õcôe ‘ ¬Jƒ°üH ÖNÉædG A’OEG
™LGQ .ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ‘ ¬d IO~ÙG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG
kÉ° jCG.''¢UÉN âjƒ°üJ''
Out of CountryVoting (OCV)
~∏ÑdG êQQÉN âjƒ°üJ
~æY º¡JGƒ°UCÉH Gƒd~j ¿CG ÚÑNÉæ∏d í«àJ ´GÎbG á«dBG
.ø˘Wƒ˘dG êQɢN ,á˘ª˘FGO hCG á˘à˘bDƒ˘e IQƒ˘°üH ,º˘¡˘à˘eɢbEG
kɢ˘˘˘˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘˘˘˘LGQ‘ âjƒ˘˘°üJ''h ,''»˘˘˘Hɢ˘˘«˘˘˘Z âjƒ˘˘˘°üJ''
.''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''äGQÉØ°ùddG
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Paid Media ´ƒa~e ΩÓYEG
Any advertisements the campaign paysto have placed in the mass media, suchas television, radio, or newspaperadvertisements.
A standard piece of campaign literatureused to describe the candidate and pro-vide a reason to vote for him. A standardpalm card should fit easily inside one’spalm and is generally delivered by thecampaign door-to-door. It should pro-vide a clear summary of the campaignmessage. See “Campaign Literature”and “Message.”
A printed record of the voter’s elec-tronic vote (sometimes called a papertrail, audit trail or voter verifiable paperaudit trail VVPAT). See also “PaperTrail” and “Voter Verifiable PaperAudit Trail (VVPAT).”
See “Paper Record.”
A mixed electoral system in which thechoices expressed by the voters areused to elect representatives throughtwo different systems, usually one plu-rality/majority system and one propor-tional representation system, but inwhich, unlike a mixed-member pro-portional representation system, but in
É¡ãH hCG Égô°ûæd É¡Ø«dÉμJ á∏ª◊G ™a~J äÉfÓYEG …CG
᢫˘fƒ˘jõ˘Ø˘∏˘à˘˘dG äɢ˘fÓ˘˘YE’ɢ˘c ,ᢢ«˘˘eÓ˘˘YEG π˘˘Fɢ˘°Sh ‘
.á«Øë°üdGh á«YGPE’Gh
Palm Card ºéëëH (í°TôŸÉH ∞jô©J) ábÉ£H
~«dG ∞c
IÒ°S ¢VGô©à°S’ q~©oJ á∏ª◊G OGƒe øe á«LPƒ‰ IOÉe
Q~éjh .¬d âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG á«YG~dG ÜÉÑ°SC’Gh í°TôŸG
¿CGh ~«dG ∞c ºéMh √òg ∞jô©àdG ábÉ£H Ö°SÉæàJ ¿CG
.QGO ¤EG QGO øe ±Gƒ£dÉH á∏ª◊G ‘ ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG É¡YRƒj
™LGQ .á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ kÉ° jCG 샰VƒH ¢üî∏J ¿CG Öéjh
.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''h ,''á∏ª◊G OGƒe''
Paper Record »bQh πé°°S
ÈY ¬˘Jƒ˘˘°üH ÖNɢ˘æ˘˘dG A’OEG âÑ˘˘ã˘˘j ´ƒ˘˘Ñ˘˘£˘˘e π˘˘é˘˘°S
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«fhÎμdE’G πFÉ°SƒdG≥«b~àdG πé°°S''
.''»bQƒdG
Paper Trail »bQh πé°°S
™LGQ.√ÓYCG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Parallel System mRGƒàe »HÉîàfG Ωɶf
ø˘Y ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Nɢæ˘dG ¬˘«˘a ô qÑ˘©˘j §˘∏˘àfl »˘Hɢî˘à˘˘fG lΩɢ˘¶˘˘f
Úeɶf OɪàYG ∫ÓN øe º¡«∏㇠ÜÉîàf’ º¡JGQÉ«N
Ωɢ¶˘fh …ÌcC’G Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dɢH kIOɢY ¿Ó˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘j ,ÚØ˘˘∏˘˘àfl
Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG Gò˘g π˘X ‘ ,ø˘μ˘dh .»˘Ñ˘˘°ùæ˘˘dG π˘˘«˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG
ò nNDƒoJ ’ ,á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG Ωɶæd kÉaÓNh ,§∏àıG
~æY ∫hC’G ΩɶædG πX ‘ áYRƒŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG QÉÑàY’G Ú©H
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which, unlike a mixed-member propor-tional system, no account is taken of theseats allocated under the first system incalculating the results in the second sys-tem. See also “Plurality/MajoritySystem” and “Proportional System.”
A test conducted on voting day inwhich actual voting equipment isexcluded from the voting, isolated, test-ed, and monitored. Parallel tests aredesigned to “convince” the machinethat it is being used in an actual electionenvironment to determine how itwould behave in an actual election.
Provides an independent verificationof election results. To conduct a soundparallel vote tabulation (PVT), a ran-dom statistical-based sample of pollingstations are drawn. Trained volunteersfrom civil society are deployed topolling stations to observe and recordall aspects of the voting and countingprocess. This information, includingthe official polling stations vote countresults, is then sent to a central collec-tion point where the data is used toevaluate the overall quality of the elec-tion day proceedings and to project, orverify, official results based on preciseanalysis of polling center data. PVT isalso known as a quick count.
Signs, buttons, t-shirts, posters, andbanners that promote a candidate,party, or issue in an election.Paraphernalia, which is often givenaway free of cost, serves as advertise-ment for a campaign and increases itsvisibility. See also “Visibility.”
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÊÉãdG ΩɶædG ‘ èFÉàædG ÜÉ°ùàMGΩɶf''
.''»Ñ°ùæædG π«ãªàdG Ωɶf''h ''…ÌcCG
Parallel Test »HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG QÉÑàNG
äG~©e ∫õ©oJ ¬«ah äÉHÉîàf’G Ωƒj iôéoj QÉÑàNG
™° îJh âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªY øY á«∏©ØdG âjƒ°üàdG
ájRGƒàŸG äGQÉ˘Ñ˘à˘N’G º˘ qª˘°ü oJ .á˘Ñ˘bGôŸGh QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘NÓ˘d
áÄ«H ‘ Ω~îà°ùoJ É¡fCÉH áe~îà°ùŸG ádB’G ''´ÉæbE’''
± qô°üàdG É¡æμÁ ∞«c ~j~ëàd á«≤«≤M á«HÉîàfG
.á«≤«≤M äÉHÉîàfG ‘ kÉ«∏©a
Parallel VoteTabulation (PVT)
/ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G ádh~L
ájRGƒàŸG âjƒ°üàdG ∫hG~L OG~YEG
øe á∏≤à°ùe áÄ«g ~j ≈∏Y ≥≤ëàdG ádh~÷G √òg í«àJ
áæq«Y QÉ«àNG qºàj ,QÉWE’G Gòg ‘h .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf
äÉ«FÉ°üME’G ¤EG OÉæà°S’ÉH ´GÎb’G õcGôe øe á«FGƒ°ûY
qºàj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .᪫∏°S ∫hG~L OG~YEG πLCG øe IôaGƒàŸG
Gƒ˘Ñ˘bGÒd ´GÎb’G õ˘cGô˘e ‘ ÚHQ~ŸG ÚYƒ˘ ˘£˘ ˘àŸG ô˘ ˘°ûf
Rô˘ah ´GÎb’G »˘à˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y ∫ƒ˘M º˘¡˘Jɢ¶˘MÓ˘e Gƒ˘∏˘é˘°ùjh
√òg ∫É°SQEG ¤EG QÉ°üoj ºK .ɪ¡ÑfGƒL πμH ,äGƒ°UC’G
‘ äGƒ°UC’G RôØd ᫪°SôdG èFÉàædG É¡«a Éà ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG
å«M äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ ¢ü°üfl õcôe ¤EG ´GÎb’G õcGôe
á≤Ñ£ŸG äGAGôLE’G á«Yƒf º««≤àd äÉfÉ«ÑdG Ω n~îà°ùoJ
¿CÉ°ûH äÉ©˘bƒ˘à˘dG QG~˘°UE’h ,∫ɢª˘LE’ɢH äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G Ωƒ˘j
π«∏– ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG ,É¡æe ≥≤ëàdG hCG ,᫪°SôdG èFÉàædG
.kÉ≤«bO kÓ«∏– ´GÎb’G õcGôe øY áŒÉædG äÉfÉ«ÑdG
.™jô°ùdG RôØdÉH kÉ° jCG á«∏ª©dG √òg ± nô©oJh
Paraphernalia /á∏ªë∏d á«FÉYO OGƒe
™jRƒà∏d I~©ŸG á∏ª◊G OGƒe
,äɢ≤˘°ü∏˘eh ,᢫˘˘æ˘˘£˘˘b ¿É˘˘°üª˘˘bh ,QGQRCGh ,äɢ˘à˘˘a’
᢫˘° ≤˘d hCG ,Üõ˘ë˘˘∏˘˘d hCG ,í˘˘°Tô˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘d ê qhô˘˘J äɢ˘jGQh
»˘à˘dG OGƒŸG √ò˘g í˘∏˘°üJh .äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ‘ á˘Mhô˘£˘˘e
á˘∏˘ª◊G ø˘Y ¿Ó˘YEÓ˘d ¿É˘˘«˘˘MC’G Ö∏˘˘ZCG ‘ kɢ˘fÉ› ´ sRƒ˘˘J
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡H ÚÑNÉædG áaô©e ™«°SƒJh§«∏°ùJJ''
.''í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G
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Parliament¿ÉŸôH
See “Legislature.”
The act of sharing in the activities of acivil society organization (CSO), politi-cal, party, or political process; the con-dition of sharing in common with oth-ers. Participation is a right and respon-sibility of citizens in a democracy,through issue-oriented CSOs and/orpolitical parties.
Of or relating to a political party. Whenan election is partisan, it means thatparty affiliation is a component of thecontest and may be listed on the ballot.For antonym, see “Non-Partisan.”
A group of people who join togetherbecause they share many ideas aboutwhat the government should do. Seealso “Political Party.”
A partisan representative that observeselection day activities and election-relat-ed processes to ensure that the rights ofparticular candidates and/or politicalparties are respected in the electoralprocess. Party agents are also some-times referred to as scrutineers, proxies,and party poll watchers.
A list presented by a participating partyof candidates for an electoral district.See “Open List,” “Free List,” and“Closed List.”
See “Party Agent.”
™LGQ.''á«©jô°ûJJ áÄ«g''
ParticipationácQÉ°ûee
»˘à˘dG ᢢ£˘˘°ûfC’G ‘ ¢Uɢ˘î˘˘°TC’G •Gô˘˘î˘˘fG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y q∫~˘˘J
ÜGõ˘˘MC’G hCG Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG äɢ˘ª˘˘¶˘˘æ˘˘e ɢ˘¡˘˘ª˘˘˘¶˘˘˘æ˘˘˘J
kÉ° jCG q∫~Jh ;á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ hCG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG
.ø˘jô˘NB’G ™˘e ∑Qɢ°ûà˘dɢH ɢ¡˘˘fƒ˘˘°û«˘˘©˘˘j mᢢdɢ˘M ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y
‘ ¬˘«˘∏˘Y ᢫˘dhDƒ˘°ùeh ø˘WGƒ˘ª˘∏˘d w≥˘M »˘g á˘cQɢ°ûŸGh
äɢª˘¶˘æ˘e ‘ •ô˘î˘æ˘j å«˘M ᢫˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG á˘ª˘¶˘˘fC’G
á÷ɢ©˘e ≈˘∏˘Y ɢgOƒ˘¡˘˘L qÖ°üJ »˘˘à˘˘dG Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘˘àÛG
.á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ‘ hCG/h ÉjÉ° ≤dG
Partisan RÉëæe hCG õq«ëàe/»HõM
Ú뢢a .ᢢ«˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G ¤EG ᢢ∏˘˘°üH qâÁ ɢ˘e π˘˘˘c
᫪gCG ≈∏Y q∫~j Gò¡a »HõM ™HÉ£H äÉHÉîàf’G ∞°üàJ
ábQh ‘ √ôcP O pônj ~b …òdG »Hõ◊G Úë°TôŸG AɪàfG
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .´GÎb’G.''õ q«ëàe ÒZ/»HõM ÒZ''
PartyÜõM
á˘jGQ â– ¿hƒ˘° æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢Uɢ˘î˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª›
á˘≤˘jô˘W ∫ƒ˘M Qɢμ˘aCG I~˘Y ¿hô˘Wɢ°ûà˘j º˘¡˘˘fC’ I~˘˘MGh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ºμ◊G á°SQɇ.''»°SÉ«°S ÜõM''
Party Agent Üõ◊G Üh~æe
»˘Hɢî˘à˘˘f’G Ωƒ˘˘«˘˘dG ᢢ£˘˘°ûfCG ÖbGô˘˘j …ò˘˘dG Üõ◊G π˘˘ã‡
¥ƒ≤M ΩGÎMG ¿Éª° d á«YôŸG á«HÉîàf’G äGAGôLE’Gh
ᢢ«˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘dG ‘ ᢢ˘«˘˘˘°Sɢ˘˘«˘˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G hCG/h Ú뢢˘°TôŸG
᢫˘∏˘ª˘Y ‘ ≥˘b~ŸÉ˘H kɢfɢ«˘MCG ¬˘«˘dEG Qɢ°û˘˘oj .ᢢ«˘˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G
¢V sƒ˘˘˘ØŸG) Üõ◊G Üh~˘˘˘æ˘˘˘eh ,äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘˘˘ah ´GÎb’G
.(´GÎb’G õcôe ‘ á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG äÉjô› áÑbGôe
Party List Üõ◊G áëF’
Aɪ°SCÉH äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ∑QÉ°ûe ÜõM É¡H Ω~≤àj áëF’
™LGQ .áæq«©e ᫢Hɢî˘à˘fG Iô˘FGO π˘«˘ã˘ª˘à˘d ¬˘«˘ë˘°Tô˘e
.''á≤∏¨e áëF’''h ,''IôM áëF’''h ,''áMƒàØe áëF’''
Party Observer Üõ◊G øe Ü n~àæe ÖbGôe
™LGQ.''Üõ◊G Üh~æe''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
100
Party-List ProportionalRepresentation System
á«Ñ°ùæædG áªFÉ≤dG/áëFÓdG Ωɶf
See “List Proportional Representation.”
Information from past elections on howmany votes or what percentage of votescandidates from a particular party orsimilar ideology received. If there aresimilar candidates or multiple elections,the various percentages can be averagedtogether to find an overall performance.
Evaluation of the voters list whichassesses whether eligible voters areabsent from the voters list based on sam-pling a cross-section of the electorate.See also “List-to-People Audit (of theVoters List)” and “Voters List Audit.”
A registry for which election officialscreate an entirely new voters list forevery election, which requires a neweffort each time to identify those peo-ple who are eligible to vote.
See “Periodic Voter Registry.”
The extent to which a particular group ofvoters does not vote in a consistent way.
A voter who does not vote in a consistentway, voting for one candidate and notvoting for a candidate with a similar ide-ology or from the same party in either thesame election or in two consecutive elec-tions. It is believed that persuadable vot-ers do not identify with a particular partyor ideology and can be persuaded by aclear message. See also “Swing Voter.”
™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Past Performance ‘ (ÜGõMC’G/Úë°TôŸG) AGOCG
á≤HÉ°ùddG äÉHÉîàf’G
»àdG äGƒ°UC’G áÑ°ùf hCG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y øY läÉeƒ∏©e
¿ƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘e hCG á˘æ˘˘q«˘˘©˘˘e ÜGõ˘˘MCG ø˘˘e ¿ƒ˘˘ë˘˘°Tô˘˘e ɢ˘¡˘˘dɢ˘f
.á˘≤˘Hɢ°ùdG äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ‘ ɢ¡˘JGP ~˘Fɢ≤˘©˘dG ¿ƒ˘cQɢ°ûà˘j
O~©J ~æY hCG Úë°Tôe I~Y ÚH ¬HÉ°ûJ •É≤f RhôH ~æYh
∞∏àfl øY œÉædG ∫~©ŸG ÜÉ°ùàMG øμÁ ,äÉHÉîàf’G
.πμc AGOC’G øY Iôμa øjƒμàd káYƒª› Ö n°ùpædG
People-to-List Audit(of the Voters List)
ÚH á≤HÉ£ŸG ∫ÓN øe ≥«b~J
ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒdh ¢SƒØædG πé°°S
É¡dÉØZEG á«fÉμeEG øe ≥≤ëà∏d ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ º««≤J
OÉæà°S’ÉH ´GÎbÓd Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ¢ ©H Aɪ°SCG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÚÑNÉædG ´ƒª› øe á«LPƒ‰ áæq«Y ¤EG
áëF’h ¢SƒØædG πé°°S ÚH á≤HÉ£ŸG ∫ÓN øe ≥«b~J''
.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''h ,''ÚÑNÉædG
Periodic VoterRegistry
…Qh~dG ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S
ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd äÉHÉîàf’G ƒØXƒe ¬«a O q~éj πé°S
A’Dƒg øe »Y~à°ùj ɇ ,ÜÉîàfG πc ‘ πeÉμdÉH
~j~ëàd Iôe qπc ‘ Oƒ¡÷G ∫òH GhOhÉ©j ¿CG ÚØXƒŸG
.âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG
Periodic Voters List ájQh~dG ÚÑNÉædG ºFGƒb/íFGƒd
™LGQ.''…Qh~dG ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S''
Persuadability ÚÑNÉædG ádɪà°SG/´ÉæbEG á«fÉμeEG
øe áæq«©e áYƒª› q¿CG øq«ÑJ ɪ∏c á°UôØdG √òg ™°ùàJ
.ΩGh~dG ≈∏Y ¬JGP √ÉŒ’ÉH ä qƒ°üJ ’ ÚÑNÉædG
Persuadable Voter ´ÉæbEÓd πHÉb ÖNÉf
ä qƒ°üj ¿CÉc ,¬JGP √ÉŒ’ÉH ΩɶàfÉH ä qƒ°üj ’ ÖNÉf
√ôWÉ°ûj ôNBG í°TôŸ ä qƒ°üj ¿CG ¿hO øe øq«©e í°TôŸ
äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ÉeEG ¬JGP Üõ◊G øe hCG É¡JGP I~«≤©dG
q¿CÉH OÉ≤àY’G Oƒ°ùjh .Úà«dÉààe ÚàdƒL ‘ hCG É¡JGP
I~˘«˘≤˘©˘H hCG ø˘q«˘©˘e Üõ˘ë˘H π˘Kɢª˘à˘j ’ ÖNɢæ˘dG Gò˘˘g
™LGQ .áë°VGh ádÉ°SQ q…CÉH ™æà≤j ¿CG øμÁ πH áæq«©e
kÉ° jCG.''íLQCÉàe ÖNÉf''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
101
Petitioná° jôY
A request to an authority, most com-monly a government official or publicentity. Can be used to appeal electiondecisions, and are one type of tacticused by civic groups in advocacy cam-paigns to gather signatures of like-minded citizens on a particular issue.
A group whose major role is to appealelection decisions.
A method of voter contact in whichvolunteers call voters on the phone topersuade voters, identify supporters,and turn out the vote near election day.Also known as phoning.
A circular chart that is divided into sec-tors, illustrating relative magnitudes,frequencies, or percentages. Pie chartshave several uses in elections, such asrepresenting where candidates or par-ties stand in relation to each other inthe electoral race.
The program, often written, that thepolitical party or candidate will address(including political, social, and econom-ic pillars) if and when they are elected.This is not a campaign message.
See “Referendum.”
A system based on the principle that acandidate(s) or party with a plurality ofvotes (i.e. more than any other) or amajority of votes (i.e. 50 % + 1 - anabsolute majority) is/are declared thewinner(s). See also “Majority System,”“Plurality/Relative Majority,” and“Semi-Proportional System.”
πqãªàJ áæq«©e á£∏°S ¤EG ¢UÉî°TCG ¬H Ω q~≤àj …òdG Ö∏£dG
.áeÉ©dG äÉÄ«¡dG hCG Ú«eƒμ◊G ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ‘ ΩÉY m¬LƒH
IQOÉ°üdG ΩÉμMC’G ‘ ø©£∏d Ω n~îà°ùoJ »àdG ¢ FGô©dGh
ÒHG~˘à˘dG ∫É˘μ˘°TCG ø˘e lπ˘μ˘°T »˘g äɢ ˘Hɢ ˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G ¿Cɢ ˘°ûH
QÉWEG ‘ á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG É¡«dEG CÉé∏J »àdG á«μ«àμàdG
øjòdG ÚæWGƒŸG ™«bGƒJ ™ªL ±~¡H ,á©aG~ŸG äÓªM
.áæq«©e á«° b ∫ƒM É¡JGP AGQB’G ¿hôWÉ°ûàj
Petition Group ¢ FGô©dG Ë~≤àH án∏ ncƒe áYƒª›
ø˘©˘£˘dG ∫ƒ˘M »˘°ù«˘Fô˘dG ɢ˘gQhO Qƒ˘˘ë˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘j lᢢYƒ˘˘ª›
.äÉHÉîàf’G ¿CÉ°ûH IQOÉ°üdG äGQGô≤dÉH
Phone Banking ÚÑNÉædÉH »ØJÉg ∫É°üJG
¿ƒYƒ£àŸG É¡«a π°üàj ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh
∫É°üJ’G á∏«°Sh Ω n~îà°ùoJh .∞JÉ¡dG ÈY ÚÑNÉædÉH
áÑ°ùfh øjô°UÉæŸG ~j~–h ,ÚÑNÉædG ádɪà°S’ √òg
.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG π«Ñb âjƒ°üàdG ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG
Pie Chart …ôFGO ÊÉ«H º°SQ
Ωɢé˘MC’G Rp È oJ ™˘Wɢ≤˘˘e I~˘˘Y ¤EG º˘˘ q°ù≤˘˘j …ô˘˘FGO º˘˘°SQ
O~©àJh .Ö n°ùpædG hCG ,ádÉ◊G QôμJ i~e hCG ,á«Ñ°ùædG
‘ …ô˘˘˘FG~˘˘˘dG Êɢ˘˘«˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘dG º˘˘˘°Sô˘˘˘dG ∫ɢ˘˘ª˘˘˘©˘˘˘à˘˘˘°SG ¬˘˘˘˘LhCG
Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G ™bGƒe øq«Ñj ¿CÉc ,äÉHÉîàf’G
.á«HÉîàf’G ácô©ŸG ‘ ¢ ©ÑdG º¡° ©H øe
Platform »HÉîàfG èeeÉfôH
Ωõà∏j …òdG ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ܃àμŸG ,èeÉfÈdG
¬æª° àj ÉÃ) ¬≤«Ñ£àH í°TôŸG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G
≈àeh GPEG (ájOÉ°üàbGh á«YɪàLGh á«°SÉ«°S õFÉcQ øe
è˘˘eɢ˘fÈdG q¿CG ¤EG IQɢ˘°TE’G Q~Œ ø˘˘μ˘˘dh .¬˘˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fG q”
.á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ øY ∞∏àîj »HÉîàf’G
Plebiscite ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG
™LGQ.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬JGP í∏£°üŸG
Plurality/MajoritySystem
…ÌcCG Ωɶf
…òdG Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG q¿CG √OÉØe CG~Ñe ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤j lΩɶf
O~©H øjôNB’G ¥ƒØj …CG) äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG ≈∏Y π°üëj
(á≤∏£ŸG) ájÌcC’G ∫Éæj hCG (É¡«∏Y π°üëj »àdG äGƒ°UC’G
øn∏©oj (~MGh 䃰U ~FGR äGƒ°UC’G øe áÄŸG ‘ 50 …CG)
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ √Rƒa''(á≤∏£ŸG) ájÌcC’G Ωɶf''
.''»Ñ°ùæædG ¬Ñ°T π«ãªàdG Ωɶf''h ,''á«Ñ°ùff ájÌcCG''h
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Plurality/RelativeMajority
á«Ñ°ùff ájÌcCG
The most votes cast in a given election.Less than 50% voted for the person orissue, but that vote got more than anyother vote. This differs from a majorityof the votes cast or 50% + 1 of thevote. See also “Simple Majority.”
An organization that is created to raisemoney for favored political candidatesand is registered with the FederalElection Commission (FEC). A PACmay be formed by any group, includingbusinesses, labor unions, and specialinterest bodies. This term is used specifical-ly within the U.S. electoral system. See also“Interest Group,” “Lobby,” and“Union.”
The sum of attitudes, beliefs, andexpectations that constitute particularorientations toward society in generaland politics in particular.
The degree to which an individual citi-zen believes that he or she can “make adifference” by influencing the politicalsystem through such activities as vot-ing, protesting, giving campaign contri-butions, working on a campaign, oreven running for political office.
The environment in which the cam-paign will be waged, in reference tovoter attitudes, current events, relevantissues, and the people who are or willbe involved in the political arena.
∫Éæj ¿CÉc ;øq«©e ÜÉîàfG ‘ áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG
,äGƒ°UC’G øe %50 øe qπbCG á«° b hCG ÜõM hCG í°Tôe
»àdG äGƒ°UC’G O~©H ôNBG ÜõM hCG í°Tôe q…CG ¥ƒØj ɉEG
ájÌcC’G øY ájÌcC’G √òg ∞∏àîJ .É¡«∏Y π°üëj
~FGR áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe %50 ∫OÉ©J »àdG á≤∏£ŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .~MGh 䃰U.''ájOÉY ájÌcCG''
102
Political ActionCommittee (PAC)
»°SÉ«°ùddG πª©dG áæ÷
Úë°Tôª∏d ∫GƒeC’G ™ªL π«Ñ°S ‘ CÉ°ûæJ ᪶æe
᢫˘°Vƒ˘ØŸG i~˘d π˘s颰ù˘oJh kɢ˘¶˘˘M ô˘˘ahC’G Ú«˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG
√òg AÉ°ûfEG ≈∏Y πª©J ~bh .äÉHÉîàfÓd á«dGQ~ØdG
,∫ɢª˘YC’G äɢcô˘°T ɢ˘¡˘˘«˘˘a Éà ,ᢢYƒ˘˘ª› t…CG á˘˘æ˘˘é˘˘∏˘˘dG
.á°UÉN ídÉ°üe äGP äÉÄ«gh ,á«dɪ©dG äÉHÉ≤ædGh
ΩɶædG øª°V kG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G kÉ° jCG ™LGQäÉYƒª›''
.''á«dɪY äGOÉ–G''h ,''§¨° dG äÉYƒª›''h ,''ídÉ°üŸG
Political Culture á«°SÉ«°S áaÉ≤K
πqμ°ûJ »àdG äÉ©bƒàdGh äG~≤à©ŸGh ∞bGƒŸG ´ƒª›
äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉHh káeɢY ™˘ª˘àÛɢH á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG äɢ¡˘Lƒ˘à˘dG
.á°UÉN
Political Efficacy á«°SÉ«°S á«dÉ©a
çG~MEG'' ≈∏Y º¡JQ~≤H kGOGôaCG ÚæWGƒŸG ´ÉæàbG i~e
Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG ≈˘∏˘˘Y ÒKCɢ˘à˘˘dG ≥˘˘jô˘˘W ø˘˘Y ''»˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘a Ò«˘˘¨˘˘J
,âjƒ°üàdÉc áæq«©e mᣰûfCG ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH »°SÉ«°ùdG
‘ π˘ª˘©˘dG hCG ,äÓ˘ª˘ë˘∏˘d ´Èà˘˘dG hCG ,êɢ˘é˘˘à˘˘M’G hCG
äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ‘ í˘°TÎdG ≈˘à˘M hCG ,äÓ˘˘ª◊G Qɢ˘ª˘˘° e
.»°SÉ«°S Ö°üæà RƒØ∏d
Political Landscape »°SÉ«°S ~¡°ûee
¤EG kIQɢ°TEG ,ɢgQɢWEG ‘ ᢢ∏˘˘ª◊G …ôŒ »˘˘à˘˘dG ᢢĢ˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG
¿hDƒ°ûdGh ,á˘jQÉ÷G çG~˘MC’Gh ,ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG äɢ«˘cƒ˘∏˘°S
¢Uɢ˘˘î˘˘˘°TC’G ∞˘˘˘∏˘˘˘àfl ¤EG ∂dò˘˘˘ch ,ɢ˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘H ᢢ˘˘∏˘˘˘˘°üàŸG
.»°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG ¿G~«e ‘ ÚWôîæŸG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
103
Political Participation á«°SÉ«°S ácQÉ°ûee
Right of all adults of either gender tovote; the right to form or participate inactivities of political parties; and the rightto free, fair, and regular elections for leg-islative bodies as enumerated in Article21 of the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights and through a series ofinternational instruments and resolutionsof intergovernmental organizations.
A group of people with similar ideas oraims, some of whose members arenominated as candidates in elections inthe hope that they will be elected tooffice. See also “Party.”
See “Campaign.”
See “Platform.”
Individuals involved in the politicalenvironment, including lawmakers,advisors, and operatives, and who mayinfluence a political campaign or policydecision one way or another.
Scientific, quantitative sociologicalresearch based on randomly selected vot-ers used by the campaign to determinethe opinions of the voters. Politicalpolling is used to provide strategic plan-ning information. See also “OpinionPoll” and “Public Opinion Research.”
Any kind of organized public activity ordemonstration to express support foran issue, policy, program, candidate, orparty. See also “Rally.”
‘ º¡≤Mh ;âjƒ°üàdÉH Ú°ùæ÷G øe øj~°TGôdG qπc ≥M
;ɡࣰûfCG ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G AÉ°ûfEG
QÉWEG øª°V á«©jô°ûàdG äÉÄ«¡dG QÉ«àNG ‘ º¡≤Mh
q¢üæ˘J ¥ƒ˘≤˘M »˘gh ,á˘¡˘jõ˘fh Iô˘M á˘jOɢY äɢHɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fG
¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤◊ »ŸÉ©dG ¿ÓYE’G øe 21 IOÉŸG É¡«∏Y
᢫˘dh~˘dG ≥˘«˘KGƒŸG ø˘˘e lᢢ∏˘˘°ù∏˘˘°S ɢ˘gô˘˘cP ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y Oô˘˘Jh
.á«dh~dG á«eƒμ◊G äɪ¶æŸG øY IQOÉ°üdG äGQô≤ŸGh
Political Party »°SÉ«°S ÜõM
hCG AGQB’G º˘˘¡˘˘©˘˘ªŒ ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¢Uɢ˘î˘˘°TC’G ø˘˘e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª›
¢Vƒÿ ɢ¡˘Fɢ° YCG ¢ ©˘H ¿ƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘jh ,ɢ˘¡˘˘JGP ±G~˘˘gC’G
äÉHÉîàf’G √òg ‘ GhRƒØj ¿CG πeCG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«æ©ŸG Ö°UÉæŸG Gƒ∏¨°ûjh.''ÜõM''
Political PartyCampaign
»°SÉ«°ùddG Üõ◊G á∏ªM
™LGQ.''(á«HÉîàfG) á∏ªM''
Political Platform »°SÉ«°S èeeÉfôH
™LGQ.''»HÉîàfG èeeÉfôH''
Political Players /á«°SÉ«°S á∏YÉa iƒb
¿ƒ∏YÉa ¿ƒ«°SÉ«°S ±GôWCG
º˘¡˘«˘a øà ,᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG á˘Ä˘«˘Ñ˘dG ‘ ¿ƒ˘Wô˘î˘æ˘j OGô˘˘aCG
≈∏Y ¿hQOÉ≤dGh ,äÉ«dÉ©ØdGh ¿hQÉ°ûà°ùŸG ,¿ƒeÉÙG
äGQGô˘˘≤˘˘dG hCG ᢢ«˘˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG äÓ˘˘ª◊G ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ÒKCɢ˘à˘˘˘dG
.ôNBÉH hCG m πμ°ûH äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉH á≤∏©àŸG
Political Polling á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG
øe áæq«Y ≈∏Y õμJôj »YɪàLGh »ªch »ª∏Y låëH
¬˘H Ú©˘à˘°ùJh ,kɢ«˘FGƒ˘°ûY ɢgQɢ«˘à˘NG º˘à˘j ÚÑ˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG
´ƒædG Gòg í∏°üjh .ÚÑNÉædG AGQBG ~j~ëàd á∏ª◊G
OG~˘YEG ø˘Y äɢeƒ˘∏˘©˘e Ë~˘≤˘à˘d äɢ˘YÓ˘˘£˘˘à˘˘°S’G ø˘˘e
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ á«é«JGΰS’G §£ÿG…CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG''
.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''h ''ΩÉ©dG
Political Rally »°SÉ«°S ¿ÉLô¡e
äGÒ°ùŸG hCG áeÉ©dG ᣰûfC’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T q…CG
,á°SÉ«°S hCG ,á«° ≤d ºY~dG øY ÒÑ©àdG ájɨH ᪠s¶æŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÜõM hCG ,í°Tôe hCG.''»HÉîàfG ¿ÉLô¡e''
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Political Rights á«°SÉ«°S ¥ƒ≤M
The right of people to participate in thepolitical life of their communities and soci-ety such as by voting for their government.
An individual who is involved in influ-encing public decision-making throughthe influence of politics. A politician isoften a person who is running foroffice or has won an election and isalready in office.
The final voters list made available toelectoral districts. The poll book forpolling stations contains the names andrelated information for only those peo-ple who are designated to vote at eachspecific polling station.
See “Party Agent.”
The act of conducting a survey toassess public opinion or to forecast anelection. See also “Opinion Poll;”
The term polling can also be used todescribe the act of voting. See also“Voting.”
In most countries, a venue with twoor more polling stations. See also“Polling Station/Poll.”
The information gathered from publicopinion surveys and research.
See “Election Day.”
øª°V á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ‘ OGôaC’G ≥M
QÉ«àN’ âjƒ°üàdG ‘ º¡≤ëc ,º¡©ªà›h º¡JÉYɪL
.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ º¡«∏ã‡
Politician á°SÉ«°ùddG πLQ/»°SÉ«°S
äGQGô≤dG ™æ°U á«∏ªY ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj l¢üî°T
ƒgh .»°SÉ«°ùdG ∑ΩŸG ‘ ¬∏ªY ∫ÓN øe áeÉ©dG
kÉÑ°üæe π¨°ûj hCG ,øq«©e mÖ°üæà RƒØ∏d kÉÑdÉZ í°TÎj
.ÜÉîàf’G ‘ √Rƒa ôKEG
Poll Book IôFG~H ¢UÉÿG) ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S
(áæq«©e á«HÉîàfG
∫hÉæà˘e ‘ ™˘°Vƒ˘J »˘à˘dG ᢫˘Fɢ¡˘æ˘dG ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG á˘ë˘F’
ÚÑNÉæ˘dG π˘é˘°S ø˘ª˘° à˘j ’h .᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘dG
Ú∏gDƒŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G Aɪ°SCG ’EG ´GÎb’G õcGôŸ q~© o ŸG
äɢ˘˘eƒ˘˘˘∏˘˘˘©ŸGh ,O~fi ´GÎbG õ˘˘˘cô˘˘˘e ‘ âjƒ˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘d
.º¡H á≤∏©àŸG
Poll Watcher áÑbGôe ¢V sƒØŸG) Üõ◊G Üh~æe
õcôe ‘ á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG
(´GÎb’G
™LGQ.''Üõ◊G Üh~æe''
Polling ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d AÉàØà°SG
´GÎbG
≈˘∏˘Y ±ƒ˘bƒ˘dG π˘«˘Ñ˘b ø˘e ¢Sɢæ˘dG AGQBG ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG
™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ™bƒJ hCG º¡FGQBG øe áæq«H
kÉ° jCG;''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG''
âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªY ¤EG kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÖNÉædG É¡H Ωƒ≤j »àdG.''âjƒ°üJ''
Polling Center ´GÎbG õcôe
…òdG ¿ÉμŸG ¤EG ¿G~∏ÑdG º¶©e ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .´GÎbG º∏b øe ÌcCG qº° j.''´GÎb’G º∏b''
Polling Data äÉ°SGQ~dG øe I~ªà°ùee äÉfÉ«H
á«YÓ£à°S’G
ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG øe I~ªà°ùŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG
.ájQÉ÷G çÉëHC’Gh
Polling Day ´GÎb’G Ωƒj
™LGQ.''ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Polling Division ÜÉîàf’G ¢VGôZC’ …QGOEG º«°ù≤≤J
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A small geographic unit within a con-stituency for which a list of electors isestablished for one or more pollingsites for the purpose of voting onpolling day.
Election officials who participate in theadministration of a polling station levelon election day. Also known as pollworkers, poll officers, polling staff, orpoll clerks.
See “Polling Station/Poll.”
See “Polling Station/Poll.”
Where applicable, the polling stationassistant assists the presiding officer.
See “Polling Station Official.”
An officially-assigned location wherevoters go to cast their ballots under theauthority of election officials. Alsoknown as a polling place or polling site.
Internet voting that is conducted at avoter's polling site on designated comput-ers that are controlled and monitored byelection officials. See also “Kiosk Voting”and “Remote Internet Voting.”
A person or company that research-es public opinion. See also “PublicOpinion Research.”
Iô˘˘FG~˘˘dG ø˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°V ™˘˘˘≤˘˘˘J IÒ¨˘˘˘°U ᢢ˘«˘˘˘aGô˘˘˘¨˘˘˘L I~˘˘˘Mh
™bƒe øe ÌcC’ hCG ´GÎbG ™bƒe πμdh .á«HÉîàf’G
øe ÚÑNÉædG áëF’ q~©oJ ,IôFG~dG √òg øª°V ´GÎbG
.´GÎb’G Ωƒj º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G πLCG
Polling Official º∏≤dG áÄ«g ƒ° Y/º∏≤dG ¢ù««FQ
äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj …òdG äÉHÉîàf’G ∞Xƒe
.»HÉîàf’G Ωƒ«dG ∫GƒW ´GÎb’G õcGôe iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y
Polling Place ´GÎb’G ¿Éμe
™LGQ.''´GÎb’G º∏b''
Polling Site ´GÎb’G ™bƒe
™LGQ.''´GÎb’G º∏b''
Polling Station Assistant
º∏≤dG ¢ù««FQ ~YÉ°ùee
~æY ,¬eÉ¡e ò«ØæJ ‘ ´GÎb’G õcôe ¢ù«FQ ~YÉ°ùj
.áLÉ◊G
Polling Station Officer /º∏≤dG ¢ù««FQ
º∏≤dG áÄ«g ƒ° Y
™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Polling Station/Poll ´GÎb’G º∏b
¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Nɢæ˘dG √~˘°ü≤˘j ´GÎbÓ˘d kɢ«˘ª˘°SQ ¢ü°üfl ¿É˘μ˘˘e
äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G »˘Ø˘Xƒ˘e IQGOEG â– º˘¡˘JGƒ˘°UCɢ˘H A’OEÓ˘˘d
.º¡aGô°TEGh
Poll-Site InternetVoting
øª°V âfÎfE’G ÈY âjƒ°üJ
´GÎb’G ™bƒe
´GÎb’G ™˘ ˘bƒ˘ ˘e ø˘˘ª˘ ˘°V âfÎfE’G ÈY ÖNɢ˘æ˘ ˘dG âjƒ˘ ˘°üJ
Gò¡d ¢ü°üıG ôJƒ«ÑªμdG RÉ¡L ΩG~îà°SÉHh ,¬d O~ÙG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’G »ØXƒe áÑbGôŸ ™°VÉÿGh ¢Vô¨dG
.''âfÎfE’G ÈY ~©H øY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''∑É°ûccC’G ‘ âjƒ°üJ''
Pollster AGQB’G ™ p∏£à°ùee
™LGQ .ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG øY i qôëàJ ácô°T hCG ¢üî°T
kÉ° jCG.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''
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Popular Vote ÚÑNÉædG äGƒ°UCG
The vote that is cast by each individualcitizen for a candidate, as opposed tovotes cast by elected representatives oran electoral college for a candidate.
A mechanism for voting in which a votercompletes his or her ballot paper andreturns it by post to an official designatedto conduct the election. See also“Absentee Voting,” “Out of CountryVoting (OCV),” and “Special Voting.”
The period after the election of a newgovernment, but before its term hasbegun during which the incoming govern-ment lays the groundwork for its adminis-tration. During this period, the newlyelected government can make nomina-tions for various posts and coordinatewith the incumbent government on theturnover of policy and security issues.
A short statement (no more than a fewpages) issued by an election observationmission, domestic or international, con-taining a summary of observation activi-ties, findings, evaluations, and sometimesrecommendations on how to remedy dis-putes or reform the electoral process.Usually issued within 48 hours of the votecount in order to help voters and politicalparties evaluate the process. See also“Final Statement on Observation” and“Interim Statement on Observation.”
Large signs with the candidate or partyname on them and the office they areseeking which can be placed on win-dows, poles, walls, etc. Posters are goodfor increasing name recognition of thecandidate and reminding people tovote. See also “Visibility.”
káfQÉ≤e ,í°Tôª∏d OôØdG øWGƒŸG ¬H ‹~j …òdG 䃰üdG
hCG ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘î˘à˘æŸG ¿ƒ˘∏˘ã˘ªŸG ɢ¡˘H ‹~˘j »˘à˘˘dG äGƒ˘˘°UC’ɢ˘H
.í°Tôª∏d »HÉîàf’G ™ªÛG
Postal Vote/Voting By Mail
~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ
´GÎb’G ábQh CÓÁ ¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àJ âjƒ°üJ á«dBG
…òdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ~MCG ¤EG ~jÈdG ÈY É¡dÉ°SQEG ~«©jh
.äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G ᪡e ¬«dEG π ncƒoJ
kɢ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘LGQêQQɢN âjƒ˘˘°üJ''h ,''»˘˘Hɢ˘«˘˘Z âjƒ˘˘°üJ''
.''¢UÉN âjƒ°üJ''h ,''~∏ÑdG
Post-ElectionTransition
ºμ◊G hCG á£∏°ùddG ∫É≤àfG IÎa
äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H
äɢ°ù°SDƒ˘e Üɢî˘à˘fG ÚH á˘∏˘°UÉ˘Ø˘dG ᢫˘æ˘˘eõ˘˘dG IÎØ˘˘dG
O~– lIÎa »gh ,É¡eÉ¡e º∏°ùJ ájG~Hh I~j~÷G ºμ◊G
É¡«∏Y õμJôJ »àdG á«°VQC’G á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG É¡«a
IQGOE’G πª©J ,kÉ° jCG IÎØdG √òg ‘h .É¡ªμM IQGOEG
I~˘Y ‘ ¢UɢTCG ᢫˘ª˘°ùJ ≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘ã˘˘j~˘˘M á˘˘Ñ˘˘ nî˘˘à˘˘æŸG
∫ƒM á«dÉ◊G áeƒμ◊G ™e ≥«°ùæàdG ≈∏Yh Ö°UÉæe
.øeC’G ¿hDƒ°Th áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG º«¶æJ IOÉYEG
Post-Election/Preliminary Statementon Observation
/‹hC’G ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H
äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée
øY Q~°üj (mäÉëØ°U ™° H RhÉéàj ’) Ö° à≤e ¿É«H
,᢫˘dh~˘dG hCG ᢫˘∏ÙG ,äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G á˘˘Ñ˘˘bGô˘˘e á˘˘ã˘˘©˘˘H
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êPɉh ,É¡«dEG â n°üo∏N »àdG äÉLÉàæà°S’Gh ,áÑbGôŸG
πM ¿CÉ°ûH É¡©aôJ »àdG äÉ«°UƒàdG kÉfÉ«MCGh ,º««≤àdG
.á«Hɢî˘à˘f’G ᢫˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ìÓ˘°UEG hCG á˘Ä˘°Tɢæ˘dG äɢaÓÿG
áYÉ°S 48 á∏¡e øª°V äÉHÉîàf’G ~©H Ée ¿É«H Q~°üjh
ÜGõ˘˘MC’Gh ÚÑ˘˘˘Nɢ˘˘æ˘˘˘dG I~˘˘˘Yɢ˘˘°ùŸ äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G Rô˘˘˘a ø˘˘˘e
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG º««≤J ‘ á«°SÉ«°ùdG
.''»∏MôŸG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''h ''»FÉ¡ædG ÚÑbGôŸG ¿É«H''
PostersäÉ≤°ü∏e
Ö°üæŸGh Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG º°SG πª– áªî°V äÉàa’
êɢ˘LR ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ɢ˘¡˘˘©˘˘aQ ø˘˘˘μÁh ,√AGQh ≈˘˘˘©˘˘˘°ùj …ò˘˘˘dG
í∏°üJh .É¡«dEG Éeh ,¿GQ~÷G hCG ,I~ªYC’G hCG ,òaGƒædG
í°TôŸG ¤EG ±ô©àdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ¢Uôa IOÉjõd äÉ≤°ü∏ŸG
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .¬˘d âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dɢ˘H º˘˘gÒcò˘˘à˘˘dh§«∏°ùJJ''
.''í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G
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Potential Supporter πªàfi ô°UÉæe
An individual who may back a politi-cian or a political party, etc.
A governing arrangement agreed to bypolitical contestants when an official elec-tion result (and winner) cannot be deter-mined due to extraordinary circumstances.
The smallest geographic district in rela-tion to elections. Cities and counties aredivided into precinct polling districts.Campaigns will often gather precinctinformation such as voter lists, turnoutfrom the last election, and returns fromthe last election.
An indicative sort and count of votesfollowing the primary vote count. Theprimary vote count and national distri-bution of preferences are both con-ducted at the polling booth oncepolling has closed.
A system in which counted votes areused to redistribute the preferences ofthe electors to establish a winner.Preferential distribution is used in alter-native vote and single non-transferablevote systems (SNTV).
See “Ordinal Ballot.”
An election prior to general election inwhich no party affiliation is used and isconducted to reduce the number ofcandidates.
ÜõM hCG »°SÉ«°S …CG ºY~j ¿CG øμÁ …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
.ɪ¡«dEG Ée hCG ,»°SÉ«°S
Power Sharing á∏£°ùddG º°SÉ≤J
¿ƒ˘°ùaɢæ˘àŸG ¬˘«˘dEG π˘°Uƒ˘à˘j º˘μ◊G IQGOEG ∫ƒ˘M ¥É˘˘Ø˘˘JG
᫪°SôdG èFÉàædG ~j~– Q qò©àj ɪæ«M ¿ƒ«°SÉ«°ùdG
.á«FÉæãà°SG ±hôX qπX ‘ (õFÉØdGh) äÉHÉîàfÓd
Precinct á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO
¿~ŸÉa .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH á£ÑJôe á«aGô¨L á≤£æe ô¨°UCG
πª©Jh .á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG ôFGhO ¤EG º s°ù≤oJ äÉ©WÉ≤ŸGh
,á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG øY äÉeƒ∏©e ™ªL ≈∏Y äÓª◊G
ɪc ácQÉ°ûŸG áÑ°ùfh ,ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒ∏H kÓãe ≥∏©àJ
.á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G É¡à∏é°S »àdG èFÉàædG
Preference Count á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G Rôa
AÉ°üME’G øe AÉ¡àf’G Ö≤Y äGƒ°UC’G Ö«JôJh Rôa
™jRƒJh ‹hC’G äGƒ°UC’G AÉ°üMEG q¿CG ¤EG QÉ°ûoj .‹hC’G
¿Éjôéj »æWƒdG iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G
.≥jOÉæ°üdG ∫ÉØbEG ~æY ´GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ ɪgÓc
PreferentialDistribution
á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ
≈∏Y ÉgDhÉ°üMEG q” »àdG äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ ~«©j oΩɶf
≥sÑ£ojh .õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ¿ÓYE’ ÚÑNÉædG äGQÉ«N ¢SÉ°SCG
䃰üdG »eɶf qπX ‘ äGƒ°UC’G ™jRƒJ øe §ªædG Gòg
.Ò«éà∏d πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG 䃰üdGh πj~ÑdG
Preferential Voting /»∏«° ØJ Ωɶf
»∏«° ØàdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf
É¡«a ô ncòoJ ’h ,áeÉ©dG äÉHÉîàf’G ≥Ñ°ùJ läÉHÉîàfG
¢ü«∏≤àd º s¶æoJ ɉEG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG Úë°TôŸG äGAɪàfG
.Úë°TôŸG O~Y
Preliminary Election áj~«¡“ äÉHÉîàfG
™LGQ.''äGQÉ«ÿG Ö«JÎH ´GÎbG ábQh''
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Preliminary Results á«dhCG èFFÉàf
Initial official election results, which areoften announced prior to any recounts,claims, objections, and complaint reso-lutions. See also “Final Results” and“Results.”
The initial list of voters compiled fromthe voter registration process. Typicallythe preliminary voters list is producedrelatively early in the voter registrationprocess and is posted for scrutiny by thepublic, political parties, and civic organi-zations. Following this verification,claims, and objections process, a revisedvoters list is produced. See also “VotersList,” “Revised Voters List,” and“Final Voters List.”
Any event or large grouping of votersorganized unrelated to a campaign, towhich the campaign can go and meetvoters. Examples of preset events canbe parades, fairs, conventions, debates,etc. See also “Created Events.”
Anyone working for a media outlet.
An event planned by the campaign towhich the press is invited with the pur-pose of providing information aboutthe campaign or on a particular issue.See also “Press Release.”
A packet of information developed bythe campaign and given to the press toprovide them with information aboutthe candidate and the campaign. Itoften includes a biography, photo, acopy of the press release announcingtheir candidacy or the speech, pressreleases outlining various position papers,
.äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ƒM Q~°üJ »àdG ᫪°SôdG èFÉàædG ¤hCG
,äGƒ°UC’G q~Y IOÉYEG πÑb É¡æY ¿ÓYE’G ºàj Ée kÉÑdÉZ
,É¡æY áÄ°TÉædG ¿ƒ©£dGh ihÉμ°ûdÉH Ω~≤àdG πÑbh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡fCÉ°ûH äÉaÓÿG ájƒ°ùJh''á«FÉ¡f èFFÉàf''
.''(äÉHÉîàf’G) èFFÉàf''h
Preliminary VotersList
á«dhC’G ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd
¤EG kGOÉæà°SG É¡©ªL qºàj »àdG á«dhC’G ÚÑNÉædG áëF’
áëFÓdG √òg OG~YEG …ôéjh .ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY
á«∏ªY øe kÉ«Ñ°ùf IôμÑe á∏Môe ‘ kÉ«F~Ñe á«dhC’G
,Ö©˘°ûdG ∫hɢæ˘à˘e ‘ ™˘°Vƒ˘J º˘K ,ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG π˘«˘é˘°ùJ
‘ ≥«b~à∏d á«f~ŸG äɪ¶æŸGh ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh
ihÉμ°ûdG á÷É©eh ,≥«b~à∏d É¡YÉ° NEG ~©Hh .É¡àë°U
áëF’ QG~°üà°SG ¤EG QÉ°üoj ,É¡≤ëH IQOÉ°üdG äÉ°VGÎY’Gh
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘∏˘d á˘ë˘ë˘°üe,''ÚÑNɢæ˘dG í˘FGƒ˘d''
.''á«FÉ¡ædG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''h ,''ád~©ŸG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''h
Preset Events áeÉY äÉÑ°SÉæe
QÉWEG êQÉN º s¶æoj ÚÑNÉæ∏d ÒÑc ~°ûM hCG ç~M q…CG
AÉ≤àdÓd á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe √ô° ëj ,á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G
πμ°T ≈∏Y kÓãe äÉÑ°SÉæŸG √òg º q¶æoJh .ÚÑNÉædÉH
™˘LGQ .äGô˘Xɢæ˘eh äGô“Dƒ˘eh äɢfɢ˘Lô˘˘¡˘˘eh ÖcGƒ˘˘e
kÉ° jCG.''á°UÉN äÉÑ°SÉæe''
Press¿ƒ«aÉë°U/¿ƒ«eÓYEG
.á«eÓYEG á∏«°Sh ÜÉ°ù◊ πª©j ¢üî°T q…CG
Press Conference »Øë°U ô“Dƒe
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øY hCG á∏ª◊G øY mäÉeƒ∏©Ã ºg~jhõàd ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áæ«©e á«° b.''»Øë°U ¿É«H''
Press Packet Ú«eÓYEÓd ¢ü°üfl ∞∏e
á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe Ég q~©j »àdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG øe áYƒª›
äÉeƒ˘∏˘©Ã º˘g~˘jhõ˘à˘d ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘gCG ¤EG ɢ¡˘fƒ˘ª˘∏˘°ùjh
√òg øª° àJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .á∏ª◊Gh í°TôŸG øY á«aÉ°VEG
á«aGôZƒJƒa IQƒ°Uh ,á«JGòdG í°TôŸG IÒ°S áeRôdG
¬«a ø∏©j …òdG »Øë°üdG ¿É«ÑdG øY áî°ùfh ,¬d
,áÑ°SÉæŸG √òg ‘ ¬«≤∏j …òdG ÜÉ£ÿG hCG ¬ë°TôJ øY
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
papers, copies of good press the cam-paign has received, and campaign litera-ture. See also “Campaign Literature”and “Press Release.”
An opportunity for the press to askpolitical candidates questions andreceive answers.
A formal written statement, often in theform of a news story, meant to providetimely information on a particular eventor issue. Provided by the campaign toreporters and others in the mass mediapresenting the candidate’s position on aparticular issue or event. Also releasedby international observers, domesticmonitors, and election commissions tocomment on the integrity of the elec-tion. See also “Campaign Literature.”
The individual in an organization orcampaign responsible for dealing withthe mass media. See “Mass Media”and “Press.”
A public election through which a polit-ical party chooses its candidates for aforthcoming electoral process.
See “Unique Identifier.”
Information on individual voters that isrequired by electoral law.
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»àdG ä’É≤ŸG RôHCG øY ï n°ùofh ,ÉjÉ° ≤dG ∞∏àfl øe
á«FÉY~dG OGƒŸG øY ï n°ùofh ,á∏ª◊G πªY ≈∏Y »æãJ
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á∏ªë∏d.''»Øë°U ¿É«H''h ''á∏ª◊G OGƒe''
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Press Q&A Ú«eÓYE’G áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG
≈˘∏˘Y á˘∏˘Ä˘°SC’G ìô˘£˘H ΩÓ˘YE’G π˘gC’ í˘˘ª˘˘°ùJ ᢢ°Uô˘˘a
.É¡æY áHƒLC’G »≤∏àHh Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG Ú°ùaÉæàŸG
Press Release »Øë°U ¿É«H
‘ …QÉÑNC’G CÉÑædG πμ°T òîàj ,܃àμe »ª°SQ ¿ÓYEG
¬æ«M ‘ äÉeƒ∏©e Ë~≤J ¤EG »eôjh ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG
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ºgGƒ°S hCG Ú∏°SGôŸG ∫hÉæàe ‘ äÉeƒ∏©ŸG √òg á∏ª◊G
øe í°TôŸG ∞bƒe ìÉ° jEG π«Ñ°S ‘ ,ΩÓYE’G πgCG øe
äɢfɢ«˘Ñ˘dG Q~˘°üJ ∂dò˘ch .ø˘˘q«˘˘©˘˘e ç~˘˘M hCG ᢢ«˘˘° b
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≥«∏©àdG π«Ñb øe äÉHÉîàf’G »°VƒØeh ,Ú«∏ÙG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ÜÉîàf’G ágGõf ≈∏Y.''á∏ª◊G OGƒe''
Press Secretary ΩÓYE’G ¿hDƒ°T ô°S ÚeCG
»WÉ©àdG øY á∏ª◊G hCG ᪶æŸG ‘ ∫hDƒ°ùŸG ¢üî°ûdG
™˘˘˘˘˘LGQ .ΩÓ˘˘˘˘˘YE’G π˘˘˘˘˘Fɢ˘˘˘˘°Sh ™˘˘˘˘˘˘e''ΩÓ˘˘YE’G π˘˘Fɢ˘°Sh''
.''¿ƒ«eÓYEG''h
Primary Election á«dhCG äÉHÉîàfG
QÉàîJ ¿CG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMCÓd í«àJ áeÉY äÉHÉîàfG
.Ég~≤Y Ö≤JôŸG äÉHÉîàfÓd É¡«ë°Tôe
Primary Key õq«‡ ± qô©e
™LGQkÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG.
Primary Voters ListDatabase Data
I~YÉb ‘ áLQ~e á«°SÉ°SCG äÉfÉ«H
ÚÑNÉædG áëFÓH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG
q¢üæ˘j »˘à˘dG OGô˘aC’G ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dɢH ᢢ°UÉÿG äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG
.ÉgôaGƒJ IQhô°V ≈∏Y »HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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Print Media /´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG
áYƒÑ£ŸG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh
Print media is any part of the massmedia using the written word and/orstill pictures, such as newspapers andmagazines, as opposed to the electron-ic media that uses the spoken wordand/or video. See also “ElectronicMedia” and “Mass Media.”
The ability of a person to control theavailability of information about andexposure of himself or herself.
Television, radio, and newspapersowned by private individuals or compa-nies. The owners’ right to freedom ofthe press should preclude governmentinterference. For antonym, see “StateControlled Media.”
A campaign that has a strategy and awritten plan to carry that strategy out.This campaign sets the agenda in theelection and knows what to expectfrom its opponents. For antonym, see“Reactive Campaign.”
See “Adjudication.”
See “Platform.”
The propagation of ideas and informa-tion for the purpose of influencing orintensifying certain attitudes andbehavior.
øe iôNCG á∏«°Sh …CG hCG ,á∏≤à°ùŸG äÓÛGh ∞ë°üdG
IQƒ°üdG hCG/h áª∏μdG πª©à°ùJ »àdG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh
…ò˘dG ÊhÎμ˘d’G ΩÓ˘YE’G ™˘e ɢ¡˘d kᢢfQɢ˘≤˘˘e ,I~˘˘eÉ÷G
™LGQ .ƒj~«ØdG hCG/h áYƒª°ùŸG áª∏μdG πª©à°ùj
kÉ° jCG.''ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh''h ''ÊhÎμdEG ΩÓYEG''
Privacyá«°Uƒ°üN
äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ßØM á«fÉμeEÉH ºμëàdG ≈∏Y OôØdG IQ~b
.É¡æY ∞°ûμdGh ¬°üî°ûH á≤∏©àŸG
Privately ControlledMedia
¢UÉN ΩÓYEG
É¡μ∏Á »àdG ∞ë°üdGh äÉYGPE’Gh ¿ƒjõØ∏àdG äÉ£fi
≥M ∫ƒëj ¿CG Öéjh .á°UÉÿG äÉcô°ûdG hCG OGôaC’G
‘ áeƒμ◊G πN~J ¿hO ΩÓYE’G ájôM ‘ É¡HÉë°UCG
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .É¡fhDƒ°T.''»ª°SQ ΩÓYEG''
Proactive Campaign á«bÉÑà°SG á∏ªM
áHƒàμe á£˘Nh á˘ë˘°VGh ᢫˘é˘«˘JGΰSG ™˘Ñ qà˘J á˘∏˘ª˘M
á∏ª◊G √òg ™° J ,∂dòd .á«é«JGΰS’G √òg ò«Øæàd
ɪ pd »YƒdG q”CG ≈∏Y »gh »HÉîàf’G É¡∏ªY èeÉfôH
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .É¡ë°Tôe Ωƒ°üN øY Q~°üj ¿CG ™ sbƒàoj
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ProceedingsäGAGôLEG/iƒYO
™LGQ.''äÉYRÉæŸG ‘ π°üa''
ProgramèeeÉfôH
™LGQ.''»HÉîàfG èeeÉfôH''
Propaganda á«FÉYO QÉÑNCG hCG QÉμaCG/G~æZÉHhôH
¢ ©H ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ᫨H äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh QÉμaC’G ô°ûf
.É¡à«ÑãJ hCG äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdGh ∞bGƒŸG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
ProportionalRepresentation
»Ñ°ùæædG π«ãªàdG Ωɶf
An electoral system family based on theprinciple of the conscious translation ofthe overall votes of a party or groupinginto a corresponding proportion ofseats in an elected body. All PR systemsrequire the use of multi-member dis-tricts. Proportional representation isalso known as full representation. Seealso “Semi-Proportional System.”
See “Electorate” and “Eligible Voter.”
A vote cast in an election to demon-strate the voters’ unhappiness with theelectoral process, the electoral contest-ants, or the system at large. A protestvote can involve casting a blank ballotor voting for a third party candidatethat is unlikely to win. In some coun-tries, ballots may even include a spot tomark a protest vote.
A form on which polling officials rec-oncile the votes cast at that station andrecord the official vote count at theirpolling station. Typically, copies of theprotocol are posted outside of thepolling station and are made availableto political party agents and non-parti-san election observers present.Protocol forms are also known as a tallysheets/reconciliation sheets.
See “Tendered Ballot.”
See “Party Agent.”
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kÉ° jCG.''»Ñ°ùæædG ¬Ñ°T π«ãªàdG Ωɶf''
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Prospective Voter πªàfi ÖNÉf
™LGQ.''´GÎbÓd πgDƒe ÖNÉf''h ''ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL''
Protest Vote »LÉéààMG 䃰U
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Úë°TôŸG øe hCG ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øe ¬FÉ«à°SG
ΩɶædG øe hCG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG ácô©ŸG ¿ƒ°Vƒîj øjòdG
»LÉéàM’G ¬Jƒ°U ÖNÉædG π°Uƒj ¿CG Rƒéjh .πμc
ådÉK ±ô£d âjƒ°üàdÉH hCG AÉ° «H ábQh •É≤°SEÉH ÉeEG
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Protocol RôØdG ô° fi
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á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G »Hh~æe ∫hÉæàe ‘ É¡©°Vh ¤EGh
± nô©oj .õcôŸG ‘ øj~LGƒàŸG øjRÉëæŸG ÒZ ÚÑbGôŸGh
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Provisional Vote ≥q∏©e 䃰U
™LGQ.''á≤q∏©e ´GÎbG ábQh''
ProxyÜh~æe
™LGQ.''Üõ◊G Üh~æe''
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Proxy Vote ádÉcƒdÉH âjƒ°üJ
A vote that is cast by one entity onbehalf of another. Proxy voting proce-dures vary depending on the country’slaw and are forbidden in some coun-tries.
Of or having to do with the people as awhole, or something that is made view-able to all, something that is open.
Television and radio station program-ming devoted to political discussionshows, election coverage, coverage ofdebates and “town hall meetings,” partyconventions or rallies, round table dis-cussions moderated interview shows,or call-in commentary shows.
Funds provided by the government toreimburse expenses incurred by candi-dates and political parties to seek election.
Session at which citizens present theirviews on a specific matter to a govern-ment body.
Any official or employee of the State orits agencies, including those who havebeen selected, appointed, or elected toperform activities or functions in thename of the State or in the service ofthe State, at any level of its hierarchy.
Using focus groups and/or surveys togather qualitative or quantitative dataabout citizens’ opinions in order toshape policy and program responses.See also “Focus Groups,” “OpinionPoll,” and “Political Polling.”
.ô˘NBG ¢üT ø˘Y á˘Hɢ«˘æ˘˘dɢ˘H ¬˘˘Jƒ˘˘°üH ÖNɢ˘æ˘˘dG ‹~˘˘j
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kɪ∏Y ,~∏ÑdG ‘ ≥sÑ£ŸG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ±ÓàNÉH âjƒ°üàdG
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PublicΩÉY
‘ ™°Vƒj Ée qπc hCG ,πμc Ö©°ûdÉH ábÓY ¬d Ée qπc
.™«ªé∏d kÉMÉàe ¿ƒμj hCG ™«ª÷G ∫hÉæàe
Public AffairsProgramming
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áeÉ©dG
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Public Funding/Public Financing
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Public Official »ª°SQ/»eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùee
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Public OpinionResearch
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kɢ˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ…CGô˘dG ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG''h ,''õ˘«˘cÎdG äɢYƒ˘ª›''
.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''h ,''ΩÉ©dG
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Public Policy áeÉY á°SÉ«°S
The result of interactions between dif-ferent groups and parties about thecourse of action that should be taken.These decisions are ultimately codifiedby government, usually legislatures,and then put into practice and moni-tored by civil society organizations(CSOs), activists, and citizens.
A public problem or issue of concernthat the government or advocacygroups attempt to address such aspoverty, healthcare, and terrorism,among others.
The act of a campaign ensuring voterswho support their candidate/party go tothe polls and vote on election day. Thecampaign tries to “pull” voters throughphone calls, knocking on doors, andother forms of contact to encouragethem to go vote. Generally these sup-porters have been previously identifiedby the campaign. See also “Blind Pull”and “GOTV=Get Out The Vote.”
A method of voting which requires vot-ers to punch a hole in the paper ballotto indicate their choice.
A campaigning technique in which anindividual or organization attempts toinfluence or alter the view of respon-dents under the guise of conducting anopinion poll. Generally viewed as neg-ative campaigning, push polls use innu-endos and, in some cases, rumors to getrespondents thinking about a particularissue. Many push polls are negativeattacks on other candidates and havelittle or no basis in fact. See also“Political Polling.”
äÉYƒªÛG ∞∏àfl ÚH ºFÉ≤dG πYÉØàdG áé«àf »JCÉJ
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Public Policy Issue áeÉY á°SÉ«°ùddG ¿hDƒ°T
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πª°ûJh .É¡à÷É©e ¤EG á©aG~ŸG äÉYƒª› hCG áeƒμ◊G
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Pull âjƒ°üàdG ¤EG ÚÑNÉædG ™aO
¿h~jDƒj øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ¬qLƒJ ≈∏Y á∏ª◊G »ª¶æe ¢Uô pM
Ωƒj º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’Gh ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG Üõ◊G/í°TôŸG
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πFÉ°Sh ¤EG Aƒé∏dÉHh ,º¡dRÉæà QhôŸGh kÉ«ØJÉg º¡H ∫É°üJ’G
≈∏Y º¡©«é°ûJ π«Ñb øe ,∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe iôNCG
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kɢ ˘° jCG ™˘ ˘LGQ''õ˘«˘«“ ¿hO âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ¤EG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘ ˘dG ™˘ ˘aO''
.''âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°°ûJJ''h
Punch-Card Voting ´GÎb’G ábQh Ö≤ãH âjƒ°üJ
Ö≤K ÚÑNÉædG øe Ö∏£àJ âjƒ°üàdÉH á°UÉN á≤jôW
.ºgQÉ«N ~j~ëàd ´GÎb’G ábQh
Push Poll ¢V pô¨oe …CGQ ´Ó£à°SG
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hCG á∏Ä°SC’G øY Ö«ÛG AGQBG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ¤EG É¡ÑLƒÃ
CÉé∏jh .…CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG AÉ£Z â– É¡à¡Lh Ò«¨J
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äÉYÓ£à°SG ájÌcCG òîàJ ∂dòd .áMhô£ŸG á«° ≤dG
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kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .∫É◊G.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
114
Pyramid/CascadeSystem (TrainingMethodology)
»eô¡dG ÖjQ~àdG Ωɶf
(ÖjQ~J á«dBG)
A training methodology in which thelead trainer(s) prepare regional leadersto train municipal leaders who, in turn,train volunteers. This approach isquick, decentralized, and economical.See also “Mobile Teams (TrainingMethod)” and “National TrainingDay (Training Method).”
IOɢ≤˘dG ÖjQ~˘à˘H ÚHQ~ŸG QÉ˘Ñ˘μ˘d í˘«˘à˘J ÖjQ~˘J ᢫˘˘dBG
iƒ˘à˘°ùe ≈˘∏˘Y IOɢ≤˘dG ¿h q~˘©˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG Ú«˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘bE’G
.ÚYƒ£àŸG ÖjQ~J ¿ rƒsdƒàj ºgQh~H ºgh ,äÉj~∏ÑdG
~ªà©J ,ò«ØæàdG á©jô°S É¡fCÉH áHQÉ≤ŸG √òg õq«ªàJh
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«dÉY áØ∏c ÖqJôJ ’h ájõcôeÓdG¥ nôpa''
.''ÖjQ~à∏d »æWh Ωƒj''h ''ád qƒéààŸG ÚHQ~ŸG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
115
QQ&A
áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG
Questions and Answers. See also“Press Q&A.”
See “Ballot Qualification.”
See “Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT).”
The minimum number of members of adeliberative body, such as a legislatureor cabinet, required to be present inorder to conduct the business of thatgroup, for example pass a law or voteon a regulation. When quorum is notmet, a vote cannot be held.
The term quota may have one of twodistinct meanings:
The number of votes which guaran-tees a party or candidate to win a seat ina particular electoral district in a pro-portional representation system;
The number of seats in an electedbody or a proportion of candidatesnominated by a party, which are requiredby law to be filled by representatives of aparticular kind; most commonly used toensure the nomination and election of aminimum number of women.
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''Ú«eÓYE’G áHƒLCGh á∏Ä°SCG''
Qualification í°TôŸG á«∏gCG/äÓgDƒe
™LGQ.''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T''
Quick Count (äGƒ°UCÓd) ™jô°S Rôa
™LGQ.''ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G ádh~L''
Quorum ÜÉ°üf
á°ù∏L …CG ô° ëj ¿CG ܃∏£ŸG ≈fOC’G AÉ° YC’G O~Y
á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dÉc ,äÉÄ«¡dG i~MEG Ég~≤©J ¢TÉ≤f
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âjƒ°üàdG á«∏ªY …ôŒ ’h .kÓãe ᪶fC’G hCG ÚfGƒ≤dG
.ÜÉ°üædG πªàμj ’ ÚM
Quotaá°üM/ÉJƒc
:ÚØ∏àfl Ú«æ©e í∏£°üŸG Gòg πªëj ~b
í°TôŸG hCG Üõë∏d øª° j …òdG äGƒ°UC’G O~Y
πX ‘ áæq«©e á«HÉîàfG IôFGO øª°V ~©≤ŸÉH RƒØdG
;»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG Ωɶf
áÑ°ùf hCG ánÑîàæŸG äÉÄ«¡dG i~MEG ‘ ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y
ÉgCÓÁ ¿CG ܃∏£ŸG ,Üõ◊G øe Úë°TôŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G
;¿ƒfɢ≤˘dG Ωɢμ˘MCG Ö°ùë˘H ,á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘Ä˘a ø˘e ¿ƒ˘∏˘ã‡
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.∫ƒÑ≤ŸG ≈fOC’G ~◊ÉH ,AÉ°ùædG øe O~Y ÜÉîàfGh
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R116
Race á«HÉîàfG ácô©e
Another term for an election campaign.An election campaign is often comparedto running a race in which candidates“run for office.” See also “Running forOffice.”
Animosity towards other races; prejudiceor animosity against people who belongto other races. See also “Sectarianism.”
An organized gathering intended toinspire enthusiasm for a cause.Campaigns and political parties oftenhold rallies in support of their candidateand to energize their political base.Generally, people brought together bythe rally will already be supporters, butthe event may receive press coverageand thereby influence other voters.Rallies can also be used to raise funds.See also “Political Rally.”
Formal approval by voters, or otherpersons, of proposed policies, laws, ordecisions.
A campaign that spends its resourcesdepending on the political landscape andwhat happens during the campaign. Thisis a campaign that lacks a plan, is alwaysbehind and cannot set the agenda. Forantonym, see “Proactive Campaign.”
kÉÑdÉZ .á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ¤EG IQÉ°TEÓd ôNBG í∏£°üe
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.''äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN''
Racismájô°üæY
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kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áØ∏àfl ¥GôYCG.''á«ØFÉW''
Rally (»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e
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q¿CG lí«ë°Uh .øjô°UÉæŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH •É°ûædGh ájƒ«◊G qåHh
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Ratify ≈∏Y ábOÉ°üe/≥j~°üJ
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‘ äGQƒ£à˘dG IGQÉ›h »˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG ~˘¡˘°ûŸG äÉ˘Ñ˘∏˘£˘à˘e
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è˘eɢfô˘H OG~˘YEGh çG~˘MC’G á˘Ñ˘cGƒ˘˘e ‘ kɢ˘ehO ≥˘˘Ø˘˘î˘˘Jh
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .πªY.''á«bÉÑà°SG á∏ªM''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Recheck /¢üëa IOÉYEG
(´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG) ‘ ≥«b~àdG
A procedure undertaken by an electionmanager before a preference count isconducted. All ballot papers are re-examined and counted again.Scrutineers are entitled to be presentand should be aware of any correctedfigures before a preference count iscommenced. This term should not beconfused with the term “recount.” Seealso “Preference Count.”
A second or further count of votes inan election.
A new arrangement of the electoral divi-sions in a state or territory with the resultof changing the boundaries of someexisting divisions. See also “BoundaryDelimitation,” “Districting,” and“Gerrymandering.”
The process by which electoral districtboundaries are redrawn to adjust forchanges in population. See also“Boundary Delimitation” and“Districting.”
See “Redistricting.”
The legal process of submitting to thevoters for their approval or rejection ofproposed state or local laws or constitu-tional amendments. Examples of refer-endums include the adoption of a newconstitution, a constitutional amend-ment, a law, a recall of an elected official,or simply a specific government policy. Areferendum is also known as a plebiscite.
Rô˘a π˘Ñ˘b äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ô˘j~˘e ¬˘H Ωƒ˘≤˘˘j …Oɢ˘Y AGô˘˘LEG
áæjÉ©Ã AGôLE’G Gòg »° ≤jh .á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G
≥˘ë˘jh .᢫˘˘fɢ˘K Iô˘˘e ɢ˘¡˘˘∏˘˘c ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG Aɢ˘°üMEGh
Ghô˘˘° 뢢j ¿CG ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG ᢢ뢢°U ‘ Ú≤˘˘˘b~˘˘˘ª˘˘˘∏˘˘˘d
áëë°üŸG ΩÉbQC’ÉH kɪ∏Y GhòNCÉj ¿CGh RôØdG á«∏ªY
Rƒé˘j ’ .᢫˘∏˘«˘° Ø˘à˘dG äGƒ˘°UC’G Rô˘Ø˘H A~˘Ñ˘dG π˘Ñ˘b
.''äGƒ°UC’G Rôa IOÉYEG'' í∏£°üà í∏£°üŸG Gòg §∏N
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''á«∏«° ØàdG äGƒ°UC’G Rôa''
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Recount äGƒ°UC’G Rôa IOÉYEG
hCG á«fÉãdG Iôª∏d ÜÉîàf’G ‘ áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G q~Y
.ïdEG hCG áãdÉãdG
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á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG ™jRƒJ
á≤£æŸG hCG áj’ƒdG øª°V á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J
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.''á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dÉH ÖYÓJ''h ,''á«HÉîàf’G
Redistricting á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°SôJ IOÉYEG
á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG Oh~M º°SQ IOÉYEÉH »° ≤J á«∏ªY
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .᢫˘fÉ˘μ˘°ùdG äGÒ¨˘àŸG ™˘e ∞ q«˘˘μ˘˘à˘˘à˘˘d
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Redivision /º«°ù≤≤J IOÉYEG
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Referendum ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG
hCG »∏fi m¿ƒfÉb n¢VôY í«àJ »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dG á«∏ª©dG
hCG ¬«∏Y Gƒ≤aGƒ«d ÚæWGƒŸG ≈∏Y …Qƒà°SO πj~©J
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á«eƒμM á°SÉ«°S QGôbEG hCG ,Ö nîàæe ∫hDƒ°ùe ∫õY hCG
.áWÉ°ùH πμH á°UÉN
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ReformìÓ°UEG
Change intended to improve a currentsystem by correcting faults, removinginconsistencies and abuses, and impos-ing modern values or methods.Reform is not a revolution, but seeksincremental change. Such reformcould include a more robust role formarginalized groups such as women orminority groups.
See “Voter Registry.”
A venue where voter registration takesplace in a face-to-face setting.
The act of accepting the applications toparticipate in an election of political par-ties and candidates that meet defined cri-teria. See also “Applying for Candidacy”and “Ballot Qualification.”
The act or process of entering the namesof eligible electors and other relevantinformation in a register or list of electors.
An official responsible for maintainingthe voter registry. Depending on thecountry’s election law, the registrationofficial may be appointed by a localauthority or by the election manage-ment body (EMB). In the British sys-tem, these officials are referred to asElectoral Registration Officers.
A ballot paper that does not have anymark, or has more than one mark, or ismarked in such a way that it does notclearly indicate the voter’s choice.Polling officials determine which bal-lots are rejected, and those ballots will
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.äÉ«∏bC’G hCG AÉ°ùædÉc á°ûª¡ŸG äÉÄØdG ¢ ©H
Register of Electors ÚYÎ≤ŸG πé°°S
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Registration Center ÚÑNÉædG π«é°°ùJJ õcôe
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.kÉ«°üî°T ºgQƒ° ëH
Registration ofParties or Candidates
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‘ á˘cQɢ°ûª˘∏˘d í˘«˘°TÎdG äÉ˘Ñ˘∏˘W ∫ƒ˘Ñ˘˘≤˘˘H ≈˘˘q∏˘˘é˘˘à˘˘j
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kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .ácQÉ°ûª∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T º¡«aË~≤J''
.''í°TÎ∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T''h ''í«°TÎdG Ö∏W
Registration of Voters ÚÑNÉædG π«é°°ùJJ
Registration Officer π«é°°ùààdG ¿hDƒ°T øY ∫hDƒ°ùee
π˘é˘°S ß˘Ø˘M ᢢª˘˘¡˘˘e ¬˘˘«˘˘dEG π˘˘ ncƒ˘˘J »˘˘ª˘˘°SQ ∫hDƒ˘˘°ùe
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‘ ¬H ∫ƒª©ŸG ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb ¬«∏Y q¢üæj Ée Ö°ùëH
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Rejected Ballot á«Z’ ´GÎbG ábQh
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NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚYÎ≤ŸG Aɪ°SCG êGQOEG á«∏ªY
áëF’ hCG πé°S ‘ á∏°üdG äGP iôNC’G äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh
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not be counted toward any candidate orparty. Rejected ballots are also knownas invalid votes. See also “BallotsDestroyed” and “Null Ballot.”
A complex database intended toincrease efficiency in computing anddata manipulation processes in whichsets of data are stored in different tableswith relationships between each table.
Data is considered reliable and validwhen multiple independent observerswatching the same event (the votecount) and using the same measuringinstrument (the observer form) evaluatethat event in exactly the same way. Seealso “Verifiable Findings.” Forantonym, see “Unreliable Evidence.”
Internet voting from any home com-puter rather than specific computersunder the control of a polling authority,as in poll-site Internet voting or kioskvoting. See also “Kiosk Voting” and“Poll-Site Internet Voting.”
An individual nominated or elected torepresent the concerns of others or tomake decisions on behalf of others. Arepresentative could also be an advo-cate who represents a specific issue orpolicy. See also “Member.”
A government in which the adult citi-zens of the country vote to elect thecountry’s leaders who will work ontheir behalf and make the governmentaldecisions.
kɢ˘˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘˘LGQ .á◊ɢ˘˘˘˘°üdG ÒZ ´GÎb’G´GÎbG ᢢbQh''
.''á∏WÉH ´GÎbG ábQh''h ''áØ∏àe
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Relational Database á«≤FÓ©dG äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb
‘ á«dÉ©ØdG IOÉjR ¤EG ±~¡J I~≤©e äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb
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Reliable and ValidData
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Remote InternetVoting
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Representative (Ö©°ûddG) πã‡
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RepresentativeDemocracy
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RepublicájQƒ¡ªL
A political system or form of govern-ment in which people elect representa-tives to exercise power on their behalf.
All the gathered information collectedby a campaign that will influence anelection. May include election rules, dis-tricts, voters, past elections, the electioncurrent, the campaign’s candidate, andany viable opponents. Research is thefirst step in putting together a campaignstrategy and plan. See also “CandidateResearch,” “District Research,”“Opposition Research,” and “PublicOpinion Research.”
Someone who lives at a particular placefor a prolonged period or who wasborn there, or who otherwise meets thelegal residency requirements of thatparticular area. See also “Alien/Non-Citizen” and “Citizen.”
See “Alien/Non-Citizen.”
Information on the outcome of an elec-tion. See also “Final Results” and“Preliminary Results.”
A judicial body, in the case of elections,authorized to adjudicate complaints.Examples of review authorities/bodiesfor elections are a electoral courts, tri-bunals, empowered branches of theelection management body (EMB), orother independent bodies (i.e. courts oflaw). See also “Appellate Court” and“Electoral Court.”
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Results (äÉHÉîàf’G) èFFÉàf
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Review Authority/Body
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.''äÉHÉîàf’G ¿hDƒ°ûHH á°üàfl áªμfi''h ''±ÉæÄà°S’G
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Review Process á©LGôŸG äGAGôLEG
The process for filing complaints andappeals to the designated reviewauthority/body. Also known as thecomplaints adjudication process.
A list that is created after a claims andobjections period to verify that any addi-tions, deletions, or changes have beenmade by the election authorities. See also“Final Voters List,” “PreliminaryVoters List,” and “Voters List.”
The ability to use language effectivelyand persuasively, or insincere orgrandiloquent language. The use ofrhetoric is common among politicians.
A governing or reigning power or aperiod during which a person or groupreigns or governs. It is also the exerciseof authority or control.
Every decision to do something is adecision not to do something else;every campaign has a limited number ofeach of resources - time, information,people, and money - and must makedecisions about how to use thoseresources. Therefore, it is important tohave a written campaign plan whichlays out the strategy.
Governance system in which no one isabove the law, not even the government.This requires an independent judiciary,transparent and moral laws and legal sys-tem, and non-arbitrary or unbiasedapplication of laws.
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Revised Voters List ád~©ŸG ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd
¿ƒ©£∏d á°ü°üıG IÎØdG ~©H kÉfÉ«MCG Q~°üJ áëF’
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Ruling Party ºcÉM ÜõM
The political party or coalition that hasa majority in a legislature.
An election campaign is often comparedto running a race in which candidates“Run for Office.” See also “Race.”
A second election held to determine awinner if no candidate receives anabsolute majority of the vote in the firstelection round. The top two candidatesfrom the first round will enter the run-off election. See also “Two-RoundSystem (TRS).”
The period preceding an election dur-ing which political campaigns, votereducation efforts, and other activitiesintensify. The “run-up” period is notdefined by a specific period of time, butit tends to be longer in very importantor critical elections.
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.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ ~YÉ≤ŸG
Running for Office /äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒN
äÉHÉîàfÓd í°TôJ
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.''Ö°üæŸÉH RƒØ∏d äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ƒë°TôŸG ¬«a ¢Vƒîj''
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Run-off Election äÉHÉîàf’G øe á«fÉK ádƒL
‘ õFÉØdG ¿ÓYE’ á«fÉK ádƒL ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G …ôŒ
ájÌcC’G ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G øe í°Tôe q…CG øqμªàj ⁄ ∫ÉM
ádƒ÷G ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh .¤hC’G ádƒ÷G ‘ äGƒ°UC’G á≤∏£ŸG
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.''Úàdƒ÷G Ωɶf''
Run-up to an Election äÉHÉîàf’G ¤EG ájODƒe IÎa
É¡dÓN ∞ãμàJ »àdGh äÉHÉîàf’G ≥Ñ°ùJ »àdG IÎØdG
᫢Yƒ˘J ¤EG ᢫˘Yɢ°ùdG Oƒ˘¡÷Gh ,᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG äÓ˘ª◊G
IÎØdG'' ô°üëæJ ’h .ᣰûfCG øe ÉgG~Y Éeh ,ÚÑNÉædG
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.ájÒ°üe ônÑà©oJ hCG
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SSalvaged Votes
PÉ≤fE’G äGƒ°UCG/IOΰùee äGƒ°UCG
123
Votes of a candidate dropped incounting rounds of an alternative voteor single transferable vote system.These votes are reallocated to the nextpreferred choice on each ballot. Seealso “Alternate Vote” and “SingleTransferable Vote (STV).”
A small selection of the results used asrepresentative of the whole. See also“Cross-Section of Voters.”
The person responsible for maintainingthe campaign calendar and the candi-date’s calendar. The scheduler is alsoresponsible for responding to invitations.
See “Party Agent.”
See “Observation.”
Another term for an official governmentposition used because the candidateelected then has a seat in parliament.
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.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf''h ,''πj~ÑdG
Sampling of Results èFFÉàædG øe áæq«Y QÉ«àNG
𪛠πqã“ É¡àØ°üH èFÉàædG øe IÒ¨°U áæq«Y QÉ«àNG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .èFÉàædG.''ÚÑNÉædG øY á«LPƒ‰ áæq«Y''
Scheduler ∫ɪYC’G/~«YGƒŸG ∫h~L ™°VGh
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.äGƒY~dG ≈∏Y qOôdG øY kÉ° jCG
Scrutineer Rôah ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ‘ ≥b~e
äGƒ°UC’G
™LGQ.''Üõ◊G Üh~æe''
Scrutiny Rôah ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ‘ ≥«b~J
äGƒ°UC’G
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Seat~©≤e
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.¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ ¬d ~©≤à ≈¶ëj Ö nîàæŸG
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Seat Allocation ~YÉ≤ŸG ™jRƒJ
In the context of elections, the processof distributing the seats in a legislativeassembly to political parties or candi-dates on the basis of the number ofvotes they obtained in an election.
See “Two-Round System (TRS).”
Information that is not required by thelegal framework but is useful in theoverall administration of the electoralprocess. For example, assigned pollingstation; information on temporary resi-dence, and assigned electoral district.
Principle of voting that ensures vot-ers’ choices are confidential. Secrecyof the ballot can help curtail the influ-ence of intimidation or bribery. Seealso “Curtain (for voting booth).”
A test that aims to expose the vulnera-bilities of the voting systems fromthreats that come from outside the elec-tion authorities and from inside theelection authorities.
A strong or excessive devotion to a par-ticular form of religion, often leading toa resolute prejudice against otherbeliefs, which can be transformed intospecific political action against certaingroups. See also “Racism.”
The act of censoring or classifying one’sown work, such as a book, article, film,blog, or other means of expression, outof fear or deference to the sensibilities
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äGƒ°UC’G O~Y ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y Úë°TôŸG hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG
.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ É¡«∏Y ¿ƒ∏°üëj »àdG
Second BallotElectoral System
Úàdƒ÷G Ωɶf
™LGQ.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Secondary VotersList Database Data
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Secret Ballot …ô°S ´GÎbG
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Sectarianismá«ØFÉW
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,áfh~e hCG ,º∏«a hCG ,ádÉ≤e hCG ,ÜÉàμc ,á°UÉÿG ¬dɪYCG
äÉ«°SÉ°ùM ≈∏Y káaÉfl ,iôNC’G ÒÑ©àdG πFÉ°Sh hCG
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of others without an authority directlypressuring one to do so. In authoritariancountries, self-censorship may occurbecause individuals fear sanction by theirgovernments; in democratic countries,self-censorship may occur to conform tothe expectations of the market or the val-ues of society. See also “Censorship”and “Direct Censorship.”
The ability to decide one’s own fate orcourse of action without compulsion;free will; freedom of the people of agiven area to determine their own polit-ical status; independence. See also“Sovereignty.”
A system which translates votes cast intoseats won in a way that falls somewherebetween the proportionality of a propor-tional representation (PR) system andthe majoritarianism of a plurality/major-ity system. Semi-proportional systemsinclude limited vote (LV), single non-transferable vote (SNTV), parallel, andmixed-member proportional (MMP).See also “Plurality/Majority System”and “Proportional Representation.”
An elector whose address is, by officialrequest, not included on the voters listbased on the belief that having his orher name on the list will place his or herpersonal safety or that of his or herfamily members at risk.
Fifty percent of the votes cast plus onevote, as opposed to plurality or relativemajority. See also “Absolute Majority,”“Majority System,” and “Plurality/Relative Majority.”
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hCG ¥ƒ°ùdG äÉ©bƒàd káHÉéà°SG á«JGòdG áHÉbôdG ¿ƒ°SQÉÁ
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .™˘ª˘˘àÛG º˘˘n«˘˘ p≤˘˘H kɢ˘μ˘˘°ù“≈∏˘Y) á˘HɢbQ''
.''Iô°TÉÑe áHÉbQ''h ''(ΩÓYE’Gh äÉYƒÑ£ŸG
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Self-Determination Ò°üŸG ôjô≤J
QÉ°ùe hCG √Ò°üe Qô≤j ¿CG ≈∏Y (~∏ÑdG hCG) OôØdG IQ~b
Gòg »æ©jh ;√GôcEG …CG ¿hO øe √~jôj …òdG ∑ôëàdG
~LGƒàŸG Ö©°ûdG nájôMh ;Iô◊G nIOGQE’G kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG
»˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG ¬˘©˘bƒ˘e O~˘ë˘j ¿CG ‘ á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e á˘≤˘˘£˘˘æ˘˘e ‘
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ . ná«dÓ≤à°S’Gh ;¢UÉÿG.''IOÉ«°S''
Semi-ProportionalSystem
»Ñ°ùff ¬Ñ°T π«ã“ Ωɶf
RƒØdG ºàj ~YÉ≤e ¤EG áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ∫ qƒëj Ωɶf
Ωɶf ‘ IOƒ¡©ŸG á«Ñ°ùædG ÚH Ée ™≤J má≤jô£H É¡H
Ωɢ¶˘æ˘dG ‘ IOƒ˘¡˘©ŸG á˘jÌcC’Gh »˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘dG π˘˘«˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG
Ωɢ¶˘f ᢫˘Ñ˘°ùæ˘dG ¬˘Ñ˘˘°T ᢢª˘˘¶˘˘fC’G π˘˘ª˘˘°ûJh .…ÌcC’G
πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG 䃰üdG Ωɶfh ,Oh~ÙG 䃰üdG
ájƒ° ©dG Ωɶfh ,…RGƒàŸG ´GÎb’G Ωɶfh ,Ò«éà∏d
kɢ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ .ᢢ˘£˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘àıGΩɢ˘¶˘˘˘f''h ''…ÌcCG Ωɢ˘˘¶˘˘˘f''
.''»Ñ°ùæædG π«ãªàdG
Silent Elector âeÉ°U ´Î≤e
¬æY äÉeƒ∏©e …CG ÚÑNÉædG ∫h~L ê pQ~oj ’ ÖNÉf
≈∏Y ¬ª°SG êGQOEG q¿CÉH ¬æe kÉæX ,»ª°SQ Ö∏£d kAÉæH
áeÓ°S hCG á«°üî°ûdG ¬àeÓ°S ¢V qô©«°S ∫h~÷G ∂dP
.ô£î∏d ¬Jô°SCG OGôaCG
Simple Majority ájOÉY ájÌcCG
~˘˘FGR ᢢYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ˘˘°UC’G ø˘˘e ᢢ˘ÄŸG ‘ Ú°ùª˘˘˘N π˘˘˘qã“
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«Ñ°ùædG ájÌcC’ÉH káfQÉ≤e ,~MGh 䃰U
Ωɶf'' h ,''(á≤∏£ŸG) ájÌcC’G Ωɶf''h ,''á≤∏£e ájÌcCG''
.''…ÌcCG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
126
A voting system in which voters cast a sin-gle vote for one candidate in a multi-member district. Those candidates withthe highest vote totals fill the district’spositions. See also “Single TransferableVote (STV).”
A preferential voting system used inmulti-member districts with voters rank-ing candidates in order of preference onthe ballot paper in the same manner asthe alternative vote. Candidates who sur-pass a specified quota of first-preferencevotes are immediately elected. In succes-sive counts, votes are redistributed fromleast successful candidates, who are elim-inated, and from votes surplus to thequota from successful candidates, untilsufficient candidates are declared elected.See also “Single Non-TransferableVote (SNTV).”
A ballot system in which voters areissued a single ballot containing all theparties or candidates in the election.Voters have to indicate on the ballotpaper which of these is preferred beforeplacing the ballot in the ballot box. Seealso “Multiple-Ballot System.”
An electoral district from which onlyone member is elected to a legislatureor elected body. See also “Multi-Member District.”
A system in which only one politicalparty is legally allowed to hold effectivepower. Although minor parties maysometimes be allowed, they are legallyrequired to accept the leadership ofthe dominant party. This party maynot, however, always be identical to the
~MGh 䃰üH A’OE’G ÖNÉæ∏d í«àj âjƒ°üJ Ωɶf
.π«ãªàdG IO~©àŸG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ‘ ~MGh í°TôŸ
øjòdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG IôFG~∏d á°ü°üıG Ö°UÉæŸG π¨°ûjh
.äGƒ°UC’G ´ƒª› øe áÑ°ùf ≈∏YCG ≈∏Y ¿ƒ∏°üëj
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf''
Single Non-Transferable Vote(SNTV)
πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf
Ò«éàà∏d
Single TransferableVote (STV)
πHÉ≤dG ~MGƒdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf
Ò«éàà∏d
ôFGh~dG ‘ ~ nªà©oj …òdG »∏«° ØàdG âjƒ°üàdG Ωɶf
‘ Úë°TôŸG ÖJôj ¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d í«àjh ~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àŸG
ɪc kÉeÉ“ ,á«∏° aC’G áLQO Ö°ùëH ´GÎb’G ábQh
ÜÉîàf’ÉH RƒØjh .πj~ÑdG 䃰üdG Ωɶf πX ‘ π©Øj
á°üM ≈∏Y ¿ƒ∏°üëj øjòdG ¿ƒë°TôŸG ô°TÉÑe πμ°ûH
ᢢ°ü◊G ¥ƒ˘˘Ø˘˘J ¤hC’G ᢢ«˘˘∏˘˘«˘˘° Ø˘˘à˘˘dG äGƒ˘˘˘°UC’G ø˘˘˘e
OÉ©o«a ,RôØdGh q~©dG äÉ«∏ªY QôμàJ ºK .IO~ÙG
q” ø˘˘jò˘˘dG kɢ˘˘¶˘˘˘M π˘˘˘bC’G Ú뢢˘°TôŸG äGƒ˘˘˘°UCG ™˘˘˘jRƒ˘˘˘J
ɢ¡˘˘dɢ˘f »˘˘à˘˘dG ᢢ° Fɢ˘Ø˘˘dG äGƒ˘˘°UC’Gh ,º˘˘gOɢ˘©˘˘Ñ˘˘à˘˘°SG
ÜÉîàfG øY ¿ÓYE’G ÚM ¤EG ,kɶM ôahC’G ¿ƒë°TôŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Úë°TôŸG øe m±Éc O~Y䃰üdG Ωɶf''
.''Ò«éàà∏d πHÉ≤dG ÒZ ~MGƒdG
Single-Ballot System ábQh ΩG~îà°SÉH âjƒ°üJ Ωɶf
I~MGh ´GÎbG
I~MGh ´GÎbG ábQh ÚÑNÉæ∏d Q~°üà°ùj ´GÎbG Ωɶf
.äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ‘ Ú뢢˘°TôŸG hCG ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G π˘˘˘c qº˘˘˘° J
º˘˘¡˘˘HGõ˘˘MCG GhO~˘˘ë˘˘j ¿CG ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ø˘ q«˘˘©˘˘˘à˘˘˘jh
É¡WÉ≤°SEG πÑb ´GÎb’G ábQh ‘ Ú∏° ØŸG º¡«ë°Tôeh
kɢ˘˘° jCG ™˘˘˘LGQ .´GÎb’G ¥h~˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘°U ‘âjƒ°üJ Ωɢ¶˘f''
.''´GÎbG ¥GQhCG I~Y ΩG~îà°SÉH
Single-Member District π«ãªàdG ájOÉMCG/ájOôa IôFGO
Single-Party System ~MGƒdG Üõ◊G Ωɶf
~MGh »°SÉ«°S Üõ◊ ’EG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCG ÖLƒÃ q≥ëj ’
¿ƒ˘fɢ≤˘dG q¿CG ™˘eh .kɢ«˘∏˘©˘a º˘μ◊G ~˘«˘dɢ˘≤˘˘e ¤ƒ˘˘à˘˘j ¿CG
‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH ÜGõMC’G øe ¬fhO ɪ pd kÉfÉ«MCG íª°ùj
IOɢ«˘≤˘H π˘Ñ˘≤˘J ¿CG π˘Hɢ≤ŸG ‘ ɢ¡˘e põ˘∏˘j ƒ˘¡˘a ,º˘˘μ◊G
kÉehO ≈gɪàj ’ ~b Üõ◊G Gòg qøμdh .ºcÉ◊G Üõ◊G
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
É¡∏q㪫d kG~MGh kGƒ° Y ’EG ÖîàæJ ’ á«HÉîàfG IôFGO
™LGQ .ánÑîàæŸG äÉÄ«¡dG hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘
kÉ° jCG.''~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO''
government, although sometimes posi-tions within the party may in fact bemore important than positions withinthe government. A single-party systemis also known as a one party system. Forantonym see “Multi-Party System.”
The election of one person from a fieldof candidates for only one position,such as a presidential election. See also“Multi-Seat Election.”
A list of candidates proposed for nom-ination or election. A slate can be a for-mal list submitted to the election man-agement body (EMB), or an informalone used by various candidates or par-ties as an electoral strategy to maximizethe number of seats attained. See also“Party List.”
This is a short phrase that voters mayremember to identify the candidate, orcampaign. A slogan is not a message.See also “Message.”
A card with a built-in microprocessorand memory used to store, provide, andprocess information.
A device that reads the data saved on asmart (chip) card and serves to authen-ticate the identity of a voter.
See “Hard Money/Soft Money.”
In the reporting of TV news, a veryshort statement lasting no more than afew seconds, that tries to convey a spe-cific idea, image, or perception that willattract the viewing audience's attention.
É¡∏¨°ûj »àdG Ö°UÉæŸG q¿CG QÉÑàYÉH ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ™e
»àdG Ö°UÉæŸG kÉfÉ«MCG ¥ƒØJ ~b Üõ◊G πNGO ¢ ©ÑdG
.ɡ૪gCG å«M øe ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe πNGO É¡fƒ∏¨°ûj
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ.''á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdG Ωɶf''
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Single-Seat Election ~MGh ~©≤e AπŸ ÜÉîàfG
Slate Úë°TôŸG áªFÉb/áëF’
hCG Ö°üæe π¨°ûd ºgDhɪ°SCG áMÎ≤ŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G áëF’
áëFÓdG √òg òîàJ ¿CG øμÁh .äÉHÉîàf’G ¢Vƒÿ
IQGOEG ᢢĢ˘«˘˘g ¤EG º˘˘s∏˘˘°ù˘˘ oJ ᢢ˘«˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°SQ ᢢ˘ë˘˘˘F’ nπ˘˘˘μ˘˘˘°T
Ég~ªà©J ᫪°SQ ÒZ áëF’ nπμ°T hCG ,äÉHÉîàf’G
ÜGõ˘˘˘MC’G hCG Ú뢢˘°TôŸG ø˘˘˘e ᢢ˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘e ᢢ˘˘Yƒ˘˘˘˘ª›
øμ‡ O~Y ÈcCÉH RƒØdG ±~¡H á«HÉîàfG á«é«JGΰSÉc
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .~YÉ≤ŸG øe.''Üõ◊G áëF’''
SloganQÉ©°T
hCG í˘°TôŸG ᢢ«˘˘gÉà ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG ô˘˘ qcò˘˘J IÒ°üb ᢢ∏˘˘ª˘˘L
™LGQ .ádÉ°SôdG øY ∞∏àîj QÉ©°ûdG qøμdh ,á∏ª◊G
kÉ° jCG.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''
Smart (Chip) Card á«cP ábÉ£H
º˘é◊G Ò¨˘°U äɢfɢ«˘H è˘dɢ©˘e ≈˘∏˘Y …ƒ˘˘à– ᢢbɢ˘£˘˘H
ɢg~˘jhõ˘Jh äɢeƒ˘∏˘©ŸG ø˘jõ˘î˘à˘d Ω~˘î˘˘à˘˘°ù˘˘oJ Iô˘˘cGPh
.É¡à÷É©eh
Smart Card Reader á«còdG ábÉ£ÑdG ÇQÉb
á«còdG ábÉ£ÑdG ≈∏Y áXƒØÙG äÉfÉ«ÑdG CGô≤j RÉ¡L
.ÖNÉædG ájƒg øe ≥ q≤ëà∏d Ω~îà°ùojh
Soft Money ~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“
™LGQ.''~q«≤e ÒZ πjƒ“/~q«≤e πjƒ“''
Sound Bite áfÉfQ IQÉÑY hCG á∏ªL
(¿É«H hCG ÜÉ£N ‘)
.IõØ∏àe ájQÉÑNEG Iô°ûf ‘ O pôJ ájɨ∏d áÑ° à≤e á∏ªL
¿CG ¤EG m¿GƒK ™° H RhÉéàJ ’ »àdG á∏ª÷G √òg ≈©°ùJh
âØ∏J áæq«©e ô¶f á¡Lh hCG IQƒ°U hCG Iôμa π≤æJ
.øj~gÉ°ûŸG Qƒ¡ªL √ÉÑàfG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
AπŸ Ú뢰Tô˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª› ø˘e ~˘˘MGh í˘˘°Tô˘˘e Üɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fG
äɢ˘˘Hɢ˘˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G ‘ ∫É◊G »˘˘˘g ɢ˘˘ª˘˘˘c ,~˘˘˘˘MGh Ö°üæ˘˘˘˘e
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«°SÉFôdG.''~YÉ≤ŸG IO~©àe IôFGO''
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Sound Trucks 䃰ü∏d äGÈμà IO qhõe äÉæMÉ°T
(á«HÉîàf’G ájÉY~dG ¢VGôZC’)
Automobiles with loud speakersattached to them that go through areasof an electoral district broadcasting amessage. These are considered part ofthe visibility method of voter contact.See also “Visibility.”
The right to be politically independentand to have political and military con-trol over an area of governance withoutexternal interference. See also “Self-Determination.”
Any ballot that is not a standard ballotpaper issued to eligible voters at theirassigned polling station by polling offi-cials. Often special ballots are used forvoters unable to be present at thepolling station at which they are regis-tered. See also “Absentee Voting,”“Early Voting,” “Embassy Voting,”“Out of Country Voting (OCV)” and“Postal Vote/Voting By Mail.”
See “By-Election.”
Procedures and facilities for electorswho are unable to implement the vot-ing process or to access the normalpolling station in the electoral district inwhich they are registered to vote. Seealso “Absentee Voting,” “EarlyVoting,” “Mobile Voting Center,”and “Postal Vote/Voting By Mail.”
Usually prepared remarks given orallyto a group of people or in front of alarge audience.
∞˘∏˘àfl ‘ ∫ƒŒh äƒ˘°ü∏˘d äGÈμ˘e ™˘aô˘J äɢ˘Ñ˘˘cô˘˘e
á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ qåÑJ å«M á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG ≥WÉæe
∫É°üJ’G Oƒ¡L QÉWEG ‘ •É°ûædG Gòg »JCÉjh .CÓŸG ≈∏Y
™LGQ .»˘æ˘∏˘©˘dG í˘°TôŸG Qƒ˘° M õ˘jõ˘©˘à˘d ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dɢH
kÉ° jCG.''í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G §«∏°ùJJ''
SovereigntyIOÉ«°S
‘ …CG ,᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG ᢫˘dÓ˘≤˘à˘°S’ɢH ™˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG ‘ ≥◊G
»°SÉ«°ùdG Újƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y ºμ◊G øjOÉ«e ~MCG Ò«°ùJ
™˘LGQ .»˘LQɢN π˘N~˘J …CG ø˘Y kG~˘«˘©˘H …ô˘˘μ˘˘°ù©˘˘dGh
kÉ° jCG.''Ò°üŸG ôjô≤J''
Special Ballot á°UÉN ´GÎbG ábQh
qºàj »àdG IOƒ¡©ŸG ´GÎb’G ábQh ¬Ñ°ûJ ’ ´GÎbG ábQh
Ú∏˘gDƒŸG ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘ ˘dG ≈˘ ˘∏˘ ˘Y ɢ ˘¡˘ ˘©˘ ˘jRƒ˘ ˘Jh ɢ ˘gQG~˘ ˘°üà˘ ˘°SG
øe m¬«LƒàH ,º¡d á°ü°üıG GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d
´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG Ω~îà°ùj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .õcGôŸG ∂∏J »ØXƒe
¤EG Qƒ° ◊G øe ¿ƒæqμªàj ’ øjòdG ¿ƒÑNÉædG á°UÉÿG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡«a Ú∏é°ùŸG ´GÎb’G õcGôeâjƒ°üJ''
,''äGQÉØ°ùddG ‘ âjƒ°üJ''h ,''ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ''h ,''»HÉ«Z
.''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''~∏ÑdG êQQÉN âjƒ°üJ''h
Special Election á°UÉN äÉHÉîàfG
™LGQ.''á«Yôa äÉHÉîàfG''
Special Voting ¢UÉN âjƒ°üJ
ø˘jò˘˘dG ÚYÎ≤˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘d ™˘˘°Vƒ˘˘J äÓ˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘°ùJh äGAGô˘˘LEG
∫ƒª©ŸG á«HÉîàf’G äGAGôLE’G ´ÉÑJG øY ¿hõé©j
I~LGƒàŸG ájOÉ©dG ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG hCG É¡H
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡«a Ú∏é°ùŸG á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øª°V
´GÎbG õcôe''h ,''ôμÑe âjƒ°üJ''h ,''»HÉ«Z âjƒ°üJ''
.''~jÈdG ÈY âjƒ°üJ''h ,''∫ uƒéààe
SpeechÜÉ£N
É«¡Ø°T ¢V nô©oJ »àdG I q~ n©oŸG äɶMÓŸÉH kIOÉY πãªàj
.~°TÉM Qƒ¡ªL hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› ≈∏Y
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
129
Spin Doctor/Spin /»eÓYEG ÒÑN
ΩÓYE’G ¿hDƒ°T ‘ ÒÑN
A media adviser or political consultantemployed by a campaign to ensure thatthe candidate receives the best possiblepublicity in any given situation. Whenthese media advisers practice their craft,they are said to be “spinning” or put-ting “spin” on a situation or event. Seealso “Campaign Professionals.”
A ballot paper on which a voter hasincorrectly made his or her mark, or aballot paper that has been damaged insome way. Generally, a voter can returna spoilt ballot to a polling official andbe issued another.
A person or group with a direct inter-est, involvement, or investment in aparticular issue. For example, employ-ees, stockholders, and customers of abusiness concern.
Research of the problems and interestsof members of a certain communitywhich politicians or civic groups maywhich to influence or engage. Such ananalysis is a common first step in thedevelopment of party platforms oradvocacy campaigns.
A region where people inhabit a specificgeographic area and who live under acommon legal and political authority.The term State (with a capital “S”) is usedto describe a self-governing country, andstate (with a lower-case “s”) is used todescribe a division of the federal State.
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᢫˘eÓ˘YEG á˘jɢYO π˘° aCG ≈˘∏˘Y ɢ¡˘ë˘°Tô˘˘e π˘˘°ü뢢j ¿CG
A’Dƒg øY ∫É≤ojh .±hô¶dG øe ±ôX q…CG qπX ‘ áæμ‡
º¡Ñ«dÉ°SCG ¿ƒe~îà°ùj ÚM ,Ú«eÓYE’G øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG
hCG ,ç~◊G hCG ™˘˘˘°Vƒ˘˘˘dG ''¿hQ qƒ˘˘˘˘ë˘˘˘˘j'' º˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘fCG ,Iô˘˘˘˘cÉŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡d Ö«£j ɪc ''¬fƒa qôëj''‘ AGÈN''
.''äÓª◊G ¿hDƒ°T
Spoilt Ballot á∏WÉH ´GÎbG ábQh
lÖ«Y É¡Hƒ°ûj hCG É¡ª°Sh ‘ ÖNÉædG CÉ£NCG ´GÎbG ábQh
¤EG ~«©j ¿CG , káeÉY ∫É◊G √òg ‘ ,ÖNÉæ∏d Rƒéjh .Ée
Qɢ˘°ûoŸG ´GÎb’G ᢢbQh õ˘˘côŸG ø˘˘˘Y ∫hDƒ˘˘˘°ùŸG ∞˘˘˘XƒŸG
.iôNCG ábQh ≈∏Y ∫É°üëà°SÓd É¡«dEG
Stakeholder ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG
‘ Iô°TÉÑe áë∏°üe º¡j~d ¿ƒμj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G
º¡JGQ~b ¿ƒØXƒj hCG É¡«a ¿ƒWôîæj hCG ,áæq«©e á«° b
»∏eÉMh ÚØXƒŸG ∫Éãe ≈∏Y ,ô°TÉÑe m πμ°ûH É¡«a
.Ée kÓªY ¿ƒWÉ©àj øjòdG øFÉHõdGh äG~æ°ùdG
Stakeholder Analysis ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG øY π«∏–
¢ ©H AÉæHCÉH á£ÑJôŸG ídÉ°üŸGh πcÉ°ûŸG ∫ƒM åëÑdG
ÖZô˘j ~˘b »˘à˘dG ᢫˘∏ÙG äɢ˘©˘˘ª˘˘àÛG hCG äɢ˘Yɢ˘ª÷G
hCG É¡«∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG hCG á°SÉ°ùdG
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StateádhO/áj’h
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(State),»JGòdG ºμ◊ÉH ™àªàJ »àdG ádh~dG ¤EG Ò°ûJ ,
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.á«dGQ~ØdG ádh~dG øª°V ájQGOE’G äɪ«°ù≤àdG i~MEG
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State Controlled Media»ª°SQ ΩÓYEG
Television, radio, and newspapersowned or controlled by the State. Thesemedia outlets should be held to the high-est standards of accuracy and fairness,objectivity and balance. For antonym,see “Privately Controlled Media.”
Election for a state-level government,such as a state legislature or governor. Seealso “Local Election” and “NationalElection.”
Election day observers, either domesticor international, who are assigned to asingle polling station for the entire peri-od of the voting process. Stationaryteams can assess 100% of what tran-spires at the assigned polling station,but they have little or no informationabout polling stations where the teamsare not present. See also “MobileTeams (Observers/Monitors).”
When a candidate or campaign contin-ues to deliver the same message ortheme at every opportunity. Often theopponent will try to pull the campaignoff their message. See also “Message.”
A meeting, or short series of meetings,of the candidate and key advisors thatwill gather the necessary informationand determine the overall strategy of thecampaign. This strategy must be writtendown in the form of a campaign plan.See also “Campaign Plan.”
The method, written into the campaignplan, of what the campaign will dofrom this point to election day to electthe candidate to the chosen office. Seealso “Campaign Plan.”
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√ò˘g Ωõ˘à˘∏˘J ¿CG Öé˘jh .á˘dh~˘dG Iô˘£˘«˘°S hCG ᢫˘μ˘˘∏˘˘e
,∫~©dGh áb~dG äɢLQO ≈˘∏˘YCɢH ᢫˘eÓ˘YE’G π˘Fɢ°Sƒ˘dG
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .¿GõJ’Gh á«Yƒ°VƒŸG.''¢UÉN ΩÓYEG''
State Election äÉj’ƒdG iƒà°ùee ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàfG
ÜÉîàfÉc ,äÉj’ƒdG iƒà°ùe ≈∏Y …ôŒ äÉHÉîàfG
™LGQ .áj’ƒdG ºcÉM hCG áj’ƒdG ‘ á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG
kÉ° jCG.''á«æWh äÉHÉîàfG''h ''á«∏fi äÉHÉîàfG''
Stationary Teams(Observers/Monitors)
áàHÉãdG (ÚÑbGôŸG) ¥ nôpa
øjòdG ,¿ƒ«dh~dG hCG ¿ƒ«∏ÙG ,ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ƒÑbGôe
.´GÎb’G IÎa ∫GƒW ~MGh ´GÎbG õcôe ¤EG ¿h~aƒj
Ω q~≤J ¿CG øe øqμªàJ áàHÉãdG ÚÑbGôŸG ¥ nôpa q¿CG lí«ë°U
…òdG ´GÎb’G õcôe øe ¬ qØ°ûà°ùJ ɪY kÓeÉc kɪ««≤J
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’ »àdG ´GÎb’G õcGôe øY ,äÉeƒ∏©e ÉgO pôJ ɪ∏b hCG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡«a ~LGƒàJ.''ád qƒéààŸG (ÚÑbGôŸG) ¥ nôpa''
Stay on Message /ádÉ°SôdG QGôμJ hCG OGOôJ
ádÉ°SôdÉH ΩGõàdG
»ª¶æe hCG í°TôŸG QGôªà°SG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
ɪ∏c ¬JGP ¿ƒª° ŸG hCG É¡JGP ádÉ°SôdG π≤f ‘ á∏ª◊G
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.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''
Strategic PlanningSession
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kÉ«£N á«é«JGΰS’G √òg áZÉ«°U øe ~H ’h .πμc
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.''á∏ª◊G á£N''
Strategyá«é««JGΰSG
»àdG ᣰûfCÓd má£N πμ°T òîàJ »àdG πª©dG á«dBG
Ωƒ˘j á˘jɢ¨˘dh á˘∏˘MôŸG ∂∏˘J ø˘e ᢢ∏˘˘ª◊G ɢ˘gò˘˘Ø˘˘æ˘˘à˘˘°S
' kɢ˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .Ö°üæŸG AπŸ í˘˘°TôŸG Üɢ˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘fGá£N'
.''á∏ª◊G
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Stratification(Strategy in PVT)
(´GÎb’G õcGôe) Ö«JôJ
äÉ≤ÑW ‘
ádh~L ‘ I~ªà©e á«é««JGΰSG)
(ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G
An advanced technique in parallel votetabulation to reduce a sample’s marginof error and to permit early projectionswhen only some of the sample pointshave reported. Voting sites may be strat-ified according to administrative region,demographic characteristics (e.g. urban,semi urban, rural, etc.), socio-economicstatus, and gender, for example. See also“Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT).”
A nonscientific poll taken in a haphazardfashion without a statistically soundsample. Results of straw polls are usual-ly inaccurate and not representative ofthe population. An example would beTV broadcasters asking members of theviewing audience to call in with a “yes”or “no” vote regarding a particular issueor question. The callers are unlikely torepresent all of the important seg-ments/characteristics of the populationas a whole. See also “Political Polling.”
A standard speech delivered by a candi-date on many occasions. This speechtypically contains the campaign mes-sage as its core and is repeated at everyopportunity. See also “Message.”
A list presented by a participating partyor candidates at the regional or provin-cial level. See also “Party List.”
When a voter goes to cast a vote inplace of another voter. This term canbe used both to describe a legal proxyvoter or a person voting illegally inplace of another. The substitution of
ájRGƒàŸG äGƒ°UC’G ádh~L ‘ ~ nªà©oJ áe~≤àe á«æ≤J
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äÉ≤ÑW ¤EG ´GÎb’G õcGôe Ö«JôJ Rƒéjh .á«LPƒªædG
á«aGôZƒÁ~dG ¢üFÉ°üÿGh ,ájQGOE’G ≥WÉæŸG ¤EG kGOÉæà°SG
É¡©bƒeh ,(É¡«dEG Éeh ,ájôbh ,áæj~e ¬Ñ°T ,áæj~ªc)
»YɪàL’G-≈∏Y ,»YɪàL’G ´ƒædGh ,…OÉ°üàb’G
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Straw Poll »ª°SQ ÒZ »ÑjôŒ âjƒ°üJ
/(ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d kÉYÓ£à°SG)
ÒZ) »FGƒ°ûYY …CGQ ´Ó£à°SG
(»ª°SQ
ɉEG ,᫪∏Y I~YÉb ≈∏Y õμJôj ’ …CGô∏d ´Ó£à°SG
øe ᪫∏°S áæq«Y √QÉ«àNG Ω~©d »FGƒ°ûY ™HÉ£H º°ùqàj
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∫É°üJÓd øj~gÉ°ûŸG ¢ ©H ¿ƒY~j øjòdG ¿ƒjõØ∏àdG
ádCÉ°ùe hCG á«° b ≈∏Y ''kÉ«Øf'' hCG ''kÉHÉéjEG'' âjƒ°üàdGh
≈∏Y ¿ƒ∏ãÁ ’ ~b Ú∏°üàŸG øj~gÉ°ûŸG qøμdh .áæq«©e
.º¡°üFÉ°üNh º¡ëFGô°T RôHCÉH ,¿Éμ°ùdG ´ƒª› íLQC’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''á«°SÉ«°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG''
Stump Speech ‘ á°UÉîH) »°SÉ«°S ÜÉ£N
(á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G
.äÉÑ°SÉæe I~Y ‘ í°TôŸG ¬«≤∏j …òdG Oƒ¡©ŸG ÜÉ£ÿG
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ɢª˘∏˘c ɢgOOô˘jh ɢ¡˘dƒ˘M Qƒ˘ë˘ª˘à˘j »˘à˘dG ᢫˘HÉ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .áÑ°SÉæŸG âëæ°S.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''
Sub-National PartyList
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(»æWƒdG ¿hO iƒà°ùŸŸG
‘ ¿ƒ˘cQɢ°ûŸG ¿ƒ˘ë˘˘°TôŸG hCG Üõ◊G ɢ˘¡˘˘e~˘˘≤˘˘j ᢢ뢢F’
™LGQ .º«dÉbC’G hCG ≥WÉæŸG »jƒà°ùe ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G
kÉ° jCG.''Üõ◊G áëF’''
Substitution of Voter ôNBG ÖNÉf qπfi ÖNÉf âjƒ°üJ
Gòg Ò°ûj ~bh .ôNBG ÖNÉf qπfi ÚÑNÉædG ~MCG ´GÎbG
¢V sƒØŸG πj~ÑdG ÖNÉædG ¤EG AGƒ°ùdG ≈∏Y í∏£°üŸG
´Î≤j …òdG ÖNÉædG ¤EG hCG ᪡ŸG √ò¡H kÉfƒfÉbkÉ°VƒY
∞°ûμoj ¿CG øμÁ øμdh .á«Yô°T ÒZ IQƒ°üH ôNBG øY
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voter can be uncovered and proven bythe revision of ballots and the compar-ison between the signatures andthumb marks appearing in the book ofvoters and those appearing in the vot-ers list used on election day. See also“Proxy Vote.”
The right to vote. See also “Franchise.”
A candidate-centered, preferential plu-rality/majority system, similar to thealternative vote. If no candidateachieves an absolute majority of firstpreferences, all candidates except thetwo leading candidates are eliminatedand their votes reallocated according tothe second, third and so preferencesexpressed. The candidate with the high-est number of votes is declared elected.
Voters and others who have been iden-tified by a campaign as individuals whowill vote for the candidate or party in anelection.
Votes that a candidate may have inexcess of the quota of votes in a singletransferable vote (STV) system. Thesevotes are reallocated to other candi-dates until all the contested positionsare filled.
Anyone speaking on behalf of the can-didate or otherwise officially represent-ing the candidate.
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᪰üÑdGh ™«bƒàdG áfQÉ≤eh ´GÎb’G ¥GQhCG á©LGôe
᪰üÑdGh ™«˘bƒ˘à˘dɢH ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG π˘é˘°S ‘ ø˘jô˘gɢ¶˘dG
.´GÎb’G Ωƒj áe n~îà°ùŸG Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd ‘ øjôgɶdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ádÉcƒdÉH âjƒ°üJ''
Suffrage ´GÎb’G/ÜÉîàf’G ≥M
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .âjƒ°üàdG ≥M.''âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe''
Supplementary Vote »∏«ªμàdG/‘É°VE’G 䃰üdG Ωɶf
¬«a ´Î≤j …òdG »∏«° ØàdG …ÌcC’G âjƒ°üàdG Ωɶf
ƒgh ,ÜGõMC’G ídÉ°üd ’ Úë°TôŸG ídÉ°üd ¿ƒÑNÉædG
GPEG ,ΩɶædG Gòg qπX ‘h .πj~ÑdG 䃰üdG ΩɶæH ¬«Ñ°T
äGƒ°UC’G øe á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G ≈∏Y í°Tôe q…CG π°üëj ⁄
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OÉ©oj ºK ,á©«∏£dG ‘ ¿Óëj øjò∏dG ør«në°TôŸG G~Y Ée
Ö°ùëH ɪ¡«∏Y øj~©Ñà°ùŸG Úë°TôŸG äGƒ°UCG ™jRƒJ
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∫Éæj …òdG í°TôŸG Rƒa øn∏©oj ,ájÉ¡ædG ‘h .¿ƒÑNÉædG
.äGƒ°UC’G øe O~Y ÈcCG
Supporters¿hô°UÉæe/¿h~jDƒe
‘ á∏ª◊G º¡Øqæ°üJ øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ÒZh ¿ƒÑNÉædG
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.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘
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Ö°UÉæŸG ™«ªL Aπe ÚM ¤EG øjôNB’G ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y
.É¡«∏Y ¢ù naÉæàŸG
Surrogate (í°TôŸG) øY ÖFÉf
.kÉ«ª°SQ ¬∏qãÁ hCG í°TôŸG º°SÉH ç~ëàj ¢üî°T q…CG
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SwingíLQCÉJ
The difference between the performanceof a candidate or party at one election incomparison to a previous election.
An electoral district that has a history ofvoting for different parties or types ofcandidates in the same or consecutiveelections. Because the district can“swing” back and forth between differentparties or candidates, it is often importantto spend campaign resources to persuadevoters in these districts to ensure that thecampaign wins them. See also “ElectoralDistrict” and “Persuadability.”
Precincts within a particular electoraldistrict that have a history of voting fordifferent parties or ideologies in variouselections. The campaign may want toput extra resources into these districts toensure that the candidate wins them. Seealso “Persuadability” and “Precinct.”
A voter who is not tied to a particularpolitical party or ideology, but has a his-tory of voting for different parties orideologies in the same or different elec-tions. Swing voters are considered per-suadable and likely to be reached by agood campaign message or other infor-mation. See “Persuadable Voter.”
A group of individuals or companiesformed to promote a common interestor transact some specific business. Inthe U.S., syndicates are often referredto as “associations.” Often syndicateshold elections, which in some coun-tries can be used to gauge the largerpolitical environment or help predictupcoming governmental elections. Seealso “Association.”
øq«©e ÜÉîàfG ‘ Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG AGOCG ÚH ¥QÉØdG
.á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ¬FGOCÉH káfQÉ≤e
Swing District áëLQCÉàe IôFGO
ÜGõMC’ ä qƒ˘°üJ ɢ¡˘fCG ɢ¡˘æ˘Y ± nô˘©˘oj ᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘fG Iô˘FGO
ÜÉîàf’G ‘ áØ∏àfl äÉ¡LƒJ …hP Úë°TôŸ hCG áØ∏àfl
IôFG~dG âfÉc GPEGh .áÑbÉ©àe äÉHÉîàfG ‘ hCG ¬JGP
øªa ,Úë°TôŸG hCG ÜGõMC’G ∞∏àfl ÚH Ée ''íLQCÉàJ''
¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ÉgOQGƒe á∏ª◊G ≥ØæJ ¿CG …Qhô° dG
Rƒ˘Ø˘dG ¿É˘ª˘°Vh Iô˘FG~˘dG √ò˘g ‘ ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG á˘dɢª˘à˘°S’
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡JGƒ°UCÉHá«fÉμeEG''h ''á«HÉîàfG IôFGO''
.''ÚÑNÉædG ´ÉæbEG
Swing Precinct áëLQCÉàe á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO
É¡fCG É¡æY ± nô©oj áæq«©e á«HÉîàfG IôFGO øª°V ≥WÉæe
I~˘Y ‘ á˘Ø˘∏˘àfl äɢ«˘Lƒ˘˘dƒ˘˘j~˘˘jEG hCG ÜGõ˘˘MC’ ä qƒ˘˘°üJ
OQGƒ˘e ≥˘Ø˘æ˘J ¿CG á˘∏˘ª◊ɢH Q~˘˘é˘˘j ~˘˘≤˘˘a .äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fG
Rƒ˘a ø˘ª˘° à˘d ᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘dG √ò˘g ‘ ᢫˘aɢ˘°VEG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡«a í°TôŸG''ÚÑNÉædG ´ÉæbEG á«fÉμeEG''
.''á«Yôa á«HÉîàfG IôFGO''h
Swing Voter íLQCÉàe ÖNÉf
hCG øq«©e »°SÉ«°S ÜõëH ¬d á≤«Kh §HGhQ ’ ÖNÉf
ä qƒ°üj ¬fCG ¬˘æ˘Y ± nô˘©˘oj π˘H ,á˘æ˘q«˘©˘e ᢫˘Lƒ˘dƒ˘j~˘jEɢH
É¡JGP äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ áØ∏àfl äÉ«Lƒdƒj~jEG hCG ÜGõMC’
á∏ª◊G ≈∏Y Ö©°üj ø∏a .áÑbÉ©àe äÉHÉîàfG ‘ hCG
GPEG íLQC’G ≈∏Y º¡∏«ªà°ùJh ÚÑNÉædG A’Dƒg ™æ≤J ¿CG
»˘˘à˘˘dG iô˘˘NC’G äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸGh ᢢ∏˘˘ª◊G ᢢdɢ˘°SQ âfɢ˘c
™LGQ .…ƒb ™bh äGP É¡e~≤J.''´ÉæbEÓd πHÉb ÖNÉf''
SyndicateáHÉ≤f
áæq«©e äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ Ú∏eÉ©dG hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª›
∫ɪYCG RÉ‚EG hCG ácΰûe ídÉ°üe ºYO π«Ñ°S ‘ ¿ qƒμàJ
√ò˘g ¤EG I~˘ë˘àŸG äɢj’ƒ˘dG ‘ Qɢ°û˘ oj ɢe kÉ˘Ñ˘ dɢZ .IO~fi
¿CG øμÁ äÉHÉîàfG …ôŒ »gh .''äÉ«©ª÷ÉH'' äÉHÉ≤ædG
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äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ™ qbƒJ hCG ™°ShC’G É¡bÉ£f ‘ á«°SÉ«°ùdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á∏Ñ≤ŸG.''á«©ªL''
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Tabulation of Results èFFÉàædG ádh~L
The process of compiling the results ofa count of election results. Also knownas the collation or amalgamation ofresults. See also “Count.”
A procedure or set of maneuvers toachieve an electoral end, aim, or goal.
See “Protocol.”
A voter whom the campaign believes ismost likely to be persuaded by the cam-paign’s message and thus provide themargin of victory. See also “Margin ofVictory” and “Message.”
The process of dividing the votingpopulation into smaller groups anddetermining which of the votes thecampaign wants to focus its messageon to win the election. See also“Demographic Targeting” and“Geographic Targeting.”
»° Øj »àdG èFÉàædG ™ªL ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J »àdG á«∏ª©dG
‘ É¡ª«¶æJh äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ äGƒ°UC’G Rôa É¡«dEG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .∫hG~L.''äGƒ°UC’G Rôa''
Tactics á«μ«àμJ ÒHG~J
ɢ¡˘«˘dEG Cɢé˘∏˘j »˘à˘dG äGQhɢ˘æŸG ᢢ∏˘˘°ù∏˘˘°S hCG ÒHG~˘˘à˘˘dG
.IOƒ°ûæŸG ±G~gC’G hCG äÉjɨdG ≥«≤ëàd É¡HÉë°UCG
Tally Sheet/Reconciliation Sheet
RôØdG èFFÉàf ∫h~L
' ™LGQ.''RôØdG ô° fi'
Target Voter ¿ƒa~¡à°ùee ¿ƒÑNÉf
á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ º¡∏«ªà°ùJ ¿C’ k’ÉÑbEG ÌcC’G ¿ƒÑNÉædG
»ª¶æe OÉ≤àYG Ö°ùëH ,RƒØdG ¢ûeÉg ‹ÉàdÉH ¿ƒ∏μ°û«a
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á∏ª◊G.''(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ''h ''RƒØdG ¢ûeeÉg''
Targeting (ÚÑNÉædG) ±G~¡à°SG
äÉYƒª› ≈∏Y ÚÑNɢæ˘dG Qƒ˘¡˘ª˘L º˘«˘°ù≤˘J ᢫˘∏˘ª˘Y
Oƒ˘J »˘à˘dG ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG äɢĢa ~˘j~–h kɢª˘˘é˘˘M ô˘˘¨˘˘°UCG
‘ Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d ɢ¡˘à˘dɢ°SQ kG~˘j~– ɢ¡˘«˘dEG ¬ qLƒ˘J ¿CG á˘∏˘ª◊G
kɢ˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘˘à˘˘˘f’G''‘Gô˘ZƒÁO ±G~˘¡˘à˘°SG''
.''‘Gô¨L ±G~¡à°SG''h
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Technical Irregularities (in the Voters List)
(ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘) á«æ≤J AÉ£NCG
Errors in a voters list which are causedby the malfunctioning or misuse of adatabase rather than by political moti-vation. Technical irregularities aredetected by voter registration audits.Examples include a surge in voters reg-istered in one district because nameswere counted twice, or the deletion ofnames from a particular district.
Specification for election-related tech-nologies that are developed by the elec-toral administration.
A method that allows people to call dif-ferent telephone numbers to indicatepreference for different options. A votermight call one number and indicate apreference by pressing buttons in a menusystem. The main drawback is the diffi-culty in verifying the identity of the voterand in permitting only one vote per per-son. Its chief advantage is the ease in get-ting people to participate. This methodof voting is not used for the election ofofficials, but is used for public opinionpolling. See also “Political Polling” and“Public Opinion Research.”
Person appointed to help count votes.
A ballot issued to a voter whose right tovote is disputed or in doubt. This canbe used when a voter’s name is not onthe proper voters list, the voters listindicates that the voter has alreadyvoted, or the identity of the voter ischallenged. Tendered votes are placedin envelopes, provisionally accepted,and subject to verification before beingaccepted for the count. A tendered bal-lot is also known as a provisional voteor a challenged ballot.
Aƒ°S øY èàæJh ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ܃°ûJ »àdG AÉ£NC’G
øY ’ äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ∫ɪ©à°SG Aƒ°S hCG 𫨰ûJ
á«æ≤àdG AÉ£NC’G √òg ~°UQ qºàjh .á«°SÉ«°S ™aGhO
π«é°ùJ É¡d ™° îj »àdG ≥«b~àdG äÉ«∏ªY π° ØH
∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y AÉ£NC’G √òg πª°ûJh .ÚÑNÉædG
ôFGh~dG i~MEG ‘ Ú∏é°ùŸG ÚÑNÉædG O~Y ‘ kIOÉjR
¢ ©H Ö£°T hCG ,ÚJôe Aɪ°SC’G ¢ ©H AÉ°üMEG ÖÑ°ùH
.áæq«©e IôFGO øe Aɪ°SC’G
TechnicalRequirement
á«æ≤J äÉÑ∏£àe
‘ I~˘ª˘à˘©ŸG äɢ«˘Lƒ˘dƒ˘æ˘μ˘à˘dɢH ᢰUÉÿG äÉ˘Ø˘˘°UGƒŸG
.á«HÉîàf’G IQGOE’G É¡©° J »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G
Telephone Voting ∞JÉ¡dG ÈY âjƒ°üJ
á«ØJÉg ΩÉbQCG I~©H ∫É°üJ’ÉH ¢UÉî°TCÓd íª°ùJ á«dBG
π°üàj ¿CG ÖNÉæ∏d Rƒé«a .äGQÉ«N I~Y ~j~ëàd
‘ QGQRC’G ≈∏Y §¨° dÉH √QÉ«N O~ëjh ∞JÉg ºbôH
øe ÊÉ©j ∞JÉ¡dG ÈY âjƒ°üàdG øμdh .íFGƒ∏dG Ωɶf
ÖNÉædG ájƒg øe ≥≤ëàdG áHƒ©°U ƒgh »°SÉ°SCG Ö«Y
¤hCG øeh .§≤a ~MGh 䃰üH ~MGƒdG ÖNÉædG ΩGõdEGh
‘ á˘cQɢ°ûŸG ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG ≈˘∏˘˘Y π˘˘ q¡˘˘°ùj ¬˘˘fCG ¬˘˘Jɢ˘æ˘˘°ùM
’ √òg âjƒ°üàdG á«dBG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ°TE’G Q~Œ .´GÎb’G
…CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG ‘ ɉEG ,ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ÜÉîàfG ‘ ≥sÑ£oJ
kɢ˘° jCG ™˘˘LGQ .Ωɢ˘˘©˘˘˘dG''᫢°Sɢ«˘°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG''
.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG''h
Teller (Vote Count) äGƒ°UC’G Rôa øY ∫hDƒ°ùee
q~˘Y ‘ I~˘Yɢ°ùª˘∏˘d ¬˘˘æ˘˘«˘˘«˘˘©˘˘J qº˘˘à˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢ü°ûdG
.äGƒ°UC’G
Tendered Ballot /á≤∏©e ´GÎbG ábQh
(É¡àë°U øe ~cCÉà∏d) ¢SQ~dG ~«b
´Gõf ™°Vƒe ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ÖNÉædG ≥M ™° J ´GÎbG ábQh
ÖNÉædG º°SG ¿ƒμj ’ ÚM ádÉ◊G √òg RÈJh .∂°T hCG
íFGƒd Ò°ûJ ÚM hCG ,áÑ°SÉæŸG Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd ‘ kÉLQ~e
~æY hCG ,¬Jƒ°üH ¤OCGh ≥Ñ°S ~b ÖNÉædG q¿CG ¤EG Ö£°ûdG
¥GQhCG ™°VƒJ ,ájɨdG √ò¡dh .ÖNÉædG ájƒ¡H ∂«μ°ûàdG
≈∏Y ,áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH πnÑ≤oJ äÉØ∏¨e ‘ á≤∏©ŸG ´GÎb’G
± nô©oJh .É¡HÉ°ùàMÉH ∫ƒÑ≤dG πÑb ≥«b~à∏d ™° îJ ¿CG
´GÎb’G ábQƒH ¢SQ~dG ~«b áYƒ°VƒŸG ´GÎb’G ábQh
.É¡àë°üH ¿ƒ©£ŸG hCG áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH ádƒÑ≤ŸG
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Term Limits ºμ◊G áj’h •hô°T
Restrictions on the number of terms anelected official may serve in the samepost.
An institution designed to conductresearch on issues of public concern anddevelop potential areas for policyresponses. Considered part of civil socie-ty, these organizations serve to informboth citizens and government on relevantpolitical and civic trends in a society.
Any political party that is not one of themajor two parties in a two-party system.Although third parties rarely winnational elections, they can have aneffect on elections regardless.
The minimum level of support which aparty needs to gain representation in thelegislature. A threshold may be a formalthreshold, which is a figure laid down inthe constitution or the law, usually inthe form of a percentage of the validvotes cast, or an effective or naturalthreshold, which is a mathematicalproperty of the electoral system in use.
A list of candidates for election nomi-nated by a political party or group. Seealso “Party List.”
See “Vote Splitting.”
One of the four resources every politicalcampaign and election administrationhas, the other three being information,manpower, and money. It is important
∫hDƒ°ùª∏d Rƒéj »àdG äÉj’ƒdG O~Y ≈∏Y Oƒ«b ¢Vôa
.¬JGP Ö°üæŸG ‘ É¡«° ≤j ¿CG Ö nîàæŸG
Think Tank ÒμØàdG äÉYƒª›
ÉjÉ° ≤dG á°SGQO ¤EG »eôJ »àdG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG ~gÉ©ŸG
É¡à÷É©Ÿ á∏ªàÙG ∫ƒ∏◊G ìGÎbGh ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG äGP
√òg I~FÉa øªμJh .áMhô£ŸG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG QÉWEG øª°V
‘ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG øe kGAõL πqμ°ûJ »àdG äɪ¶æŸG
≈˘˘∏˘˘Y º˘˘μ◊G äɢ˘°ù°SDƒ˘˘eh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘ p∏˘˘˘£˘˘ oJ ɢ˘˘¡˘˘˘fCG
‘ I~FÉ°ùdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉgÉŒ’Gh á«f~ŸG äÉ¡LƒàdG
.IQƒcòŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ∫É«M ™ªàÛG
Third Party ådÉK ÜõM
Ú«°ù«FôdG ÚHõ◊G QÉWEG êQÉN πª©j »°SÉ«°S ÜõM …CG
.ÚHõ◊G Ωɶf qπX ‘ ºμ◊G ≈∏Y ¿Gô£«°ùj øjò∏dG
‘ áØ°üdG √òg πª– »àdG ÜGõMC’G íéæJ ¿CG øμÁh
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.á«æWƒdG äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØdG É¡d qƒîj ɪ∏b …òdG
Threshold º°ù◊◊G áÑ°ùff/áÑàY
Üõ◊G ¬«dEG êÉàëj …òdG ºY~dG øe iƒà°ùe ≈fOCG
√òg òîàJ ~bh .á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ ¬∏«ã“ ÚeCÉàd
,¿ƒfÉ≤dG hCG Qƒà°S~dG √O~ëj kÉ«ª°SQ kɪbQ áÑà©dG
áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe áÑ°ùf πμ°T ≈∏Y kIOÉY »JCÉjh
,á«©«ÑW hCG á«∏©a áÑ°ùf πμ°T ≈∏Y hCG ,á◊É°üdG
ΩɶædG kÉ°ü«°üN Ég~ªà©j á«°VÉjQ ádOÉ©e øY èàæJ
.¬H ∫ƒª©ŸG »HÉîàf’G
Ticket á«HÉîàfG áëF’
øe m᫪°ùàH ,äÉHÉîàfÓd Úë°TôŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G áªFÉb
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡JÉYƒª› hCG º¡HGõMCG.''Üõ◊G áëF’''
Ticket Splitting äGƒ°UC’G ´ qRƒJ/º°SÉ≤J
™LGQ.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Time âbƒdG πeÉY
á«°SÉ«°S á∏ªM πc É¡Ø qXƒJ »àdG á©HQC’G OQGƒŸG ~MCG
áKÓãdG OQGƒŸG q¿CG kɪ∏Y ,äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG áÄ«g hCG
.∫GƒeC’Gh ,ájô°ûÑdG iƒ≤dGh ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ‘ πãªàJ iôNC’G
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to determine how much time each elec-tion activity (either campaign or admin-istration related) will require, when itshould occur in the election calendar,and plan for it accordingly. Unlike theother three resources, time is the samefor each of the campaigns involved inan election, as well as for the electionadministration, but not all campaignsuse their time as effectively. See also“Campaign Resources.”
When the second votes of a mixed-mem-ber proportional system election are usedto balance the proportionality of the dis-trict elected members to the popular pro-portionality. See also “Mixed-MemberProportional System (MMP).”
A user interface where voters indicatechoices by touching them on a comput-er screen rather than using a keyboardor mouse. See also “Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE) System.”
An informal gathering of an officehold-er or candidate for office with a groupof people, often local, in which theaudience raises questions directly to theofficeholder or candidate.
A political poll taken later in the cam-paign to determine how the campaign’smessage and the various methods ofvoter contact is affecting undecidedand persuadable voters. See also “Political Polling,” “Baseline Poll,”and “Opinion Poll.”
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¿ÉcCG) á«HÉîàf’G ᣰûfC’G øe •É°ûf qπc ¬bô¨à°ùj
~˘Yƒ˘eh ,(äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G IQGOEɢH hCG á˘∏˘ª◊ɢ˘H kɢ˘£˘˘Ñ˘˘Jô˘˘e
≈∏Y §£ÿG OG~YEGh ,äÉHÉîàf’G áeÉfRhQ ‘ √ò«ØæJ
,iôNC’G áKÓãdG OQGƒŸG ±ÓN ≈∏Yh .¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg
∂dòch ,á«HÉîàf’G äÓª◊G øe á∏ªM πc ≈¶–
íéæJ ’ ɉEG ,¬JGP âbƒdÉH äÉHÉîàf’G IQGOEG á«Äg
.É¡JGP á«dÉ©ØdÉH âbƒdG ΩG~îà°SG ‘ É¡∏c äÓª◊G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''á∏ª◊G OQGƒe''
Top Up á«° jƒ©àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG Ωɶf
äGƒ°UC’G Ω n~îà°ùoJ ÚM ΩɶædG Gò¡H πª©dG …ô°ùj
´ƒf ≥∏ÿ á£∏àıG ájƒ° ©dG Ωɶf qπX ‘ á«fÉãdG
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kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .Ö©°ûdG äGƒ°UCG áÑ°ùfhájƒ° ©dG Ωɶf''
.''á£∏àıG
Touch-Screen VotingMachine
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kÉ°VƒY ôJƒ«ÑªμdG á°TÉ°T ¢ùŸ ≥jôW øY º¡JGQÉ«N
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.''ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G âjƒ°üàdG
Town Hall Meeting ™«ª÷G ΩÉeCG ìƒàØe ΩÉY ´ÉªàLG
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.πFÉ°ùŸG ¢ ©H í°TôŸG
Tracking Poll/Survey á«∏MôŸG …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG
á∏ª◊G øe á≤M’ á∏Môe ‘ á«°SÉ«°ùdG AGQB’G ´Ó£à°SG
π˘Fɢ°Sh ∞˘∏˘àflh á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘dɢ °SQ ÒKɢJ i~˘e á˘æ˘jɢ©Ÿ
Ú∏HÉ≤dG hCG øjOOΟG ÚÑNÉædG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædÉH ∫É°üJ’G
kɢ ° jCG ™˘LGQ .´É˘æ˘bEÓ˘d,''᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùddG AGQB’G ´Ó˘£˘à˘°SG''
.''ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SGh ,''á«dhC’G …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG''h
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Transitional Election á«dÉ≤àfG äÉHÉîàfG
Election which mark the departure froman authoritarian regime to a democraticsystem, or from one party’s dominance toanother. The former would mark thebeginning of a nascent democracy.
The quality of visibility or accessibilityof information.
An opening in a computer code throughwhich a program can be altered. In thecase of direct recording electronic(DRE) voting systems, such an alter-ation could falsify the results of an elec-tion. See also “Direct RecordingElectronic (DRE) System.”
The portion of the electorate that actu-ally goes to the polls and votes, referredto as a percentage or as a real number.
A plurality/majority system in which asecond election is held if no candidateachieves a given level of votes, mostcommonly an absolute majority (50 %+ 1), in the first election round. A two-round system (TRS) may take a majori-ty-plurality form, in which it is possiblefor more than two candidates to con-test the second round. Alternatively, aTRS may take a majority run-off form,in which only the top two candidates inthe first round contest the secondround. See also “Run-off Election.”
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.áÄ°TÉædG á«WGô≤Á~dG
Transparencyá«aÉØ°T
.É¡«∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G hCG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ≈∏Y ´ÓW’G á«fÉμeEG
Trapdoor á«ØN á∏«M
π˘j~˘©˘à˘H º˘g~˘MC’ í˘«˘à˘J ô˘Jƒ˘«˘Ñ˘ª˘μ˘dG õ˘eQ ‘ lIô˘¨˘K
Ωɶf qπX ‘ ,πj~©àdG Gòg πãe ¿CÉ°T øeh .èeÉfÈdG
Q qhõj ¿CG ,á«fhÎμdE’G πFÉ°SƒdG ÈY ô°TÉÑŸG âjƒ°üàdG
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G è˘˘Fɢ˘à˘˘fâjƒ°üà˘dG Ωɢ¶˘f''
.''ô°TÉÑŸG ÊhÎμdE’G
Turnout/Voter Turnout
/ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸŸG áÑ°ùff
ÚÑNÉædG ácQÉ°ûee áÑ°ùff
õ˘cGô˘e ¤EG kɢ«˘∏˘©˘a ¬˘Lƒ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG á˘ë˘jô˘˘°T
áëjô°ûdG √òg ¤EG QÉ°ûojh .É¡Jƒ°üH A’OEÓd ´GÎb’G
.»∏©a O~©H hCG áæq«©e áÑ°ùæH
Two-Round System(TRS)
/Úàdƒ÷G Ωɶf
ÚJQhO ≈∏Y âjƒ°üJ Ωɶf
ø˘˘e ᢢ«˘˘fɢ˘˘K ᢢ˘dƒ˘˘˘L AGô˘˘˘LEɢ˘˘H í˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°ùj …ÌcCG Ωɢ˘˘¶˘˘˘f
øe ¤hC’G ádƒ÷G ‘ í°Tôe q…CG π°üëj ⁄ GPEG äÉHÉîàf’G
πãªàJ ,äGƒ°UC’G øe áæq«©e áÑ°ùf ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G
~FGR äGƒ°UC’G øe áÄŸG ‘ 50) á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’ÉH kIOÉY
nπμ°T Úàdƒ÷G Ωɶf òîàj ¿CG øμÁh .(~MGh 䃰U
¢VƒN ør«në°Tôe øe ÌcC’ í«àj …òdG …ÌcC’G ΩɶædG
ᢢdƒ˘˘L nπ˘˘μ˘˘°T hCG ᢢ«˘˘fɢ˘ã˘˘dG ᢢdƒ÷G ‘ äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘˘f’G
¿Gò˘∏˘dG ¿É˘ë˘°TôŸG ’EG ɢ¡˘°Vƒ˘î˘j ’ ᢫˘fɢK ᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘fG
™LGQ .¤hC’G ádƒ÷G ‘ äGƒ°UC’G øe O~Y ÈcCG ¿’Éæj
kÉ° jCG.''äÉHÉîàf’G øe á«fÉK ádƒL''
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Unbiased RÉëæe ÒZ/õq«ëàe ÒZ
Free from prejudice or favoritism;objective. For antonym, see “Bias.”
Not allowed by, or against, the princi-ples set down in a constitution. See also“Constitution.”
A voting environment that exhibits oneor more of the following characteristics:
Representatives of political contest-ants, non-partisan domestic electionmonitoring organizations and otherappropriately authorized persons are notphysically present, and/or are unable toaccess and observe the environment;
Access (whether physical or virtual)to the environment, including the tech-nological devices, is not secured andcontrolled, and is not regulated by aprocess that is independently auditableand verifiable. For antonym, see“Controlled Environment.”
The candidate who is viewed as trailinghis or her opponent and/or is notfavored to win the election. However,underdogs have been known to over-come the odds, especially in state andlocal races. See also “Dark Horse”and “Front-Runner.”
õq«ªàjh ôNBG ¿hO m±ô£d káeÓe hCG kÓ«e …~Ñj ’ øe
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .á«Yƒ°VƒŸÉH.''õq«–''
Unconstitutional /…Qƒà°SO ÒZ
Qƒà°S~dG ΩÉμMC’ m±Éæe
¢Uƒ°üæŸG ÇOÉÑŸG ÖLƒÃ ,¬H 샪°ùe ÒZ ¿Éc Ée
™LGQ .ÇOÉÑŸG √òg ¬àØdÉı hCG Qƒà°S~dG ‘ É¡«∏Y
kÉ° jCG.''Qƒà°SO''
UncontrolledEnvironment
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:á«dÉàdG äGõ«ªŸG
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äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôŸ IRÉëæŸG ÒZ á«∏ÙG äɪ¶æŸGh
º¡æqμ“ Ω~Y hCG/h ,øj~ nªà©ŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe ºgÒZh
;É¡àÑbGôeh á«HÉîàf’G áÄ«ÑdG ¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG øe
ᢢĢ˘«˘˘Ñ˘˘dG ¤EG (kɢ˘«˘˘°VGÎaG hCG kɢ˘j~˘˘°ùL ¿EG) ∫ƒ˘˘°Uƒ˘˘˘dG
,á«LƒdƒæμàdG Iõ¡LC’G ¤EG áÑ°ùædÉH ≈àM ,á«HÉîàf’G
äGAGôLE’ ™° îj ’ ‹ÉàdÉH ƒgh ÖbGôe ÒZh øeBG ÒZ
áÄ«g ~j ≈∏Y É¡æe ≥≤ëàdGh É¡«a ≥«b~àdG øμÁ
¢ «≤ædG ™LGQ .á∏≤à°ùe.''áWƒÑ° e áÄ«H''
Underdog /ô°SÉN í°Tôe
ácô©ŸG) ‘ ô°ùîîj ¿CG ™ qbƒàe
(á«HÉîàf’G
¤EG ,»°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG QÉWEG ‘ ,í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
¬j~d ¢ù«d hCG/h ¬ª°üN øY ∞q∏îàj …òdG í°TôŸG
Gòg øY ± nô©oj ,øμdh .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ RƒØ∏d ®ƒ¶M
∑QÉ©ŸG ‘ ɪ«°S’ ,kÉfÉ«MCG äÉbhôN ≥≤ëj ¬fCG í°TôŸG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉj’ƒdG ‘h á«∏ÙG á«HÉîàf’G¿É°üM''
''Oƒ°SCG.''Ω~≤àe í°Tôe''h
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UnderrepresentedGroups
kÉ°übÉf kÓ«ã“ á∏㇠äÉYƒª›
People who are marginalized politicallyand insufficiently or inadequately repre-sented. Underrepresented groups aretypically minorities, women, displacedpersons, and those in conflict or veryisolated areas.
An individual who is not registeredto vote;
A voter who is registered to vote butnot affiliated with any major politicalparty (informally known as an “inde-pendent”). This term is used specificallywithin the U.S. electoral system.
A legislature that consists of only onechamber or house. See also “BicameralLegislature.”
An organization of workers formed topromote common goals on issues suchas wages, hours, and working condi-tions, often referred to as a labor union.Although the political structure of aunion varies, union leadership is usuallyformed through democratic elections.Unions, especially with national chap-ters, can be influential in local andnational elections. Candidates oftenseek the endorsements of unions withthe expectation that all of the union’smembership will vote for the union’sofficial preferred candidate.
An entry in a database that serves tounmistakably identify a record; a voterID number can be a unique identifier ina table of voters, if every voter hasexactly one voter ID, and every voterID matches exactly one voter (alsocalled Primary Keys).
øe ∂dòch »°SÉ«°ùdG ¢û«ª¡àdG øe ¿ƒfÉ©j ¢UÉî°TCG
äɢYƒ˘ªÛG π˘qμ˘°ûà˘˘Jh .π˘˘«˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘dG Aƒ˘˘°S hCG ¢ü≤˘˘f
,AÉ°ùfh ,äÉ«∏bCG øe kÉ«F~Ñe kÉ°übÉf kÓ«ã“ á∏㪟G
≥WÉæe ‘ ¿ƒ°û«©j ¢UÉî°TCGh ,øjOô°ûe ¢UÉî°TCGh
.ájɨ∏d ádhõ©e ≥WÉæe hCG ´GõædG
Unenrolled Voter /(íFGƒ∏dG ‘) πé°°ùee ÒZ ÖNÉf
ÜõM ¤EG Ö°ùààæe ÒZ ÖNÉf
;Ö£°ûdG íFGƒd ‘ πé°ùe ÒZ ÖNÉf
Üõ˘˘M …Cɢ˘H §˘˘Ñ˘˘Jô˘˘e ÒZ ø˘˘μ˘˘dh π˘˘é˘˘°ùe ÖNɢ˘f
ÖNɢ˘æ˘˘dɢ˘H'' kɢ˘«˘˘ª˘˘°SQ ± nô˘˘©˘ oj ƒ˘˘˘gh) RQɢ˘˘H »˘˘˘°Sɢ˘˘«˘˘˘°S
.(''π≤à°ùŸGkG~j~– í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj
.I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V
UnicameralLegislature
ájOÉMCG á«©jô°ûJJ áÄ«g
~MGh ¢ù∏∏éÃÃ/π«ãªàdG
. kG~MGh kÉ°ù∏› hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG ’EG qº° J ’ á«©jô°ûJ áÄ«g
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''π«ãªàdG á«FÉæK á«©jô°ûJJ áÄ«g''
Union á«dɪY äÉHÉ≤f/äGOÉ–G
OÉ–’ÉH É¡«dEG QÉ°ûŸG ,á«dɪ©dG áÄ«¡dG √òg CÉ°ûæJ
±G~gCG ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ ,∫ɪ©dG áHÉ≤f hCG ‹Éª©dG
äɢYɢ°Sh ,Qƒ˘LC’ɢH ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘˘J π˘˘Fɢ˘°ùe ∫ƒ˘˘M ᢢcΰûe
á«∏μ«¡dG ±ÓàNG ºZQh .πª©dG ±hôXh ,πª©dG
õ˘cGôŸG π˘qμ˘°ûà˘J ,᢫˘dɢª˘©˘dG äGOÉ–Ó˘d ᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG
äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ∫Ó˘˘N ø˘˘˘e kIOɢ˘˘Y ɢ˘˘¡˘˘˘«˘˘˘a ᢢ˘jOɢ˘˘«˘˘˘≤˘˘˘dG
∂∏J ɪ«°S ’ ,äGOÉ–’G √òg âfÉc ÉŸh .á«WGô≤Á~dG
™àªàJ ,»æWƒdG iƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y m π«ãªàH ≈¶– »àdG
Ée kÉÑdɨa ,á«æWƒdGh á«∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’G ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàH
º¡æe kÉæX ,É¡ªYO ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G ¤EG ¿ƒë°TôŸG ≈©°ùj
i~d π° ØŸG í°Tôª∏d º¡∏c ¿ƒJ qƒ°ü«°S ÉgAÉ° YCG q¿CÉH
.É¡«a ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG
Unique Identifier õq«‡ ± qô©e
πé°ùdG ~j~ëàd Ω~îà°ùoj äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb ‘ πN~e
ºbQ ~ªà©oj ¿CG øμÁh ,¢ M~∏d πHÉb ÒZ mƒëf ≈∏Y
‘ ÚÑNÉædG ∫h~L øª°V mõq«‡ m±ô©ªc ÖNÉædG ájƒg
πc â≤aGƒJh I~MGh ájƒg ÖNÉf πc i~d ¿Éc ∫ÉM
. ~MGh ÖNÉf ™e ÖNÉf ájƒg
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Universal Suffrage ΩÉY ´GÎbG
The right of all the eligible voters toparticipate in the electoral process with-out discrimination based on gender,property rights, ethnicity, residence,race, etc.
See “Blank Ballot.”
Election results published by the media,political parties, civic organizations, oranyone else not directly associated withthe election management body (EMB).
Evidence based on anecdotes andimpressions rather than verifiable facts.For antonyms, see “Reliable and ValidData” and “Verifiable Findings.”
Any ballot that was not issued or usedin any way during an election.
One of the two chambers in a bicamer-al legislature, often seen as containing‘the representatives of regions/federalstates’ or as ‘a chamber of review.’Generally, the upper house is the lesspowerful chamber when the powers ofthe two chambers are unequal. See also“Bicameral Legislature” and “LowerHouse.”
A test that determines how easily andintuitively a voter or polling official canoperate a piece of equipment withoutconfusion and mistakes.
‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ‘ âjƒ°üà∏d Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædG ™«ªL ≥M
ºg~°V õ««“ …CG á°SQɇ ¿hO øe á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG
hCG ,á«μ∏ŸG ¥ƒ≤M hCG ,»YɪàL’G ´ƒædG ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y
.É¡«dEG Ée hCG ,¥ô©dG hCG ,áeÉbE’G hCG ,»æKE’G Aɪàf’G
Unmarked Ballot áeƒ°Sƒe ÒZ ´GÎbG ábQh
™LGQ.''AÉ° «H ´GÎbG ábQh''
Unofficial Results ᫪°SQ ÒZ èFFÉàf
hCG ,ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh Égô°ûæJ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf
…CG hCG ,᢫˘f~ŸG äɢª˘¶˘æŸG hCG ,᢫˘°Sɢ˘«˘˘°ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G
IQGOEG áÄ«¡H kGô°TÉÑe kÉWÉÑJQG á£ÑJôe ÒZ iôNCG áÄ«g
.äÉHÉîàf’G
Unreliable Evidence ¬H ¥ƒKƒe ÒZ äÉÑKEG
¢Vƒ pY äÉYÉÑ£fG hCG áØjôW QÉÑNCG ¤EG ~æà°ùj äÉÑKEG
Ú° «˘≤˘æ˘dG ™˘LGQ .á˘à˘Ñ˘ã˘e ™˘Fɢbh ≈˘∏˘˘Y õ˘˘μ˘˘Jô˘˘j ¿CG
øμÁ äÉLÉàæà°SG''h ''É¡H ¥ƒKƒeh áë«ë°U äÉfÉ«H''
.''É¡æe ≥≤ëàdG
Unused Ballot á∏ª©à°ùee ÒZ ´GÎbG ábQh
É¡dɪ©à°SG hCG ÉgQG~°üà°SG ºàj ⁄ »àdG ´GÎb’G ábQh
.äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ∫Éμ°TC’G øe πμ°T …CG â–
Upper House /ñƒ«°ûddG ¢ù∏∏›
øjQÉ°ûàà°ùŸŸG/¿É«YC’G
ᢢĢ˘«˘˘¡˘˘dG ɢ˘ª˘˘¡˘˘æ˘˘e ¿ qƒ˘˘μ˘˘à˘˘J ø˘˘jò˘˘˘∏˘˘˘dG Ú°ù∏ÛG ~˘˘˘MCG
,qº° J Ée kÉÑdÉZ »àdGh ,π«ãªàdG á«FÉæãdG á«©jô°ûàdG
äÉj’ƒdG/≥WÉæŸG øY Ú∏ã‡'' ,¢ ©ÑdG OÉ≤àYG Ö°ùëH
.''á©LGôŸG áÄ«g'' É¡fCG ≈∏Y É¡«dEG ô n¶æoj hCG ''á«dGQ~ØdG
kGPƒØf πbC’G ¿ƒμj ñƒ«°ûdG ¢ù∏› q¿CG káeÉY Ωƒ∏©ŸG øeh
™LGQ .É¡JGP äÉ£∏°ùdÉH ¿É©àªàj ’ ÚM Ú°ù∏ÛG ÚH
kɢ˘˘° jCG¢ù∏∏›''h ''π«˘ã˘ª˘à˘dG ᢫˘Fɢæ˘K ᢫˘©˘jô˘°ûJJ á˘Ä˘«˘g''
.''Ωƒª©dG ¢ù∏∏›/ÜGƒædG
Usability Test ∫ɪ©à°S’G ádƒ¡°S QÉÑàNG
øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG hCG ÖNÉædG ΩG~bEG ádƒ¡°S i~e O q~ëj QÉÑàNG
kÓ˘«˘¨˘°ûJ äGõ˘«˘¡˘é˘˘à˘˘dG ~˘˘MCG π˘˘«˘˘¨˘˘°ûJ ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y ´GÎb’G
.CÉ£N …CG ±GÎbG hCG ∑ÉÑJQG …CÉH Qƒ©°ûdG ¿hO øe kÉ«FÉ≤∏J
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Valid Vote á◊É°U ´GÎbG ábQh
A vote cast in an election, correctlymarked according to the rules, andwhich indicates the voter’s choice. Thevalid vote is also known as a formal vote.
A systematic and scientific evaluation ofthe voters list that checks for accuracy,and might entail checking the voters listagainst another database to see whetherthe details are correct. Sometimes a vot-ers list validation is a part of the voterslist audit. See also “Voters List Audit.”
The social principles, goals, or stan-dards held or accepted by an individual,a class, a society, etc. Campaigns seek toemphasize the values of a candidate tobuild a positive image for him or her.See also “Image.”
Information based on certifiable obser-vations, empirical facts, and quantita-tive studies. See also “Reliable andValid Data.” For antonym, see“Unreliable Evidence.”
The vested power or constitutionalright of one branch or department ofgovernment to refuse approval of meas-ures proposed by another department.
É¡ª p°ùj ´GÎbG ábQh ΩG~îà°SÉH ¬Jƒ°üH ÖNÉædG A’OEG
,AGô˘LE’G ᢫˘YôŸG ∫ƒ˘°UC’G ≥˘ah á˘ë˘˘«˘˘ë˘˘°U ᢢeÓ˘˘©˘˘H
á˘bQƒ˘dG √ò˘g ¿ƒ˘μ˘Jh .√Qɢ«˘à˘NG ø˘Y ìƒ˘°Vƒ˘H ô˘qÑ˘©˘Jh
.•hô°ûdG á«aƒà°ùe
Validation of theVoters List
íFGƒd (áë°U) ≈∏Y ≥j~°üJ
ÚÑNÉædG
kɢ«˘ª˘∏˘Yh kɢ«˘é˘¡˘æ˘e kɢª˘«˘«˘≤˘J ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG á˘ë˘F’ º˘«˘«˘≤˘J
áfQÉ≤e ÖLƒà°ùj Ée ƒgh ,É¡àbO i~e ‘ ≥«b~à∏d
áë°U øe ~cCÉà∏d iôNCG äÉfÉ«H I~YÉ≤H ÚÑNÉædG áëF’
√òg ≈∏Y ≥j~°üàdG …ôéjh .É¡«a IOQGƒdG π«°UÉØàdG
™° îJ »àdG ≥«b~àdG á«∏ªY QÉWEG ‘ kÉfÉ«MCG áëFÓdG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡d.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ‘ ≥«b~J''
Valuesºn«
pb
»àdG á«YɪàL’G ¢ù«jÉ≤ŸG hCG ±G~gC’G hCG ÇOÉÑŸG
ΩCG GƒfÉc kGOGôaCG ,™ªàÛG AÉæHCG É¡H ºq∏°ùj hCG ∂ q°ùªàj
≈∏Y Aƒ° dG §«∏°ùJ ¤EG á∏ª◊G ≈©°ùJ ,∂dòd .äÉÄa
ø˘jƒ˘μ˘J ≈˘∏˘Y ÖNɢæ˘dG π˘ª– má˘≤˘jô˘£˘H í˘°TôŸG º˘˘n«˘˘ pb
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¬æY »HÉéjEG ´ÉÑ£fG.''í°TôŸG IQƒ°U''
Verifiable Findings É¡æe ≥≤ëàdG øμÁ äÉLÉàæà°SG
,É¡æe âÑãàdG øμÁ äG~gÉ°ûe ¤EG ~æà°ùJ äÉeƒ∏©e
kɢ° jCG ™˘LGQ .᢫˘ª˘c äɢ°SGQOh ᢫˘Ñ˘˘jôŒ ™˘˘Fɢ˘bh ¤EGh
''É¡H ¥ƒKƒeh áë«ë°U äÉfÉ«H'' ¢ «≤ædGhÒZ äÉÑKEG''
.¬H ¥ƒKƒe
Veto ƒà«ØdG/¢ ≤ædG ≥M
i~MEG ¤EG ínæªoj …òdG …Qƒà°S~dG ≥◊G hCG á«MÓ°üdG
≈∏Y á≤aGƒŸG øY ´Éæàe’G É¡d qƒî«a ºμ◊G äÉ£∏°S
™«°ûjh .iôNCG á£∏°S É¡MÎ≤J »àdG ÒHG~àdG ¢ ©H
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The term is used most commonly inreference to the power of a chief exec-utive to reject a bill passed by the legis-lature and thus prevent or delay itsenactment into law. The term is Latinfor “I forbid.”
A campaign method in which the can-didate’s name is advertised and presentin the eyes of voters. If seen enough, itcan often raise the candidate’s namerecognition.
Vivid description of the sort of changea politician or campaign aims toachieve. The vision statement serves toboth motivate members and also torecruit new supporters to the cause.
A supporter of a candidate who general-ly spends some of his/her time helpingthe campaign without being paid a salary.
A person on the campaign staff respon-sible for recruiting and scheduling vol-unteers.
An essential and on-going process forany campaign. Recruitment providesan opportunity for individual citizensto voice their support of particularpolicies or initiatives, while also pro-viding vital human resources to a cam-paign or organization.
A formal expression of preference inresponse to a proposal, motion, orchoice of candidate for office throughan election or referendum.
á«MÓ°üdG ¤EG IQÉ°TEÓd ká°UÉN í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG
…CG ¢ aQ ≥M Újò«ØæàdG AÉ°SDhôdG ~MCG »£©J »àdG
∫ƒ˘ë˘j Éà ,᢫˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ô˘≤˘J ¿ƒ˘fɢ˘b ´hô˘˘°ûe
á¶Ød Oƒ©Jh .√QGôbEG ô qNDƒj hCG kÉfƒfÉb ¬≤«Ñ£J ¿hO ‹ÉàdÉH
.''™æeCG ÉfCG'' »æ©J å«M á«æ«JÓdG á¨∏dG ¤EG ''ƒà«b''
Visibility /í°TôŸG ≈∏Y AGƒ°VC’G §«∏°ùJJ
í°TôŸG RGôHEG
º°SG ∫ƒM ájÉY~dG ô°ûæd äÓª◊G Ég~ªà©J á∏«°Sh
øeh .ÚÑNÉædG ±ƒØ°U ÚH √Qƒ° M õjõ©Jh í°TôŸG
¿CG ,É¡dɪ©à°SG ∞«ãμJ ~æY ,á∏«°SƒdG √òg ¿CÉ°T
.í°TôŸG º°SG ¤EG ±ô©àdG ¢Uôa øe ~jõJ
VisionájDhQ
¬≤«≤– ¤EG ƒÑ°üj …òdG Ò«¨àdG ´ƒf ájƒ«ëH ∞°üJ
ÉeCG .á«HÉîàf’G äÓª◊G ƒª¶æe hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ∫ÉLQ
ºª˘g ¢Vɢ¡˘æ˘à˘°S’ í˘∏˘°ü«˘a á˘jDhô˘dG √ò˘g ø˘Y ¿Ó˘YE’G
.~MGh m¿BG ‘ O~÷G øjô°UÉæŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SGh AÉ° YC’G
Volunteer´ƒ£àe
,áæq«©e á«° b hCG á∏ª◊ ºY~dG Ω~≤j …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
¿CG ¿hO øe á∏ª◊G I~fÉ°ùŸ ¬àbh øe kÉ° ©H ¢Sôμjh
.ôLCG q…CG ≈°VÉ≤àj
Volunteer Coordinator
ÚYƒ£àŸG ¿hDƒ°T ≥°ùææe
ᢢ˘∏˘˘˘ª◊G ‘ Ú∏˘˘˘eɢ˘˘©˘˘˘dG ø˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°V ∫hDƒ˘˘˘˘°ùŸG ¢ü˘˘°ûdG
èeÉfôH OG~YEGh ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG øY á«HÉîàf’G
.º¡∏ªY
Volunteer Recruitment ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG
á«HÉîàf’G äÓ˘ª◊G ɢ¡˘«˘dEG Cɢé˘∏˘J á˘jQhô˘°V ᢫˘∏˘ª˘Y
ΩÉeCG á°UôØdG í«àj ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SÉa .QGôªà°SÉH
hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùd º¡ªYO øY nÜGôYEÓd OGôaCÉc ÚæWGƒŸG
äÓª◊G hCG äɪ¶æª∏d øqeDƒJ ɪ«a ,áæq«©e äGQOÉÑe
.ájƒ«M ájô°ûH OQGƒe kÉ° jCG
Voteâjƒ°üJ
kGOQ ÖNÉædG Égòîàj »àdG äGQÉ«ÿG øY »ª°SQ ÒÑ©J
¢Vô©e ‘ hCG ,âjƒ°üà∏d áMhô£ŸG äÉMGÎb’G ≈∏Y
hCG ÜÉîàf’G ÈY ¿EG Ö°UÉæŸG π¨°ûd Úë°Tôe QÉ«àNG
.AÉàØà°S’G
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Vote Count/Verification
/äGƒ°UC’G Rôa
(RôØdG áë°U) øe ≥≤–
Part of the electoral process duringwhich votes are counted by electionofficials after all ballots have been cast.The actual counting of votes requiresaccuracy, speed, and security.
The person who assists in countingvotes.
A person that visits voting premisesand conducts the count for, or assists,the returning officer, either manuallyon paper or with computers.
When voters vote for a candidate fromone party or ideology in one election andvote for a candidate from a differentparty or with a different ideology in thenext election. Voters who shift their votesare considered to be persuadable with acampaign message. See also “Persua-dability” and “Vote Splitting.”
The act of voting for candidates fromdifferent parties within the same elec-toral process, such as within a multi-member district, between national andlocal elections, or between presidentialand legislative elections. Voters whovote for candidates representing differ-ent parties on the same ballot are saidto have split their ticket.
The act of providing a financial ormaterial incentive to a voter inexchange for a vote, buying abstentions(negative vote-buying), or paying votersto stay home. Borderline cases includethe promise of jobs, loans, promotions,
É¡«a Ωƒ≤j á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG πMGôe øe á∏Môe
‹~j ¿CG ~©H äGƒ°UC’G q~©H äÉHÉîàf’G øY ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG
Rôa á«∏ªY Ö∏£à˘Jh .º˘¡˘JGƒ˘°UCɢH ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG ™˘«˘ª˘L
,á˘Yô˘°ùdGh ,ᢢb~˘˘dG ÚdhDƒ˘˘°ùŸG A’Dƒ˘˘g ø˘˘e äGƒ˘˘°UC’G
.É¡àeÓ°S ¿Éª°Vh
Vote CountingAssistant
RôØdG øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸŸG ~YÉ°ùee
.äGƒ°UC’G q~Y ‘ ~YÉ°ùj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
Vote Counting Officer /äGƒ°UC’G Rôa øY ∫hDƒ°ùee
RôØdG ¿hDƒ°T ∞Xƒe
á«∏ªY ôj~jh ´GÎb’G ¿Éμe ~°ü≤j …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
‘ ,RôØdG ¿hDƒ°T ∞Xƒe ~YÉ°ùj hCG ,äGƒ°UC’G Rôa
.ôJƒ«ÑªμdG RÉ¡L ≈∏Y hCG kÉjh~j ÉeEG èFÉàædG π«é°ùJ
Vote Shifting âjƒ°üàdG á¡Lh Ò«¨J
áæq«©e äÉHÉîàfG ‘ ¿ƒJ qƒ°üj øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ádÉM
¿ƒëæÁ ºK áæq«©e á«Lƒdh~jEG hCG ÜõM øe í°TôŸ
ôNBG Üõ˘M í˘°TôŸ ᢫˘dɢà˘dG äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ‘ º˘¡˘JGƒ˘°UCG
¿ƒÑNÉædG A’Dƒg q~©ojh .áØ∏àfl á«Lƒdƒj~jEÉH øeDƒj
ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG OG~˘Y ‘ º˘¡˘JGƒ˘°UCG á˘¡˘˘Lh ¿ƒ˘˘d~˘˘Ñ˘˘j …ò˘˘dG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ º¡∏«ªà°ùJ ¿CG øμªŸG
.''äGƒ°UC’G º°SÉ≤J''h ''ÚÑNÉædG ´ÉæbEG á«fÉμeEG''
Vote Splitting äGƒ°UC’G ´ qRƒJ/º°SÉ≤J
ÜGõMCG øe Úë°TôŸ âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ΩG~bEG
Ω~≤oj ~bh .É¡JGP á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øª°V áØ∏àfl
IO~˘©˘àŸG Iô˘FG~˘dG ø˘ª˘°V kÓ˘ã˘e ∂dP ≈˘∏˘Y ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘Nɢæ˘dG
‘ ¿EG á˘˘Ø˘˘∏˘˘àfl ÜGõ˘˘MC’ ¿ƒ˘˘J qƒ˘˘°üj ÚM π˘˘«˘˘˘ã˘˘˘ª˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG
äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ‘ hCG ᢫˘∏ÙGh ᢫˘æ˘Wƒ˘dG äɢHɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G
.¬JGP âbƒdG ‘ …ôŒ »àdG á«©jô°ûàdGh á«°SÉFôdG
.º¡JGƒ°UCG GƒY qRh º¡fCG ∫É◊G √òg ‘ º¡æY ∫É≤ojh
Vote-Buying äGƒ°UC’G AGô°T
πHÉ≤e ÖNÉæ∏d ájOÉe hCG á«dÉe ôaGƒM Ë~≤J á«∏ªY
âjƒ°üàdG øY ¬HÉéMEG AGô°T hCG ,¬Jƒ°U ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G
™˘aO hCG (âjƒ˘°üà˘dG ø˘Y ∫h~˘˘©˘˘dɢ˘H ÖNɢ˘æ˘˘dG ´É˘˘æ˘˘bEG)
ä’É◊G ÉeCG .º¡dRÉæe Ωhõd AÉ≤d ÚÑNÉædG ¤EG ∫GƒeC’G
Ë~≤Jh ,∞FÉXƒdG ÒaƒàH OƒYƒdG ™£b πª°ûàa iƒ°ü≤dG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
etc. to get votes. Vote buying is illegalin most countries. See also “BribingVoters.”
Person who is eligible and registered tovote. Also known as an elector.
The way in which voters feel going intothe election. The most common ‘atti-tudes’ discussed by campaigns and themedia are typically whether the voterfeels satisfied or angry and/or better orworse off than they were during theprevious election. Campaigns will oftenseek to design a message that reflectsthe attitude of most voters.
A list of eligible voters that may containpersonal information relevant to thevoting process (for example, the voter’saddress).
The relative decrease in voter turnoutfrom one election to another. Lessimportant or lower profile races oftenreceive fewer votes than higher profileraces because often voters do not knowabout the race, do not know the candi-dates, or do not care. See also “ApathyVoter” and “Voter Fatigue.”
A process by which people are madeaware of the electoral process and the par-ticulars and procedures for voter registra-tion, voting, and other elements of theelection. See also “Civic Education.”
Oƒ˘Yh ø˘e ɢ¡˘«˘dEG ɢeh ,ÚØ˘XƒŸG ᢫˘˘bô˘˘Jh ,¢Vhô˘˘≤˘˘dG
AGô˘°T qÖ°üjh .ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG äGƒ˘°UCɢH Rƒ˘Ø˘˘dG ‘ kɢ˘©˘˘ª˘˘W
º¶©e ‘ áYhô°ûŸG ÒZ ∫ɪYC’G áfÉN ‘ äGƒ°UC’G
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .¿G~∏ÑdG.''Iƒ°TôdÉH ÚÑNÉædG ádɪà°SG''
145
VoterÖNÉf
í˘FGƒ˘d ‘ π˘é˘˘°ùeh âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘∏˘˘d π˘˘gDƒ˘˘e ¢ü°T qπ˘˘c
.´Î≤ŸÉH kÉ° jCG ÖNÉædG ± nô©ojh .Ö£°ûdG
Voter Attitudes ÚÑNÉædG ∞bGƒe
''∞bGƒŸG'' ÉeCG .äÉHÉîàfÓd ÚÑNÉædG áHQÉ≤e á≤jôW
π˘Fɢ°Shh äÓ˘ª◊G ɢ¡˘˘dhG~˘˘à˘˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG kɢ˘Yƒ˘˘«˘˘°T ÌcC’G
ÖNÉædG Qƒ©°T i~e øY kÉ«F~Ñe iôëààa ΩÓYE’G
,É¡æe AÉ«à°S’ÉH hCG á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G øY ≈°VôdÉH
‘ ¬«∏Y ¿Éc ɇ k’ÉM CGƒ°SCG hCG π° aCG ¿Éc GPEG ɪY hCG/h
¤EG äÓª◊G ≈©°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’G
.ÚÑNÉædG á«ÑdÉZ ∞bGƒe ¢ùμ©J mádÉ°SQ OG~YEG
Voter Database ÚÑNÉædÉH á°UÉÿG äÉfÉ«ÑdG I~YÉb
≈∏Y …ƒà– ¿CG øμÁ »àdG Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚÑNÉædÉH áªFÉb
᢫˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘H ᢢ°UÉÿG ᢢ«˘˘°ü°ûdG äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘˘©ŸG ¢ ©˘˘H
.(ÖNÉædG ¿GƒæY ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y) âjƒ°üàdG
Voter Drop Off/¢VÉØîfG
ácQÉ°ûŸŸG iƒà°ùee ™LGôJ
ø˘e kɢ«˘Ñ˘°ùf ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG á˘cQɢ°ûe iƒ˘à˘°ùe ¢Vɢ˘Ø˘˘î˘˘fG
π˘bC’G ᢫˘Hɢî˘à˘f’G ∑Qɢ©ŸÉ˘a .iô˘NCG ¤EG äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘fG
Ö∏ZCG ‘ ≈¶– ’ ,AGƒ°VC’G øY I~«©ÑdG hCG k᫪gCG
~°TC’G ∑QÉ©ŸG É¡H ≈¶– …òdG ¬JGP ∫ÉÑbE’ÉH ¿É«MC’G
Ú©∏£e ÒZ ¿ƒfƒμj ÚÑNÉædG q¿CG ¤EG kGô¶f kÉÑî°U
¿ƒ˘∏˘¡˘é˘j hCG ,᢫˘˘Hɢ˘î˘˘à˘˘f’G ᢢcô˘˘©ŸG äɢ˘jô› ≈˘˘∏˘˘Y
™LGQ .πμc á«∏ª©dÉH ¿ƒKÎμj ɪ∏b hCG ,Úë°TôŸG
kÉ° jCG.''ÖNÉædG á qªg Qƒàa''h ''m ∫ÉÑe’ ÖNÉf''
Voter Education ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ
ø˘Y á˘eRÓ˘dG äɢeƒ˘∏˘©ŸÉ˘ H Úæ˘WGƒŸG ~˘jhõ˘J ¤EG »˘eô˘J
π«é°ùJ ‘ á«YôŸG äGAGôLE’Gh á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG
øe ÉgG~Y Éeh ,´GÎb’G á«∏ªYh ,É¡∏«°UÉØàH ÚÑNÉædG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉHÉîàf’ÉH ≥∏©àJ ¿hDƒ°T.''á«f~e á«HôJ''
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
Voter Fatigue ÖNÉædG á qªg Qƒàa
The apathy that an electorate can expe-rience when it is required to vote toooften. Voter fatigue can result in lowvoter turnout rates. See also “ApathyVoter” and “Voter Drop Off.”
See “Voter Registry.”
Refers to election fraud conducted byan individual often with the involve-ment of party agents or the govern-ment. Examples of voter fraud includevoting when ineligible, multiple-voting,voter impersonation, and vote-buying,among others.
See “Civic Education” and “VoterEducation.”
Any form of coercion, physical vio-lence, or threats aimed at keepingsomeone from voting or forcing themto vote a certain way.
Issues that voters are directly con-cerned with, such as their job or theeducation of their children. Votersoften care less about policy issues thatthey have little control over.
See “Registration of Voters.”
The national list of all eligible votersnames, which can take the form of oneunified database or a compilation orseries of databases from governmentalsubdivisions. This list contains additional
º¡æe Ön∏£oj ÚM ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬j~Ñj …òdG ¢Sɪ◊G á∏b
Qƒ˘à˘Ø˘dG Gò˘g ø˘Y è˘à˘æ˘jh . kGQGô˘ ˘μ˘˘Jh kGQGô˘ ˘e âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘dG
.äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ‘ ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG á˘cQɢ°ûe á˘Ñ˘°ùf ‘ ¢VÉ˘Ø˘ë˘fG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ.''ácQÉ°ûŸŸG iƒà°ùee ¢VÉØîfG''h ''m ∫ÉÑe’ ÖNÉf''
Voter File ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S
™LGQ.kÉ≤M’ OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Voter Fraud »HÉîàfG ôjhõJ
É¡°SQÉÁ »àdG ôjhõàdG ∫ɪYCG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
ÜGõMC’G »Hh~æe •QƒJ qπX ‘ äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ OGôaC’G
ôjhõàdG ∫ɪYCG πª°ûJh .¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ áeƒμ◊G hCG
ÒZ ÖNÉædG ´GÎbG ô°ü◊G ’ ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y √òg
,äGôe I~Y ¬Jƒ°üH ÖNÉædG A’OEGh ,âjƒ°üà∏d πgDƒŸG
.äGƒ°UC’G AGô°Th ,ÚÑNÉædG ~MCG ájƒg ∫ÉëàfGh
Voter Information äÉeƒ∏©Ã ÚÑNÉædG ~jhõJ
™LGQ.''ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ''h ''á«f~e á«HôJ''
Voter Intimidation/Harassment
ÖNÉædG πjƒ¡J/Ö«gôJ
hCG ,…~°ù÷G ∞æ©dG hCG ,√GôcE’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG
ø˘˘e ÖNɢ˘æ˘˘dG ™˘˘æ˘˘e ¤EG »˘˘eô˘˘J »˘˘à˘˘dG äG~˘˘j~˘˘˘¡˘˘˘à˘˘˘dG
.øq«©e √ÉŒÉH âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y √QÉÑLEG hCG ,âjƒ°üàdG
Voter Priorities ÚÑNÉædG äÉjƒdhCG
,Iô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘e ÚÑ˘Nɢæ˘dG Ωɢª˘à˘gG π˘¨˘°ûJ »˘à˘˘dG ¿hDƒ˘˘°ûdG
çÎμ˘j ɢª˘∏˘≤˘˘a .º˘˘gO’hCG º˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘©˘˘J hCG º˘˘¡˘˘Ø˘˘Fɢ˘Xƒ˘˘c
ɪq∏b »àdG áeÉ©dG á°SÉ«°ùdG ¿hDƒ°ûH kIOÉY ¿ƒÑNÉædG
.É¡H ¿ƒªμëàj
Voter Registration ÚÑNÉædG π«é°°ùJJ
™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬æ«Y í∏£°üŸG
Voter Registry ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S
Ú∏˘gDƒŸG ÚÑ˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG ™˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘L qº˘˘° J ᢢ«˘˘æ˘˘Wh ᢢª˘˘Fɢ˘b
hCG I~˘Mƒ˘e äɢfɢ«˘H I~˘Yɢb π˘μ˘°T ò˘˘NCɢ˘Jh ,´GÎbÓ˘˘d
øe IOQGƒdG äÉfÉ«ÑdG ~YGƒb øe á∏°ù∏°S hCG áYƒª›
êQGOEÉH áªFÉ≤dG √òg »ØàμJ ’h .á«eƒμM ôFGhO I~Y
146 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
tional information such as voters’ gen-der birth dates, addresses, assignedpolling station, and unique voter identi-fication numbers.
See “Turnout/Voter Turnout.”
A printed record of the voter’s elec-tronic vote. The VVPAT is also called apaper record, paper trail, or audit trail.
A voter’s guide provides voters withsummary information on voting meth-ods used in their local polling places withpointers about the voting technologyand how to vote successfully. Also cov-ers how to investigate and get help whensomething goes wrong with the votingprocess as well as information on thecandidates or parties running in the par-ticular election, including their plat-forms. See also “Voter Education.”
An identification card that a voter mustpresent at the polling station on elec-tion day, with or without an additionalpiece of identification depending onthe country, to prove that he or she iseligible to vote and registered at thepolling station. Voter identificationcards may range from relatively simpleto highly complex; some simply havethe name and address of the voter,while others require a photograph, sig-nature, fingerprint, or other biometricdata. Some countries only require agovernment issued citizenship card orpassport to vote.
ø˘ª˘° à˘˘J ¿CG Rƒ˘˘é˘˘j π˘˘H ,Ö°ùMh ÚÑ˘˘Nɢ˘æ˘˘dG Aɢ˘ª˘˘°SCG
,¬JO’h ïjQÉJh ,ÖNÉædG ¢ùæéc á«aÉ°VEG äÉeƒ∏©e
.õq«ªŸG ± qô©ŸGh ,¬d O~ÙG ´GÎb’G õcôeh ,¬fGƒæYh
147
Voter Turnout /ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸŸG áÑ°ùff
ÚÑNÉædG ácQÉ°ûee áÑ°ùff
™LGQ.kÉØfBG OQGƒdG ¬JGP í∏£°üŸG
Voter Verifiable PaperAudit Trail (VVPAT)
/»bQƒdG ≥«b~àdG πé°°S
áë°U ‘ ≥«b~à∏d »bQh πé°°S
âjƒ°üàdG
πFÉ°SƒdG ÈY ÖNÉædG âjƒ°üJ âÑãj ´ƒÑ£e πé°S
.»bQƒdG πé°ùdÉH kÉ° jCG ¬«dEG QÉ°ûojh .á«fhÎμdE’G
Voter's Guide ÖNÉædG π«dO
πFÉ°Sh ¬d ¢üî∏J mäÉeƒ∏©Ã nÖNÉædG oπ«d~dG Gòg O qhõj
√òg ≥aôjh ,¬d O~ÙG ´GÎb’G õcôe ‘ I~ nªà©ŸG ´GÎb’G
‘ áe n~îà°ùŸG äÉ«LƒdƒæμàdG ¤EG äGQÉ°TEÉH äÉeƒ∏©ŸG
,∂dP øY kÓ° a .É¡eG~îà°SG ø°ùM ¤EGh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY
ΩÓ©à°S’G á«Ø«c ÖNÉædG ¤EG π«d~dG Gòg ìô°ûj ¿CG Rƒéj
‘ káHƒ©°U ~éj ÚM I~YÉ°ùŸG Ö∏Wh I~YÉ°ùŸG πÑ°S øY
ÜGõMC’G øY äÉeƒ∏©Ã ÖNÉædG q~Á ¿CGh ,´GÎb’G á«∏ªY
É¡«a Éà ,áæq«©e äÉHÉîàfG ¿ƒ°Vƒîj øjòdG Úë°TôŸG hCG
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .á«HÉîàf’G º¡›GôH.''ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ''
Voter'sIdentification Card
ÖNÉædÉH ∞jô©àdG ábÉ£H
ÖNÉædG ≈∏Y øq«©àj »àdG ájƒ¡dÉH ∞jô©àdG ábÉ£H
ÖfÉL ¤EG ,ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj ´GÎb’G õcôe ‘ ÉgRÈj ¿CG
πgDƒe ÖNÉædG q¿CG âÑãJ á«aÉ°VEG á≤«Kh …CG ¿hO øe hCG
õ˘˘cô˘˘e äÓ˘˘é˘˘°S ‘ êQ~˘˘e ¬˘˘˘ª˘˘˘°SG q¿CGh âjƒ˘˘˘°üà˘˘˘∏˘˘˘d
øμÁh .~∏H qπc ‘ ájQÉ°ùdG äGAGôLEÓd kÉ©ÑJ ,´GÎb’G
ÚH ÖNɢæ˘dG á˘jƒ˘¡˘˘H ∞˘˘jô˘˘©˘˘à˘˘dG äɢ˘bɢ˘£˘˘H ìhGÎJ ¿CG
.ájɨ∏d I~≤©e äɢbɢ£˘Hh kɢ«˘Ñ˘°ùf á˘£˘«˘°ùH äɢbɢ£˘H
,¬fGƒæYh ÖNÉædG º°SG Rp ÈoJ ᣫ°ùÑdG äÉbÉ£ÑdÉa
hCG ,á«aGôZƒJƒa IQƒ°U êGQOEG iôNC’G Ö∏£àJ ɪ«a
≥˘∏˘˘©˘˘à˘˘J äɢ˘fɢ˘«˘˘H q…CG hCG ,äɢ˘ª˘˘°üÑ˘˘dG hCG ,kɢ˘©˘˘«˘˘bƒ˘˘J
’ ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dG ¢ ©˘H ø˘μ˘dh .᢫˘Lƒ˘dƒ˘«˘Ñ˘dG äɢ˘ª˘˘ p°ùdɢ˘H
ábÉ£H Rp Èj ¿CG ’EG âjƒ°üàdG ~æY ÖNÉædG øe Ö∏£j
.ôØ°ùdG RGƒL hCG áeƒμ◊G øY IQOÉ°üdG ájƒ¡dG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
148
Voters List /ÚÑNÉædG ºFGƒb hCG íFGƒd
Ö£°ûddG íFGƒd
A snapshot of the voter registry at aparticular moment in time. It containsthe names, and often other informa-tion, such as addresses, dates of birth,and genders of only those people in thevoter registry who are known to be eli-gible to vote at that moment. See also“Voter Registry.”
A systematic and scientific evaluationof the quality of voters list that checksfor errors, like duplications, multiplepeople at the same address, valid datesof birth, and valid identity numbers.
Information located within a databasethat relates to an individual voter.
See “Voters List.”
The act or process of casting one’s vote.Also known as polling or balloting.
All citizens above the official votingage. This can be a total number or apercentage from the whole population.
A booth in which a person can cast asecret vote.
Voting for more than one candidate, insome cases from different political par-ties, in a given election.
IÎa ‘ ¬dɪ©à°SG ~ nªà©ŸG ÚÑNÉædG πé°S øe º°ùb
kɢjô˘°üM á˘ë˘FÓ˘dG √ò˘g ø˘ qª˘° à˘Jh .á˘æ q«˘©˘˘e ᢢ«˘˘æ˘˘eR
º¡fCG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG πé°S ‘ øj~q«≤ŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G
,ºgAɪ°SCG O pQƒàa ,IÎØdG ∂∏J ‘ ´GÎbÓd ¿ƒ∏gDƒe
,º¡H ≥∏©àJ iôNCG äÉeƒ∏©e ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘h
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .º¡°ùæLh ,º¡JO’h ïjQGƒJh ,º¡æjhÉæ©c
.''ÚÑNÉædG πé°°S''
Voters List Audit ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd (áë°U) ‘ ≥«b~J
kÉ«é¡æe kɪ««≤J ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd áë°U i~e º««≤J
QGôμàc ,AÉ£NCG q…CG øe Égƒ∏N øe ~cCÉà∏d kÉ«ª∏Yh
,¬JGP ¿Gƒæ©dG ≈∏Y ¢UÉî°TCG I~Y êGQOEGh ,Aɪ°SC’G ¢ ©H
.ájƒ¡dG äÉbÉ£H ΩÉbQCG áë°Uh ,IO’ƒdG ïjQGƒJ áë°Uh
Voter’s Record ÖNÉædÉH á°UÉN äÉeƒ∏©e
(πé°°ùddG øª°V)
πc ¢Uƒ°üîH äÉfÉ«H I~YÉb øª°V ê nQ~oJ läÉeƒ∏©e
.I~ pM ≈∏Y ÖNÉf
Voters Roll ÚÑNÉædG ∫hG~L
™LGQ.''ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd''
Votingâjƒ°üJ
.¬Jƒ°üH ÖNÉædG A’OEG á«∏ªY
Voting Age Population ´GÎb’G qø°S ‘ ¿Éμ°S/¿ƒæWGƒe
»ª°SôdG ´GÎb’G ø°S Gƒ¨∏H øjòdG ÚæWGƒŸG ™«ªL
´ƒª› øe áæq«©e áÑ°ùf ºgO~Y πqμ°ûjh .¥ƒa Éeh
.πμc ¿Éμ°ùdG
Voting Booth ´GÎb’G IôéMM/IQƒ°ü≤e/∫õ© pe
.ájô°ùdG AÉ£Z â– ¬Jƒ°üH ÖNÉædG É¡«a ‹~j IÒéM
Voting for a Mix ofCandidates
øe á£∏àfl áYƒªÛ âjƒ°üJ
Úë°TôŸG
âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y áæq«©e äÉHÉîàfG ‘ ÖNÉædG ΩG~bEG
¤EG ¿É«MC’G ¢ ©H ‘ ¿ƒªàæj ~b í°Tôe øe ÌcC’
.áØ∏àfl á«°SÉ«°S ÜGõMCG
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149
Voting Machine âjƒ°üàdG RÉ¡L
A mechanical device used for voting.
An electronic unit that records elec-tronic votes at a specific polling station.
.âjƒ°üà∏d Ω n~îà°ùoJ á«μ«fÉμ«e ádBG
Voting Server âjƒ°üàdG ΩOÉN
»àdG äGƒ°UC’G π«é°ùJ ≈∏Y πª©J á«fhÎμdEG I~Mh
.O q~fi ´GÎbG õcôe ‘ kÉ«fhÎμdEG ¿ƒÑNÉædG É¡H ¤OCG
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
WWard
á«HÉîàf’G IôFG~dG øe º°ùbb
A division of a city or town, especiallyan electoral district, for administrativeand representative purposes.
Representation of an area of a city thatis divided into precincts. See also“Ward.”
Groups that view their role as criticallymonitoring the activities of govern-ments, industry, or other organizationsand alerting the public when they detectactions that go against the public interest.
See “First Past the Post.”
A decree issued by a governor or otherexecutive authority requiring that anelection be held. Writs of election aretypically issued for special elections tofill a vacancy, but in some countries,such as the United Kingdom andCanada, the issuance of a writ of elec-tion is the only way to call an election.
A ballot on which voters write thename of their preferred candidate orparty on a blank ballot.
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160 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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166 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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167NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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168 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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169NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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170 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE
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