Transcript of DOGS/CATS/EQUINE/RUMINANTS By Jeannie Stall R.V.T. Textbook references- Common Diseases of Companion...
- Slide 1
- DOGS/CATS/EQUINE/RUMINANTS By Jeannie Stall R.V.T. Textbook
references- Common Diseases of Companion Animals by Alleice Summers
Graphics Credit: ClipArt/ Google Images
- Slide 2
- FOOD- ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Converts food into a
state to be absorbed & utilized by animal 2 DIVISIONS:
Gastrointestinal & Accessory Structures G.I.: Continuous tube
Mouth to anus Accessory: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
pancreas, gall bladder
- Slide 3
- ORAL DISEASES Periodontal disease- Gingivitis: Inflammation of
gum tissues Periodontitis: Irreversible condition of tooth socket
(ligament & bone) Food particles form plaque & hardens into
calculus aka : Tartar Bacteria: Localized & Systemic (esp.
heart valves)
- Slide 4
- TREATMENT: Dental Prophy: Includes Scaling & Polishing /
Antibiotics / Extractions Prevention: Brushing, Chews, T/D, Oral
Solutions ie: Oxyfresh Pet Oral Solution
- Slide 5
- LIP FOLD DERMATITIS Hangy- Down Upper Lip Breeds: St. Bernards,
Bulldogs, Spaniels, Hounds Bacteria, warm/moist environment,
infection, malodor Treatment: Clip hair, clean folds, keep area dry
with powders, corn starch maintain good oral health ( routine
dentals) Surgical reconstruction to < fold
- Slide 6
- ORAL TRAUMA Caused by: HBC, being in fights, chemical &
electrical burns, foreign bodies ie: bullets, sticks, bones, fish
hooks, needles... Treatment: Varies by injury cause but can
include: Tooth extraction, repair broken bones, foregn body
removal, Rx Analgesics &/or Antibiotics
- Slide 7
- NEOPLASMS: GROWTHS-TUMORS Malignant or Benign Malignant:
Melanomas, carcinomas, fibrosarcomas, - All can metastasize to
other locations Benign: Papillomas - Light-colored, warty Epuli-
Tend to be smooth, near teeth Treatment: Surgery to remove growth
If malignant: Radiation / chemotherapy POOR PROGNOSIS-- At best,
GUARDED
- Slide 8
- ESOPHAGUS ISSUES Esophagitis- Trauma by stomach acids, ingested
items: ie: caustic plants/liquids, too hot microwaved food
Treatment: Neutralize w/ activated charcoal or Sodium bicarbonate
*** DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING !!!!!!! *** For Reflux cases: Switch
diet to : > protein & < fat Wt. loss &
medications
- Slide 9
- ESOPHAGUS OBSTRUCTION More likely in dogsEat toys/ chew bones
/rocks (Or the dog that ate the long knife!!) Most common issue in
cats is needle & thread- Always look under tongue for lasso of
string/thread
- Slide 10
- Elsie & Jake
- Slide 11
- STOMACH ISSUES Acute Gastritis--- Causes: Rotten food (garbage
hound), switching diets, food allergies, infections (bacterial,
viral, parasitic) toxic products, foreign bodies Trt: Eliminate
parasites, NPO x 1-2 days, fluid therapy, Rx : Meds to <
vomiting +/- Antibiotics, Bland diet
- Slide 12
- INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DZ. Immune-mediated: Inflammed cells of the
lining of the stomach, small & large intestines Symptoms:
Diarrhea, mucousy BMS, straining to defecate, wt. loss, persistent
vomiting Trt: Unique protein source diets: Fish & potato
Kangaroo & oat Bland diets (rice) Rx Meds ie: Prednisone
NSAIDS
- Slide 13
- STOMACH ULCERS Most common cause: Non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) ie: Aspirin, Ibuprofen,
Phenylbutazone..But can be stress-induced (Transporting Equines)
Trt: Fluid therapy prn (as needed), < per os diet & liquids,
Rx : Carafate (to coat lesion) Cimetidine ( histamine blocker)
- Slide 14
- GASTRIC DILATION / VOLVULUS Dilation: Over extended expansion
of stomach Volvulus: Distended stomach twists/flips & torsion
cuts off circulation Victims: Adult, deep-chested, Lg./Giant breed
dogs- Standard Poodles, Great Danes .. Trt: Stabilize animal (
shock cases), Reduce stomach distention, Sx. to repair &
tack
- Slide 15
- NEOPLASMS OF THE STOMACH Adenocarcinomas or Lymphomas: Usually
seen in animals several yrs. of age Benign tumors : Polyps &
Leiomyomas Trt: Surgical removal (if possible) Poor prognosis when
malignant
- Slide 16
- SMALL INTESTINE ISSUES Acute Diarrhea- Caused by: Switching
diets, certain medications, stress, parasites, viruses, bacteria
Trt: Parasite control, antibiotics, bland diet, fluid therapy, NPO
1-2 days, Rx Meds Can be contagious : PARVO !!! *** Can be
ZOONOTIC: Parasites ***
- Slide 17
- DIETARY INDUCED ISSUES Intolerance : Carbohydrates, fats, milk
Immune- related sensitivity: Endoscopy Thorough Hx. & exam Lab
tests to R/O other causes Indiscretion: Eating odd items- Paper,
foil, garbage, plastic, rubber bands, twist ties
- Slide 18
- NEOPLASMS # 1----Intestinal Adenocarcinomas # 2
---Lymphosarcomas Dont forget Mast cell tumors Metastasis can occur
Trt: Surgical removal, if possible, Chemotherapy has mixed
response
- Slide 19
- LARGE INTESTINE ISSUES Cecum: Small, S-shaped curve near sm.
& lg. intestine juncture Colon: Ascending R side of abdomen
Transverse cranial abdomen Descending L side of abdomen Water &
electrolytes get absorbed here Temporary holding bin for feces
Ferments undigested material & creates Vit. K & Vit. B
Rectum: Terminal fecal holding bin attached to anus
- Slide 20
- LG. INTESTINE ISSUES Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Inflammatory
cells Trt: Long-term course of action Hypoallergenic diets: low
fat/high fiber Medicines ie: Prednisone Metronidazole
- Slide 21
- INTUSSUSCEPTION Unknown causes ??? Poss. parasites, foreign
bodies, masses, infection Occurs when the smaller, anterior portion
of intestine slips into larger, more distal portion of intestine,
(as in a telescope-style move ) Creates blockage due to narrowing
& occludes blood vessels, which endangers tissues to point
necrotic issues can occur
- Slide 22
- MEGACOLON Colon becomes enlarged, filled w/ firm fecal material
More common in cats Causes: Poss. d/t neurologic issue that
malfunctions & doesnt trigger evacuation of colon/ Hypokalemia
(
- INFECTIOUS CANINE HEPATITIS Viral cause- Adenovirus 1 Infected
by oro-nasal transmission Symptoms: Lethargy, fever > 103 F,
anorexia, pale mucous membranes, corneal opacities (Blue eye) Trt:
Treat symptoms as cant treat virus **Prevention via
vaccinations**
- Slide 27
- LEPTOSPIROSIS ****ZOONOTIC DISEASE!!!!*** Most common: L.
canicola, L. icterohemorrhagica, L. pomona, L. bratislavia & L.
grippotyphosa *** Wear gloves to handle: Animal / lab samples /
body fluid clean up (V/D/U) Wear exterior lab coat & gown
/Prevent eye splash Symptoms: Dehydrated, fever, V, unwilling to
move, thirsty, jaundice, acute renal failure Trt: Fluid therapy to
rehydrate Rx Antibiotics
- Slide 28
- FELINE HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS Cause: Unknown (idiopathic) Fatty
Liver Dz. Most common liver issue in cats Victim: Fat,adult cats,
any breed/sex, stress-induced anorexia Be aware when
boarding/hospitalizing cats : (fat cat doesnt or unable to eat
-which stresses liver) Symptoms: Anorexia, obesity, icteric
(jaundice), slight liver enlargement, +/- bleeding issues,
intermittent vomiting Trt: High protein, calorically dense diet (
Hills A/D) (Usually via feeding tube, as are reluctant to eat on
their own) ***** Guarded Prognosis *****
- Slide 29
- NEOPLASMS Most of these tumors have metastasized from:
Pancreas, Lymph nodes, spleen, mammary tissue, bone, lungs, thyroid
.. Of those originating in liver: Dogs: Hepatocellular adenomas/
adenocarcinomas Cats: Bile duct tumors Trt: Surgical removal / +/-
Chemotherapy
- Slide 30
- PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS Congenital defect: Blood from G.I. tract
bypasses liver -therefore, doesnt clear toxins, allowing them to
infiltrate the entire system, even the brain, where damage occurs.
(Intrahepatic/extrahepatic) Due to situation, liver atrophy also
occurs. Congenital issue in: Schnauzer, Yorkshire Terrier &
mixed breed cats Clin. signs: Head pressing, seizures, ataxia,
anorexia, lethargy, weakness, blindness TRT: Surgical ligation of
all or a portion of shunt
- Slide 31
- Animation: Portosystemic shunt
http://yorkieaid.homestead.com/LiverShunt.html
- Slide 32
- PANCREATITIS Acute or Chronic Malfunctioning digestive enzymes:
Should wait to be active until they reach small intestine, but
become active while still in pancreas production zone &
autoingestion occurs Clin. signs: Anorexia, V, +/- D, painful!!,
fever, dehydration Trt: Fluid therapy, Rx Antibiotics., prev. recc.
NPO x 3-4 days, now advise feeding high carb-low fat diet a.s.a.p.
ie: Hills R/D
- Slide 33
- PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY ~ 85% - 90% loss of digestive enzyme
production occurs b/4 symptoms show Dogs Predisposed breed: Germ.
Shep. Cats- D/t chronic pancreatitis cases Reduces sm. intestines
ability to absorb nutrients as bacteria # increase & alters
insulin production Clin. signs: Gray, fatty, smelly BMS/ wt.
loss/polyphagia/ pica/ flatulence gassy/ D Trt: Rx Antibiotics /
Low fiber, highly digestible diet Rx Pancreatic enzyme supplement (
Viokase-V @ 2 tsp./ 20 kg. body wt. w/ each meal )
- Slide 34
- PERINEAL HERNIAS & FISTULAS Perineal hernia- Old (> 8
yrs.), intact male K-9s, Clin. signs: Swelling around anus that is
reducible, tenesmus (straining), constipation, painful BMs Trt: Rx
Stool softeners (Colace), enemas, Surgical : Repair herniation
& neuter Perianal fistula: Painful perianal tissue ulcerated
tract w/ bleeding, painful BMs, narrowing of anal sphincter Self-
inflicted trauma can occur Trt: Rx Topical & oral Antibiotics,
Surgical correction Low success rate
- Slide 35
- PERIANAL GLAND ADENOMAS Associated w/ plasma androgen levels,
hence old, intact male dogs comprise 85% of cases Clin. signs: Firm
mass or masses in anal ring, tail base or prepuce, itchy anal
tissue Trt: Sx: Castration / cryosurgery / removal of growth/
radiation treatment Neutering male dogs when young helps prevent
these tumors & hypertrophic prostatic tissue
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- EQUINE DIGESTIVE DISEASES Teeth constantly erupt during entire
lifespan Uneven enamel ridge wear d/t wider upper jaw than lower
jaw Spurs: Jagged enamel (tongue/cheek sides of teeth) Ramps:
Sloping on 1 st & last mandibular teeth Hooks: Sharp points on
1 st & last maxillary teeth Clin. signs: Colic d/t poorly
chewed food, oral lesions, quidding (dribbling small amts. of feed
Trt: Float teeth (rasp/file teeth to grind points flush)
- Slide 38
- FLOATING POLLYS TEETH
- Slide 39
- EQUINE CHOKE Esophageal obstruction: Complete or partial d/t :
Feed, medications, swelling, injury, scarring, tumors Clin. signs:
Increased salivation, swelling, difficult swallowing, extended
neck, food exits through nostrils Trt: IV fluids, esophageal
massage, NSAIDS, tempid H2O lavage via NG tube Rx Smooth muscle
relaxants ie: Rompun or Dormosedan Moisten dry feeds--- expands
before ingestion
- Slide 40
- GASTRIC ULCERS > issue than prev. thought: ~ 80 % in
race/show horses Causes: 1. Altered eating pattern: From grazing
(best) to high-concentrate bolus meal (poorest), which creates low
saliva production & constant gastric HCL acid production. 2.
NSAIDS also @ fault Trt: > Grazing/forage time Smaller, more
frequent meals Rx Omeprazole (Gastrogard by Merial )
- Slide 41
- COLIC Abdominal pain d/t : Gastric ulcers, moldy feed, reduced
H2O intake, grain overload, ingested foreign bodies ie: wood,
twine, sand inflammation (cystic ovaries), parasitic occlusion of
intestinal blood vessels causing necrosis, ????? Clin. signs:
Rolling, hind leg kick to abdomen, pawing, stretching, laying down,
tachycardia, pain Trt: Rx Analgesic ie: Banamine (Flunixin
meglumine) > H2O intake Sx. ( correct torsion/ excise necrotic
tissues $$$$)
- Slide 42
- EQUINE INTESTINAL PARASITES Large strongyles : Strongylus sp. /
> issue Small strongyles: Damage gut wall Threadworms:
Strongyloides westerni / Foal issue Roundworms : Parascaris equorum
/Habronema sp. Foal intestinal blockage / lives off nutritional
intake Can cause intussusception Pinworms: Oxyuris equi Itchy anus
d/t larvae Tapeworms: Anoplocephala sp.- Rx Praziquantel Bots:
Gastrophilus sp. Gastric ulcers
- Slide 43
- EQUINE DIARRHEA Chronic diarrhea = dehydration + electrolyte
imbalances 1. Salmonellosis sp.- toxin released by Salmonella
bacteria ***ZOONOTIC*** Trt: Probiotics/ Fluids/ NSAIDS 2.
Clostridium perfringens: Bacteria also release toxins Trt: Fluids /
Rx Analgesics & Antibiotics 3. Ehrlichiosis : a.k.a. Potomac
Horse Fever Transmission route???, but involves snails, flukes
& insects ??? Prevent via vx. every 3-6 mo. Trt: Fluid therapy,
Rx Banamine Rx Oxytetracycline
- Slide 44
- RUMINANTS DIGESTIVE DISEASES Ruminant: A 4 chambered stomach 1.
Rumen: holds food to regurgitate 2. Reticulum : honeycomb shaped
folds /Reticulitis a.k.a. Hardware Dz- Magnets placed here 3.
Omasum: Long folds absorb H2O 4. Abomasum: Chamber most like
monogastric stomach (as in dogs/cats) Where most of the nutrients
are absorbed
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- BLOAT Caused by free gas & froth in rumen More common in
cattle than sheep / less freq. in goats Clin. signs: Left-sided
abdominal distension, pain, resp. distress, anxious, ***EMERGENCY
SITUATION *** Pass stomach tube to relieve gas or trochar needle
Frothy bloat trt. w/ veg. oil adm. via orogastric tube
- Slide 47
- RUMINANT DIARRHEA Escherichia coli: Bacteria destroy villi /
prod. enterotoxin Rotovirus: Prohibits intestinal villis ability to
absorb nutrition in 2- 14 day old lambs/kids Cryptosporidiosis:
Protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum Yellow, liquid BMs /
***ZOONOTIC*** Salmonella: Bacteria produce enterotoxin & cause
mucosal necrosis Clostridium perfringens Type D: a.k.a.
Enterotoximia or Overeating Dz / Vx @ 4-6 weeks of age, repeat in 4
wks. then annually b/4 parturition
- Slide 48
- RUMINANT PARASITES Coccidiosis: Protozoan Eimeria sp. Trt.: Rx
Sulfa drugs Nematodes: Haemonchus, Cooperia, Ostertagia,
Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum sp.
Found in Abomasum & intestines Trt: Rx Anthelmintics to entire
herd/flock
- Slide 49
- COPPER TOXICOSIS Problem found primarily in sheep Caused by a
Copper to Sulfate ratio > 10 : 1 Copper builds up in the liver
& when stressed, animal releases it into body Clin. Signs:
Anorexia, depression, diarrhea, weakness, death. DONT FEED DIETS
DESIGNED FOR GOATS TO SHEEP !!!
- Slide 50
- CREDITS: CLIP ART & PHOTOS COMPLIMENTS OF: 1. Microsoft
Office Online ClipArt 3. cal.vet.upenn.edu 4.
questionsondaogsandcats.blogspot.com 2. Google images