Diderot’s Encyclopedia

- 1751- A large set of books with articles and essays expressing Enlightenment views

- Banned by the French government and Catholic Church, who feared the ideas may inspire revolts

Changes in Music

• Classical music emerges, which was a new lighter, elegant style of music.

• Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.

Franz Joseph Haydn

• Developed new forms categorized as classical music– Sonata– Symphony

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Began composing at age 5

• Set new standards of elegance and originality

• Great Operas– Famous Work: Don Giovanni

Ludwig van Beethoven

• Created symphonies which used the instruments of strings and the piano

• Enormous range from high to low

• His work leads to the beginning of the Age of Romanticism

Samuel Richardson

• Wrote first true English novel

• Story focused around a young girl who resists her master’s advances– Consisted of a plot, suspense, climax, and

detailed characters

Changes in Literature

• Novels become popular- long works of prose fiction- plots, suspense, thoughts and feelings of characters; read for entertainment

• Richardson, Fielding

Frederick the Great

• ruled Prussia (modern day Germany)

• Allowed religious freedom

• reduced censorship• improved education• did nothing to end

serfdom• Believed his goal was

to serve and strengthen the state and support the citizens

Joseph II

• ruled Austria• Made legal reforms• allowed free press• free worship• abolished serfdom

(peasants paid in cash)

• nobles disliked and reversed reforms after he died

Catherine the Great • ruled Russia• reviewed Russia’s laws

and made recommendations for improvements, but they were not carried out

• did little to improve the life of peasants, and gave nobles total power over them after peasants revolted

• expanded Russia into Poland

• gained a port on the Black Sea after war with the Ottomans.

Salons

• Social gatherings in large drawing rooms, most intense in Paris (the center of the Enlightenment).

• People gathered to discuss Enlightenment ideas.

• Salons helped to spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe. The middle class became increasingly aware and supportive of new ideas.

Neoclassical Style

• New art and architectural style that replaced baroque in the 1700s.

• While baroque style was grand and ornate, neoclassical was simple and elegant.

Examples of Baroque-

Examples of Neoclassical

Enlightened Despots-

• Monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideas and made reforms (changes) that reflected new ideas

• Tried to make countries stronger and rule more effectively