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ACID HYDROLYSIS OFHEMICELLULOSE FROM SUGARCANE

BAGASSE

NURUL ASHIKIN BT RUSDI2009809692

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons.)CHEMISTRY (FORENSIC ANALYSIS)

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCESUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

19 TH OCTOBER 2010

SUPERVISOR: DR.SABIHA HANIM BT SALEH

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

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1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Malaysia well known as a agricultural country and itspotential in renewable sources. (Akpinar et al ., 2009) Sugar cane is a major grown agricultural crop in the vastmajority of countries in Africa. Sugarcane bagasse and other agricultural byproduct arecategorized as wastes have become a major componentsof livestock feed in many Asian industries Most of bagasse is used for power generation or as rawmaterial for producing low value products and theremaining is considered as waste that goes to landfill or isallowed to decay. (Laopaiboon et al .,2010)

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

Recently, industrial process produce a lot of solidwaste that untreated

Disposal of solid waste, become pollution and

hazardous to residential people. In sugarcane refining, a lot of bagasse produce thatuseless to environment and people. From the bagasse, actually many beneficial use thatgive benefit to us.

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To extract hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasseusing alkaline extraction

To optimize the time, hemicelluloses concentrationand acid concentration on hemicelluloses hydrolysis.

To determine the concentration of reducing sugar of hydrolysates using UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

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Celluloses44%

Hemicelluloses 34%

Lignin18%

Ash

2%

Wax

1%

Others

1%

Source: Laopaiboon et al., (2010)

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The heterogeneous polymers of pentose, hexose and sugar acids.

Not chemically homogeneousContain mostly xylans.Xylan exists in a xylan-lignin complex and becomes resistanthydrolysis.

(Rao, R.S., Jyothi, C.P., Prakasham, R.S., Sarma, P.N., Rao, L.V., (2006)

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Xylooligosaccharides, sugar oligomers produced during thehydrolysis of xylan.

XOS production is carried out in two stages: alkaline extraction of xylan followed by enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of hemicelluloses

(Akpinar, O., Erdogan, K., Bakir, U., Yilmaz, L., 2010)

WHAT IS XOS?

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DILUTE ACID HYDROLYSIS

According to Akpinar et al. (2009),

Different agricultural wastes are used for the production of XOS:tobacco stalk cotton stalk,sunflower stalk wheat straw

The best conversion into XOS, was achieved with 0.25 M sulphuricacid, 30 min reaction time and XOS yield between 8% and 13%.

CONCENTRATED ACIH HYDROLYSIS

According to Chandel et al. (2007) ,The hydrolysis of mixed wood chips performed.The maximum sugar recovery (78-82% of theoretical yields) wasachieved at sulphuric acid concentration (26%) for 2 h of residencetime.

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AUTOHYDROLYSIS TREATMENT

According to Nabarlatz (2006),

Carried out under the operational condition leading to maximaloligosaccharides yields.Almonds shells were used as the raw materials.The yield of oligosaccharide was obtained around 63% at 190 C and19 min of reaction time.

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS

According to Akpinar et al. (2009),

Different agricultural wastes usedtobacco stalks,cotton stalks,

wheat straw, andhemicelluloses

Hydrolyzed using Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase preparation reaction time of 8 h at pH 4.6 and 50 C.

The products were XOS with some monosaccharide.

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METHOD CONCENTRATED

ACID HYDROLYSIS

DILUTED ACID

HYDROLYSIS

ENZYME

HYDROLYSISADVANTAGES This process provides

complete and rapidconversion of celluloseto glucose and

hemicelluloses to xylosewith little degradation

Production of a solublepentose Simple and fastkinetics methods

Function as catalysts toproduce oligomers withvarying degree of polymerization

Production of XOs isdepends on the enzymeand xylan sources Does not produce

toxic product

DISADVANTAGES Need a dilution with

water to dissolve andhydrolyse the substrateinto sugar substituent.

pretreatment method

required. (alkalineextraction)

Production of

monomeric sugars &undesirable byproduct Process is noteffective to produce afermentable substratedue to low levels of

monosaccharideAccording to Akpinar et al. (2009) and Chandel et al. (2007)

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METHODOLOGY

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Raw material(Sugarcane Bagasse)

Hemicellulose

Hydrolysates sugardetermination

Pre treatment analysis-alkaline extraction-

Diluted acid hydrolysis

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Rawmaterial

Alkalineextraction

Dry at 90 C for

18 h or weightconstant

It mill to obtain

small particles(< 5mm)

It keeps at 4 Cuntil use

2g of SCB extract for 3h at35C in 17 mL of 24% KOHincluding 1% (w/v) NaBH 4.

It precipitate in 2 vol of coldetOH & in 0.2 vol of acOH.

Then fiter on coarse filterpaper

The extract centrifuge at10,000g for 20 min and filter on

Filter paper

Last, the solid will dry in avacuum oven at 60 C

(Laopaiboon et. al., 2009)

Akpinar et al. (2009),

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Acid hydrolysis

0.2 g of xylan suspend in 10 mLof 0.25 M H 2SO 4 & then

incubate in water bath at 100 C

10 mL of sample is added with10 mL of water to cool down

the mixture

The mixture neutralized withCaCO 3 & the precipitate

removed by centrifugation

Reducing sugardetermination

The amount of reducing sugardetermine with 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid

The reducing sugar content willmeasure at 480nm using UV-

Vis spectrophotometer.

Akpinar et al. (2009),

(Burner, 1964)

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THANK YOU FOR YOURATTENTION