Overseas Plant Overseas Plant and Animal and Animal

Diffusion Before Diffusion Before 14921492

By

Carl L. Johannessen

Professor Emeritus, Biogeographer

World MapWorld Map

India Detail India Detail Karnataka Karnataka PradeshPradesh

Letters From Ohio Agricultural Letters From Ohio Agricultural Research and Developmental Research and Developmental Center, Wooster OhioCenter, Wooster Ohio

Letters from Wooster, OhioLetters from Wooster, Ohio

Corn, Sunflowers, Peanuts, Corn, Sunflowers, Peanuts, and Annonaand Annona

Temple Layout, Somnathpur, Temple Layout, Somnathpur, IndiaIndia

Halebid Temple, IndiaHalebid Temple, India

Variation in Shape of Corn Ears,Variation in Shape of Corn Ears,Peru for comparison to IndiaPeru for comparison to India

Variation in the Shape of Corn Variation in the Shape of Corn Ears, ChinaEars, China

Indian Indian Sculpture of Sculpture of CornCorn

Indian Sculpture of CornIndian Sculpture of Corn

Corn Maiden Sculpture Corn Ear from Mexico

Maize Anatomical StructuresMaize Anatomical Structures

Maize Seed Arrangement American Maize

Maize Ears Maize Ears Sculpture and Sculpture and Hand MudraHand Mudra

Somnathpur Somnathpur Temple, IndiaTemple, India

Yaksha Sculpture with MaizeYaksha Sculpture with Maize

8th CenturyFrom 5000 Years of Art in India Mexican Maize Ear

MaizeMaize

Somnathpur Four Row, Unpollinated and Husk

Maize Ear at end of Pollinating Season

Maize God, MexicoMaize God, MexicoNote Curls on Headdress of Note Curls on Headdress of MaizeMaize

Spiral Kernel SeedsSpiral Kernel SeedsKedareshvara, Halebid, IndiaKedareshvara, Halebid, India

Sharp Kernelled Maize Ears,Sharp Kernelled Maize Ears,“Dog-Toothed”“Dog-Toothed”

Sculpture of Chihuahua with Maize Sculpture of Chihuahua with Maize Ear,Colima, MexicoEar,Colima, Mexico

Tessellated Base KernelsTessellated Base KernelsSomnathpurSomnathpur

Traits

Sculpture Numbers1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2a X X X X X X X X X X X X X2b X X X X X X3a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X3b X3c X X X4 X X X X X X X X5 X X X X X X X X X X X X6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X7 X8 X

10 X11 X X X12 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X14a X14b X14c X16 X X18a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X18b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X18c X X X X X X X X X X X X X18d X X X X X X X X X X X X X X19 X X X X20 1.1 1.1-

1.21.3-1.6

1.1 1.1-1.2

1.0-1.5

1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2-1.4

1.3 1.1 1.3 1.0

21a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X21b X X X X X X X23 X26 X27 X28 X

ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS OF MAIZE ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS OF MAIZE SHOWN IN INDIAN 20 TEMPLE SHOWN IN INDIAN 20 TEMPLE

SCULPTURESSCULPTURES

Traits List 1. Size and shape relationship 2. Sides of Ears

a. parallel b. bulging at midway

3. Tips of Ears a. generally pointed b. sometimes fasciated c. occasionally rounded

4. Ears are sometimes warped. 5. Straight Ears are the norm 6. Usually shown with husks removed 7. Partly covered ears (3%) 8. Few fully enclosed 9. Husked Ears with double etched curl. 10. Curls etched in the curls of the silk 11. similar shape to the dehusked ears 12. rows of kernels generally parallel 14. Parallel rows over 2/3 s

a. tessellate arrangement at the base b. tessellate at the small end

c. tessellate only on front and bottom. 15. Parallel on basal ¾ and spiral at top 16. spiral upward from base of ear. 18. cupule pairs are:

a. exactly opposite the adjacent pairs b. Offset by ½ kernel c. individual cupules can be tilted d. change with location on the cob

19. Knobs of kernels at the end of the ear can be a deformity caused by larval destruction of lack of pollination

20. Sculpted kernel on the average are rounded rectilinear. 21. Kernels are often

a. smaller at the tip of the ears b. more rounded at the tip

23. rows of mature kernels parallel to rows of unpollinated kernels.

26. ‘Dog-toothed’ kernels are represented in a few sculptures 27. Imbricated (overlapping) kernels are represented in a few

sculptures 28. Enlarged kernels are represented on a few sculptures.

Sculpture List 1. Halebid 2. Somnathpur 3. Somnathpur 4. Somnathpur 5. Somnathpur 6. Somnathpur 7. Belur 8. Hoysala Temple, Somnathpur

9. Halebid 10. Somnathpur 11. Somnathpur 12. Belur 13. Somnathpur

a. Wisconsin Herbarium example

14. Halebid

15. Halebid 16. Somnathpur

a. Example of American Maize Ear

17. Halebid 18. Somnathpur 19. Halebid 20. Javagal Temple

Refer to Johannessen, Carl L. Maize Diffused to India before Columbus Came to America. In Across Before Columbus. Gilmore, Donald Y. and Linda S. McElroy, eds. Edgecomb, Maine: NEARA Publications, 1988. pp. 190-124.

Corn MaidensCorn Maidens

Sunflowers Oriented Toward SunSunflowers Oriented Toward Sun

Nandi Seen From Inside Halebid Nandi Seen From Inside Halebid TempleTemple

Sunflower Sculpture Below Nandi’s Horn Sunflower Sculpture Below Nandi’s Horn with sunflower as if at Dawn,with sunflower as if at Dawn,Halebid TempleHalebid Temple

Sunflower above Ear of Nandi Sunflower above Ear of Nandi (detail)(detail)

Sunflower Sunflower under under

Nandi’s Tail Nandi’s Tail used as a used as a calendar,calendar,

Halebid Halebid TempleTemple

Nandi at Amruthteshvara with Nandi at Amruthteshvara with Sunflower Below HornSunflower Below Horn

Sunflower at Foot of Corn Sunflower at Foot of Corn MaidenMaiden

Sunflower under Skirt of Corn Sunflower under Skirt of Corn Maiden (detail)Maiden (detail)

Long-tailed Long-tailed Indian Parrot Indian Parrot on Sunflower,on Sunflower,Pattadakal, Pattadakal, IndiaIndia

Lotus FlowerLotus Flower

Lotus Flowers in Rajasthan Lotus Flowers in Rajasthan Temple, Representation of the Temple, Representation of the Heart ChakraHeart Chakra

Lotus Flower Seed Pods, at Lotus Flower Seed Pods, at CenterCenter

Modern Primitive Peanut, Modern Primitive Peanut, Southern ChinaSouthern China

Annona in Hindu and Buddhist Annona in Hindu and Buddhist Art, (note Cashew on Stupa Art, (note Cashew on Stupa Art as well)Art as well)

Annona Sculpture, Ahole, IndiaAnnona Sculpture, Ahole, India

Other EvidenceOther Evidence

Mexican Prickle PoppyMexican Prickle Poppy(Medicine)(Medicine)

Datura (Medicinal)Datura (Medicinal)

Two Transferred GourdsTwo Transferred Gourds

Lagenaria GourdMalabar Gourd

Grain Grain AmaranthAmaranth

Marigold and Bixa TreeMarigold and Bixa Tree

Entire Corn and Entire Corn and Chili PlantsChili Plants

Note Ears on Note Ears on middle stem (top middle stem (top

plate)plate)andand

Chili Peppers Chili Peppers (bottom plate),(bottom plate),

Java, IndonesiaJava, Indonesia

Corn Cob Used in Mortuary Bird, Corn Cob Used in Mortuary Bird,

Head and Tail Broken OffHead and Tail Broken OffMaize Cob used as armature for ceramic bird.

Used for deceased royalty and broken off at the burial.

Dated to before 1000 C.E.

Unintentional TransfersUnintentional Transfers

Domestic Cat Lesser Grain Borer

Unintentional TransfersUnintentional TransfersRat and its FleasRat and its Fleas

ConclusionConclusion

Educational OpportunitiesEducational OpportunitiesThis is only the beginning of the

research.Cultural Traits and other plants are all

areas of research for your students and yourselves.

Our book offers many suggestions for further research.

It is my hope that you have gained a new perspective and will assist with insights for further explorations

The EndThe End