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Cosmology, 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics
István Horváth
ZMNE11. Zimányi Winter School 1
„Astro” Nobel Prizes in Physics
1936 Victor F. Hess, Carl D. Anderson
1967 Hans A. Bethe
1974 Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish
1978 Kapitsa, Arno Penzias, Robert W. Wilson
1983 S. Chandrasekhar, William A. Fowler
1993 Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor
2002 R. Davis, M. Koshiba, R. Giacconi
2006 John C. Mather, George F. Smoot 11. Zimányi Winter School 2
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Hubble 1923
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Andromeda Galaxy
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Hubble’s law (1929)
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Hubble time and the age of the Universe
Hubble const. Hubble time Universe’s age H 1/H 2/3H km/sMpc Gyr Gyr 50 19.5 13.04 65 15 10.0 70 9.3 75 8.7 100 9.8 6.52 500 2 1.3
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Expanding Universe
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1948: Gamow and Alpher: Big Bang theory of the Universe Remaining radiation about 5 Kelvin. (now called CMB)Penzias and Wilson found it. Nobel Prize 1978!
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COBE (November 18, 1989)
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April 23, 1992,
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Power Spectra
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General Relativity, A. Einstein 1916Einstein eq.
Friedmann solutions 1922
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deceleration parameter
Friedmann eq.
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Standard Cosmology.
if k = 0 and Λ = 0 the critical density
radiation wi = 1/3
nonrelativistic matter wi = 0
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Different Universe models
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„History” I.
1938 Walter Baade: SN as distant indicator
1983 Nobel Prize Chandrasekhar limit (1.4 Solar mass) Fowler nuclear reactions (SN Ia)
80’ British-Danish 1.5 m telescope 2 high-z SN for two years, one is Ia z=0.31 For a good statistics, 200 years needed
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Distant supernovae (HST NASA)
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Ia supernova
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„History” II.
1988 Saul Perlmutter (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
Supernova Cosmology Project (first high z 1992)
1993 Hamuy and Mark Phillips standardization
1994 Schmidt and Robert Kirshner High-z Supernova Search Team „The HZT article is based on observations of 16
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Ia supernovae (Riess et al.)
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Ia supernovae (Riess et al.)
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MTA KTM CsKI Szeminárium 3811. Zimányi Winter School 38
From I. Csabai. The SDSS team was asked.
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1990Nature.343..726B pencil beamLarge-scale distribution of galaxies at the Galactic poles
Broadhurst, T. J.; Ellis, R. S.; Koo, D. C.; Szalay, A. S.
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1992Ap&SS.191..107PPaal, G.; Horvath, I.; Lukacs, B.
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Cosmological constant needed
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Thank you Thank you very much! very much!
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