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EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-1
CHAPTER 4
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS: ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS
4.1 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
4.1.1 Forest Types The catchment area which has an altitudinal range from 300 m to 5400 m has
a very interesting floristic composition representing changes in forest types,
typical of the Eastern Himalayas with the change in altitude. The favourable
rainfall, temperature and high humidity have caused the vegetation to acquire
the general characteristics of the Northern Tropical Semi- Evergreen & North
Indian Moist Deciduous Forests.
4.1.1.1 Assam Valley & Eastern Sub-montane Semi-evergreen Forests (2B/C1a and 2B/C1b) These forests cover the foothills and extend up to 1000 m altitude. The
climatic conditions and high humidity make the area highly suitable for
luxuriant growth of vegetation and many trees attain magnificent growth in
height and diameter. The forests are of mixed broad–leaved type.
Top storey of the forest comprises Aglaia spectabilis, Ailanthus integrifolia
subsp. calycina, Altingia excelsa, Artocarpus chaplasa, Canarium strictum,
Castanopsis indica, Chukrasia tabularis, Duabanga grandiflora, Syzygium
cumini, Gmelina arborea, Magnolia spp., Mesua ferrea, Morus laevigata,
Phoebe cooperiana, Pterospermum acerifolium, Sterculia villosa,
Stereospermum chelonoides, Terminalia myriocarpa, T. bellerica, Tetrameles
nudiflora, Toona ciliata etc.
Middle storey comprises Dillenia indica, Dysoxylum binectariferum,
Gynocardia odorata, Macaranga denticulata, Michelia spp. etc. Several
species of canes viz. Calamus erectus, C. flagellum, C. floribundus etc. occur
in these forests. Caryota spp. also occurs in these forests. Cyathea sp. (tree
fern) is quite common everywhere. Musa balbisiana (wild banana) occurs in
gregarious patches on hill slopes.
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However, interspersed with this thick vegetation, there are occasional patches
of open forests presumably created as a result of past jhuming. Such types of
forests are generally covered with bamboos and shrubs dotted with scattered
trees giving the appearance of ‘scrub forest’. Grasses like Imperata cylindrica,
Saccharum spontaneum, Phragmites karka with trees like Bischofia javanica
and Kydia glabrescens predominate in this formation. There are also
stretches of bamboo forests consisting mainly of Bambusa pallida,
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii and occasionally Schizostacyum polymorphum.
Jhum lands are generally abandoned after 3 to 5 years and such lands are
generally invaded by Trema orientalis, Macaranga denticulata, Mallotus sp.,
canes and bamboos (mainly Schizostachyum polymorphum).
4.1.1.2 Subtropical Moist Semievergreen Forests
This type occurs generally in a limited area of the middle hills between El
1000 m and 1500 m or slightly higher. The vegetation is very typical of this
altitude and consists of a few selected species like Schima wallichii,
Callicarpa arborea, Macaranga spp., Castanopsis indica, Engelhardtia
spicata, Actinodaphne ovata, Ostodes paniculata, Ficus gasperiniana and
Bauhinia variegata at higher elevations. Musa balbisiana is very common in
the lower zone. The vegetation is very dense and the undergrowth is profuse.
Several species of bamboos like Cephalostachyum latifolium, Phyllostachys
bambusoides and Chimonobambusa callosa are common in this type with
grasses such as Arundinella bengalensis, Saccharum arundinaceum, Setaria
palmifolia and Thysanolaena maxima.
4.1.1.3 East Himalayan Wet Temperate Forests (8B/C1) In the temperate zone between El 1500 m and 2500 m, the forests are
characterised by prevalence of Quercus and Castanopsis spp. These forests
are not as dense as the previous ones but when well protected, will provide
good ground cover. The important tree species representing this type are
Quercus griffithii, Castanopsis sp., Alnus nepalensis, Engelhardtia spicata,
Cornus controversa, Acer sp., Michelia baillonii, Betula alnoides, Magnolia
spp., Prunus spp., Macaranga spp., Nyssa javanica, Eriobotrya and
Rhododendron spp. Rhododendrons give bright hue to these forests in the
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advent of spring. In the undergrowth Berberis wallichiana, Osbeckia spp. and
Lycopodium spp. and various other flowering herbs predominate.
Several conifers like Abies spectabilis, Cupressus torulosa, Taxus wallichiana
and Tsuga dumosa occur sporadically, but pines are absent from this area.
4.1.1.4 Subalpine or Temperate Montane Forests
Between EL 2500 m and 3000 m, the forests go through a transitory stage
and this catchment has a fairly large area between EL 3000 m and 5500 m
representing the sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. Conifers like Abies sp
(Silver Fir), Tsuga dumosa (Hemlock), Pinus wallichiana (Blue Pine) and
Taxus wallichiana occur in the forests.
The understorey consists of a dense bushy zone of Rhododendron spp.,
Berberis spp., Salix spp., Cotoneaster spp. and some other herbaceous
species, particularly of the families Rosaceae and Ranunculaceae, with some
Polygonaceae and Gentianaceae here and there. The alpine vegetation is
limited to altitudes 4500 m to 5500 m. The vegetation becomes scarce, and
the general look is that of coarse meadow. The vegetation consists of stunted
gnarled shrubs with deep roots and stunted shoots. Species of Abies, and
Berberis are common. Above the tree line, the vegetation consists of
herbaceous Primulas, Rhus, Saxifraga, Sedum, Saussurea, Gentiana with
few Bromus, Stipa and Festuca. The alpine and sub-alpine areas are
presumably included within the Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary and are expected to
receive almost total protection.
The entire catchment area of Dibang River is also very rich in Epiphytic
orchids. The dense vegetation, well distributed rainfall and humid conditions
encourage the growth of these wonderful plants known for its magnificent and
scented flowers the world over. Some of the species are terrestrial in nature.
Even a single tree in the dense forest of this region is a natural orchidarium in
itself with many taxa growing on it.
4.1.2 Major Floral Species found in submergence area A list of major angiosperms found in area, which is likely to be submerged is
given below. All the species have been dealt with under their corresponding
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families, which have been arranged according to Bentham & Hooker’s system
of classification (1862-1883) except with slight modifications as per recent
trends. Further, the genera under a family and species under a genus have
been arranged alphabetically. Common name (if any) is given in parenthesis.
DICOTYLEDONS RANUNCULACEAE
Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. (Gorap-choi)
Ranunculus spp.
DILLENIACEAE
Dillenia indica L.
MAGNOLIACEAE
Magnolia hodgsoni (Hook. f. & Thomson) Keng (Baramthuri)
Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt & Smith) Raju & Nayar
Michelia baillonii (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep. (Tita sopa)
ANNONACEAE
Fissistigma polyanthum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Merr.
Miliusa globosa (DC.) Panigr. & S. C. Mishra
FLACOURTIACEAE
Casearia vareca Roxb.
Gynocardia odorata R. Br. (Chaulmoogra)
CLUSIACEAE
Mesua ferrea L. (Nahar)
TERNSTROEMIACEAE
Schima wallichii (DC.) Korthals (Makrisal)
MALVACEAE
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.
Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Kydia glabrescens Masters (Pichola)
Sida acuta Burm. f.
BOMBACACEAE
Bombax ceiba L. (Simul)
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STERCULIACEAE
Abroma augusta (L.) L. f.
Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. (Hatipolia)
Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb.
Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm. (Udal)
ELAEOCARPACEAE
Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume
Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxb. ex G. Don
Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) Schum.
BLASAMINACEAE
Impatiens spp.
RUTACEAE
Euodia trichotoma (Lour.) Pierre
SIMAROUBACEAE
Ailanthus integrifolia Lam subsp. calycina (Pierre) Nooteb. (Borpat)
BURSERACEAE
Canarium strictum Roxb.
MELIACEAE
Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S. S. Jain & Bennet (Amari)
Chisocheton cumingianus (C. DC.) Harms var. balanse (C. DC.) Mabb.
Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. (Bogipoma)
Dysoxylum gobarum (Buch.-Ham.) Merr. (Banderdima)
Melia azedarach L. (Gohra neem) - Planted
Toona ciliata M. Roem. (Poma)
RHAMNACEAE Rhamnus nepalensis (Wallich) M. Lawson
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.
LEEACEAE
Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.
SAPINDACEAE Dittelasma rarak (DC.) Hook. f.
STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia pomifera (Roxb.) DC.
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SABIACEAE
Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp.
ANACARDIACEAE
Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt & Hill
Pegia nitida Colebr.
Rhus chinensis Mill.
Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz
FABACEAE
Dalbergia assamica Benth.
Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain
Dalhousiea bracteata R. Grah.
Desmodium sp.
Erythrina stricta Roxb.
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi
CAESALPINIACEAE
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arnott (Mandani)
Bauhinia variegata L.
Cassia alata L.
Cassia occidentalis L.
Cassia tora L.
Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Rafin. (Gulmohar)
MIMOSACEAE
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.
Acacia pruinescens Kurz
Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Siris)
Albizia lucida Benth. (Moj)
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
Entada pursaetha DC.
Mimosa himalayana Gamble
Mimosa pudica L.
ROSACEAE
Eriobotrya petiolata Hook. f.
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Prunus celanica (Wight) Miq.
Pyrus sp.
Rubus ellipticus Sm.
Rubus moluccanus L.
Rubus niveus Wallich
CRASSULACEAE
Sedum spp.
HAMAMELIDACEAE
Altingia excelsa Noronha (Jutuli)
COMBRETACEAE
Combretum decandrum Roxb.
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arnott (Arjun) - Planted
Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Bahera)
Terminalia chebula Retz.
Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck & Muell. Arg. (Hollock)
MYRTACEAE
Psidium guajava L.
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Jamuk)
Syzygium diospyrifolium (Wallich ex Duthie) S. N. Mitra
Syzygium formosum (Wallich) Masamune
Syzygium macrocarpum (Roxb.) K. N. Bahadur & R. C. Gaur
MELASTOMATACEAE
Anplectrum assamicum C. B. Clarke
Melastoma malabathricum L. (Phutuka)
Melastoma nepalense Lodd.
Osbeckia nutans Wallich
Osbeckia stellata Wallich
Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC.
LYTHRACEAE
Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth
Lagerstroemia minuticarpa Debberm. ex P. C. Kanj.
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
SONNERATIACEAE Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. (Khokan)
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PASSIFLORACEAE Adenia trilobata (Roxb.) Engl.
CUCURBITACEAE Solena heterophylla Lour.
Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.
BEGONIACEAE
Begonia palmata D. Don
APIACEAE
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Manimuni)
Hydrocotyle spp.
ARALIACEAE
Acanthopanax aculeatum Seemm
Aralia armata (Wallich ex G. Don) Seem.
Heteropanax fragrans Seem.
Macropanax dispermum Kuntze
Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arnott) Harms
CORNACEAE
Cornus controversa Hemsl.
Nyssa javanica Wangerin
SAMBUCACEAE
Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume
RUBIACEAE
Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A. Rich. ex Walp. (Kadamb)
Hedyotis scandens Roxb.
Mussaenda roxburghii Hook. f.
Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr.
Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb.
Wendlandia paniculata DC.
ASTERACEAE
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Anaphalis sp.
Artemisia nilagirica (C. B. Clarke) Pamp.
Bidens bipinnata L.
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore
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Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Gnaphalium canum Phil.
Mikania micrantha Kunth
Saussurea spp.
Senecio wightianus DC. ex Wight
Siegesbeckia orientalis L.
Spilanthes paniculata Wallich ex DC.
Vernonia volkameriaefolia DC.
ERICACEAE
Agapetes spp.
MYRSINACEAE
Maesa indica Wallich
Maesa montana A. DC.
Maesa ramentacea Wallich
Myrsine sp.
EBENACEAE
Diospyros variegata Kurz
APOCYNACEAE
Alstonia scholaris R. Br. (Satian)
Wrightia coccinea Sims.
GENTIANACEAE Exacum tetragonum Roxb.
CONVOLVULACEAE
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer
Ipomoea fistulosa Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. Austin
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth
Porana paniculata Roxb.
SOLANACEAE
Solanum erianthum D. Don
Solanum indicum L.
Solanum torvum Sw.
GESNERIACEAE
Aeschynanthus acuminata Wallich
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Chirita acuminata R. Br.
Rhynchoglossum lazulinum A. S. Rao & Joseph
Rhynchotechum ellipticum DC.
BIGNONIACEAE
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Venten.
Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. (Paroli)
ACANTHACEAE
Diflugossa colorata (Nees) Bremek.
Justicia simplex D. Don
Phlogacanthus curviflorus Nees
Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (Roxb) Nees
Strobilanthes sp.
Thunbergia coccinea Wallich
Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.
VERBENACEAE
Callicarpa arborea Roxb.
Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.
Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon
Clerodendrum viscosum Venten.
Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Gamari)
Premna milleflora C. B. Clarke
Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz. & Pav.) Vahl.
Tectona grandis L. f. - Planted
LAMIACEAE
Colebrookia spp.
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
Plectranthus japonicus (Burm. f.) Koidz.
Pogostemon sp.
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Polygonum chinense L.
Polygonum microcephalum D. Don
PIPERACEAE Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Frost.) Hook. & Arnott
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Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Wallich
Piper sylvaticum Roxb.
Piper trioicum Roxb.
LAURACEAE
Actinodaphne obovata Blume
Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz. (Gonsorai)
Cinnamomum tamala T. Nees (Tejpat)
Litsea kurzii King ex Hook. f.
Phoebe cooperiana P. C. Kanj. & Das (Mekahi)
EUPHORBIACEAE
Bischofia javanica Blume (Urium)
Euphorbia sp.
Glochidion sp.
Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Muell. Arg.
Mallotus nepalensis Muell. Arg.
Mallotus roxburghianus Muell. Arg.
Ostodes paniculata Blume
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Sapium baccatum Roxb. (Selleng)
URTICACEAE
Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq.
Boehmeria hamiltoniana Wedd.
Boehmeria longifolia Gandoger
Elatostema sp.
Girardinia palmata (Forssk.) Gaud.
Laportea crenulata Gaud.
Laportea pterostigma Wedd.
Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) Miq.
Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight
Pouzolzia sanguinea (Blume) Merr.
Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Gaud.
Urtica parviflora L.
ULMACEAE
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
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MORACEAE
Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. (Sam)
Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. (Dewasali)
Ficus gasparriniana Miq.
Ficus religiosa L. (Peepal)
Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
Ficus squamosa Roxb.
Morus laevigata Wallich (Bola)
Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr.
JUGLANDACEAE
Engelhardtia spicata Blume
BETULACEAE
Alnus nepalensis D. Don (Utis)
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. (Birch)
FAGACEAE Castanopsis indica A. DC. (Hingori)
Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC.
SALICACEAE
Salix tetrasperma Roxb.
Populus gamblei Dode
MONOCOTYLEDONS ORCHIDACEAE
Aerides fieldingii Lodd. ex E. Morr.
Aerides multiflorum Roxb.
Calanthe masuca Lindl.
Coelogyne asperata Lindl.
Coelogyne barbata Lindl. ex Griff.
Coelogyne ochracea Lindl.
Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.
Cymbidium cyperifolium Wallich
Cymbidium eberneum Lindl.
Cymbidium elegans Lindl.
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Cymbidium giganteum Wallich
Cymbidium longifolium D. Don
Dendrobium crysanthum Wallich
Dendrobium densiflorum Wallich
Dendrobium falconeri Hook.
Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl.
Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Sw.
Epipogium indicum H. J. Chowdhery, G. D. Pal & G. S. Giri
Eria flava Lindl.
Flickingeria fugax (Reichb. f.) G. Seidenfaden
Galeola falconeri Hook. f.
Papilionanthe teres (Lindl.) Schltr.
Phaius tankervillie Blume
Pholidota imbricata Lindl.
Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume
ZINGIBERACEAE
Alpinia molucana Gagnep.
Amomum subulatum Roxb.
Curcuma amada Roxb. - Cultivated
Globba clarkei Baker
Globba multiflora Wallich
Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig
Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Adrakh) - Cultivated
COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm.
MARANTACEAE
Phrynium pubinerve Blume
MUSACEAE
Musa balbisiana Colla
Musa coccinea Andr.
IRIDACEAE
Iris sp.
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TACCACEAE Tacca laevis Roxb.
DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea glabra Roxb.
Dioscorea globosa Roxb.
Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
LILIACEAE
Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker
COMMELINACEAE
Commelina spp.
ARECACEAE
Calamus erectus Roxb. (Cane)
Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Mart. (Cane)
Calamus floribundus Griff. (Cane)
Calamus innermis T. Anders.
Calamus leptospadix Griff. (Cane)
Caryota urens L.
Livistona jenkinsiana Griff.
Plectocomia himalayana Griff.
PANDANACEAE
Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. (Ketki)
ARACEAE
Acorus calamus L.
Anthurium parasiticum (Vell.) Stellfeld
Arisaema tortuosum (Wallich) Schott
Colocasia sp.
Gonatanthus sp.
Remusatia vivipara Schott
Rhaphidophora decursiva Scott.
Rhaphidophora lancifolia Schott
CYPERACEAE
Carex baccans Nees
Carex cruciata Wahlenb.
Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
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Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama
Scirpus sp.
POACEAE
Arundinella bengalensis (Spreng.) Druce
Bambusa pallida Munro (Bamboo)
Bambusa tulda Roxb. (Bamboo) - Cultivated
Bromus sp.
Cephalostachyum latifolium Munro
Chimonobambusa callosa Nakai
Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz
Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arnott ex Munro (Bamboo)
Erianthus ravennae P. Beauv.
Festuca sp.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel.
Panicum palmifolium Poir.
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.
Phyllostachys assamica Gamble ex Brandis
Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc.
Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro
Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.
Saccharum spontaneum L.
Schizostachyum helferii (Munro) Majumdar
Setaria palmifolia Stapf
Stipa spp.
Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze
4.1.3 Major Floral Species found in study area (10 km radius of reservoir) A list of major angiosperms found in the study area i.e. 10 km radius of
reservoir is given below. All the species have been dealt with under their
corresponding families which have been arranged according to Bentham &
Hooker’s system of classification (1862-1883) except with slight modifications
as per recent trends. Further, the genera under a family and species under a
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genus have been arranged alphabetically. Common name (if any) is given in
parenthesis.
DICOTYLEDONS RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC.
Coptis teeta Wallich (Vulnerable as per BSI’s Red Data Book of Indian Plants)
Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. (Gorap-choi)
Ranunculus cantoniensis DC.
DILLENIACEAE
Dillenia indica L.
MAGNOLIACEAE
Magnolia campbelli Hook. f. & Thomson
Magnolia hodgsoni (Hook. f. & Thomson) Keng (Baramthuri)
Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt & Smith) Raju & Nayar
Michelia baillonii (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep. (Tita sopa)
Michelia kisopa Buch.-Ham ex DC.
ANNONACEAE
Fissistigma polyanthum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Merr.
Miliusa globosa (DC.) Panigr. & S. C. Mishra
MENISPERMACEAE
Cissampelos pareira L.
Cyclea bicristata (Griffith) Diels
Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels
Embelia ribes Burm. f.
Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers
BERBERIDACEAE
Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC.
Berberis wallichiana DC.
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
PAPAVERACEAE
Corydalis pseudolongipes M. Lidén
BRASSICACEAE
Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) Clapham
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Cardamine hirsuta L.
CAPPARACEAE
Capparis tenera Dalzell.
Crataeva magna DC.
VIOLACEAE
Viola canescens Wallich
FLACOURTIACEAE
Casearia glomerata Roxb. ex DC.
Casearia vareca Roxb.
Gynocardia odorata R. Br. (Chaulmoogra)
CARYOPHYLLACEAE Drymaria diandra Blume
Stellaria media (L.) Villars
TAMARICACEAE Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth
CLUSIACEAE
Hypericum sp.
Mesua ferrea L. (Nahar)
Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.
TERNSTROEMIACEAE
Saurauia roxburghii Wallich
Schima wallichii (DC.) Korthals (Makrisal)
Schima wallichii (DC.) Korthals subsp. wallichii var. khasiana (Dyers) Bloem.
THEACEAE Camellia caudata Wallich
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Vatica lanceaefolia (Roxb.) Blume
MALVACEAE
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.
Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Kydia glabrescens Masters (Pichola)
Sida acuta Burm. f.
Urena lobata L.
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BOMBACACEAE
Bombax ceiba L. (Simul)
STERCULIACEAE
Abroma augusta (L.) L. f.
Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. (Hatipolia)
Pterospermum lancifolium Roxb.
Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br.
Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb.
Sterculia urens Roxb.
Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm. (Udal)
TILIACEAE Corchorus capsularis L.
Grewia serrulata DC.
Triumfetta pilosa Roth
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
ELAEOCARPACEAE
Elaeocarpus aristatus Roxb.
Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume
Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxb. ex G. Don
Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) Schum.
Elaeocarpus varunua Buch.-Ham ex Masters
MALPIGHIACEAE Aspidopterys nutans Hook. f.
BLASAMINACEAE
Impatiens spp.
RUTACEAE
Citrus aurantifolia (Christ. & Panz.) Swingle
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.
Citrus reticulata Blanco (Kamla)
Clausena excavata Burm. f.
Euodia trichotoma (Lour.) Pierre
SIMAROUBACEAE
Ailanthus integrifolia Lam subsp. calycina (Pierre) Nooteb. (Borpat)
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BURSERACEAE
Canarium strictum Roxb. (Dhuna)
MELIACEAE
Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) A. Gray
Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S. S. Jain & Bennet (Amari)
Chisocheton cumingianus (C. DC.) Harms var. balanse (C. DC.) Mabb.
Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. (Bogipoma)
Dysoxylum binectariferum (Roxb.) Hook. f. ex Bedd. (Banderdima)
Dysoxylum gobarum (Buch.-Ham.) Merr.
Melia azedarach L. (Gohra neem) - Planted
Toona ciliata M. Roem. (Poma)
CELASTRACEAE Bhesa robusta (Roxb.) Ding Hou
RHAMNACEAE Hovenia dulcis Thunb.
Rhamnus nepalensis (Wallich) M. Lawson
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.
LEEACEAE
Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.
SAPINDACEAE Allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz
Dittelasma rarak (DC.) Hook. f.
Lepisanthes senegalensis (A. L. Juss ex Poiret) Leenh.
Sapindus attenuata Wallich ex Hiern.
HIPPOCASTANACEAE
Aesculus assamica Griff.
ACERACEAE
Acer acuminatum Wallich ex D. Don
Acer cappadocicum Gleditsch
STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia pomifera (Roxb.) DC.
SABIACEAE
Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim.
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Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp.
Sabia lanceolata Colebr.
ANACARDIACEAE
Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt & Hill
Mangifera sylvatica Roxb.
Pegia nitida Colebr.
Rhus chinensis Mill.
Rhus succedanea L.
Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz
FABACEAE
Dalbergia assamica Benth.
Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain
Dalhousiea bracteata R. Grah.
Derris ferruginea Benth.
Desmodium floribundum G. Don
Erythrina stricta Roxb.
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) Aiton & W. T. Aiton
Mastersia assamica Benth.
Millettia sp.
Priotropis cytisoides (Roxb.) Wight & Arnott
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi
Shuteria sp.
CAESALPINIACEAE
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arnott (Mandani)
Bauhinia purpurea L.
Bauhinia scandens L.
Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott
Bauhinia variegata L.
Cassia alata L.
Cassia fistula L.
Cassia mimosoides L.
Cassia occidentalis L.
Cassia tora L.
Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Rafin. (Gulmohar) – Introduced
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MIMOSACEAE
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.
Acacia pruinescens Kurz
Albizia arunachalensis K. C. Sahni & H. B. Naithani
Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Siris)
Albizia lucida Benth. (Moj)
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
Entada pursaetha DC.
Mimosa himalayana Gamble
Mimosa pudica L.
ROSACEAE
Cotoneaster sp.
Eriobotrya petiolata Hook. f.
Fragaria indica Andr.
Neillia thyrsiflora D. Don
Prunus celanica (Wight) Miq.
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Rosa moschata Herrm.
Rubus ellipticus Sm.
Rubus lucens Focke
Rubus moluccanus L.
Rubus niveus Wallich
Spiraea callosa (Thunb.) A. Murray
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Dichroa febrifuga Lour.
Saxifraga aristulata Hook. f. & Thomson
HYDRANGEACEAE Hydrangea robusta Hook. f. & Thomson
CRASSULACEAE
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Stern.
Sedum multicaule Wallich ex Lindl.
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HAMAMELIDACEAE
Altingia excelsa Noronha (Jutuli)
Corylopsis himalayana Griff.
Exbucklandia populnea R. Br. (Pipli)
COMBRETACEAE
Combretum decandrum Roxb.
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arnott (Arjun) - Planted
Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Bahera)
Terminalia chebula Retz.
Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck & Muell. Arg. (Hollock)
MYRTACEAE
Psidium guajava L.
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Jamuk)
Syzygium diospyrifolium (Wallich ex Duthie) S. N. Mitra
Syzygium formosum (Wallich) Masamune
Syzygium macrocarpum (Roxb.) K. N. Bahadur & R. C. Gaur
Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & Perry
MELASTOMATACEAE
Anplectrum assamicum C. B. Clarke
Medinilla himalayana Hook. f. ex Triana
Melastoma malabathricum L. (Phutuka)
Melastoma nepalense Lodd.
Osbeckia japonica Naud.
Osbeckia nutans Wallich
Osbeckia stellata Wallich
Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC.
Sonerilla spp.
LYTHRACEAE
Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth
Lagerstroemia minuticarpa Debberm. ex P. C. Kanj.
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
SONNERATIACEAE Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. (Khokan)
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PASSIFLORACEAE Adenia trilobata (Roxb.) Engl.
CARICACEAE Carica papaya L.
CUCURBITACEAE Benincasa hispida Cogn. - Cultivated
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Kaddu) - Cultivated
Hodgsonia heteroclita Hook. f. & Thomson
Momordica charantia L. (Karela)
Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.
Solena heterophylla Lour.
BEGONIACEAE
Begonia palmata D. Don
Begonia nepalensis Warb.
Begonia sikkimensis A. DC.
DATISCACEAE
Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br.
APIACEAE
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Manimuni)
Hydrocotyle spp.
ARALIACEAE
Acanthopanax aculeatum Seemm
Aralia armata (Wallich ex G. Don) Seem.
Brassaiopsis aculeata Seem.
Hedera nepalensis K. Koch.
Heteropanax fragrans Seem.
Macropanax dispermum Kuntze
Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arnott) Harms
Trevesia palmata Vis.
CORNACEAE
Cornus controversa Hemsl.
Nyssa javanica Wangerin
ALANGIACEAE
Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms.
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SAMBUCACEAE
Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume
RUBIACEAE
Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A. Rich. ex Walp. (Kadamb)
Canthium glabrum Blume
Carlemannia sp.
Hedyotis scandens Roxb.
Luculia grandifolia Ghose
Luculia pinceana Hook.
Mussaenda roxburghii Hook. f.
Paederia foetida L.
Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr.
Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb.
Wendlandia paniculata DC.
Wendlandia tinctoria DC.
DIPSACACEAE Dipsacus asper Wallich
ASTERACEAE
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Anaphalis contorta (D. Don) Hook. f.
Artemisia nilagirica (C. B. Clarke) Pamp.
Aster albescens (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.
Aster sikkimmensis Hook. f.
Bidens bipinnata L.
Blumea laciniata (Roxb.) DC.
Cirsium sp.
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore
Dichrocephala integrifolia (L. f.) Kuntze
Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Gnaphalium canum Phil.
Mikania micrantha Kunth
Saussurea spp.
Senecio wightianus DC. ex Wight
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Siegesbeckia orientalis L.
Spilanthes paniculata Wallich ex DC.
Synotis cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen
Vernonia volkameriaefolia DC.
CAMPANULACEAE
Campanula pallida Wallich
Codonopsis affinis Hook. f. & Thomson
ERICACEAE
Agapetes spp.
Lyonia ovalifolia Hort.
Rhododendron arboreum Sm.
Rhododendron edgeworthii Hook. f.
Vaccinium spp.
PRIMULACEAE Primula sp.
MYRSINACEAE
Amblyanthus glandulosus (Roxb.) DC.
Ardisia virens Kurz
Maesa indica Wallich
Maesa montana A. DC.
Maesa ramentacea Wallich
Myrsine semiserrata Wallich
EBENACEAE
Diospyros variegata Kurz
APOCYNACEAE
Alstonia scholaris R. Br. (Satian)
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
Wrightia coccinea Sims.
LOGANIACEAE
Buddleja asiatica Lour.
Buddleja candida Dunn
GENTIANACEAE Crawfordia speciosa Wallich
Exacum tetragonum Roxb.
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Gentiana spp.
Halenia elliptica D. Don
Swertia chirayta Karsl.
CONVOLVULACEAE
Argyreia argentea Arnott ex Choisy
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer
Ipomoea fistulosa Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. Austin
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth
Porana paniculata Roxb.
SOLANACEAE
Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & Presl
Capsicum annuum L. (Mirch) - Cultivated
Physalis peruviana L.
Solanum erianthum D. Don
Solanum indicum L.
Solanum jasminoides Paxt.
Solanum nigrum L.
Solanum torvum Sw.
Solanum tuberosum L. f. (Aaloo) - Cultivated
GESNERIACEAE
Aeschynanthus acuminata Wallich
Chirita acuminata R. Br.
Chirita mishmiensis Debbarm. ex Biswas
Rhynchoglossum lazulinum A. S. Rao & Joseph
Rhynchotechum ellipticum DC.
BIGNONIACEAE
Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don - Cultivated
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Venten.
Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. (Paroli)
ACANTHACEAE
Diflugossa colorata (Nees) Bremek.
Justicia simplex D. Don
Phlogacanthus curviflorus Nees
Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (Roxb) Nees
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Phlogacanthus tubiflorus Nees
Strobilanthes sp.
Thunbergia coccinea Wallich
Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.
VERBENACEAE
Callicarpa arborea Roxb.
Callicarpa vestita Wallich ex C. B. Clarke
Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.
Clerodendrum foetidum Bunge
Clerodendrum griffithianum C. B. Clarke
Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon
Clerodendrum viscosum Venten.
Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Gamari)
Premna milleflora C. B. Clarke
Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz. & Pav.) Vahl.
Tectona grandis L. f. - Planted
LAMIACEAE
Colebrookia oppositifolia Sm.
Gomphostemma parviflorum Wallich
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
Leucosceptrum canum Sm.
Plectranthus japonicus (Burm. f.) Koidz.
Pogostemon sp.
Prunella vulgaris L.
Scutellaria discolor Colebr.
AMARANTHACEAE Deeringia amaranthoides Merr.
CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodium album L.
Spinacia oleracea L. (Palak) - Cultivated
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Polygonum chinense L.
Polygonum microcephalum D. Don
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Polygonum molle D. Don
Polygonum rude Meissn.
PIPERACEAE Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
Peperomia pellucida H., B. & K.
Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Frost.) Hook. & Arnott
Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Wallich
Piper betel Blanco (Supari) - Cultivated
Piper nigrum L. (Kali Mirch) - Cultivated
Piper sylvaticum Roxb.
Piper trioicum Roxb.
LAURACEAE
Actinodaphne obovata Blume
Alseodaphne andersonii (King ex Hook. f.) Kosterm.
Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz. (Gonsorai)
Cinnamomum tamala T. Nees (Tejpat)
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.
Litsea kurzii King ex Hook. f.
Persea spp.
Phoebe cooperiana P. C. Kanj. & Das (Mekahi)
THYMELAEACEAE
Daphne papyracea Wallich ex Steud.
Edgeworthia gardneri (Wallich) Meissn.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Baccaurea sapida Muell. Arg.
Bischofia javanica Blume (Urium)
Euphorbia sp.
Glochidion sp.
Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Muell. Arg.
Mallotus nepalensis Muell. Arg.
Mallotus roxburghianus Muell. Arg.
Ostodes paniculata Blume
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Sapium baccatum Roxb. (Selleng)
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URTICACEAE
Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq.
Boehmeria hamiltoniana Wedd.
Boehmeria longifolia Gandoger
Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem.
Elatostema sp.
Girardinia palmata (Forssk.) Gaud.
Laportea crenulata Gaud.
Laportea pterostigma Wedd.
Maoutia puya Wedd.
Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) Miq.
Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight
Pouzolzia sanguinea (Blume) Merr.
Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Gaud.
Urtica dioica L.
Urtica parviflora L.
ULMACEAE
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
MORACEAE
Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. (Sam)
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. - Cultivated
Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. (Dewasali)
Ficus gasparriniana Miq.
Ficus glomerata Roxb.
Ficus mysorensis Heyne ex Roth
Ficus religiosa L. (Peepal)
Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
Ficus squamosa Roxb.
Morus laevigata Wallich (Bola)
Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr.
JUGLANDACEAE
Engelhardtia spicata Blume
Juglans regia L.
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BETULACEAE
Alnus nepalensis D. Don (Utis)
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. (Birch)
FAGACEAE Castanopsis indica A. DC. (Hingori)
Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC.
Quercus fenestrata Roxb.
Quercus griffithii Hook. f. & Thomson ex Miq.
Quercus lamellosa Sm.
Quercus semiserrata Roxb.
SALICACEAE
Salix tetrasperma Roxb.
Populus ciliata Wallich ex Royle
Populus gamblei Dode
MONOCOTYLEDONS ORCHIDACEAE
Aerides fieldingii Lodd. ex E. Morr.
Aerides multiflorum Roxb.
Agrostophyllum brevipes King & Pantl.
Anthogonium gracile Wallich
Bulbophyllum affine Lindl.
Bulbophyllum careyanum Spreng.
Bulbophyllum cauliflorum Hook. f.
Calanthe angusta Lindl.
Calanthe chloroleuca Lindl.
Calanthe masuca Lindl.
Calanthe plantaginea Lindl.
Cleisostoma aspersum (Reichb. f.) Garay
Cleisostoma paniculatum (Ker-Gawl.) Garay
Coelogyne asperata Lindl.
Coelogyne barbata Lindl. ex Griff.
Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl.
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Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl.
Coelogyne ochracea Lindl.
Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.
Cymbidium cyperifolium Wallich
Cymbidium eberneum Lindl.
Cymbidium elegans Lindl.
Cymbidium giganteum Wallich
Cymbidium longifolium D. Don
Dendrobium crysanthum Wallich
Dendrobium densiflorum Wallich
Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.
Dendrobium falconeri Hook.
Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl.
Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Sw.
Diplomeris pulchella D. Don
Epipogium indicum H. J. Chowdhery, G. D. Pal & G. S. Giri
Eria flava Lindl.
Flickingeria fugax (Reichb. f.) G. Seidenfaden
Galeola falconeri Hook. f.
Luisia filiformis Hook. f.
Papilionanthe teres (Lindl.) Schltr.
Phaius tankervillie Blume
Pholidota imbricata Lindl.
Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume
ZINGIBERACEAE
Alpinia molucana Gagnep.
Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B. L. Burtt
Amomum maximum Roxb.
Amomum subulatum Roxb.
Curcuma amada Roxb. - Cultivated
Curcuma longa L. (Haldi) - Cultivated
Globba clarkei Baker
Globba multiflora Wallich
Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig
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Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Adrakh) - Cultivated
COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm.
MARANTACEAE
Phrynium pubinerve Blume
MUSACEAE
Musa balbisiana Colla
Musa coccinea Andr.
Musa paradisiaca L. - Cultivated
BROMELIACEAE
Ananas comosus Merr. (Annanas) - Cultivated
IRIDACEAE
Iris sp.
TACCACEAE Tacca integrifolia Ham. ex Hook. f.
Tacca laevis Roxb.
DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Dioscorea glabra Roxb.
Dioscorea globosa Roxb.
Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
LILIACEAE
Allium sativum L. (Lahsun) - Cultivated
Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker
Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr.
Disporum hamiltonianum D. Don
Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.
COMMELINACEAE
Commelina maculata Edgew.
ARECACEAE
Arenga pinnata Merr.
Calamus acanthospathus Griff. (Cane)
Calamus erectus Roxb. (Cane)
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Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Mart. (Cane)
Calamus floribundus Griff. (Cane)
Calamus innermis T. Anders. (Cane)
Calamus leptospadix Griff. (Cane)
Calamus khasianus Becc. (Cane)
Caryota urens L.
Livistona jenkinsiana Griff.
Pinanga gracilis (Roxb.) Blume
Plectocomia assamica Griff.
Plectocomia himalayana Griff.
PANDANACEAE
Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. (Ketki)
ARACEAE
Acorus calamus L.
Alocasia indica Schott
Anthurium parasiticum (Vell.) Stellfeld
Arisaema concinnum Schott
Arisaema rhizomatum C. E. C. Fischer
Arisaema tortuosum (Wallich) Schott
Colocasia sp.
Gonatanthus sp.
Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites
Remusatia vivipara Schott
Rhaphidophora decursiva Scott.
Rhaphidophora lancifolia Schott
CYPERACEAE
Carex baccans Nees
Carex cruciata Wahlenb.
Carex fuscifructus C. B. Clarke
Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
Eleocharis tetraquetra Nees
Fimbristylis sp.
Mariscus sumatrensis (Retz.) J. Raynal
Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama
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Scirpus sp.
POACEAE
Agrostis griffithiana (Hook. f.) Bor
Arundinella bengalensis (Spreng.) Druce
Arundo donax L.
Bambusa nutans Wallich ex Munro
Bambusa pallida Munro (Bamboo)
Bambusa tulda Roxb. (Bamboo) - Cultivated
Bromus sp.
Capillipedium assimile A. Camus
Cephalostachyum latifolium Munro
Chimonobambusa callosa Nakai
Chrysopogon aciculatus Trin.
Coix lacryma-jobi L.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz
Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arnott ex Munro (Bamboo)
Dendrocalamus hookeri Munro (Bamboo)
Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Gamble ex Oliver (Bamboo)
Erianthus ravennae P. Beauv.
Festuca sp.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel.
Oryza sativa L. (Dhan) - Cultivated
Panicum palmifolium Poir.
Paspalum scorbiculatum Steud.
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.
Phyllostachys assamica Gamble ex Brandis
Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc.
Pogonatherum paniceum Hackel
Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.
Saccharum spontaneum L.
Schizostachyum capitatum (Munro) R. B. Majumdar
Schizostachyum fuchsianum (Gamble) R. B. Majumdar
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Schizostachyum helferi (Munro) R. B. Majumdar
Schizostachyum pergracile (Munro) R. B. Majumdar
Schizostachyum polymorphum (Munro) R. B. Majumdar
Setaria palmifolia Stapf
Stipa spp.
Themeda villosa Hack.
Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze
Zea mays L. (Makka) - Cultivated
4.1.4 Gymnosperms A list of gymnosperms found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given
as under in Table 4.1:
Table 4.1: List of Gymnosperms
S. No. Botanical Names Family
1. Abies densa Griff. Pinaceae
2. Abies spectabilis Spach Pinaceae
3. Cephalotaxus griffithii Hook. f. Taxaceae
4. Cupressus torulosa D. Don Cupressaceae
5. Gnetum montanum Markgraf Gnetaceae
6. Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson Pinaceae
7. Podocarpus neriifolia D. Don Podocarpaceae
8. Tsuga dumosa Eichl. Pinaceae
9. Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Taxaceae
4.1.5 Pteridophytes A list of pteridophytes found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given
as under in Table 4.2:
Table 4.2: List of Pteridophytes
S. No. Botanical Names Family
1. Adiantum spp. Polypodiaceae
2. Angiopteris evecta Angiopteridaceae
3. Asplenium nidus Aspleniaceae
4. Blechnum orientale Blechnaceae
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S. No. Botanical Names Family
5. Cyathia spinulosa Cyathiaceae
6. Diplazium esculentum Athyriaceae
7. Dipteris wallichii Dipteridaceae
8. Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae
9. Equisetum arvense Equisitaceae
10. Equisetum debile Equisitaceae
11. Lycopodium cernum Lycopodiaceae
12. Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodiaceae
13. Lycopodium phlegmaria Lycopodiaceae
14. Lycopodium serratum Lycopodiaceae
15. Marsilea sp. Marsileaceae
16. Polypodium sp Polypodiaceae
17. Pteridium sp. Pteridaceae
18. Selaginella repanda Selaginellaceae
19. Selaginella sp. Selaginaceae
20. Selaginella subdiaphana Selaginellaceae
21. Tectaria trifolia Aspidiaceae
22. Vittaria sp. Vittariaceae
4.1.6 Bryophytes A list of bryophytes found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given as
under in Table 4.3:
Table 4.3: List of Bryophytes
S. No. Botanical Names Family
1. Anthoceros sp. Anthocerotaceae
2. Atrichum undulatum Polytrichaceae
3. Dawsonia grandis Polytrichaceae
4. Hypnum imponens Hypnaceae
5. Leucodon sp. Leucodontaceae
6. Marchantia palmate Marchantiaceae
7. Marchantia polymorpha Marchantiaceae
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S. No. Botanical Names Family
8. Pellia sp. Pelliaceae
9. Pogonatum inflexum Polytrichaceae
10. Polytrichum sp. Politrichaceae
11. Polytrichum commune Polytrichaceae
12. Riccia sp. Ricciaceae
13. Riccia fluitans Ricciaceae
14. Sphagnum sp. Sphagnaceae
15. Sphagnum strictum Sphagnaceae
16. Thuidium delicatum Thuidiaceae
4.1.7 Algae A list of algal species found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given
as under in Table 4.4:
Table 4.4: List of Algae
S. No. Botanical Names Family
1 Anabaena azollae Nostocaceae
2 Chara sp. Characeae
3 Chlamydomonas sp. Chlamydomonadaceae
4 Coleochaete sp. Coleochaetaceae
5 Nostoc sp. Nostocaceae
6 Oedogonium sp. Oedogoniaceae
7 Spirogyra condensate Zygnemataceae
8 Vaucheria sp. Vaucheriaceae
9 Zygnema sp. Zygnemataceae
4.1.8 Fungi A list of fungal species found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given
as under in table 4.5: Table 4.5: List of Fungi
S. No. Botanical Names Family
1 Agaricas campestris Agaricaceae
2 Armillariella sp. Tricholomataceae
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S. No. Botanical Names Family
3 Coprinus sp. Coprinaceae
4 Ganoderma sp. Ganodermataceae
5 Lepiota mastoids Agaricaceae
6 Peziza sp. Pezizacece
7 Polyporus sp. Polyporaceae
8 Polystictus sp. Polyporaceae
9 Volvariella tetrastria Pluteaceae
10 Xylaria sp. Xylariaceae
4.1.9 Economic Plants The Lower Dibang Valley and Dibang Valley districts of Arunachal Pradesh
are true representatives of East Himalayan Biodiversity. The area comprises a
large number of economically important plants:
4.1.9.1 Medicinal Plants Many herbs and shrubs including tree and climbers have been used
traditionally by the local people as medicinal plants for the treatment of
different ailments. A few medicinal plants observed frequently during the
survey period have been mentioned below-
Acorus calamus, Alpinia molucana, Alstonia scholaris, Arundo donax,
Bauhinia vahlii, Betula alnoides, Cinnamomum tamala, Cissampelos pareira,
Costus speciosus, Cotoneaster sp., Curcuma longa, Dillenia indica, Gentiana
sp., Gynocardia odorata, Hedychium coronarium, Maesa indica, Piper betel,
Podophyllum hexandrum, Rubus moluccanus, Sida acuta, Swertia chirayta,
Terminalia arjuna, T. bellerica, Urena lobata etc.
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4.1.9.2 Ornamental Plants The whole Arunachal Reserve Forests can be termed as greenery for
ornamental plants mostly orchids and other flowering plants. These
ornamental plants mostly include orchids, Rhododendrons, Begonias and
some others have been mentioned below:
(A) Orchids
Aerides fieldingii, A. multiflorum, Agrostophyllum brevipes, Anthogonium
gracile, Bulbophyllum affine, B. careyanum, B. cauliflorum, Calanthe angusta,
C. chloroleuca, C. masuca, C. plantaginea, Cleisostoma aspersum, C.
paniculatum, Coelogyne asperata, C. barbata, C. corymbosa, C. fuscescens,
C. ochracea, Cymbidium cyperifolium, C. eberneum, C. elegans, C.
giganteum, C. longifolium, Dendrobium crysanthum, D. densiflorum, D.
devonianum, D. hookerianum, D. moschatum, Papilionanthe teres,
Rhynchostylis retusa.
(B) Begonias, Hedychiums & Rhododendrons
Begonia nepalensis, B. sikkimensis, Hedychium coronarium, H. gardnerianum
Rhododendron arboreum.
4.1.9.3 Edible plants Allium sativum, Ananas comosus, Brassica rapa subsp. campestries,
Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Citrus aurantifola, Citrus limon, Citrus
reticulata, Cucurbita maxima, Curcuma longa, Fragaria indica, Momordica
charantia, Musa paradisica, Oryza sativa, Piper betel, Piper nigrum, Psidium
Mishmi Teeta (Coptis teeta) – A Panacea Dibang Valley and Lower Dibang Valley Districts are the home for this very unique medicinal herb known as golden thread. The species grow as perennial herb in the forest floor without a visible stem above earth surface. Its root system is very fibrous and the underground stem / roots are bright yellow in cross section. Taste wise it is very bitter. The people use the plant (underground portion) for the treatment of several diseases as a panacea. Usually the roots are soaked in water overnight and the water is drunk the next day. The tubers are sold in local market and were even said to be traded across the region.
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guayava, Solanum tuberosum, Spinacia oleracea, Zea mays, Zingiber
officinale.
Wild Edible Plants
Baccaurea sapida, Calamus flagellum, Choerospondias axillaris,
Clerodendrum colebrookianum, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dillenia indica,
Diplazium esculentum, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Hodgsonia heteroclita,
Houttuynia cordata, Lasia spinosa, Paedaria scandens, Pouzolzia
bennettiana, Solanum nigrum, Spondias pinnata, Terminalia chebula etc.
3.1.9.4 Timber yielding plants The project area has several valuable timber yielding plants. The important
timber plants found during the survey period are listed below:
Acer acuminatum, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Aglaia spectabilis, Ailanthus
integrifolia subsp. calycina, Albizia lebbek, A. lucida, Alnus nepalensis,
Altingia excelsa, Artocarpus chaplasha, Betula alnoides, Bombax ceiba,
Canarium strictum, Castanopsis indica, Choerospondias axillaris, Chukrassia
tabularis, Dalbergia sissoo, Duabanga grandiflora, Gmelina arborea, Magnolia
hookeri, Michelia baillonii, Morus laevigata, Pterospermum acerifolium,
Sapium baccatum, Sterculia urens, S. villosa, Terminalia arjuna, T.
myriocarpa, Toona ciliata etc.
Barks and Fibres
Corchorus capsularis, Edgeworthia gardneri (high altitude), Maoutia puya,
Sterculia villosa, Trema orientalis.
Albizia arunachalensis – An Endemic Tree This is a graceful tree reported from Arunachal Pradesh and new to the world. The tree grows to a height of over 20 metres with a spreading crown and shining green foliage. The inflorescence is white and pods are flat. The tree apart from being leguminous and nitrogen fixing, is also a good avenue tree and fuel and timber yielding species. However, it is difficult to regenerate it in nursery and is also poor in natural regeneration. This tree grows in pockets in the hill slopes from Roing to Mayudia.
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4.1.10 Endangered Species of Flora The rich and diverse flora is exposed to a variety of external factors that push
them to the verge of threat. A few of these forces acting on the floral species
are habitat destruction, over exploitation, biotic pressures, endemicity etc. The
endemic plants deserve special attention for conservation for their survival.
Considering the local conditions and extent of distribution a few locally
threatened plants have also been considered worthy of conservation, though
they do not appear in the red data book. A few of these plants are the
following:
Albizia arunachalensis Endemic
Angiopteris evecta Habitat loss & destruction
Coptis teeta Endemic & over exploited
(Vulnerable – as per BSI’s Red Data Book
of Indian Plants)
Cyathia spinulosa Habitat loss & destruction
Entada pursaetha Habitat destruction, narrow distribution
Gynocardia odorata Rare and habitat destruction
Podophyllum hexandrum Rare
Rhododendron edgeworthi Rare
Taxus wallichiana Over exploited
The Longest Climber Entada pursaetha is a liana that extends from one tree to other across the valley. This not only is the longest climber in India but also has the longest bean that hangs conspicuousely over forest canopy. This is an endangered species of Indian flora.
Currency Paper quality bark Around Mayudia and towards Hunli, patches of shrubby vegetation of Edgeworthia gardneri are seen. It yields currency paper quality bark that can be used for making paper. The Buddhist community in Arunachal Pradesh uses the bark of Daphne and this species for their prayer flag paper. Other than this locality, the species is seen only near Geling in Arunachal Pradesh.
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Endangered Ferns: Cyathea & Angiopteris These are two of the large ferns which are rare and uniqe in evergreen forest environs. Cyathea is tall tree like single stem unbranched ferns with an umbrellate crown. They are highly habitat specific. The trunk is extracted for growing epiphytic orchids and potting medium. Angiopteris on the other hand is basically non stemmed woody fern with very large fronds. This species too is highly habitat specific confined to shady wet localities in forest floor. The woody basal part is extracted as it is a famine food particularly as animal feed.
Bamboo Resource The bamboos are the most sustainable and renewable bioresource available in the country. There are atleast a dozen species in the area, which is much higher in respect of diversity compared with some of the other Indian states. Their size, range from small reed like ones to the giant bamboo which is the largest in the country. A detailed list is given below. Bambusa nutans Bambusa pallida Bambusa tulda Chimonobambusa callosa Dendrocalamus giganteus Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Phyllostachys bambusoides Schizostachyum capitatum Schizostachyum fuchsianum Schizostachyum helferii Schizostachyum pergracile Schizostachyum polymorphum
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Rattans: The Prickly Palms Rattans are distributed in three main regions of the country viz. Wstern Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar islands and North-East India. However the greatest diversity is seen in the North-East Region. They are a uniqe resource which is also the most endangered resource due to over expoitation and habitat destruction. Out of the 4 genera the study area has two genera and 7 species. Of these Calamus innermis is peculiar in that it is perhaps the only thornless cane in the country. Incidentally this species is also in high use for its high quality. Needless to mention that this one is now identified as critically endangered (the highest threat category). The other genus Plectocomia is perhaps the largest sized cane one can find. The list of rattans in the area is as below. Calamus acanthospathus Calamus floribundus Calamus innermis Calamus khasianus Calamus leptospadix Calamus tenuis Plectocomia assamica
Wild Edibles / Crop Relatives: These plants are important in terms of future option for food security. There are fruits, vegetables, tubers etc. that could substitute some of the conventional ones. A list of such plants that could probably be seen around this site is given below. Baccaurea sapida Bambusa pallida Begonia palmata Centella asiatica Choerospondias axillaris Clerodendrum colebrookianum Coix lacryma-jobi Deeringia amaranthoides Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Dillenia indica Elaeocarpus floribundus Hovenia dulcis Mangifera sylvatica Paedaria foetida Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Solanum nigrum Spilanthus paniculata Spondias pinnata Sterculia hamiltonii Syzygium cumini
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Wild Beauties In the world of wild plants, several plants add beauty to the landscape and vegetation. Some such plants add to the floriculture. Orchids, Roses, Balsams, Lilies, Begonias, Ferns and Gesneriads are few such plants. Apart from these there are others like Crawfordia, Hypericum, Ipomoea, Luculia, Mussaenda, Osbeckia, Oxyspora, Primula etc. Among these we can see trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers that could add to the future gardens. These also provide a genetic pool, so invaluable for breeding works. 4.1.11 Phyto-sociological Studies Quadrat method was used for vegetation sampling. The phyto-sociological
data for trees/bamboos were collected from the random quadrats of 100 x 100
m size and for herbs and shrubs random quadrats of 10 x 10 m size were laid.
During the survey, number of plants of different species identified in each
quadrat, was counted. DBH of all trees was measured. For large trees, girth
measurement was taken using a measuring tape.
Based on the quadrat data, frequency, density, abundance, relative
frequency, relative density and relative dominance of each species were
calculated. The Importance Value Index (IVI) values for different tree species
were determined by summing up the relative density, relative frequency and
relative dominance values.
Shannon diversity index (H’) was computed using the following formula:
Shannon diversity index:
where pi = relative abundance of each species,
calculated as the proportion of a given species to the total number of
individuals of a given species to the total number of individuals in the
community: ni /N
S = Number of species
N = Total number of all individuals
ni = Number of individuals in species i
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The detailed analysis is enclosed as Annex 4.1.
Rare and endangered species were identified referring to the Red Data Book
of BSI and other available literature, flora and herbarium pertaining to the
rare/endangered species of Arunachal Pradesh.
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A Glimpse of Floral Elments found in the Study Area
Plate 1: Abroma augusta (L.) L. f.
Plate 2: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arnott
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Plate 3: Albizia arunachalensis K. C. Sahni & H. B. Naithani
Plate 4: Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
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Plate 5: Anaphalis contorta (D. Don) Hook. f.
Plate 6: Angiopteris evecta
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Plate 7: Aspidopterys nutans Hook. f.
Plate 8: Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott
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Plate 9: Boehmeria longifolia Gandoger
Plate 10: Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Mart.
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Plate 11: Calamus innermis T. Anders.
Plate 12: Calamus leptospadix Griff.
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Plate 13: Caryota urens L.
Plate 14: Cirsium sp.
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Plate 15: Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.
Plate 16: Codonopsis affinis Hook. f. & Thomson
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Plate 17: Cotoneaster sp.
Plate 18: Cyathea spinulosa
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Plate 19: Dendrobium crysanthum Wallich
Plate 20: Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume
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Plate 21: Embelia ribes Burm. f.
Plate 22: Entada pursaetha DC.
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Plate 23: Euodia trichotoma (Lour.) Pierre
Plate 24: Exacum tetragonum Roxb.
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Plate 25: Girardinia palmata (Forssk.) Gaud.
Plate 26: Gynocarodia odorata R. Br.
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Plate 27: Hydrangia robusta Hook. f. & Thomson
Plate 28: Hydrocotyle sp.
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Plate 29: Hypericum sp.
Plate 30: Kydia glabrescens Masters
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Plate 31: Laportea crenulata Gaud.
Plate 32: Luculia grandifolia Ghose
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Plate 33: Luculia pinceana Hook.
Plate 34: Lycopodium clavatum
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Plate 35: Magnolkia campbelli Hook. f. & Thomson
Plate 36: Melastoma malabathricum L.
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Plate 37: Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.
Plate 38: Musa balbisiana Colla
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Plate 39: Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) Miq.
Plate 40: Osbeckia nutans Wallich
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Plate 41: Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC.
Plate 42: Paedaria scandens (Lour.) Merr.
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Plate 43: Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc.
Plate 44: Plectocomia assamica Griff.
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Plate 45: Polygonum rude Meissn.
Plate 46: Sabia lanceolata Colebr.
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Plate 47: Sapindus attenuata Wallich ex Hiern.
Plate 48: Saurauia roxburghii Wallich
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Plate 49: Schima wallichii (DC.) Korthals subsp. wallichii var. khasiana
(Dyers) Bloem.
Plate 50: Solanum nigrum L.
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Plate 51: Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth
Plate 52: Taxus wallichiana Zucc.
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Plate 53: Thunbergia coccinea Wallich
Plate 54: Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze
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Plate 55: Urtica parviflora L.
Plate 56: Wendlandia tictoria DC.
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4.2 FAUNA
The area around the proposed Dibang Multipurpose Project has fairly rich
forest cover. The animal habitat is concentrated on lower slopes and terraces
edging to major river system .The animals also adapted according to the
riverine environment. Many arthropods such as Coleopterans, arachnids and
insects were observed. However, due to the short span of time of the EIA
study, a detailed survey of the lower animals was not possible. The surveyed
data were recorded as per the following list of fauna.
Mammals 30 no. of species
Avifauna 83 no. of species
Reptiles 14 no. of species
Lizards 7 no. of species
Amphibians 9 no. of species
Fishes 60 no. of species
Butterfly 21 no. of species
Phytoplanktons 20 no. of species
Zooplankton 11 no. of species
Benthos 11 no. of species
The details of fauna, found in Dibang Catchment, are presented below:
4.2.1 Mammals The catchment of the proposed Dibang Multipurpose Project is the major
habitat of scheduled species and IUCN red data book recorded species. But
due to the wide range of free habitat and less human pressure area they can
move freely. All the listed mammals were not sighted during the field survey.
However, they have been enlisted in the report based on secondary data
available. Mishimi takin, Serrow, Snow leopard and Himalayan black beer are
high altitude animals whereas different cat sp., different macaques, Langurs,
Civets, Wild boar, Squirrels, Mongooses etc. were directly sighted in the
catchment area of the project.
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Table 4.6: List of Mammals
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
1. Aonyx cinerea Asian Small-clawed
Otter Schedule-I VU
2. Bos frontalis Mithun NA NA
3. Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor
Mishmi Takin Schedule-I VU
4. Callosciurus pygerythrus
Hoary-bellied Squirrel
NA LC
5. Capricornis sumatraensis
Serow Schedule-I VU
6. Cuon alpinus Dhole, or Indian Wild Dog
Schedule-II EN
7. Elephas maximus Indian Elephant Schedule-I EN
8. Felis chaus Jungle Cat Schedule-II LC
9. Herpestes edwardsii Indian Grey Mongoose
Schedule-II LC
10. Hoolock hoolock Hoolock Gibbon Schedule-I EN
11. Hylopetes alboniger Particoloured Flying Squirrel
Schedule-II LC
12. Lutrogale perspicillata Smooth-coated Otter
Schedule-II VU
13. Macaca assamensis Assam Macaque Schedule-II NT
14. Manis crassicaudata Indian Pangolin Schedule-I NT
15. Melogale personata Burmese Ferret-badger
Schedule-II DD
16. Muntiacus muntjak Barking Deer or, Southern Red Muntjac
Schedule-III LC
17. Naemorhedus goral Himalayan Goral Schedule-III NT
18. Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard Schedule-I VU
19. Nycticebus coucang Slow Loris Schedule-I VU
20. Paguma larvata Masked Palm Civet or, Himalayan Palm Civet
Schedule-II LC
21. Panthera pardus Leopard Schedule-I NT
22. Panthera tigris Tiger Schedule-I EN
23. Prionailurus Leopard Cat Schedule -I LC
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S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
bengalensis
24. Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing Cat Schedule-I EN
25. Sus scrofa Wild Boar Schedule-III LC
26. Trachypithecus pileatus
Capped langur Schedule-I VU
27. Uncia uncia Snow Leopard Schedule-I EN
28. Ursus thibetanus Himalayan Black Bear or, Asian Black Bear
Schedule-I VU
29. Viverra zibetha Large Indian Civet Schedule-II NT
30. Viverricula indica Small Indian Civet Schedule-II LC
Categories: EX – Extinct; EW – Extinct in the Wild; CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NE – Not Evaluated; ID – Indeterminate; NA – Not Available.
4.2.2 Avi Fauna The project catchment area and its surroundings are quite rich in avifauna. In
Arunachal Pradesh a large no of avifauna were recorded by Power and Birans
(2001) in lower altitude as well as middle ranges of Dibang valley. Out of 83
no of avifauna, only two species i.e. Rufous-necked Hornbill and Chestnut-
breasted Partridge are recorded in IUCN red data book as vulnerable Most of
the birds are migratory in nature and generally migrate to the nearby
sanctuaries or different altitudinal areas depending upon the food availability
and breeding habitat. Water birds are not very common in the area probably
due to the swift running water. With the damming of the river the reservoir
banks will have wet environment throughout the year, which can lead to
proliferation of vegetation e.g grass and aquatic insects along the reservoir
banks. It is expected that the whole catchment area will become birds’
paradise if authority takes proper measure to check hunting, poaching etc.
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Table 4.7: List of Avi Fauna
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
1. Aceros nipalensis Rufous-necked
Hornbill Schedule-I VU
2. Aethopyga nipalensis Green-tailed Sunbird Schedule-IV LC
3. Alcedo hercules Blyth’s Kingfisher Schedule-IV NT
4. Alcedo meninting Blue-eared Kingfisher
Schedule-IV LC
5. Alophoixus flaveolus White-throated Bulbul
Schedule-IV LC
6. Anorrhinus tickelli Tickell’s Brown Hornbill or Rusty-cheeked Hornbill
Schedule-I NT
7. Anthracoceros albirostris
Oriental Pied-hornbill . NA LC
8. Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit Schedule-IV LC
9. Arachnothera longirostra
Little Spiderhunter Schedule-IV LC
10. Arachnothera magna Streaked Spiderhunter
Schedule-IV NA
11. Arborophila mandellii Chestnut-breasted Partridge
Schedule-IV VU
12. Arborophila torqueola Hill Partridge Schedule-IV LC
13. Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck Schedule-IV LC
14. Buceros bicornis Great Indian Hornbill Schedule-I NT
15. Caprimulgus macrurus
Large-tailed Nightjar Schedule-IV LC
16. Chloropsis hardwickii Orangebellied Leafbird
Schedule-IV LC
17. Cissa chinensis Green Magpie Schedule-IV LC
18. Collocalia brevirostris Himalayan Swiftlet NA LC
19. Coracias benghalensis
Indian Roller Schedule-IV LC
20. Coracina macei Large Cuckoo-shrike Schedule-IV LC
21. Corvus splendens House Crow Schedule-V LC
22. Cuculus sparverioides Large Hawk-cuckoo Schedule-IV LC
23. Culicicapa celonensis Grey headed Canary Flycatcher
Schedule-IV LC
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S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
24. D. cathpharius Crimson-breasted
Woodpecker Schedule-IV LC
25. Dendrocitta vagabunda
Rufous Treepie Schedule-IV LC
26. Dendrocopos canicapillus
Grey-capped Woodpecker
Schedule-IV LC
27. Dendrocopos macei
Fulvus-breasted Woodpecker
Schedule-IV LC
28. Dicrurus hottentotus Hair-crested Drongo Schedule-IV LC
29. Ducula badia Mountain Imperial-pigeon
Schedule-IV LC
30. Enicurus scouleri Little Forktail Schedule-IV LC
31. Erpornis zantholeuca White-bellied Erpornis
Schedule-IV LC
32. Ficedula westermanni Little Pied Flycatcher Schedule-IV LC
33. Garrulax leucolophus White-crested Laughingthrush
Schedule-IV LC
34. Garrulax monileger Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush
Schedule-IV LC
35. Garrulax pectoralis Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush
Schedule-IV LC
36. Glaucidium brodiei Collard Owlet Schedule-IV LC
37. Glaucidium cuculoides
Asian Barred Owlet Schedule-IV LC
38. Glaucidium radiatum Jungle Owlet Schedule-IV LC
39. Halcyon capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher
Schedule-IV LC
40. Hemipus picatus Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike
Schedule-IV LC
41. Hemixos flavala Ashy Bulbul Schedule-IV LC
42. Hypsipetes leucocephalus
Black bulbul Schedule-IV LC
43. Ictinaetus malayensis Black Eagle Schedule-IV LC
44. Lanius tephronotus Grey-backed Shrike NA LC
45. Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia Schedule-IV LC
46. Lophophorus impejanus
Monal Pheasant Schedule-I LC
47. Megaceryle lugubris Crested Kingfisher Schedule-IV LC
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-79
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
48. Megalaima asiatica Blue-throated Barbet Schedule-IV LC
49. Megalaima australis Blue-eared Barbet Schedule-IV LC
50. Megalaima franklinii Golden-throated Barbet
Schedule-IV LC
51. Megalaima virens Great Barbet Schedule-IV LC
52. Melanochlora sultanea
Sultan Tit Schedule-IV LC
53. Microhierax melanoleucos
Pied Falconet Schedule-IV LC
54. Micropternus brachyurus
Rufous Woodpecker Schedule-IV LC
55. Motacilla alba White Wagtail Schedule-IV LC
56. Muscicapella hodgsoni
Pigmy Blue-flycatcher
Schedule-IV LC
57. Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling-thrush
Schedule-IV LC
58. Niltava grandis Large Niltava Schedule-IV LC
59. Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole Schedule-IV LC
60. Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole Schedule-IV LC
61. Otus spilocephalus Mountain Scops Owl Schedule-IV LC
62. Passer domesticus House Sparrow NA LC
63. Pericrocotus brevirostris
Short-billed Minivet Schedule-IV LC
64. Phylloscopus cantator Yellow-vented Warbler
Schedule-IV LC
65. Phylloscopus xanthoschistos
Grey-hooded Warbler
Schedule-IV LC
66. Picus canus Grey-headed woodpecker
Schedule-IV LC
67. Picus chlorophus Lesser Yellownape Schedule-IV LC
68. Picus flavinucha Greater Yellownape Schedule-IV LC
69. Polyplectron bicalcaratum
Grey Peacock Pheasant
Schedule-I LC
70. Psarisomus dalhousiae
Long-tailed Broadbill NA LC
71. Psittacula finschii Grey-headed Parakeet
Schedule-IV LC
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-80
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
72. Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul Schedule-IV LC
73. Pycnonotus xanthopygos
White-spectacled Bulbul
Schedule-IV LC
74. Rhipidura albicollis White-throated Fantail
Schedule-IV LC
75. Rhyticeros undulatus Wreathed Hornbill or Bar-pouched Wreathed Hornbill
Schedule-I LC
76. Saxicola ferreus Grey Bushchat Schedule-IV LC
77. Staphida castaniceps Striated Yuhina Schedule-IV LC
78. Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle Dove Schedule-IV LC
79. Strix aluco Tawny Owlet Schedule-IV LC
80. Terpsiphone paradisi Asian Paradise-flycatcher
Schedule-IV LC
81. Tesia olivea Slaty-bellied Tesia Schedule-IV LC
82. Treron pompadora Pompadour Green Pigeon or, Grey-fronted Green Pigeon)
Schedule-IV LC
83. Treron sphenurus Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon
Schedule-IV LC
Categories: EX – Extinct; EW – Extinct in the Wild; CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NE – Not Evaluated; ID – Indeterminate; NA – Not Available.
4.2.3 Snakes and other Reptiles There are 14 species of snakes recorded in the area whereas only 3 species
of snakes are found in the submergence area i.e Banded krait (Bangarus
fasciatus), Asiatic Rock Python (Python molurus) and Chequered Keelback
(Xenochrophis piscator). Most of the snakes are found in the higher altitudinal
area. Among the 7 species of lizards Bronze Mabuya (Mabuya macularia),
Common Indian monitor (Varanus bengalensis) and Oriental Garden Lizard
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-81
(Calotes versicolor) were mostly found in the submergence area. Others
species were detected only in the dense forests of high altitude area.
Table 4.8: List of Snakes & other Reptiles
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
1. Amphiesma
modestum Modest Keelback Schedule-IV NA
2. Amphiesma stolatum Buff Striped Keelback
Schedule-IV NA
3. Boiga ocellata Eyed Cat Snake Schedule-IV NA
4. Bungarus caeruleus Common Krait Schedule-IV NA
5. Bungarus fasciatus Banded Krait Schedule-IV NA
6. Bungarus niger Greater Black Krait Schedule-IV NA
7. Coelognathus radiate Radiated Rat Snake Schedule-IV NA
8. Dendrelaphis cyanochloris
Wall’s Bronzback Schedule-IV NA
9. Naja kaouthia Monocled Cobra Schedule-II NA
10. Python molurus Asiatic Rock Python Schedule-I LR/nt (As per IUCN 2.3)
11. Rhadinophis prasina Green Trinket Snake Schedule-IV NA
12. Sinomicrurus maccllandii
MacClelland’s Coral Snake
Schedule-IV NA
13. Trimeresurus stejnegeri yunnanensis
Yunnan Bamboo Pit Viper
Schedule-IV NA
14. Xenochrophis piscator
Chequered Keelback Schedule-II NA
Categories: EX – Extinct; EW – Extinct in the Wild; CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NE – Not Evaluated; ID – Indeterminate; NA – Not Available.
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-82
Table 4.9: List of Lizards
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN Red Data List (3.1)
1. Calotes versicolor Oriental Garden
Lizard NA NA
2. Cosymbotus platyurus Flat-tailed House Gecko
NA NA
3. Gekko gecko Tokay Gecko NA NA
4. Hemidactylus frenatus House Gecko NA NA
5. Mabuya macularia Bronze Mabuya NA NA
6. Sphenomorphus maculatus
Spotted Forest Skink
NA NA
7. Varanus bengalensis Common Indian Monitor or, Bengal Monitor
Schedule-I NA
Categories: EX – Extinct; EW – Extinct in the Wild; CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NE – Not Evaluated; ID – Indeterminate; NA – Not Available.
4.2.4 Amphibians
Table 4.10: List of Amphibians
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN Red Data List (3.1)
1. Amolops formosus Assam Sucker Frog NA LC
2. Duttaphrynus himalayanus
Himalayan Broad-skulled Toad
NA LC
3. Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Common Indian Toad
NA LC
4. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
Indian Skipper Frog or, Skittering Frog
NA LC
5. Fejervarya limnocharis
Cricket Frog NA LC
6. Philautus andersoni Anderson’s Bubble-nest Frog
NA LC
7. Rhacophorus Large Flying Frog NA LC
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-83
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN Red Data List (3.1)
maximus
8. Theloderma asperum Hill Garden Bug-eyed Frog
NA LC
9. Xanophrys robusta Robust Horned Toad
NA DD
Categories: EX – Extinct; EW – Extinct in the Wild; CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NE – Not Evaluated; ID – Indeterminate; NA – Not Available.
4.2.5 Fishes There are three categories of fish species based on their occurrence viz.-
A. Upper reaches: Cold temperature zone 1200 -1400 m.
B. Middle reaches: Subtropical zone 800 -1200 m.
C. Lower reaches: warm tropical zone bellow 800 m.
The catchment area of Dibang river of Dibang Multipurpose Project covers the
middle reaches and lower reaches. The observed species in the dam site are
Schizothorax richardsonii, Tor putitora, Tor tor and Chagunus chagunio. Other
mentioned common species are found mostly in lower stream that is up to
Kundil and these are not migratory in nature. In the upstream of the
catchment area except Chagunus chagunio and Garra spp. no other species
was found, probably due to the seasonal behavior.
Table 4.11: List of Fish
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
NBFGR
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
1. Acanthocobitis botia Mottled Loach NA NA
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-84
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
NBFGR
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
2. Amblyceps mangois Indian Torrent
Catfish NA NA
3. Amblypharyngodon mola
Mola Carplet NA NA
4. Anguilla bengalensis subsp. bengalensis
Indian Mottled Eel VU NA
5. Aspidoparia jaya Jaya NA NA
6. Aspidoparia morar Aspidoparia NA NA
7. Badis badis Badis NA NA
8. Bagarius bagarius Gangetic Goonch VU NA
9. Barilius barna Barna Baril NA NA
10. Barilius bendelisis Hamilton’s Barila NA NA
11. Barilius tileo Tileo Baril NA NA
12. Botia dario Bengal Loach NA NA
13. Botia rostrata Gangetic Loach NA NA
14. Chagunius chagunio Chaguni ID NA
15. Chanda nama Elongate Glass-perchlet
NA NA
16. Channa orientalis Asiatic Snakehead NA NA
17. Channa punctata Spotted Snakehead NA NA
18. Clarias batrachus Magur or, Walking Catfish
NA NA
19. Colisa fasciata Giant Gourami NA NA
20. Crossocheilus latius latius
Gangetic Latia ID NA
21. Danio dangila Dania dangilo NA NA
22. Devario aequipinnatus Giant Danio NA NA
23. Esomus dandricus Flying Barb NA NA
24. Garra annandalei Annandalei Garra NA NA
25. Garra gotyla gotyla Gadhera NA NA
26. Garra mcclellandi Cauvery Garra NA NA
27. Glyptothorax pectinopterus
River Cat NA NA
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-85
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
NBFGR
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
28. Guducia chapra Indian River Shad ID NA
29. Hara hara Kosi Hara NA NA
30. Heteropneustes fossilis Stinging Catfish NA NA
31. Labeo pangusia Sheelgharia or, Pangusia Labeo
NA NA
32. Lepidocephalichthys guntea
Guntea Loach NA NA
33. Macrognathus pancalus
Turi NA NA
34. Mastacembelus armatus
Tiger Track Eel ID NA
35. Monopterus cuchia Rice Eel NA NA
36. Nemacheilus arunachalensis
NA NA
37. Nemacheilus rupecola ID NA
38. Notopterus notopterus Bronze Featherback NA NA
39. Olyra longicaudata Himalayan Olyra ID NA
40. Ompok pabda Pabdah Catfish EN NA
41. Oreichthys casuatis Koswati NA NA
42. Oreochromis mossambicus
Mozambique Cichlid NA NA
43. Parambassis ranga Indian Glassy Fish NA NA
44. Pseudambassis baculis
Himalayan Glassy-perchlet
NA NA
45. Psilorhynchus balitora Balitora Minnow VU NA
46. Puntius chola Chola Barb NA NA
47. Puntius chonconius Red Barb ID NA
48. Puntius sarana sarana Peninsular Olive Barb
VU NA
49. Puntius ticto Ticto Barb NA NA
50. Raiamas bola Indian Trout VU NA
51. Rasbora daniconius Blackline Rasbora NA NA
52. Schizothorax progastus
Dinnawah Snowtrout
ID NA
53. Schizothorax Snow Trout ID NA
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-86
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
NBFGR
Status as per IUCN
Red Data List (3.1)
richardsonii
54. Semiplotus semiplotus Lahoboe VU NA
55. Setipinna phasa Gangetic Hairpin Anchovy
ID NA
56. Sinilabeo dero Arangi VU NA
57. Tor putitora Jungapithia or, Golden Mahseer
VU NA
58. Tor tor Bokapithia or, Mahseer
ID NA
59. Wallago attu Boal NA NA
60. Xenentodon cancila Freshwater Garfish ID NA
Categories: EX – Extinct; EW – Extinct in the Wild; CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NE – Not Evaluated; ID – Indeterminate; NA – Not Available. 4.2.5.1 Migratory Fish Species
Out of 60 fish species mentioned in table 11, four species viz. Schizothorax
richardsonii, Tor tor, Tor putitora and Chagunius chagunio are migatory in
nature for breeding purpose. Four species viz. Crossocheilus latius latius,
Garra annandalei, Garra gotyla gotyla and Psilorhynchus balitora are local
migratory for feeding purpose.
High river discharge, fast water currents and want of suitable spawning
ground in the lower reaches of the river are the reasons which force the fish to
swim upstream in search of suitable eco-system, to spawn. Mahaseers attain
maturity in the size range from 30-40 cm. The fish lay eggs in sandy / gravelly
pits in the river bed or beneath rocks boulders in shallow waters, receiving
moderate current at a depth of 40-60 cm and in water sufficiently clean and
transparent. Size of Tor putitora fry and fingerlings found during the
investigation ranged from 18 to 120 mm.
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-87
Tor putitora species starts spawning from the onset of south-west monsoon in
mid July which continues till the middle of October in flooded river. The peak
breeding occurs in August-September in ambient water temperature from
180C to 220C.
The other important migratory species Tor tor has a prolonged breeding
period commencing from July-August continuing sometimes till November in
water temperature 170C - 220C and transparency up to 20-30 cm. Fish
species of the river belonging to other commercial and miscellaneous groups,
have usual spawning periods well spread which make them available
throughout the year in shallow marginal areas of the river in clear water and
steady velocity. Their rate of growth is slow, average sizes vary from 35 to
125 mm.
4.2.6 Butterflies Dibang valley is a paradise of Butterflies also; so protective measure should
be taken with the project. During the monsoon season the butterfly population
increases as compared to other seasons. Most of the population is found in
nearby water sources. Indian fritillary and Common Earls were found
enormously in the riverside. In the catchment area, only three scheduled
species were found.
Table 4.12: List of Butterflies
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN Red Data List (3.1)
1. Appias indra Plain Puffin Schedule-II NA
2. Appias lyncida Chocolate Albatross Schedule-II NA
3. Argynnis hyperbius Indian Fritillary NA NA
4. Cirrochroa aoris Large Yeoman NA NA
5. Colias sp. Clouded Yellow NA NA
6. Dercas verhuelli Tailed Sulphur NA NA
7. Euthalia phemius White-edged Blue NA NA
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-88
S. No. Zoological name Common name
Status as per
Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972
Status as per IUCN Red Data List (3.1)
Baron
8. Graphium cloanthus Glassy Bluebottle NA NA
9. Hypolycaena erylus Common Tit NA NA
10. Mimathyma ambica Indian Purple Emperor
NA NA
11. Mycalesis visala Long brand Bushbrown
NA NA
12. Neorina patria White Owl NA NA
13. Papilio memnon form agenor
Great Marmon NA NA
14. Papilio paris Paris Peacock NA NA
15. Pathysa xenocles Great Zebra NA NA
16. Prioneris clementhe Redspot Sawtooth NA NA
17. Ragadia crisilda Striped Ringlet NA NA
18. Spindasis lohita Long-banded Silverline
Schedule-II NA
19. Stibochiona nicea Popinjay NA NA
20. Tanaecia julii Common Earl NA NA
21. Tirumala septentrionis Dark Blue Tiger NA NA
Categories: EX – Extinct; EW – Extinct in the Wild; CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NE – Not Evaluated; ID – Indeterminate; NA – Not Available.
4.3 Phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and benthos The rivers and other water bodies have been observed sources of fish food
and found a numbers of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and benthos which are
recorded as follows in table 4.13:
Table 4.13: List of Phytoplanktons, Zooplankton and Benthos
Phytoplankton Zooplankton Benthos
Clamydomonas Amoeba Tubifex
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-89
Phytoplankton Zooplankton Benthos
Volvox
Ulothrix
Spaherocystis
Spirogyra
Zygnema
Cladophora
Oedogonium
Pediastrum
Ankistrodesmus
Closterium
Cosmarium
Oscillatoria
Phacus sp.
Cyclotella sp.
Diatom sp.
Synedra sp.
Naricula sp.
Nostoc
Spirullina
Microcystis
Ceratium
Trinema
Paramoecium
Brachionus
Keratella cochlaris
Rotaria
Daphnia
Moina
Cyclops
Cypris
Mesocyclops
Chironomus
Branchiura
Chaborus
Tanypus helminta
Chaetogasfer
Dero
Pheretima
Lymneae
Gyralus
Viviparus
Table 4.14: Status of Faunal Species as per Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972
Groups Schedule I Schedule
II
Schedule
III
Schedule
IV
Schedule
V
Mammals 15 10 3 Nil Nil
Avifauna 6 Nil Nil 71 1
Reptiles 1 2 Nil 11 Nil
Lizards 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil
Amphibians Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Butterflies Nil 3 Nil Nil Nil
EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project
National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-90
Table 4.15: Status of Faunal species as per IUCN Red Data List 3.1
Groups Critically Endang-
ered
Endang-Ered
Vulnerable Near Threatene
d
Least Concern
Data Deficient
Mammals Nil 6 7 5 10 1
Avifauna Nil Nil 2 3 77 Nil
Reptiles Nil Nil Nil 1 (LR/nt) Nil Nil
Lizards Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Amphibians Nil Nil Nil Nil 8 1
Fish Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Butterflies Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Table 4.16: Status of fish as per National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources
Groups Endangered
Vulnerable Rare
Indeterminate
Fish 1 8 Nil 12