ecological aspects

EIA Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project

National Productivity Council, Guwahati 04-1

CHAPTER 4

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS: ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS

4.1 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

4.1.1 Forest Types The catchment area which has an altitudinal range from 300 m to 5400 m has

a very interesting floristic composition representing changes in forest types,

typical of the Eastern Himalayas with the change in altitude. The favourable

rainfall, temperature and high humidity have caused the vegetation to acquire

the general characteristics of the Northern Tropical Semi- Evergreen & North

Indian Moist Deciduous Forests.

4.1.1.1 Assam Valley & Eastern Sub-montane Semi-evergreen Forests (2B/C1a and 2B/C1b) These forests cover the foothills and extend up to 1000 m altitude. The

climatic conditions and high humidity make the area highly suitable for

luxuriant growth of vegetation and many trees attain magnificent growth in

height and diameter. The forests are of mixed broad–leaved type.

Top storey of the forest comprises Aglaia spectabilis, Ailanthus integrifolia

subsp. calycina, Altingia excelsa, Artocarpus chaplasa, Canarium strictum,

Castanopsis indica, Chukrasia tabularis, Duabanga grandiflora, Syzygium

cumini, Gmelina arborea, Magnolia spp., Mesua ferrea, Morus laevigata,

Phoebe cooperiana, Pterospermum acerifolium, Sterculia villosa,

Stereospermum chelonoides, Terminalia myriocarpa, T. bellerica, Tetrameles

nudiflora, Toona ciliata etc.

Middle storey comprises Dillenia indica, Dysoxylum binectariferum,

Gynocardia odorata, Macaranga denticulata, Michelia spp. etc. Several

species of canes viz. Calamus erectus, C. flagellum, C. floribundus etc. occur

in these forests. Caryota spp. also occurs in these forests. Cyathea sp. (tree

fern) is quite common everywhere. Musa balbisiana (wild banana) occurs in

gregarious patches on hill slopes.



However, interspersed with this thick vegetation, there are occasional patches

of open forests presumably created as a result of past jhuming. Such types of

forests are generally covered with bamboos and shrubs dotted with scattered

trees giving the appearance of ‘scrub forest’. Grasses like Imperata cylindrica,

Saccharum spontaneum, Phragmites karka with trees like Bischofia javanica

and Kydia glabrescens predominate in this formation. There are also

stretches of bamboo forests consisting mainly of Bambusa pallida,

Dendrocalamus hamiltonii and occasionally Schizostacyum polymorphum.

Jhum lands are generally abandoned after 3 to 5 years and such lands are

generally invaded by Trema orientalis, Macaranga denticulata, Mallotus sp.,

canes and bamboos (mainly Schizostachyum polymorphum).

4.1.1.2 Subtropical Moist Semievergreen Forests

This type occurs generally in a limited area of the middle hills between El

1000 m and 1500 m or slightly higher. The vegetation is very typical of this

altitude and consists of a few selected species like Schima wallichii,

Callicarpa arborea, Macaranga spp., Castanopsis indica, Engelhardtia

spicata, Actinodaphne ovata, Ostodes paniculata, Ficus gasperiniana and

Bauhinia variegata at higher elevations. Musa balbisiana is very common in

the lower zone. The vegetation is very dense and the undergrowth is profuse.

Several species of bamboos like Cephalostachyum latifolium, Phyllostachys

bambusoides and Chimonobambusa callosa are common in this type with

grasses such as Arundinella bengalensis, Saccharum arundinaceum, Setaria

palmifolia and Thysanolaena maxima.

4.1.1.3 East Himalayan Wet Temperate Forests (8B/C1) In the temperate zone between El 1500 m and 2500 m, the forests are

characterised by prevalence of Quercus and Castanopsis spp. These forests

are not as dense as the previous ones but when well protected, will provide

good ground cover. The important tree species representing this type are

Quercus griffithii, Castanopsis sp., Alnus nepalensis, Engelhardtia spicata,

Cornus controversa, Acer sp., Michelia baillonii, Betula alnoides, Magnolia

spp., Prunus spp., Macaranga spp., Nyssa javanica, Eriobotrya and

Rhododendron spp. Rhododendrons give bright hue to these forests in the



advent of spring. In the undergrowth Berberis wallichiana, Osbeckia spp. and

Lycopodium spp. and various other flowering herbs predominate.

Several conifers like Abies spectabilis, Cupressus torulosa, Taxus wallichiana

and Tsuga dumosa occur sporadically, but pines are absent from this area.

4.1.1.4 Subalpine or Temperate Montane Forests

Between EL 2500 m and 3000 m, the forests go through a transitory stage

and this catchment has a fairly large area between EL 3000 m and 5500 m

representing the sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. Conifers like Abies sp

(Silver Fir), Tsuga dumosa (Hemlock), Pinus wallichiana (Blue Pine) and

Taxus wallichiana occur in the forests.

The understorey consists of a dense bushy zone of Rhododendron spp.,

Berberis spp., Salix spp., Cotoneaster spp. and some other herbaceous

species, particularly of the families Rosaceae and Ranunculaceae, with some

Polygonaceae and Gentianaceae here and there. The alpine vegetation is

limited to altitudes 4500 m to 5500 m. The vegetation becomes scarce, and

the general look is that of coarse meadow. The vegetation consists of stunted

gnarled shrubs with deep roots and stunted shoots. Species of Abies, and

Berberis are common. Above the tree line, the vegetation consists of

herbaceous Primulas, Rhus, Saxifraga, Sedum, Saussurea, Gentiana with

few Bromus, Stipa and Festuca. The alpine and sub-alpine areas are

presumably included within the Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary and are expected to

receive almost total protection.

The entire catchment area of Dibang River is also very rich in Epiphytic

orchids. The dense vegetation, well distributed rainfall and humid conditions

encourage the growth of these wonderful plants known for its magnificent and

scented flowers the world over. Some of the species are terrestrial in nature.

Even a single tree in the dense forest of this region is a natural orchidarium in

itself with many taxa growing on it.

4.1.2 Major Floral Species found in submergence area A list of major angiosperms found in area, which is likely to be submerged is

given below. All the species have been dealt with under their corresponding



families, which have been arranged according to Bentham & Hooker’s system

of classification (1862-1883) except with slight modifications as per recent

trends. Further, the genera under a family and species under a genus have

been arranged alphabetically. Common name (if any) is given in parenthesis.

DICOTYLEDONS RANUNCULACEAE

Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. (Gorap-choi)

Ranunculus spp.

DILLENIACEAE

Dillenia indica L.

MAGNOLIACEAE

Magnolia hodgsoni (Hook. f. & Thomson) Keng (Baramthuri)

Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt & Smith) Raju & Nayar

Michelia baillonii (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep. (Tita sopa)

ANNONACEAE

Fissistigma polyanthum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Merr.

Miliusa globosa (DC.) Panigr. & S. C. Mishra

FLACOURTIACEAE

Casearia vareca Roxb.

Gynocardia odorata R. Br. (Chaulmoogra)

CLUSIACEAE

Mesua ferrea L. (Nahar)

TERNSTROEMIACEAE

Schima wallichii (DC.) Korthals (Makrisal)

MALVACEAE

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Kydia glabrescens Masters (Pichola)

Sida acuta Burm. f.

BOMBACACEAE

Bombax ceiba L. (Simul)



STERCULIACEAE

Abroma augusta (L.) L. f.

Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. (Hatipolia)

Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb.

Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm. (Udal)

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume

Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxb. ex G. Don

Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) Schum.

BLASAMINACEAE

Impatiens spp.

RUTACEAE

Euodia trichotoma (Lour.) Pierre

SIMAROUBACEAE

Ailanthus integrifolia Lam subsp. calycina (Pierre) Nooteb. (Borpat)

BURSERACEAE

Canarium strictum Roxb.

MELIACEAE

Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S. S. Jain & Bennet (Amari)

Chisocheton cumingianus (C. DC.) Harms var. balanse (C. DC.) Mabb.

Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. (Bogipoma)

Dysoxylum gobarum (Buch.-Ham.) Merr. (Banderdima)

Melia azedarach L. (Gohra neem) - Planted

Toona ciliata M. Roem. (Poma)

RHAMNACEAE Rhamnus nepalensis (Wallich) M. Lawson

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.

LEEACEAE

Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale

Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

SAPINDACEAE Dittelasma rarak (DC.) Hook. f.

STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia pomifera (Roxb.) DC.



SABIACEAE

Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp.

ANACARDIACEAE

Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt & Hill

Pegia nitida Colebr.

Rhus chinensis Mill.

Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz

FABACEAE

Dalbergia assamica Benth.

Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain

Dalhousiea bracteata R. Grah.

Desmodium sp.

Erythrina stricta Roxb.

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi

CAESALPINIACEAE

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arnott (Mandani)

Bauhinia variegata L.

Cassia alata L.

Cassia occidentalis L.

Cassia tora L.

Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Rafin. (Gulmohar)

MIMOSACEAE

Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.

Acacia pruinescens Kurz

Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Siris)

Albizia lucida Benth. (Moj)

Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.

Entada pursaetha DC.

Mimosa himalayana Gamble

Mimosa pudica L.

ROSACEAE

Eriobotrya petiolata Hook. f.



Prunus celanica (Wight) Miq.

Pyrus sp.

Rubus ellipticus Sm.

Rubus moluccanus L.

Rubus niveus Wallich

CRASSULACEAE

Sedum spp.

HAMAMELIDACEAE

Altingia excelsa Noronha (Jutuli)

COMBRETACEAE

Combretum decandrum Roxb.

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arnott (Arjun) - Planted

Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Bahera)

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck & Muell. Arg. (Hollock)

MYRTACEAE

Psidium guajava L.

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Jamuk)

Syzygium diospyrifolium (Wallich ex Duthie) S. N. Mitra

Syzygium formosum (Wallich) Masamune

Syzygium macrocarpum (Roxb.) K. N. Bahadur & R. C. Gaur

MELASTOMATACEAE

Anplectrum assamicum C. B. Clarke

Melastoma malabathricum L. (Phutuka)

Melastoma nepalense Lodd.

Osbeckia nutans Wallich

Osbeckia stellata Wallich

Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC.

LYTHRACEAE

Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth

Lagerstroemia minuticarpa Debberm. ex P. C. Kanj.

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.

SONNERATIACEAE Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. (Khokan)



PASSIFLORACEAE Adenia trilobata (Roxb.) Engl.

CUCURBITACEAE Solena heterophylla Lour.

Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.

BEGONIACEAE

Begonia palmata D. Don

APIACEAE

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Manimuni)

Hydrocotyle spp.

ARALIACEAE

Acanthopanax aculeatum Seemm

Aralia armata (Wallich ex G. Don) Seem.

Heteropanax fragrans Seem.

Macropanax dispermum Kuntze

Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arnott) Harms

CORNACEAE

Cornus controversa Hemsl.

Nyssa javanica Wangerin

SAMBUCACEAE

Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume

RUBIACEAE

Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A. Rich. ex Walp. (Kadamb)

Hedyotis scandens Roxb.

Mussaenda roxburghii Hook. f.

Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr.

Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb.

Wendlandia paniculata DC.

ASTERACEAE

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Anaphalis sp.

Artemisia nilagirica (C. B. Clarke) Pamp.

Bidens bipinnata L.

Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore



Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Gnaphalium canum Phil.

Mikania micrantha Kunth

Saussurea spp.

Senecio wightianus DC. ex Wight

Siegesbeckia orientalis L.

Spilanthes paniculata Wallich ex DC.

Vernonia volkameriaefolia DC.

ERICACEAE

Agapetes spp.

MYRSINACEAE

Maesa indica Wallich

Maesa montana A. DC.

Maesa ramentacea Wallich

Myrsine sp.

EBENACEAE

Diospyros variegata Kurz

APOCYNACEAE

Alstonia scholaris R. Br. (Satian)

Wrightia coccinea Sims.

GENTIANACEAE Exacum tetragonum Roxb.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer

Ipomoea fistulosa Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. Austin

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth

Porana paniculata Roxb.

SOLANACEAE

Solanum erianthum D. Don

Solanum indicum L.

Solanum torvum Sw.

GESNERIACEAE

Aeschynanthus acuminata Wallich



Chirita acuminata R. Br.

Rhynchoglossum lazulinum A. S. Rao & Joseph

Rhynchotechum ellipticum DC.

BIGNONIACEAE

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Venten.

Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. (Paroli)

ACANTHACEAE

Diflugossa colorata (Nees) Bremek.

Justicia simplex D. Don

Phlogacanthus curviflorus Nees

Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (Roxb) Nees

Strobilanthes sp.

Thunbergia coccinea Wallich

Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.

VERBENACEAE

Callicarpa arborea Roxb.

Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.

Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon

Clerodendrum viscosum Venten.

Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Gamari)

Premna milleflora C. B. Clarke

Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz. & Pav.) Vahl.

Tectona grandis L. f. - Planted

LAMIACEAE

Colebrookia spp.

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Plectranthus japonicus (Burm. f.) Koidz.

Pogostemon sp.

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Polygonum chinense L.

Polygonum microcephalum D. Don

PIPERACEAE Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Frost.) Hook. & Arnott



Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Wallich

Piper sylvaticum Roxb.

Piper trioicum Roxb.

LAURACEAE

Actinodaphne obovata Blume

Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz. (Gonsorai)

Cinnamomum tamala T. Nees (Tejpat)

Litsea kurzii King ex Hook. f.

Phoebe cooperiana P. C. Kanj. & Das (Mekahi)

EUPHORBIACEAE

Bischofia javanica Blume (Urium)

Euphorbia sp.

Glochidion sp.

Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Muell. Arg.

Mallotus nepalensis Muell. Arg.

Mallotus roxburghianus Muell. Arg.

Ostodes paniculata Blume

Phyllanthus emblica L.

Sapium baccatum Roxb. (Selleng)

URTICACEAE

Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq.

Boehmeria hamiltoniana Wedd.

Boehmeria longifolia Gandoger

Elatostema sp.

Girardinia palmata (Forssk.) Gaud.

Laportea crenulata Gaud.

Laportea pterostigma Wedd.

Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) Miq.

Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight

Pouzolzia sanguinea (Blume) Merr.

Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Gaud.

Urtica parviflora L.

ULMACEAE

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume



MORACEAE

Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. (Sam)

Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. (Dewasali)

Ficus gasparriniana Miq.

Ficus religiosa L. (Peepal)

Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.

Ficus squamosa Roxb.

Morus laevigata Wallich (Bola)

Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr.

JUGLANDACEAE

Engelhardtia spicata Blume

BETULACEAE

Alnus nepalensis D. Don (Utis)

Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. (Birch)

FAGACEAE Castanopsis indica A. DC. (Hingori)

Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC.

SALICACEAE

Salix tetrasperma Roxb.

Populus gamblei Dode

MONOCOTYLEDONS ORCHIDACEAE

Aerides fieldingii Lodd. ex E. Morr.

Aerides multiflorum Roxb.

Calanthe masuca Lindl.

Coelogyne asperata Lindl.

Coelogyne barbata Lindl. ex Griff.

Coelogyne ochracea Lindl.

Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.

Cymbidium cyperifolium Wallich

Cymbidium eberneum Lindl.

Cymbidium elegans Lindl.



Cymbidium giganteum Wallich

Cymbidium longifolium D. Don

Dendrobium crysanthum Wallich

Dendrobium densiflorum Wallich

Dendrobium falconeri Hook.

Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl.

Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Sw.

Epipogium indicum H. J. Chowdhery, G. D. Pal & G. S. Giri

Eria flava Lindl.

Flickingeria fugax (Reichb. f.) G. Seidenfaden

Galeola falconeri Hook. f.

Papilionanthe teres (Lindl.) Schltr.

Phaius tankervillie Blume

Pholidota imbricata Lindl.

Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume

ZINGIBERACEAE

Alpinia molucana Gagnep.

Amomum subulatum Roxb.

Curcuma amada Roxb. - Cultivated

Globba clarkei Baker

Globba multiflora Wallich

Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig

Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe

Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Adrakh) - Cultivated

COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm.

MARANTACEAE

Phrynium pubinerve Blume

MUSACEAE

Musa balbisiana Colla

Musa coccinea Andr.

IRIDACEAE

Iris sp.



TACCACEAE Tacca laevis Roxb.

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea glabra Roxb.

Dioscorea globosa Roxb.

Dioscorea pentaphylla L.

LILIACEAE

Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina spp.

ARECACEAE

Calamus erectus Roxb. (Cane)

Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Mart. (Cane)

Calamus floribundus Griff. (Cane)

Calamus innermis T. Anders.

Calamus leptospadix Griff. (Cane)

Caryota urens L.

Livistona jenkinsiana Griff.

Plectocomia himalayana Griff.

PANDANACEAE

Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. (Ketki)

ARACEAE

Acorus calamus L.

Anthurium parasiticum (Vell.) Stellfeld

Arisaema tortuosum (Wallich) Schott

Colocasia sp.

Gonatanthus sp.

Remusatia vivipara Schott

Rhaphidophora decursiva Scott.

Rhaphidophora lancifolia Schott

CYPERACEAE

Carex baccans Nees

Carex cruciata Wahlenb.

Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.



Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama

Scirpus sp.

POACEAE

Arundinella bengalensis (Spreng.) Druce

Bambusa pallida Munro (Bamboo)

Bambusa tulda Roxb. (Bamboo) - Cultivated

Bromus sp.

Cephalostachyum latifolium Munro

Chimonobambusa callosa Nakai

Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz

Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro

Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arnott ex Munro (Bamboo)

Erianthus ravennae P. Beauv.

Festuca sp.

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel.

Panicum palmifolium Poir.

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.

Phyllostachys assamica Gamble ex Brandis

Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc.

Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro

Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.

Saccharum spontaneum L.

Schizostachyum helferii (Munro) Majumdar

Setaria palmifolia Stapf

Stipa spp.

Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze

4.1.3 Major Floral Species found in study area (10 km radius of reservoir) A list of major angiosperms found in the study area i.e. 10 km radius of

reservoir is given below. All the species have been dealt with under their

corresponding families which have been arranged according to Bentham &

Hooker’s system of classification (1862-1883) except with slight modifications

as per recent trends. Further, the genera under a family and species under a



genus have been arranged alphabetically. Common name (if any) is given in

parenthesis.

DICOTYLEDONS RANUNCULACEAE

Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC.

Coptis teeta Wallich (Vulnerable as per BSI’s Red Data Book of Indian Plants)

Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. (Gorap-choi)

Ranunculus cantoniensis DC.

DILLENIACEAE

Dillenia indica L.

MAGNOLIACEAE

Magnolia campbelli Hook. f. & Thomson

Magnolia hodgsoni (Hook. f. & Thomson) Keng (Baramthuri)

Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt & Smith) Raju & Nayar

Michelia baillonii (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep. (Tita sopa)

Michelia kisopa Buch.-Ham ex DC.

ANNONACEAE

Fissistigma polyanthum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Merr.

Miliusa globosa (DC.) Panigr. & S. C. Mishra

MENISPERMACEAE

Cissampelos pareira L.

Cyclea bicristata (Griffith) Diels

Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels

Embelia ribes Burm. f.

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC.

Berberis wallichiana DC.

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle

PAPAVERACEAE

Corydalis pseudolongipes M. Lidén

BRASSICACEAE

Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) Clapham



Cardamine hirsuta L.

CAPPARACEAE

Capparis tenera Dalzell.

Crataeva magna DC.

VIOLACEAE

Viola canescens Wallich

FLACOURTIACEAE

Casearia glomerata Roxb. ex DC.

Casearia vareca Roxb.

Gynocardia odorata R. Br. (Chaulmoogra)

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Drymaria diandra Blume

Stellaria media (L.) Villars

TAMARICACEAE Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth

CLUSIACEAE

Hypericum sp.

Mesua ferrea L. (Nahar)

Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.

TERNSTROEMIACEAE

Saurauia roxburghii Wallich

Schima wallichii (DC.) Korthals (Makrisal)

Schima wallichii (DC.) Korthals subsp. wallichii var. khasiana (Dyers) Bloem.

THEACEAE Camellia caudata Wallich

DIPTEROCARPACEAE Vatica lanceaefolia (Roxb.) Blume

MALVACEAE

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.

Kydia glabrescens Masters (Pichola)

Sida acuta Burm. f.

Urena lobata L.



BOMBACACEAE

Bombax ceiba L. (Simul)

STERCULIACEAE

Abroma augusta (L.) L. f.

Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. (Hatipolia)

Pterospermum lancifolium Roxb.

Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br.

Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb.

Sterculia urens Roxb.

Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm. (Udal)

TILIACEAE Corchorus capsularis L.

Grewia serrulata DC.

Triumfetta pilosa Roth

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Elaeocarpus aristatus Roxb.

Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume

Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxb. ex G. Don

Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) Schum.

Elaeocarpus varunua Buch.-Ham ex Masters

MALPIGHIACEAE Aspidopterys nutans Hook. f.

BLASAMINACEAE

Impatiens spp.

RUTACEAE

Citrus aurantifolia (Christ. & Panz.) Swingle

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.

Citrus reticulata Blanco (Kamla)

Clausena excavata Burm. f.

Euodia trichotoma (Lour.) Pierre

SIMAROUBACEAE

Ailanthus integrifolia Lam subsp. calycina (Pierre) Nooteb. (Borpat)



BURSERACEAE

Canarium strictum Roxb. (Dhuna)

MELIACEAE

Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) A. Gray

Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S. S. Jain & Bennet (Amari)

Chisocheton cumingianus (C. DC.) Harms var. balanse (C. DC.) Mabb.

Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. (Bogipoma)

Dysoxylum binectariferum (Roxb.) Hook. f. ex Bedd. (Banderdima)

Dysoxylum gobarum (Buch.-Ham.) Merr.

Melia azedarach L. (Gohra neem) - Planted

Toona ciliata M. Roem. (Poma)

CELASTRACEAE Bhesa robusta (Roxb.) Ding Hou

RHAMNACEAE Hovenia dulcis Thunb.

Rhamnus nepalensis (Wallich) M. Lawson

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.

LEEACEAE

Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale

Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

SAPINDACEAE Allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz

Dittelasma rarak (DC.) Hook. f.

Lepisanthes senegalensis (A. L. Juss ex Poiret) Leenh.

Sapindus attenuata Wallich ex Hiern.

HIPPOCASTANACEAE

Aesculus assamica Griff.

ACERACEAE

Acer acuminatum Wallich ex D. Don

Acer cappadocicum Gleditsch

STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia pomifera (Roxb.) DC.

SABIACEAE

Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim.



Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp.

Sabia lanceolata Colebr.

ANACARDIACEAE

Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt & Hill

Mangifera sylvatica Roxb.

Pegia nitida Colebr.

Rhus chinensis Mill.

Rhus succedanea L.

Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz

FABACEAE

Dalbergia assamica Benth.

Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain

Dalhousiea bracteata R. Grah.

Derris ferruginea Benth.

Desmodium floribundum G. Don

Erythrina stricta Roxb.

Flemingia strobilifera (L.) Aiton & W. T. Aiton

Mastersia assamica Benth.

Millettia sp.

Priotropis cytisoides (Roxb.) Wight & Arnott

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi

Shuteria sp.

CAESALPINIACEAE

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arnott (Mandani)

Bauhinia purpurea L.

Bauhinia scandens L.

Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott

Bauhinia variegata L.

Cassia alata L.

Cassia fistula L.

Cassia mimosoides L.

Cassia occidentalis L.

Cassia tora L.

Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Rafin. (Gulmohar) – Introduced



MIMOSACEAE

Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.

Acacia pruinescens Kurz

Albizia arunachalensis K. C. Sahni & H. B. Naithani

Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Siris)

Albizia lucida Benth. (Moj)

Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.

Entada pursaetha DC.

Mimosa himalayana Gamble

Mimosa pudica L.

ROSACEAE

Cotoneaster sp.

Eriobotrya petiolata Hook. f.

Fragaria indica Andr.

Neillia thyrsiflora D. Don

Prunus celanica (Wight) Miq.

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch

Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Rosa moschata Herrm.

Rubus ellipticus Sm.

Rubus lucens Focke

Rubus moluccanus L.

Rubus niveus Wallich

Spiraea callosa (Thunb.) A. Murray

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Dichroa febrifuga Lour.

Saxifraga aristulata Hook. f. & Thomson

HYDRANGEACEAE Hydrangea robusta Hook. f. & Thomson

CRASSULACEAE

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Stern.

Sedum multicaule Wallich ex Lindl.



HAMAMELIDACEAE

Altingia excelsa Noronha (Jutuli)

Corylopsis himalayana Griff.

Exbucklandia populnea R. Br. (Pipli)

COMBRETACEAE

Combretum decandrum Roxb.

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arnott (Arjun) - Planted

Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Bahera)

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck & Muell. Arg. (Hollock)

MYRTACEAE

Psidium guajava L.

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Jamuk)

Syzygium diospyrifolium (Wallich ex Duthie) S. N. Mitra

Syzygium formosum (Wallich) Masamune

Syzygium macrocarpum (Roxb.) K. N. Bahadur & R. C. Gaur

Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & Perry

MELASTOMATACEAE

Anplectrum assamicum C. B. Clarke

Medinilla himalayana Hook. f. ex Triana

Melastoma malabathricum L. (Phutuka)

Melastoma nepalense Lodd.

Osbeckia japonica Naud.

Osbeckia nutans Wallich

Osbeckia stellata Wallich

Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC.

Sonerilla spp.

LYTHRACEAE

Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth

Lagerstroemia minuticarpa Debberm. ex P. C. Kanj.

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.

SONNERATIACEAE Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. (Khokan)



PASSIFLORACEAE Adenia trilobata (Roxb.) Engl.

CARICACEAE Carica papaya L.

CUCURBITACEAE Benincasa hispida Cogn. - Cultivated

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Kaddu) - Cultivated

Hodgsonia heteroclita Hook. f. & Thomson

Momordica charantia L. (Karela)

Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.

Solena heterophylla Lour.

BEGONIACEAE

Begonia palmata D. Don

Begonia nepalensis Warb.

Begonia sikkimensis A. DC.

DATISCACEAE

Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br.

APIACEAE

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Manimuni)

Hydrocotyle spp.

ARALIACEAE

Acanthopanax aculeatum Seemm

Aralia armata (Wallich ex G. Don) Seem.

Brassaiopsis aculeata Seem.

Hedera nepalensis K. Koch.

Heteropanax fragrans Seem.

Macropanax dispermum Kuntze

Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arnott) Harms

Trevesia palmata Vis.

CORNACEAE

Cornus controversa Hemsl.

Nyssa javanica Wangerin

ALANGIACEAE

Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms.



SAMBUCACEAE

Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume

RUBIACEAE

Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A. Rich. ex Walp. (Kadamb)

Canthium glabrum Blume

Carlemannia sp.

Hedyotis scandens Roxb.

Luculia grandifolia Ghose

Luculia pinceana Hook.

Mussaenda roxburghii Hook. f.

Paederia foetida L.

Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr.

Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb.

Wendlandia paniculata DC.

Wendlandia tinctoria DC.

DIPSACACEAE Dipsacus asper Wallich

ASTERACEAE

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Anaphalis contorta (D. Don) Hook. f.

Artemisia nilagirica (C. B. Clarke) Pamp.

Aster albescens (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.

Aster sikkimmensis Hook. f.

Bidens bipinnata L.

Blumea laciniata (Roxb.) DC.

Cirsium sp.

Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore

Dichrocephala integrifolia (L. f.) Kuntze

Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Gnaphalium canum Phil.

Mikania micrantha Kunth

Saussurea spp.

Senecio wightianus DC. ex Wight



Siegesbeckia orientalis L.

Spilanthes paniculata Wallich ex DC.

Synotis cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen

Vernonia volkameriaefolia DC.

CAMPANULACEAE

Campanula pallida Wallich

Codonopsis affinis Hook. f. & Thomson

ERICACEAE

Agapetes spp.

Lyonia ovalifolia Hort.

Rhododendron arboreum Sm.

Rhododendron edgeworthii Hook. f.

Vaccinium spp.

PRIMULACEAE Primula sp.

MYRSINACEAE

Amblyanthus glandulosus (Roxb.) DC.

Ardisia virens Kurz

Maesa indica Wallich

Maesa montana A. DC.

Maesa ramentacea Wallich

Myrsine semiserrata Wallich

EBENACEAE

Diospyros variegata Kurz

APOCYNACEAE

Alstonia scholaris R. Br. (Satian)

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

Wrightia coccinea Sims.

LOGANIACEAE

Buddleja asiatica Lour.

Buddleja candida Dunn

GENTIANACEAE Crawfordia speciosa Wallich

Exacum tetragonum Roxb.



Gentiana spp.

Halenia elliptica D. Don

Swertia chirayta Karsl.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Argyreia argentea Arnott ex Choisy

Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer

Ipomoea fistulosa Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. Austin

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth

Porana paniculata Roxb.

SOLANACEAE

Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & Presl

Capsicum annuum L. (Mirch) - Cultivated

Physalis peruviana L.

Solanum erianthum D. Don

Solanum indicum L.

Solanum jasminoides Paxt.

Solanum nigrum L.

Solanum torvum Sw.

Solanum tuberosum L. f. (Aaloo) - Cultivated

GESNERIACEAE

Aeschynanthus acuminata Wallich

Chirita acuminata R. Br.

Chirita mishmiensis Debbarm. ex Biswas

Rhynchoglossum lazulinum A. S. Rao & Joseph

Rhynchotechum ellipticum DC.

BIGNONIACEAE

Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don - Cultivated

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Venten.

Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. (Paroli)

ACANTHACEAE

Diflugossa colorata (Nees) Bremek.

Justicia simplex D. Don

Phlogacanthus curviflorus Nees

Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (Roxb) Nees



Phlogacanthus tubiflorus Nees

Strobilanthes sp.

Thunbergia coccinea Wallich

Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.

VERBENACEAE

Callicarpa arborea Roxb.

Callicarpa vestita Wallich ex C. B. Clarke

Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.

Clerodendrum foetidum Bunge

Clerodendrum griffithianum C. B. Clarke

Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon

Clerodendrum viscosum Venten.

Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Gamari)

Premna milleflora C. B. Clarke

Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz. & Pav.) Vahl.

Tectona grandis L. f. - Planted

LAMIACEAE

Colebrookia oppositifolia Sm.

Gomphostemma parviflorum Wallich

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Leucosceptrum canum Sm.

Plectranthus japonicus (Burm. f.) Koidz.

Pogostemon sp.

Prunella vulgaris L.

Scutellaria discolor Colebr.

AMARANTHACEAE Deeringia amaranthoides Merr.

CHENOPODIACEAE

Chenopodium album L.

Spinacia oleracea L. (Palak) - Cultivated

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Polygonum chinense L.

Polygonum microcephalum D. Don



Polygonum molle D. Don

Polygonum rude Meissn.

PIPERACEAE Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

Peperomia pellucida H., B. & K.

Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Frost.) Hook. & Arnott

Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Wallich

Piper betel Blanco (Supari) - Cultivated

Piper nigrum L. (Kali Mirch) - Cultivated

Piper sylvaticum Roxb.

Piper trioicum Roxb.

LAURACEAE

Actinodaphne obovata Blume

Alseodaphne andersonii (King ex Hook. f.) Kosterm.

Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz. (Gonsorai)

Cinnamomum tamala T. Nees (Tejpat)

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.

Litsea kurzii King ex Hook. f.

Persea spp.

Phoebe cooperiana P. C. Kanj. & Das (Mekahi)

THYMELAEACEAE

Daphne papyracea Wallich ex Steud.

Edgeworthia gardneri (Wallich) Meissn.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Baccaurea sapida Muell. Arg.

Bischofia javanica Blume (Urium)

Euphorbia sp.

Glochidion sp.

Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Muell. Arg.

Mallotus nepalensis Muell. Arg.

Mallotus roxburghianus Muell. Arg.

Ostodes paniculata Blume

Phyllanthus emblica L.

Sapium baccatum Roxb. (Selleng)



URTICACEAE

Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq.

Boehmeria hamiltoniana Wedd.

Boehmeria longifolia Gandoger

Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem.

Elatostema sp.

Girardinia palmata (Forssk.) Gaud.

Laportea crenulata Gaud.

Laportea pterostigma Wedd.

Maoutia puya Wedd.

Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) Miq.

Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight

Pouzolzia sanguinea (Blume) Merr.

Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Gaud.

Urtica dioica L.

Urtica parviflora L.

ULMACEAE

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

MORACEAE

Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. (Sam)

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. - Cultivated

Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. (Dewasali)

Ficus gasparriniana Miq.

Ficus glomerata Roxb.

Ficus mysorensis Heyne ex Roth

Ficus religiosa L. (Peepal)

Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.

Ficus squamosa Roxb.

Morus laevigata Wallich (Bola)

Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr.

JUGLANDACEAE

Engelhardtia spicata Blume

Juglans regia L.



BETULACEAE

Alnus nepalensis D. Don (Utis)

Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. (Birch)

FAGACEAE Castanopsis indica A. DC. (Hingori)

Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC.

Quercus fenestrata Roxb.

Quercus griffithii Hook. f. & Thomson ex Miq.

Quercus lamellosa Sm.

Quercus semiserrata Roxb.

SALICACEAE

Salix tetrasperma Roxb.

Populus ciliata Wallich ex Royle

Populus gamblei Dode

MONOCOTYLEDONS ORCHIDACEAE

Aerides fieldingii Lodd. ex E. Morr.

Aerides multiflorum Roxb.

Agrostophyllum brevipes King & Pantl.

Anthogonium gracile Wallich

Bulbophyllum affine Lindl.

Bulbophyllum careyanum Spreng.

Bulbophyllum cauliflorum Hook. f.

Calanthe angusta Lindl.

Calanthe chloroleuca Lindl.

Calanthe masuca Lindl.

Calanthe plantaginea Lindl.

Cleisostoma aspersum (Reichb. f.) Garay

Cleisostoma paniculatum (Ker-Gawl.) Garay

Coelogyne asperata Lindl.

Coelogyne barbata Lindl. ex Griff.

Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl.



Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl.

Coelogyne ochracea Lindl.

Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.

Cymbidium cyperifolium Wallich

Cymbidium eberneum Lindl.

Cymbidium elegans Lindl.

Cymbidium giganteum Wallich

Cymbidium longifolium D. Don

Dendrobium crysanthum Wallich

Dendrobium densiflorum Wallich

Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.

Dendrobium falconeri Hook.

Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl.

Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Sw.

Diplomeris pulchella D. Don

Epipogium indicum H. J. Chowdhery, G. D. Pal & G. S. Giri

Eria flava Lindl.

Flickingeria fugax (Reichb. f.) G. Seidenfaden

Galeola falconeri Hook. f.

Luisia filiformis Hook. f.

Papilionanthe teres (Lindl.) Schltr.

Phaius tankervillie Blume

Pholidota imbricata Lindl.

Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume

ZINGIBERACEAE

Alpinia molucana Gagnep.

Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B. L. Burtt

Amomum maximum Roxb.

Amomum subulatum Roxb.

Curcuma amada Roxb. - Cultivated

Curcuma longa L. (Haldi) - Cultivated

Globba clarkei Baker

Globba multiflora Wallich

Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig



Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe

Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Adrakh) - Cultivated

COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm.

MARANTACEAE

Phrynium pubinerve Blume

MUSACEAE

Musa balbisiana Colla

Musa coccinea Andr.

Musa paradisiaca L. - Cultivated

BROMELIACEAE

Ananas comosus Merr. (Annanas) - Cultivated

IRIDACEAE

Iris sp.

TACCACEAE Tacca integrifolia Ham. ex Hook. f.

Tacca laevis Roxb.

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Dioscorea glabra Roxb.

Dioscorea globosa Roxb.

Dioscorea pentaphylla L.

LILIACEAE

Allium sativum L. (Lahsun) - Cultivated

Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker

Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr.

Disporum hamiltonianum D. Don

Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina maculata Edgew.

ARECACEAE

Arenga pinnata Merr.

Calamus acanthospathus Griff. (Cane)

Calamus erectus Roxb. (Cane)



Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Mart. (Cane)

Calamus floribundus Griff. (Cane)

Calamus innermis T. Anders. (Cane)

Calamus leptospadix Griff. (Cane)

Calamus khasianus Becc. (Cane)

Caryota urens L.

Livistona jenkinsiana Griff.

Pinanga gracilis (Roxb.) Blume

Plectocomia assamica Griff.

Plectocomia himalayana Griff.

PANDANACEAE

Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. (Ketki)

ARACEAE

Acorus calamus L.

Alocasia indica Schott

Anthurium parasiticum (Vell.) Stellfeld

Arisaema concinnum Schott

Arisaema rhizomatum C. E. C. Fischer

Arisaema tortuosum (Wallich) Schott

Colocasia sp.

Gonatanthus sp.

Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites

Remusatia vivipara Schott

Rhaphidophora decursiva Scott.

Rhaphidophora lancifolia Schott

CYPERACEAE

Carex baccans Nees

Carex cruciata Wahlenb.

Carex fuscifructus C. B. Clarke

Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.

Eleocharis tetraquetra Nees

Fimbristylis sp.

Mariscus sumatrensis (Retz.) J. Raynal

Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama



Scirpus sp.

POACEAE

Agrostis griffithiana (Hook. f.) Bor

Arundinella bengalensis (Spreng.) Druce

Arundo donax L.

Bambusa nutans Wallich ex Munro

Bambusa pallida Munro (Bamboo)

Bambusa tulda Roxb. (Bamboo) - Cultivated

Bromus sp.

Capillipedium assimile A. Camus

Cephalostachyum latifolium Munro

Chimonobambusa callosa Nakai

Chrysopogon aciculatus Trin.

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz

Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro

Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arnott ex Munro (Bamboo)

Dendrocalamus hookeri Munro (Bamboo)

Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Gamble ex Oliver (Bamboo)

Erianthus ravennae P. Beauv.

Festuca sp.

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel.

Oryza sativa L. (Dhan) - Cultivated

Panicum palmifolium Poir.

Paspalum scorbiculatum Steud.

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.

Phyllostachys assamica Gamble ex Brandis

Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc.

Pogonatherum paniceum Hackel

Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.

Saccharum spontaneum L.

Schizostachyum capitatum (Munro) R. B. Majumdar

Schizostachyum fuchsianum (Gamble) R. B. Majumdar



Schizostachyum helferi (Munro) R. B. Majumdar

Schizostachyum pergracile (Munro) R. B. Majumdar

Schizostachyum polymorphum (Munro) R. B. Majumdar

Setaria palmifolia Stapf

Stipa spp.

Themeda villosa Hack.

Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze

Zea mays L. (Makka) - Cultivated

4.1.4 Gymnosperms A list of gymnosperms found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given

as under in Table 4.1:

Table 4.1: List of Gymnosperms

S. No. Botanical Names Family

1. Abies densa Griff. Pinaceae

2. Abies spectabilis Spach Pinaceae

3. Cephalotaxus griffithii Hook. f. Taxaceae

4. Cupressus torulosa D. Don Cupressaceae

5. Gnetum montanum Markgraf Gnetaceae

6. Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson Pinaceae

7. Podocarpus neriifolia D. Don Podocarpaceae

8. Tsuga dumosa Eichl. Pinaceae

9. Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Taxaceae

4.1.5 Pteridophytes A list of pteridophytes found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given


Table 4.2: List of Pteridophytes


1. Adiantum spp. Polypodiaceae

2. Angiopteris evecta Angiopteridaceae

3. Asplenium nidus Aspleniaceae

4. Blechnum orientale Blechnaceae




5. Cyathia spinulosa Cyathiaceae

6. Diplazium esculentum Athyriaceae

7. Dipteris wallichii Dipteridaceae

8. Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae

9. Equisetum arvense Equisitaceae

10. Equisetum debile Equisitaceae

11. Lycopodium cernum Lycopodiaceae

12. Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodiaceae

13. Lycopodium phlegmaria Lycopodiaceae

14. Lycopodium serratum Lycopodiaceae

15. Marsilea sp. Marsileaceae

16. Polypodium sp Polypodiaceae

17. Pteridium sp. Pteridaceae

18. Selaginella repanda Selaginellaceae

19. Selaginella sp. Selaginaceae

20. Selaginella subdiaphana Selaginellaceae

21. Tectaria trifolia Aspidiaceae

22. Vittaria sp. Vittariaceae

4.1.6 Bryophytes A list of bryophytes found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given as

under in Table 4.3:

Table 4.3: List of Bryophytes


1. Anthoceros sp. Anthocerotaceae

2. Atrichum undulatum Polytrichaceae

3. Dawsonia grandis Polytrichaceae

4. Hypnum imponens Hypnaceae

5. Leucodon sp. Leucodontaceae

6. Marchantia palmate Marchantiaceae

7. Marchantia polymorpha Marchantiaceae




8. Pellia sp. Pelliaceae

9. Pogonatum inflexum Polytrichaceae

10. Polytrichum sp. Politrichaceae

11. Polytrichum commune Polytrichaceae

12. Riccia sp. Ricciaceae

13. Riccia fluitans Ricciaceae

14. Sphagnum sp. Sphagnaceae

15. Sphagnum strictum Sphagnaceae

16. Thuidium delicatum Thuidiaceae

4.1.7 Algae A list of algal species found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given


Table 4.4: List of Algae


1 Anabaena azollae Nostocaceae

2 Chara sp. Characeae

3 Chlamydomonas sp. Chlamydomonadaceae

4 Coleochaete sp. Coleochaetaceae

5 Nostoc sp. Nostocaceae

6 Oedogonium sp. Oedogoniaceae

7 Spirogyra condensate Zygnemataceae

8 Vaucheria sp. Vaucheriaceae

9 Zygnema sp. Zygnemataceae

4.1.8 Fungi A list of fungal species found in submergence and 10 km radius area is given

as under in table 4.5: Table 4.5: List of Fungi


1 Agaricas campestris Agaricaceae

2 Armillariella sp. Tricholomataceae




3 Coprinus sp. Coprinaceae

4 Ganoderma sp. Ganodermataceae

5 Lepiota mastoids Agaricaceae

6 Peziza sp. Pezizacece

7 Polyporus sp. Polyporaceae

8 Polystictus sp. Polyporaceae

9 Volvariella tetrastria Pluteaceae

10 Xylaria sp. Xylariaceae

4.1.9 Economic Plants The Lower Dibang Valley and Dibang Valley districts of Arunachal Pradesh

are true representatives of East Himalayan Biodiversity. The area comprises a

large number of economically important plants:

4.1.9.1 Medicinal Plants Many herbs and shrubs including tree and climbers have been used

traditionally by the local people as medicinal plants for the treatment of

different ailments. A few medicinal plants observed frequently during the

survey period have been mentioned below-

Acorus calamus, Alpinia molucana, Alstonia scholaris, Arundo donax,

Bauhinia vahlii, Betula alnoides, Cinnamomum tamala, Cissampelos pareira,

Costus speciosus, Cotoneaster sp., Curcuma longa, Dillenia indica, Gentiana

sp., Gynocardia odorata, Hedychium coronarium, Maesa indica, Piper betel,

Podophyllum hexandrum, Rubus moluccanus, Sida acuta, Swertia chirayta,

Terminalia arjuna, T. bellerica, Urena lobata etc.



4.1.9.2 Ornamental Plants The whole Arunachal Reserve Forests can be termed as greenery for

ornamental plants mostly orchids and other flowering plants. These

ornamental plants mostly include orchids, Rhododendrons, Begonias and

some others have been mentioned below:

(A) Orchids

Aerides fieldingii, A. multiflorum, Agrostophyllum brevipes, Anthogonium

gracile, Bulbophyllum affine, B. careyanum, B. cauliflorum, Calanthe angusta,

C. chloroleuca, C. masuca, C. plantaginea, Cleisostoma aspersum, C.

paniculatum, Coelogyne asperata, C. barbata, C. corymbosa, C. fuscescens,

C. ochracea, Cymbidium cyperifolium, C. eberneum, C. elegans, C.

giganteum, C. longifolium, Dendrobium crysanthum, D. densiflorum, D.

devonianum, D. hookerianum, D. moschatum, Papilionanthe teres,

Rhynchostylis retusa.

(B) Begonias, Hedychiums & Rhododendrons

Begonia nepalensis, B. sikkimensis, Hedychium coronarium, H. gardnerianum

Rhododendron arboreum.

4.1.9.3 Edible plants Allium sativum, Ananas comosus, Brassica rapa subsp. campestries,

Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Citrus aurantifola, Citrus limon, Citrus

reticulata, Cucurbita maxima, Curcuma longa, Fragaria indica, Momordica

charantia, Musa paradisica, Oryza sativa, Piper betel, Piper nigrum, Psidium

Mishmi Teeta (Coptis teeta) – A Panacea Dibang Valley and Lower Dibang Valley Districts are the home for this very unique medicinal herb known as golden thread. The species grow as perennial herb in the forest floor without a visible stem above earth surface. Its root system is very fibrous and the underground stem / roots are bright yellow in cross section. Taste wise it is very bitter. The people use the plant (underground portion) for the treatment of several diseases as a panacea. Usually the roots are soaked in water overnight and the water is drunk the next day. The tubers are sold in local market and were even said to be traded across the region.



guayava, Solanum tuberosum, Spinacia oleracea, Zea mays, Zingiber

officinale.

Wild Edible Plants

Baccaurea sapida, Calamus flagellum, Choerospondias axillaris,

Clerodendrum colebrookianum, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dillenia indica,

Diplazium esculentum, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Hodgsonia heteroclita,

Houttuynia cordata, Lasia spinosa, Paedaria scandens, Pouzolzia

bennettiana, Solanum nigrum, Spondias pinnata, Terminalia chebula etc.

3.1.9.4 Timber yielding plants The project area has several valuable timber yielding plants. The important

timber plants found during the survey period are listed below:

Acer acuminatum, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Aglaia spectabilis, Ailanthus

integrifolia subsp. calycina, Albizia lebbek, A. lucida, Alnus nepalensis,

Altingia excelsa, Artocarpus chaplasha, Betula alnoides, Bombax ceiba,

Canarium strictum, Castanopsis indica, Choerospondias axillaris, Chukrassia

tabularis, Dalbergia sissoo, Duabanga grandiflora, Gmelina arborea, Magnolia

hookeri, Michelia baillonii, Morus laevigata, Pterospermum acerifolium,

Sapium baccatum, Sterculia urens, S. villosa, Terminalia arjuna, T.

myriocarpa, Toona ciliata etc.

Barks and Fibres

Corchorus capsularis, Edgeworthia gardneri (high altitude), Maoutia puya,

Sterculia villosa, Trema orientalis.

Albizia arunachalensis – An Endemic Tree This is a graceful tree reported from Arunachal Pradesh and new to the world. The tree grows to a height of over 20 metres with a spreading crown and shining green foliage. The inflorescence is white and pods are flat. The tree apart from being leguminous and nitrogen fixing, is also a good avenue tree and fuel and timber yielding species. However, it is difficult to regenerate it in nursery and is also poor in natural regeneration. This tree grows in pockets in the hill slopes from Roing to Mayudia.



4.1.10 Endangered Species of Flora The rich and diverse flora is exposed to a variety of external factors that push

them to the verge of threat. A few of these forces acting on the floral species

are habitat destruction, over exploitation, biotic pressures, endemicity etc. The

endemic plants deserve special attention for conservation for their survival.

Considering the local conditions and extent of distribution a few locally

threatened plants have also been considered worthy of conservation, though

they do not appear in the red data book. A few of these plants are the

following:

Albizia arunachalensis Endemic

Angiopteris evecta Habitat loss & destruction

Coptis teeta Endemic & over exploited

(Vulnerable – as per BSI’s Red Data Book

of Indian Plants)

Cyathia spinulosa Habitat loss & destruction

Entada pursaetha Habitat destruction, narrow distribution

Gynocardia odorata Rare and habitat destruction

Podophyllum hexandrum Rare

Rhododendron edgeworthi Rare

Taxus wallichiana Over exploited

The Longest Climber Entada pursaetha is a liana that extends from one tree to other across the valley. This not only is the longest climber in India but also has the longest bean that hangs conspicuousely over forest canopy. This is an endangered species of Indian flora.

Currency Paper quality bark Around Mayudia and towards Hunli, patches of shrubby vegetation of Edgeworthia gardneri are seen. It yields currency paper quality bark that can be used for making paper. The Buddhist community in Arunachal Pradesh uses the bark of Daphne and this species for their prayer flag paper. Other than this locality, the species is seen only near Geling in Arunachal Pradesh.



Endangered Ferns: Cyathea & Angiopteris These are two of the large ferns which are rare and uniqe in evergreen forest environs. Cyathea is tall tree like single stem unbranched ferns with an umbrellate crown. They are highly habitat specific. The trunk is extracted for growing epiphytic orchids and potting medium. Angiopteris on the other hand is basically non stemmed woody fern with very large fronds. This species too is highly habitat specific confined to shady wet localities in forest floor. The woody basal part is extracted as it is a famine food particularly as animal feed.

Bamboo Resource The bamboos are the most sustainable and renewable bioresource available in the country. There are atleast a dozen species in the area, which is much higher in respect of diversity compared with some of the other Indian states. Their size, range from small reed like ones to the giant bamboo which is the largest in the country. A detailed list is given below. Bambusa nutans Bambusa pallida Bambusa tulda Chimonobambusa callosa Dendrocalamus giganteus Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Phyllostachys bambusoides Schizostachyum capitatum Schizostachyum fuchsianum Schizostachyum helferii Schizostachyum pergracile Schizostachyum polymorphum



Rattans: The Prickly Palms Rattans are distributed in three main regions of the country viz. Wstern Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar islands and North-East India. However the greatest diversity is seen in the North-East Region. They are a uniqe resource which is also the most endangered resource due to over expoitation and habitat destruction. Out of the 4 genera the study area has two genera and 7 species. Of these Calamus innermis is peculiar in that it is perhaps the only thornless cane in the country. Incidentally this species is also in high use for its high quality. Needless to mention that this one is now identified as critically endangered (the highest threat category). The other genus Plectocomia is perhaps the largest sized cane one can find. The list of rattans in the area is as below. Calamus acanthospathus Calamus floribundus Calamus innermis Calamus khasianus Calamus leptospadix Calamus tenuis Plectocomia assamica

Wild Edibles / Crop Relatives: These plants are important in terms of future option for food security. There are fruits, vegetables, tubers etc. that could substitute some of the conventional ones. A list of such plants that could probably be seen around this site is given below. Baccaurea sapida Bambusa pallida Begonia palmata Centella asiatica Choerospondias axillaris Clerodendrum colebrookianum Coix lacryma-jobi Deeringia amaranthoides Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Dillenia indica Elaeocarpus floribundus Hovenia dulcis Mangifera sylvatica Paedaria foetida Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Solanum nigrum Spilanthus paniculata Spondias pinnata Sterculia hamiltonii Syzygium cumini



Wild Beauties In the world of wild plants, several plants add beauty to the landscape and vegetation. Some such plants add to the floriculture. Orchids, Roses, Balsams, Lilies, Begonias, Ferns and Gesneriads are few such plants. Apart from these there are others like Crawfordia, Hypericum, Ipomoea, Luculia, Mussaenda, Osbeckia, Oxyspora, Primula etc. Among these we can see trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers that could add to the future gardens. These also provide a genetic pool, so invaluable for breeding works. 4.1.11 Phyto-sociological Studies Quadrat method was used for vegetation sampling. The phyto-sociological

data for trees/bamboos were collected from the random quadrats of 100 x 100

m size and for herbs and shrubs random quadrats of 10 x 10 m size were laid.

During the survey, number of plants of different species identified in each

quadrat, was counted. DBH of all trees was measured. For large trees, girth

measurement was taken using a measuring tape.

Based on the quadrat data, frequency, density, abundance, relative

frequency, relative density and relative dominance of each species were

calculated. The Importance Value Index (IVI) values for different tree species

were determined by summing up the relative density, relative frequency and

relative dominance values.

Shannon diversity index (H’) was computed using the following formula:

Shannon diversity index:

where pi = relative abundance of each species,

calculated as the proportion of a given species to the total number of

individuals of a given species to the total number of individuals in the

community: ni /N

S = Number of species

N = Total number of all individuals

ni = Number of individuals in species i



The detailed analysis is enclosed as Annex 4.1.

Rare and endangered species were identified referring to the Red Data Book

of BSI and other available literature, flora and herbarium pertaining to the

rare/endangered species of Arunachal Pradesh.



A Glimpse of Floral Elments found in the Study Area

Plate 1: Abroma augusta (L.) L. f.

Plate 2: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arnott



Plate 3: Albizia arunachalensis K. C. Sahni & H. B. Naithani

Plate 4: Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.



Plate 5: Anaphalis contorta (D. Don) Hook. f.

Plate 6: Angiopteris evecta



Plate 7: Aspidopterys nutans Hook. f.

Plate 8: Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott



Plate 9: Boehmeria longifolia Gandoger

Plate 10: Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Mart.



Plate 11: Calamus innermis T. Anders.

Plate 12: Calamus leptospadix Griff.



Plate 13: Caryota urens L.

Plate 14: Cirsium sp.



Plate 15: Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.

Plate 16: Codonopsis affinis Hook. f. & Thomson



Plate 17: Cotoneaster sp.

Plate 18: Cyathea spinulosa



Plate 19: Dendrobium crysanthum Wallich

Plate 20: Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume



Plate 21: Embelia ribes Burm. f.

Plate 22: Entada pursaetha DC.



Plate 23: Euodia trichotoma (Lour.) Pierre

Plate 24: Exacum tetragonum Roxb.



Plate 25: Girardinia palmata (Forssk.) Gaud.

Plate 26: Gynocarodia odorata R. Br.



Plate 27: Hydrangia robusta Hook. f. & Thomson

Plate 28: Hydrocotyle sp.



Plate 29: Hypericum sp.

Plate 30: Kydia glabrescens Masters



Plate 31: Laportea crenulata Gaud.

Plate 32: Luculia grandifolia Ghose



Plate 33: Luculia pinceana Hook.

Plate 34: Lycopodium clavatum



Plate 35: Magnolkia campbelli Hook. f. & Thomson

Plate 36: Melastoma malabathricum L.



Plate 37: Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.

Plate 38: Musa balbisiana Colla



Plate 39: Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) Miq.

Plate 40: Osbeckia nutans Wallich



Plate 41: Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC.

Plate 42: Paedaria scandens (Lour.) Merr.



Plate 43: Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc.

Plate 44: Plectocomia assamica Griff.



Plate 45: Polygonum rude Meissn.

Plate 46: Sabia lanceolata Colebr.



Plate 47: Sapindus attenuata Wallich ex Hiern.

Plate 48: Saurauia roxburghii Wallich



Plate 49: Schima wallichii (DC.) Korthals subsp. wallichii var. khasiana

(Dyers) Bloem.

Plate 50: Solanum nigrum L.



Plate 51: Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth

Plate 52: Taxus wallichiana Zucc.



Plate 53: Thunbergia coccinea Wallich

Plate 54: Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze



Plate 55: Urtica parviflora L.

Plate 56: Wendlandia tictoria DC.



4.2 FAUNA

The area around the proposed Dibang Multipurpose Project has fairly rich

forest cover. The animal habitat is concentrated on lower slopes and terraces

edging to major river system .The animals also adapted according to the

riverine environment. Many arthropods such as Coleopterans, arachnids and

insects were observed. However, due to the short span of time of the EIA

study, a detailed survey of the lower animals was not possible. The surveyed

data were recorded as per the following list of fauna.

Mammals 30 no. of species

Avifauna 83 no. of species

Reptiles 14 no. of species

Lizards 7 no. of species

Amphibians 9 no. of species

Fishes 60 no. of species

Butterfly 21 no. of species

Phytoplanktons 20 no. of species

Zooplankton 11 no. of species

Benthos 11 no. of species

The details of fauna, found in Dibang Catchment, are presented below:

4.2.1 Mammals The catchment of the proposed Dibang Multipurpose Project is the major

habitat of scheduled species and IUCN red data book recorded species. But

due to the wide range of free habitat and less human pressure area they can

move freely. All the listed mammals were not sighted during the field survey.

However, they have been enlisted in the report based on secondary data

available. Mishimi takin, Serrow, Snow leopard and Himalayan black beer are

high altitude animals whereas different cat sp., different macaques, Langurs,

Civets, Wild boar, Squirrels, Mongooses etc. were directly sighted in the

catchment area of the project.



Table 4.6: List of Mammals

S. No. Zoological name Common name

Status as per

Wildlife (Protection)

Act, 1972

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

1. Aonyx cinerea Asian Small-clawed

Otter Schedule-I VU

2. Bos frontalis Mithun NA NA

3. Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor

Mishmi Takin Schedule-I VU

4. Callosciurus pygerythrus

Hoary-bellied Squirrel

NA LC

5. Capricornis sumatraensis

Serow Schedule-I VU

6. Cuon alpinus Dhole, or Indian Wild Dog

Schedule-II EN

7. Elephas maximus Indian Elephant Schedule-I EN

8. Felis chaus Jungle Cat Schedule-II LC

9. Herpestes edwardsii Indian Grey Mongoose

Schedule-II LC

10. Hoolock hoolock Hoolock Gibbon Schedule-I EN

11. Hylopetes alboniger Particoloured Flying Squirrel

Schedule-II LC

12. Lutrogale perspicillata Smooth-coated Otter

Schedule-II VU

13. Macaca assamensis Assam Macaque Schedule-II NT

14. Manis crassicaudata Indian Pangolin Schedule-I NT

15. Melogale personata Burmese Ferret-badger

Schedule-II DD

16. Muntiacus muntjak Barking Deer or, Southern Red Muntjac

Schedule-III LC

17. Naemorhedus goral Himalayan Goral Schedule-III NT

18. Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard Schedule-I VU

19. Nycticebus coucang Slow Loris Schedule-I VU

20. Paguma larvata Masked Palm Civet or, Himalayan Palm Civet

Schedule-II LC

21. Panthera pardus Leopard Schedule-I NT

22. Panthera tigris Tiger Schedule-I EN

23. Prionailurus Leopard Cat Schedule -I LC




Status as per


Act, 1972

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

bengalensis

24. Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing Cat Schedule-I EN

25. Sus scrofa Wild Boar Schedule-III LC

26. Trachypithecus pileatus

Capped langur Schedule-I VU

27. Uncia uncia Snow Leopard Schedule-I EN

28. Ursus thibetanus Himalayan Black Bear or, Asian Black Bear

Schedule-I VU

29. Viverra zibetha Large Indian Civet Schedule-II NT

30. Viverricula indica Small Indian Civet Schedule-II LC

Categories: EX – Extinct; EW – Extinct in the Wild; CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NE – Not Evaluated; ID – Indeterminate; NA – Not Available.

4.2.2 Avi Fauna The project catchment area and its surroundings are quite rich in avifauna. In

Arunachal Pradesh a large no of avifauna were recorded by Power and Birans

(2001) in lower altitude as well as middle ranges of Dibang valley. Out of 83

no of avifauna, only two species i.e. Rufous-necked Hornbill and Chestnut-

breasted Partridge are recorded in IUCN red data book as vulnerable Most of

the birds are migratory in nature and generally migrate to the nearby

sanctuaries or different altitudinal areas depending upon the food availability

and breeding habitat. Water birds are not very common in the area probably

due to the swift running water. With the damming of the river the reservoir

banks will have wet environment throughout the year, which can lead to

proliferation of vegetation e.g grass and aquatic insects along the reservoir

banks. It is expected that the whole catchment area will become birds’

paradise if authority takes proper measure to check hunting, poaching etc.



Table 4.7: List of Avi Fauna


Status as per


Act, 1972

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

1. Aceros nipalensis Rufous-necked

Hornbill Schedule-I VU

2. Aethopyga nipalensis Green-tailed Sunbird Schedule-IV LC

3. Alcedo hercules Blyth’s Kingfisher Schedule-IV NT

4. Alcedo meninting Blue-eared Kingfisher

Schedule-IV LC

5. Alophoixus flaveolus White-throated Bulbul

Schedule-IV LC

6. Anorrhinus tickelli Tickell’s Brown Hornbill or Rusty-cheeked Hornbill

Schedule-I NT

7. Anthracoceros albirostris

Oriental Pied-hornbill . NA LC

8. Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit Schedule-IV LC

9. Arachnothera longirostra

Little Spiderhunter Schedule-IV LC

10. Arachnothera magna Streaked Spiderhunter

Schedule-IV NA

11. Arborophila mandellii Chestnut-breasted Partridge

Schedule-IV VU

12. Arborophila torqueola Hill Partridge Schedule-IV LC

13. Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck Schedule-IV LC

14. Buceros bicornis Great Indian Hornbill Schedule-I NT

15. Caprimulgus macrurus

Large-tailed Nightjar Schedule-IV LC

16. Chloropsis hardwickii Orangebellied Leafbird

Schedule-IV LC

17. Cissa chinensis Green Magpie Schedule-IV LC

18. Collocalia brevirostris Himalayan Swiftlet NA LC

19. Coracias benghalensis

Indian Roller Schedule-IV LC

20. Coracina macei Large Cuckoo-shrike Schedule-IV LC

21. Corvus splendens House Crow Schedule-V LC

22. Cuculus sparverioides Large Hawk-cuckoo Schedule-IV LC

23. Culicicapa celonensis Grey headed Canary Flycatcher

Schedule-IV LC




Status as per


Act, 1972

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

24. D. cathpharius Crimson-breasted

Woodpecker Schedule-IV LC

25. Dendrocitta vagabunda

Rufous Treepie Schedule-IV LC

26. Dendrocopos canicapillus

Grey-capped Woodpecker

Schedule-IV LC

27. Dendrocopos macei

Fulvus-breasted Woodpecker

Schedule-IV LC

28. Dicrurus hottentotus Hair-crested Drongo Schedule-IV LC

29. Ducula badia Mountain Imperial-pigeon

Schedule-IV LC

30. Enicurus scouleri Little Forktail Schedule-IV LC

31. Erpornis zantholeuca White-bellied Erpornis

Schedule-IV LC

32. Ficedula westermanni Little Pied Flycatcher Schedule-IV LC

33. Garrulax leucolophus White-crested Laughingthrush

Schedule-IV LC

34. Garrulax monileger Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush

Schedule-IV LC

35. Garrulax pectoralis Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush

Schedule-IV LC

36. Glaucidium brodiei Collard Owlet Schedule-IV LC

37. Glaucidium cuculoides

Asian Barred Owlet Schedule-IV LC

38. Glaucidium radiatum Jungle Owlet Schedule-IV LC

39. Halcyon capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher

Schedule-IV LC

40. Hemipus picatus Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike

Schedule-IV LC

41. Hemixos flavala Ashy Bulbul Schedule-IV LC

42. Hypsipetes leucocephalus

Black bulbul Schedule-IV LC

43. Ictinaetus malayensis Black Eagle Schedule-IV LC

44. Lanius tephronotus Grey-backed Shrike NA LC

45. Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia Schedule-IV LC

46. Lophophorus impejanus

Monal Pheasant Schedule-I LC

47. Megaceryle lugubris Crested Kingfisher Schedule-IV LC




Status as per


Act, 1972

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

48. Megalaima asiatica Blue-throated Barbet Schedule-IV LC

49. Megalaima australis Blue-eared Barbet Schedule-IV LC

50. Megalaima franklinii Golden-throated Barbet

Schedule-IV LC

51. Megalaima virens Great Barbet Schedule-IV LC

52. Melanochlora sultanea

Sultan Tit Schedule-IV LC

53. Microhierax melanoleucos

Pied Falconet Schedule-IV LC

54. Micropternus brachyurus

Rufous Woodpecker Schedule-IV LC

55. Motacilla alba White Wagtail Schedule-IV LC

56. Muscicapella hodgsoni

Pigmy Blue-flycatcher

Schedule-IV LC

57. Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling-thrush

Schedule-IV LC

58. Niltava grandis Large Niltava Schedule-IV LC

59. Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole Schedule-IV LC

60. Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole Schedule-IV LC

61. Otus spilocephalus Mountain Scops Owl Schedule-IV LC

62. Passer domesticus House Sparrow NA LC

63. Pericrocotus brevirostris

Short-billed Minivet Schedule-IV LC

64. Phylloscopus cantator Yellow-vented Warbler

Schedule-IV LC

65. Phylloscopus xanthoschistos

Grey-hooded Warbler

Schedule-IV LC

66. Picus canus Grey-headed woodpecker

Schedule-IV LC

67. Picus chlorophus Lesser Yellownape Schedule-IV LC

68. Picus flavinucha Greater Yellownape Schedule-IV LC

69. Polyplectron bicalcaratum

Grey Peacock Pheasant

Schedule-I LC

70. Psarisomus dalhousiae

Long-tailed Broadbill NA LC

71. Psittacula finschii Grey-headed Parakeet

Schedule-IV LC




Status as per


Act, 1972

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

72. Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul Schedule-IV LC

73. Pycnonotus xanthopygos

White-spectacled Bulbul

Schedule-IV LC

74. Rhipidura albicollis White-throated Fantail

Schedule-IV LC

75. Rhyticeros undulatus Wreathed Hornbill or Bar-pouched Wreathed Hornbill

Schedule-I LC

76. Saxicola ferreus Grey Bushchat Schedule-IV LC

77. Staphida castaniceps Striated Yuhina Schedule-IV LC

78. Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle Dove Schedule-IV LC

79. Strix aluco Tawny Owlet Schedule-IV LC

80. Terpsiphone paradisi Asian Paradise-flycatcher

Schedule-IV LC

81. Tesia olivea Slaty-bellied Tesia Schedule-IV LC

82. Treron pompadora Pompadour Green Pigeon or, Grey-fronted Green Pigeon)

Schedule-IV LC

83. Treron sphenurus Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon

Schedule-IV LC


4.2.3 Snakes and other Reptiles There are 14 species of snakes recorded in the area whereas only 3 species

of snakes are found in the submergence area i.e Banded krait (Bangarus

fasciatus), Asiatic Rock Python (Python molurus) and Chequered Keelback

(Xenochrophis piscator). Most of the snakes are found in the higher altitudinal

area. Among the 7 species of lizards Bronze Mabuya (Mabuya macularia),

Common Indian monitor (Varanus bengalensis) and Oriental Garden Lizard



(Calotes versicolor) were mostly found in the submergence area. Others

species were detected only in the dense forests of high altitude area.

Table 4.8: List of Snakes & other Reptiles


Status as per


Act, 1972

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

1. Amphiesma

modestum Modest Keelback Schedule-IV NA

2. Amphiesma stolatum Buff Striped Keelback

Schedule-IV NA

3. Boiga ocellata Eyed Cat Snake Schedule-IV NA

4. Bungarus caeruleus Common Krait Schedule-IV NA

5. Bungarus fasciatus Banded Krait Schedule-IV NA

6. Bungarus niger Greater Black Krait Schedule-IV NA

7. Coelognathus radiate Radiated Rat Snake Schedule-IV NA

8. Dendrelaphis cyanochloris

Wall’s Bronzback Schedule-IV NA

9. Naja kaouthia Monocled Cobra Schedule-II NA

10. Python molurus Asiatic Rock Python Schedule-I LR/nt (As per IUCN 2.3)

11. Rhadinophis prasina Green Trinket Snake Schedule-IV NA

12. Sinomicrurus maccllandii

MacClelland’s Coral Snake

Schedule-IV NA

13. Trimeresurus stejnegeri yunnanensis

Yunnan Bamboo Pit Viper

Schedule-IV NA

14. Xenochrophis piscator

Chequered Keelback Schedule-II NA




Table 4.9: List of Lizards


Status as per


Act, 1972

Status as per IUCN Red Data List (3.1)

1. Calotes versicolor Oriental Garden

Lizard NA NA

2. Cosymbotus platyurus Flat-tailed House Gecko

NA NA

3. Gekko gecko Tokay Gecko NA NA

4. Hemidactylus frenatus House Gecko NA NA

5. Mabuya macularia Bronze Mabuya NA NA

6. Sphenomorphus maculatus

Spotted Forest Skink

NA NA

7. Varanus bengalensis Common Indian Monitor or, Bengal Monitor

Schedule-I NA


4.2.4 Amphibians

Table 4.10: List of Amphibians


Status as per


Act, 1972


1. Amolops formosus Assam Sucker Frog NA LC

2. Duttaphrynus himalayanus

Himalayan Broad-skulled Toad

NA LC

3. Duttaphrynus melanostictus

Common Indian Toad

NA LC

4. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis

Indian Skipper Frog or, Skittering Frog

NA LC

5. Fejervarya limnocharis

Cricket Frog NA LC

6. Philautus andersoni Anderson’s Bubble-nest Frog

NA LC

7. Rhacophorus Large Flying Frog NA LC




Status as per


Act, 1972


maximus

8. Theloderma asperum Hill Garden Bug-eyed Frog

NA LC

9. Xanophrys robusta Robust Horned Toad

NA DD


4.2.5 Fishes There are three categories of fish species based on their occurrence viz.-

A. Upper reaches: Cold temperature zone 1200 -1400 m.

B. Middle reaches: Subtropical zone 800 -1200 m.

C. Lower reaches: warm tropical zone bellow 800 m.

The catchment area of Dibang river of Dibang Multipurpose Project covers the

middle reaches and lower reaches. The observed species in the dam site are

Schizothorax richardsonii, Tor putitora, Tor tor and Chagunus chagunio. Other

mentioned common species are found mostly in lower stream that is up to

Kundil and these are not migratory in nature. In the upstream of the

catchment area except Chagunus chagunio and Garra spp. no other species

was found, probably due to the seasonal behavior.

Table 4.11: List of Fish


Status as per

NBFGR

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

1. Acanthocobitis botia Mottled Loach NA NA




Status as per

NBFGR

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

2. Amblyceps mangois Indian Torrent

Catfish NA NA

3. Amblypharyngodon mola

Mola Carplet NA NA

4. Anguilla bengalensis subsp. bengalensis

Indian Mottled Eel VU NA

5. Aspidoparia jaya Jaya NA NA

6. Aspidoparia morar Aspidoparia NA NA

7. Badis badis Badis NA NA

8. Bagarius bagarius Gangetic Goonch VU NA

9. Barilius barna Barna Baril NA NA

10. Barilius bendelisis Hamilton’s Barila NA NA

11. Barilius tileo Tileo Baril NA NA

12. Botia dario Bengal Loach NA NA

13. Botia rostrata Gangetic Loach NA NA

14. Chagunius chagunio Chaguni ID NA

15. Chanda nama Elongate Glass-perchlet

NA NA

16. Channa orientalis Asiatic Snakehead NA NA

17. Channa punctata Spotted Snakehead NA NA

18. Clarias batrachus Magur or, Walking Catfish

NA NA

19. Colisa fasciata Giant Gourami NA NA

20. Crossocheilus latius latius

Gangetic Latia ID NA

21. Danio dangila Dania dangilo NA NA

22. Devario aequipinnatus Giant Danio NA NA

23. Esomus dandricus Flying Barb NA NA

24. Garra annandalei Annandalei Garra NA NA

25. Garra gotyla gotyla Gadhera NA NA

26. Garra mcclellandi Cauvery Garra NA NA

27. Glyptothorax pectinopterus

River Cat NA NA




Status as per

NBFGR

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

28. Guducia chapra Indian River Shad ID NA

29. Hara hara Kosi Hara NA NA

30. Heteropneustes fossilis Stinging Catfish NA NA

31. Labeo pangusia Sheelgharia or, Pangusia Labeo

NA NA

32. Lepidocephalichthys guntea

Guntea Loach NA NA

33. Macrognathus pancalus

Turi NA NA

34. Mastacembelus armatus

Tiger Track Eel ID NA

35. Monopterus cuchia Rice Eel NA NA

36. Nemacheilus arunachalensis

NA NA

37. Nemacheilus rupecola ID NA

38. Notopterus notopterus Bronze Featherback NA NA

39. Olyra longicaudata Himalayan Olyra ID NA

40. Ompok pabda Pabdah Catfish EN NA

41. Oreichthys casuatis Koswati NA NA

42. Oreochromis mossambicus

Mozambique Cichlid NA NA

43. Parambassis ranga Indian Glassy Fish NA NA

44. Pseudambassis baculis

Himalayan Glassy-perchlet

NA NA

45. Psilorhynchus balitora Balitora Minnow VU NA

46. Puntius chola Chola Barb NA NA

47. Puntius chonconius Red Barb ID NA

48. Puntius sarana sarana Peninsular Olive Barb

VU NA

49. Puntius ticto Ticto Barb NA NA

50. Raiamas bola Indian Trout VU NA

51. Rasbora daniconius Blackline Rasbora NA NA

52. Schizothorax progastus

Dinnawah Snowtrout

ID NA

53. Schizothorax Snow Trout ID NA




Status as per

NBFGR

Status as per IUCN

Red Data List (3.1)

richardsonii

54. Semiplotus semiplotus Lahoboe VU NA

55. Setipinna phasa Gangetic Hairpin Anchovy

ID NA

56. Sinilabeo dero Arangi VU NA

57. Tor putitora Jungapithia or, Golden Mahseer

VU NA

58. Tor tor Bokapithia or, Mahseer

ID NA

59. Wallago attu Boal NA NA

60. Xenentodon cancila Freshwater Garfish ID NA

Categories: EX – Extinct; EW – Extinct in the Wild; CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NE – Not Evaluated; ID – Indeterminate; NA – Not Available. 4.2.5.1 Migratory Fish Species

Out of 60 fish species mentioned in table 11, four species viz. Schizothorax

richardsonii, Tor tor, Tor putitora and Chagunius chagunio are migatory in

nature for breeding purpose. Four species viz. Crossocheilus latius latius,

Garra annandalei, Garra gotyla gotyla and Psilorhynchus balitora are local

migratory for feeding purpose.

High river discharge, fast water currents and want of suitable spawning

ground in the lower reaches of the river are the reasons which force the fish to

swim upstream in search of suitable eco-system, to spawn. Mahaseers attain

maturity in the size range from 30-40 cm. The fish lay eggs in sandy / gravelly

pits in the river bed or beneath rocks boulders in shallow waters, receiving

moderate current at a depth of 40-60 cm and in water sufficiently clean and

transparent. Size of Tor putitora fry and fingerlings found during the

investigation ranged from 18 to 120 mm.



Tor putitora species starts spawning from the onset of south-west monsoon in

mid July which continues till the middle of October in flooded river. The peak

breeding occurs in August-September in ambient water temperature from

180C to 220C.

The other important migratory species Tor tor has a prolonged breeding

period commencing from July-August continuing sometimes till November in

water temperature 170C - 220C and transparency up to 20-30 cm. Fish

species of the river belonging to other commercial and miscellaneous groups,

have usual spawning periods well spread which make them available

throughout the year in shallow marginal areas of the river in clear water and

steady velocity. Their rate of growth is slow, average sizes vary from 35 to

125 mm.

4.2.6 Butterflies Dibang valley is a paradise of Butterflies also; so protective measure should

be taken with the project. During the monsoon season the butterfly population

increases as compared to other seasons. Most of the population is found in

nearby water sources. Indian fritillary and Common Earls were found

enormously in the riverside. In the catchment area, only three scheduled

species were found.

Table 4.12: List of Butterflies


Status as per


Act, 1972


1. Appias indra Plain Puffin Schedule-II NA

2. Appias lyncida Chocolate Albatross Schedule-II NA

3. Argynnis hyperbius Indian Fritillary NA NA

4. Cirrochroa aoris Large Yeoman NA NA

5. Colias sp. Clouded Yellow NA NA

6. Dercas verhuelli Tailed Sulphur NA NA

7. Euthalia phemius White-edged Blue NA NA




Status as per


Act, 1972


Baron

8. Graphium cloanthus Glassy Bluebottle NA NA

9. Hypolycaena erylus Common Tit NA NA

10. Mimathyma ambica Indian Purple Emperor

NA NA

11. Mycalesis visala Long brand Bushbrown

NA NA

12. Neorina patria White Owl NA NA

13. Papilio memnon form agenor

Great Marmon NA NA

14. Papilio paris Paris Peacock NA NA

15. Pathysa xenocles Great Zebra NA NA

16. Prioneris clementhe Redspot Sawtooth NA NA

17. Ragadia crisilda Striped Ringlet NA NA

18. Spindasis lohita Long-banded Silverline

Schedule-II NA

19. Stibochiona nicea Popinjay NA NA

20. Tanaecia julii Common Earl NA NA

21. Tirumala septentrionis Dark Blue Tiger NA NA


4.3 Phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and benthos The rivers and other water bodies have been observed sources of fish food

and found a numbers of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and benthos which are

recorded as follows in table 4.13:

Table 4.13: List of Phytoplanktons, Zooplankton and Benthos

Phytoplankton Zooplankton Benthos

Clamydomonas Amoeba Tubifex



Phytoplankton Zooplankton Benthos

Volvox

Ulothrix

Spaherocystis

Spirogyra

Zygnema

Cladophora

Oedogonium

Pediastrum

Ankistrodesmus

Closterium

Cosmarium

Oscillatoria

Phacus sp.

Cyclotella sp.

Diatom sp.

Synedra sp.

Naricula sp.

Nostoc

Spirullina

Microcystis

Ceratium

Trinema

Paramoecium

Brachionus

Keratella cochlaris

Rotaria

Daphnia

Moina

Cyclops

Cypris

Mesocyclops

Chironomus

Branchiura

Chaborus

Tanypus helminta

Chaetogasfer

Dero

Pheretima

Lymneae

Gyralus

Viviparus

Table 4.14: Status of Faunal Species as per Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972

Groups Schedule I Schedule

II

Schedule

III

Schedule

IV

Schedule

V

Mammals 15 10 3 Nil Nil

Avifauna 6 Nil Nil 71 1

Reptiles 1 2 Nil 11 Nil

Lizards 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil

Amphibians Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Butterflies Nil 3 Nil Nil Nil



Table 4.15: Status of Faunal species as per IUCN Red Data List 3.1

Groups Critically Endang-

ered

Endang-Ered

Vulnerable Near Threatene

d

Least Concern

Data Deficient

Mammals Nil 6 7 5 10 1

Avifauna Nil Nil 2 3 77 Nil

Reptiles Nil Nil Nil 1 (LR/nt) Nil Nil

Lizards Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Amphibians Nil Nil Nil Nil 8 1

Fish Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Butterflies Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Table 4.16: Status of fish as per National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources

Groups Endangered

Vulnerable Rare

Indeterminate

Fish 1 8 Nil 12

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