DOGS/CATS/EQUINE/RUMINANTS By Jeannie Stall R.V.T. Textbook references- Common Diseases of Companion...

DOGS/CATS/EQUINE/RUMINANTS By Jeannie Stall R.V.T. Textbook references- Common Diseases of Companion Animals by Alleice Summers Graphics Credit: ClipArt/ Google Images

FOOD- ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Converts food into a state to be absorbed & utilized by animal 2 DIVISIONS: Gastrointestinal & Accessory Structures G.I.: Continuous tube Mouth to anus Accessory: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

ORAL DISEASES Periodontal disease- Gingivitis: Inflammation of gum tissues Periodontitis: Irreversible condition of tooth socket (ligament & bone) Food particles form plaque & hardens into calculus aka : Tartar Bacteria: Localized & Systemic (esp. heart valves)

TREATMENT: Dental Prophy: Includes Scaling & Polishing / Antibiotics / Extractions Prevention: Brushing, Chews, T/D, Oral Solutions ie: Oxyfresh Pet Oral Solution

LIP FOLD DERMATITIS Hangy- Down Upper Lip Breeds: St. Bernards, Bulldogs, Spaniels, Hounds Bacteria, warm/moist environment, infection, malodor Treatment: Clip hair, clean folds, keep area dry with powders, corn starch maintain good oral health ( routine dentals) Surgical reconstruction to < fold

ORAL TRAUMA Caused by: HBC, being in fights, chemical & electrical burns, foreign bodies ie: bullets, sticks, bones, fish hooks, needles... Treatment: Varies by injury cause but can include: Tooth extraction, repair broken bones, foregn body removal, Rx Analgesics &/or Antibiotics

NEOPLASMS: GROWTHS-TUMORS Malignant or Benign Malignant: Melanomas, carcinomas, fibrosarcomas, - All can metastasize to other locations Benign: Papillomas - Light-colored, warty Epuli- Tend to be smooth, near teeth Treatment: Surgery to remove growth If malignant: Radiation / chemotherapy POOR PROGNOSIS-- At best, GUARDED

ESOPHAGUS ISSUES Esophagitis- Trauma by stomach acids, ingested items: ie: caustic plants/liquids, too hot microwaved food Treatment: Neutralize w/ activated charcoal or Sodium bicarbonate *** DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING !!!!!!! *** For Reflux cases: Switch diet to : > protein & < fat Wt. loss & medications

ESOPHAGUS OBSTRUCTION More likely in dogsEat toys/ chew bones /rocks (Or the dog that ate the long knife!!) Most common issue in cats is needle & thread- Always look under tongue for lasso of string/thread

Elsie & Jake

STOMACH ISSUES Acute Gastritis--- Causes: Rotten food (garbage hound), switching diets, food allergies, infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) toxic products, foreign bodies Trt: Eliminate parasites, NPO x 1-2 days, fluid therapy, Rx : Meds to < vomiting +/- Antibiotics, Bland diet

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DZ. Immune-mediated: Inflammed cells of the lining of the stomach, small & large intestines Symptoms: Diarrhea, mucousy BMS, straining to defecate, wt. loss, persistent vomiting Trt: Unique protein source diets: Fish & potato Kangaroo & oat Bland diets (rice) Rx Meds ie: Prednisone NSAIDS

STOMACH ULCERS Most common cause: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) ie: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Phenylbutazone..But can be stress-induced (Transporting Equines) Trt: Fluid therapy prn (as needed), < per os diet & liquids, Rx : Carafate (to coat lesion) Cimetidine ( histamine blocker)

GASTRIC DILATION / VOLVULUS Dilation: Over extended expansion of stomach Volvulus: Distended stomach twists/flips & torsion cuts off circulation Victims: Adult, deep-chested, Lg./Giant breed dogs- Standard Poodles, Great Danes .. Trt: Stabilize animal ( shock cases), Reduce stomach distention, Sx. to repair & tack

NEOPLASMS OF THE STOMACH Adenocarcinomas or Lymphomas: Usually seen in animals several yrs. of age Benign tumors : Polyps & Leiomyomas Trt: Surgical removal (if possible) Poor prognosis when malignant

SMALL INTESTINE ISSUES Acute Diarrhea- Caused by: Switching diets, certain medications, stress, parasites, viruses, bacteria Trt: Parasite control, antibiotics, bland diet, fluid therapy, NPO 1-2 days, Rx Meds Can be contagious : PARVO !!! *** Can be ZOONOTIC: Parasites ***

DIETARY INDUCED ISSUES Intolerance : Carbohydrates, fats, milk Immune- related sensitivity: Endoscopy Thorough Hx. & exam Lab tests to R/O other causes Indiscretion: Eating odd items- Paper, foil, garbage, plastic, rubber bands, twist ties

NEOPLASMS # 1----Intestinal Adenocarcinomas # 2 ---Lymphosarcomas Dont forget Mast cell tumors Metastasis can occur Trt: Surgical removal, if possible, Chemotherapy has mixed response

LARGE INTESTINE ISSUES Cecum: Small, S-shaped curve near sm. & lg. intestine juncture Colon: Ascending R side of abdomen Transverse cranial abdomen Descending L side of abdomen Water & electrolytes get absorbed here Temporary holding bin for feces Ferments undigested material & creates Vit. K & Vit. B Rectum: Terminal fecal holding bin attached to anus

LG. INTESTINE ISSUES Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Inflammatory cells Trt: Long-term course of action Hypoallergenic diets: low fat/high fiber Medicines ie: Prednisone Metronidazole

INTUSSUSCEPTION Unknown causes ??? Poss. parasites, foreign bodies, masses, infection Occurs when the smaller, anterior portion of intestine slips into larger, more distal portion of intestine, (as in a telescope-style move ) Creates blockage due to narrowing & occludes blood vessels, which endangers tissues to point necrotic issues can occur

MEGACOLON Colon becomes enlarged, filled w/ firm fecal material More common in cats Causes: Poss. d/t neurologic issue that malfunctions & doesnt trigger evacuation of colon/ Hypokalemia (

INFECTIOUS CANINE HEPATITIS Viral cause- Adenovirus 1 Infected by oro-nasal transmission Symptoms: Lethargy, fever > 103 F, anorexia, pale mucous membranes, corneal opacities (Blue eye) Trt: Treat symptoms as cant treat virus **Prevention via vaccinations**

LEPTOSPIROSIS ****ZOONOTIC DISEASE!!!!*** Most common: L. canicola, L. icterohemorrhagica, L. pomona, L. bratislavia & L. grippotyphosa *** Wear gloves to handle: Animal / lab samples / body fluid clean up (V/D/U) Wear exterior lab coat & gown /Prevent eye splash Symptoms: Dehydrated, fever, V, unwilling to move, thirsty, jaundice, acute renal failure Trt: Fluid therapy to rehydrate Rx Antibiotics

FELINE HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS Cause: Unknown (idiopathic) Fatty Liver Dz. Most common liver issue in cats Victim: Fat,adult cats, any breed/sex, stress-induced anorexia Be aware when boarding/hospitalizing cats : (fat cat doesnt or unable to eat -which stresses liver) Symptoms: Anorexia, obesity, icteric (jaundice), slight liver enlargement, +/- bleeding issues, intermittent vomiting Trt: High protein, calorically dense diet ( Hills A/D) (Usually via feeding tube, as are reluctant to eat on their own) ***** Guarded Prognosis *****

NEOPLASMS Most of these tumors have metastasized from: Pancreas, Lymph nodes, spleen, mammary tissue, bone, lungs, thyroid .. Of those originating in liver: Dogs: Hepatocellular adenomas/ adenocarcinomas Cats: Bile duct tumors Trt: Surgical removal / +/- Chemotherapy

PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS Congenital defect: Blood from G.I. tract bypasses liver -therefore, doesnt clear toxins, allowing them to infiltrate the entire system, even the brain, where damage occurs. (Intrahepatic/extrahepatic) Due to situation, liver atrophy also occurs. Congenital issue in: Schnauzer, Yorkshire Terrier & mixed breed cats Clin. signs: Head pressing, seizures, ataxia, anorexia, lethargy, weakness, blindness TRT: Surgical ligation of all or a portion of shunt

Animation: Portosystemic shunt http://yorkieaid.homestead.com/LiverShunt.html

PANCREATITIS Acute or Chronic Malfunctioning digestive enzymes: Should wait to be active until they reach small intestine, but become active while still in pancreas production zone & autoingestion occurs Clin. signs: Anorexia, V, +/- D, painful!!, fever, dehydration Trt: Fluid therapy, Rx Antibiotics., prev. recc. NPO x 3-4 days, now advise feeding high carb-low fat diet a.s.a.p. ie: Hills R/D

PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY ~ 85% - 90% loss of digestive enzyme production occurs b/4 symptoms show Dogs Predisposed breed: Germ. Shep. Cats- D/t chronic pancreatitis cases Reduces sm. intestines ability to absorb nutrients as bacteria # increase & alters insulin production Clin. signs: Gray, fatty, smelly BMS/ wt. loss/polyphagia/ pica/ flatulence gassy/ D Trt: Rx Antibiotics / Low fiber, highly digestible diet Rx Pancreatic enzyme supplement ( Viokase-V @ 2 tsp./ 20 kg. body wt. w/ each meal )

PERINEAL HERNIAS & FISTULAS Perineal hernia- Old (> 8 yrs.), intact male K-9s, Clin. signs: Swelling around anus that is reducible, tenesmus (straining), constipation, painful BMs Trt: Rx Stool softeners (Colace), enemas, Surgical : Repair herniation & neuter Perianal fistula: Painful perianal tissue ulcerated tract w/ bleeding, painful BMs, narrowing of anal sphincter Self- inflicted trauma can occur Trt: Rx Topical & oral Antibiotics, Surgical correction Low success rate

PERIANAL GLAND ADENOMAS Associated w/ plasma androgen levels, hence old, intact male dogs comprise 85% of cases Clin. signs: Firm mass or masses in anal ring, tail base or prepuce, itchy anal tissue Trt: Sx: Castration / cryosurgery / removal of growth/ radiation treatment Neutering male dogs when young helps prevent these tumors & hypertrophic prostatic tissue

EQUINE DIGESTIVE DISEASES Teeth constantly erupt during entire lifespan Uneven enamel ridge wear d/t wider upper jaw than lower jaw Spurs: Jagged enamel (tongue/cheek sides of teeth) Ramps: Sloping on 1 st & last mandibular teeth Hooks: Sharp points on 1 st & last maxillary teeth Clin. signs: Colic d/t poorly chewed food, oral lesions, quidding (dribbling small amts. of feed Trt: Float teeth (rasp/file teeth to grind points flush)

FLOATING POLLYS TEETH

EQUINE CHOKE Esophageal obstruction: Complete or partial d/t : Feed, medications, swelling, injury, scarring, tumors Clin. signs: Increased salivation, swelling, difficult swallowing, extended neck, food exits through nostrils Trt: IV fluids, esophageal massage, NSAIDS, tempid H2O lavage via NG tube Rx Smooth muscle relaxants ie: Rompun or Dormosedan Moisten dry feeds--- expands before ingestion

GASTRIC ULCERS > issue than prev. thought: ~ 80 % in race/show horses Causes: 1. Altered eating pattern: From grazing (best) to high-concentrate bolus meal (poorest), which creates low saliva production & constant gastric HCL acid production. 2. NSAIDS also @ fault Trt: > Grazing/forage time Smaller, more frequent meals Rx Omeprazole (Gastrogard by Merial )

COLIC Abdominal pain d/t : Gastric ulcers, moldy feed, reduced H2O intake, grain overload, ingested foreign bodies ie: wood, twine, sand inflammation (cystic ovaries), parasitic occlusion of intestinal blood vessels causing necrosis, ????? Clin. signs: Rolling, hind leg kick to abdomen, pawing, stretching, laying down, tachycardia, pain Trt: Rx Analgesic ie: Banamine (Flunixin meglumine) > H2O intake Sx. ( correct torsion/ excise necrotic tissues $$$$)

EQUINE INTESTINAL PARASITES Large strongyles : Strongylus sp. / > issue Small strongyles: Damage gut wall Threadworms: Strongyloides westerni / Foal issue Roundworms : Parascaris equorum /Habronema sp. Foal intestinal blockage / lives off nutritional intake Can cause intussusception Pinworms: Oxyuris equi Itchy anus d/t larvae Tapeworms: Anoplocephala sp.- Rx Praziquantel Bots: Gastrophilus sp. Gastric ulcers

EQUINE DIARRHEA Chronic diarrhea = dehydration + electrolyte imbalances 1. Salmonellosis sp.- toxin released by Salmonella bacteria ***ZOONOTIC*** Trt: Probiotics/ Fluids/ NSAIDS 2. Clostridium perfringens: Bacteria also release toxins Trt: Fluids / Rx Analgesics & Antibiotics 3. Ehrlichiosis : a.k.a. Potomac Horse Fever Transmission route???, but involves snails, flukes & insects ??? Prevent via vx. every 3-6 mo. Trt: Fluid therapy, Rx Banamine Rx Oxytetracycline

RUMINANTS DIGESTIVE DISEASES Ruminant: A 4 chambered stomach 1. Rumen: holds food to regurgitate 2. Reticulum : honeycomb shaped folds /Reticulitis a.k.a. Hardware Dz- Magnets placed here 3. Omasum: Long folds absorb H2O 4. Abomasum: Chamber most like monogastric stomach (as in dogs/cats) Where most of the nutrients are absorbed

BLOAT Caused by free gas & froth in rumen More common in cattle than sheep / less freq. in goats Clin. signs: Left-sided abdominal distension, pain, resp. distress, anxious, ***EMERGENCY SITUATION *** Pass stomach tube to relieve gas or trochar needle Frothy bloat trt. w/ veg. oil adm. via orogastric tube

RUMINANT DIARRHEA Escherichia coli: Bacteria destroy villi / prod. enterotoxin Rotovirus: Prohibits intestinal villis ability to absorb nutrition in 2- 14 day old lambs/kids Cryptosporidiosis: Protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum Yellow, liquid BMs / ***ZOONOTIC*** Salmonella: Bacteria produce enterotoxin & cause mucosal necrosis Clostridium perfringens Type D: a.k.a. Enterotoximia or Overeating Dz / Vx @ 4-6 weeks of age, repeat in 4 wks. then annually b/4 parturition

RUMINANT PARASITES Coccidiosis: Protozoan Eimeria sp. Trt.: Rx Sulfa drugs Nematodes: Haemonchus, Cooperia, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum sp. Found in Abomasum & intestines Trt: Rx Anthelmintics to entire herd/flock

COPPER TOXICOSIS Problem found primarily in sheep Caused by a Copper to Sulfate ratio > 10 : 1 Copper builds up in the liver & when stressed, animal releases it into body Clin. Signs: Anorexia, depression, diarrhea, weakness, death. DONT FEED DIETS DESIGNED FOR GOATS TO SHEEP !!!

CREDITS: CLIP ART & PHOTOS COMPLIMENTS OF: 1. Microsoft Office Online ClipArt 3. cal.vet.upenn.edu 4. questionsondaogsandcats.blogspot.com 2. Google images

DOGS/CATS/EQUINE/RUMINANTS By Jeannie Stall R.V.T. Textbook references- Common Diseases of Companion...

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