Post on 17-Jun-2020
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay21
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEOVERVIEWSKILLCONTEXTUALIZATION CONTENTAPWORLDCF KEYCONCEPT63 ThismodulefocusesoncontextualizationthroughanexaminationofSouthandNorthKoreaThetwoactivitiesleadtowardadocument-basedquestion(DBQ)thathasstudentsevaluatetheextenttowhichtheColdWaraffectedeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopment
AftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953)theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvariedandnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury
DAY1
TowhatextentisSouthKoreaamanufacturingorinformationeconomy
CLASSACTIVITYBoxProtocolMysterySourceAnalysisStudentswork collaboratively tobetter understand the current context surrounding SouthKorean economic development Students will examine secondary sources to develop anunderstandingofSouthKorearsquoseconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentsincomparisontootherstates
AP-ALIGNEDASSESSMENTLongEssayQuestionLong Essay QuestionmdashThesis and Contextualization Students will evaluate the extent towhichtheAPCourseFrameworkspecificallyKeyConcept63IEaccuratelyexplainsKoreanhistoricaldevelopmentsinthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturies
DAY2
HowareNorthandSouthKoreaimpactedbytheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnologicaldevelopments
CLASSACTIVITYPairedSourcesaboutNorthandSouthKoreaStudents work collaboratively to investigate the impact of the Cold War economicliberalizationandtheInformationAgeonNorthandSouthKoreaStudentswillreadpairedsourcesoneonNorthKoreaandoneonSouthKoreatocomparetheresponsesofeachtothethreetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
AP-ALIGNEDASSESSMENTShortAnswerQuestionShort Answer Question(s) Students will answer questions about how the Cold WareconomicliberalizationandtheInformationAgeaffectedNorthandSouthKoreaandhowthecountriesrespondedtoeachhistoricaldevelopment
DAY3
CLASSACTIVITYTeachingtheDocument-BasedQuestionStudents can write (andor peer grade) an AP-aligned DBQ A set of annotated ScoringGuidelinesareprovidedfortheteacherandorstudenttouseinassessingstudentworkandofferingfeedback
AP-ALIGNEDASSESSMENTDocument-BasedQuestionDocument-BasedQuestionEvaluatetheextent towhichtheColdWaraffectedeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopment
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay22
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULESOURCES
DAY1
AUTHOR SOURCE DATE
1 KWLFChaebols20172 AhnChoong-yongExcerptfromKoreaRagstoRiches20123 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreanindustry20184 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologicalinnovations20185 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologyandculture20186 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreannationalimageindex2018
DAY2
AUTHOR SOURCE DATE
1 KimIl-sungSpeechonNorthKoreaneconomicdevelopment19552 SyngmanRheeLettertoPresidentEisenhower19533 KimIl-sungSpeechtotheCommunistParty19564 EdwardGrahamExcerptfromReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates20035 ChoeSang-HunArticleonNorthKoreannuclearprogram20176 KimDae-jungSpeechPresidentialInauguralAddress19987 GovrsquotofNorthKoreaOfficialStatementonGovernmentWebsite20188 TKarakoampWRumbaughGraphNorthKoreanNuclearMissiles20179 GovrsquotofSouthKoreaChartSouthKoreanInternetUsage2004
DAY3
AUTHOR SOURCE DATE
1 WangLiuyingetalPropagandaposteroneconomicadvances19582 DwightEisenhowerSpeechonthemilitary-industrialcomplex19613 WilliamFulbrightSpeechonUSforeignpolicy19654 CIAIntelligenceReportonGhana19715 CIAIntelligenceReportonNorthandSouthKorea19726 MikhailGorbachevNotesfromaPolitburomeeting19887 USStateDepartmentChartsNorthandSouthKoreaMilitarySpending2017
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay23
DAY 2 BASEDONA60-MINUTECLASS
LessonQuestionHowareNorthandSouthKoreaimpactedbytheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnological
developments
APCURRICULUMFRAMEWORKREFERENCE KeyConcept63mdashAftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953)theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvariedandnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury
I StatesrespondedinavarietyofwaystotheeconomicchallengesofthetwentiethcenturyA IncommuniststatessuchastheSovietUnionandChinagovernmentscontrolledthenationaleconomiesoftenthrough
repressivepoliciesandwithnegativerepercussionsfortheirpopulations[NorthKorea]C InnewindependentstatesafterWorldWarIIgovernmentsoftentookonastrongeconomicroleguidingeconomiclifeto
promotedevelopment[NorthandSouthKorea]D InatrendacceleratedbytheendoftheColdWarmanygovernmentsencouragedfree-marketeconomicpoliciesand
promotedeconomicliberalizationinthelatetwentiethcentury[SouthKorea]E Inthelatetwentiethcenturyrevolutionsininformationandcommunicationstechnologyledtogrowthofknowledge
economiesinsomeregionswhileindustrialproductionandmanufacturingwereincreasinglysituatedindevelopingeconomiesincludingthePacificRimandLatinAmerica[SouthKorea]
HistoricalReasoningSkillContextualization
OVERVIEW
ThisactivityisdesignedtoengagestudentsinananalysisoftheimpactoftheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnologicaldevelopmentsonNorthandSouthKoreandevelopmentStudentsshouldhavegeneralknowledgeofeachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmentionedaboveStudentswillworkincollaborativepairsonananalysisofoneofthreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAgemdashthroughNorthandSouthKoreansourcesInthesecondstageofthelessonstudentpairswilljoinotherpairstodevelopashortpresentationtosharetheirlearningAttheconclusionofthelessonstudentswilldemonstratetheirlearningbywritingresponsestoShortAnswerQuestions(SAQs)TeachersshouldnotethatstudentsareinitiallydividedintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsiftimepermitsThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionwastorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhileSouthKoreaintroducedelementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused
MATERIALSNEEDEDFOR
In-ClassActivity(p8)bull KoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)bull PairedSources1(ColdWar)(pp9-10)bull PairedSources2(EconomicLiberalization)(pp12-14)bull PairedSources3(InformationAge)(pp17-22)
bull StudentGraphicOrganizerhandout(pp23-24)bull Butcherchartorposterpaper
AssessmentShortanswerquestions(pp25-28)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay24
SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION
CLASSACTIVITY1of5WARMUPINTRODUCTION
WARMUPINTRODUCTION(10MINUTES)
WHOLEGROUPDISCUSSION
Studentswillparticipateinawhole-groupdiscussionoftheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)
1 Teacherswillaskstudentstoexplaineachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsintheirownwordsbasedonpriorlearning
a ColdWarthestateofheightenedgeopoliticaltensionandrivalriesbetweenalliesoftheUnitedStatesandthoseoftheSovietUnionbetween1947and1991
b EconomicLiberalizationaglobaltrendtowarddecreasinggovernmentregulationandoversightofnationaleconomiesthatbeganafterWorldWarIIandincreasedaftertheendoftheColdWarinthe1990s
c InformationAgethetwenty-first-centuryshiftineconomicdevelopmentfromtraditionalindustrialproductiontoeconomiesbasedoninformationtechnologies
2 NextteacherswillaskstudentstospeculateontherelationshipbetweenthesethreedevelopmentsTeacherswillnotethetwo-directionalarrowslinkingthedevelopmentalconceptsinthegraphicandaskstudents
a Doesonedevelopmentalconceptcausetheother
b Doesoneconcepthaveagreatimpactthantheother
c Dotheconceptsshareasymbioticrelationship
3ThirdteacherswillaskstudentstoexplainintheirresponsestheextenttowhichtheyfeelthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentgloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKoreainthetwentiethcentury
Teaching Tip Theemphasisofthiswarm-upactivityisforstudentstospeculateontherelativeimportanceofeachofthesehistoricaldevelopmentsonthetwentiethcenturyPriorknowledgeofeachisnecessaryIfstudentsareunfamiliarwithanyofthe
threeteachersmightneedtomodeltheprocessbyprovidingabasicoverviewsuchas
TheColdWarsetthestageforeconomicdevelopmentfocusedonmilitarysuperioritywhichincreasinglyrequiredadvancedtechnologicaldevelopmentAspublicandprivateentitiespushedforhigh-techmilitaryapplicationsconsumeroffshootssuchastheinternetchangedeconomiestowardinformationtechnologiesAstheColdWarendedgovernmentsremovedthemselvesmoreandmorefromtheeconomyleadingtoliberalizedeconomiesdominatedbyprivatecorporationsseekingtodevelopmoreprofitableInformationAgetechnologies
AtthispointthefocusofthediscussionshouldbeglobalmacroratherthanspecifictoKorea
CLASSACTIVITY2OF5PAIREDHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOURCES
SOURCEINVESTIGATION(20MINUTES)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25
WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources
1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource
2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord
a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension
b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment
c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment
d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences
Teacher Notes
StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused
Teaching Tip
ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded
CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS
PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude
bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded
bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26
bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience
Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment
Teacher Notes
Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow
Teaching Tip
BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe
quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach
CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF
DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea
Teacher Notes
Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode
CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING
TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27
abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow
SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)
SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)
SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28
IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS
KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC
PART1
Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
PART2
NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing
bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother
bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers
bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship
bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently
PART3
ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea
ColdWar
EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29
PAIREDSOURCES1
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate
TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture
AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless
Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism
TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork
WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection
WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution
[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay22
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULESOURCES
DAY1
AUTHOR SOURCE DATE
1 KWLFChaebols20172 AhnChoong-yongExcerptfromKoreaRagstoRiches20123 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreanindustry20184 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologicalinnovations20185 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologyandculture20186 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreannationalimageindex2018
DAY2
AUTHOR SOURCE DATE
1 KimIl-sungSpeechonNorthKoreaneconomicdevelopment19552 SyngmanRheeLettertoPresidentEisenhower19533 KimIl-sungSpeechtotheCommunistParty19564 EdwardGrahamExcerptfromReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates20035 ChoeSang-HunArticleonNorthKoreannuclearprogram20176 KimDae-jungSpeechPresidentialInauguralAddress19987 GovrsquotofNorthKoreaOfficialStatementonGovernmentWebsite20188 TKarakoampWRumbaughGraphNorthKoreanNuclearMissiles20179 GovrsquotofSouthKoreaChartSouthKoreanInternetUsage2004
DAY3
AUTHOR SOURCE DATE
1 WangLiuyingetalPropagandaposteroneconomicadvances19582 DwightEisenhowerSpeechonthemilitary-industrialcomplex19613 WilliamFulbrightSpeechonUSforeignpolicy19654 CIAIntelligenceReportonGhana19715 CIAIntelligenceReportonNorthandSouthKorea19726 MikhailGorbachevNotesfromaPolitburomeeting19887 USStateDepartmentChartsNorthandSouthKoreaMilitarySpending2017
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay23
DAY 2 BASEDONA60-MINUTECLASS
LessonQuestionHowareNorthandSouthKoreaimpactedbytheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnological
developments
APCURRICULUMFRAMEWORKREFERENCE KeyConcept63mdashAftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953)theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvariedandnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury
I StatesrespondedinavarietyofwaystotheeconomicchallengesofthetwentiethcenturyA IncommuniststatessuchastheSovietUnionandChinagovernmentscontrolledthenationaleconomiesoftenthrough
repressivepoliciesandwithnegativerepercussionsfortheirpopulations[NorthKorea]C InnewindependentstatesafterWorldWarIIgovernmentsoftentookonastrongeconomicroleguidingeconomiclifeto
promotedevelopment[NorthandSouthKorea]D InatrendacceleratedbytheendoftheColdWarmanygovernmentsencouragedfree-marketeconomicpoliciesand
promotedeconomicliberalizationinthelatetwentiethcentury[SouthKorea]E Inthelatetwentiethcenturyrevolutionsininformationandcommunicationstechnologyledtogrowthofknowledge
economiesinsomeregionswhileindustrialproductionandmanufacturingwereincreasinglysituatedindevelopingeconomiesincludingthePacificRimandLatinAmerica[SouthKorea]
HistoricalReasoningSkillContextualization
OVERVIEW
ThisactivityisdesignedtoengagestudentsinananalysisoftheimpactoftheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnologicaldevelopmentsonNorthandSouthKoreandevelopmentStudentsshouldhavegeneralknowledgeofeachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmentionedaboveStudentswillworkincollaborativepairsonananalysisofoneofthreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAgemdashthroughNorthandSouthKoreansourcesInthesecondstageofthelessonstudentpairswilljoinotherpairstodevelopashortpresentationtosharetheirlearningAttheconclusionofthelessonstudentswilldemonstratetheirlearningbywritingresponsestoShortAnswerQuestions(SAQs)TeachersshouldnotethatstudentsareinitiallydividedintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsiftimepermitsThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionwastorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhileSouthKoreaintroducedelementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused
MATERIALSNEEDEDFOR
In-ClassActivity(p8)bull KoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)bull PairedSources1(ColdWar)(pp9-10)bull PairedSources2(EconomicLiberalization)(pp12-14)bull PairedSources3(InformationAge)(pp17-22)
bull StudentGraphicOrganizerhandout(pp23-24)bull Butcherchartorposterpaper
AssessmentShortanswerquestions(pp25-28)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay24
SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION
CLASSACTIVITY1of5WARMUPINTRODUCTION
WARMUPINTRODUCTION(10MINUTES)
WHOLEGROUPDISCUSSION
Studentswillparticipateinawhole-groupdiscussionoftheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)
1 Teacherswillaskstudentstoexplaineachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsintheirownwordsbasedonpriorlearning
a ColdWarthestateofheightenedgeopoliticaltensionandrivalriesbetweenalliesoftheUnitedStatesandthoseoftheSovietUnionbetween1947and1991
b EconomicLiberalizationaglobaltrendtowarddecreasinggovernmentregulationandoversightofnationaleconomiesthatbeganafterWorldWarIIandincreasedaftertheendoftheColdWarinthe1990s
c InformationAgethetwenty-first-centuryshiftineconomicdevelopmentfromtraditionalindustrialproductiontoeconomiesbasedoninformationtechnologies
2 NextteacherswillaskstudentstospeculateontherelationshipbetweenthesethreedevelopmentsTeacherswillnotethetwo-directionalarrowslinkingthedevelopmentalconceptsinthegraphicandaskstudents
a Doesonedevelopmentalconceptcausetheother
b Doesoneconcepthaveagreatimpactthantheother
c Dotheconceptsshareasymbioticrelationship
3ThirdteacherswillaskstudentstoexplainintheirresponsestheextenttowhichtheyfeelthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentgloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKoreainthetwentiethcentury
Teaching Tip Theemphasisofthiswarm-upactivityisforstudentstospeculateontherelativeimportanceofeachofthesehistoricaldevelopmentsonthetwentiethcenturyPriorknowledgeofeachisnecessaryIfstudentsareunfamiliarwithanyofthe
threeteachersmightneedtomodeltheprocessbyprovidingabasicoverviewsuchas
TheColdWarsetthestageforeconomicdevelopmentfocusedonmilitarysuperioritywhichincreasinglyrequiredadvancedtechnologicaldevelopmentAspublicandprivateentitiespushedforhigh-techmilitaryapplicationsconsumeroffshootssuchastheinternetchangedeconomiestowardinformationtechnologiesAstheColdWarendedgovernmentsremovedthemselvesmoreandmorefromtheeconomyleadingtoliberalizedeconomiesdominatedbyprivatecorporationsseekingtodevelopmoreprofitableInformationAgetechnologies
AtthispointthefocusofthediscussionshouldbeglobalmacroratherthanspecifictoKorea
CLASSACTIVITY2OF5PAIREDHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOURCES
SOURCEINVESTIGATION(20MINUTES)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25
WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources
1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource
2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord
a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension
b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment
c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment
d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences
Teacher Notes
StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused
Teaching Tip
ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded
CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS
PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude
bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded
bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26
bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience
Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment
Teacher Notes
Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow
Teaching Tip
BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe
quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach
CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF
DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea
Teacher Notes
Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode
CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING
TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27
abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow
SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)
SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)
SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28
IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS
KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC
PART1
Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
PART2
NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing
bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother
bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers
bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship
bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently
PART3
ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea
ColdWar
EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29
PAIREDSOURCES1
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate
TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture
AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless
Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism
TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork
WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection
WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution
[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay23
DAY 2 BASEDONA60-MINUTECLASS
LessonQuestionHowareNorthandSouthKoreaimpactedbytheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnological
developments
APCURRICULUMFRAMEWORKREFERENCE KeyConcept63mdashAftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953)theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvariedandnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury
I StatesrespondedinavarietyofwaystotheeconomicchallengesofthetwentiethcenturyA IncommuniststatessuchastheSovietUnionandChinagovernmentscontrolledthenationaleconomiesoftenthrough
repressivepoliciesandwithnegativerepercussionsfortheirpopulations[NorthKorea]C InnewindependentstatesafterWorldWarIIgovernmentsoftentookonastrongeconomicroleguidingeconomiclifeto
promotedevelopment[NorthandSouthKorea]D InatrendacceleratedbytheendoftheColdWarmanygovernmentsencouragedfree-marketeconomicpoliciesand
promotedeconomicliberalizationinthelatetwentiethcentury[SouthKorea]E Inthelatetwentiethcenturyrevolutionsininformationandcommunicationstechnologyledtogrowthofknowledge
economiesinsomeregionswhileindustrialproductionandmanufacturingwereincreasinglysituatedindevelopingeconomiesincludingthePacificRimandLatinAmerica[SouthKorea]
HistoricalReasoningSkillContextualization
OVERVIEW
ThisactivityisdesignedtoengagestudentsinananalysisoftheimpactoftheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnologicaldevelopmentsonNorthandSouthKoreandevelopmentStudentsshouldhavegeneralknowledgeofeachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmentionedaboveStudentswillworkincollaborativepairsonananalysisofoneofthreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAgemdashthroughNorthandSouthKoreansourcesInthesecondstageofthelessonstudentpairswilljoinotherpairstodevelopashortpresentationtosharetheirlearningAttheconclusionofthelessonstudentswilldemonstratetheirlearningbywritingresponsestoShortAnswerQuestions(SAQs)TeachersshouldnotethatstudentsareinitiallydividedintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsiftimepermitsThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionwastorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhileSouthKoreaintroducedelementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused
MATERIALSNEEDEDFOR
In-ClassActivity(p8)bull KoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)bull PairedSources1(ColdWar)(pp9-10)bull PairedSources2(EconomicLiberalization)(pp12-14)bull PairedSources3(InformationAge)(pp17-22)
bull StudentGraphicOrganizerhandout(pp23-24)bull Butcherchartorposterpaper
AssessmentShortanswerquestions(pp25-28)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay24
SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION
CLASSACTIVITY1of5WARMUPINTRODUCTION
WARMUPINTRODUCTION(10MINUTES)
WHOLEGROUPDISCUSSION
Studentswillparticipateinawhole-groupdiscussionoftheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)
1 Teacherswillaskstudentstoexplaineachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsintheirownwordsbasedonpriorlearning
a ColdWarthestateofheightenedgeopoliticaltensionandrivalriesbetweenalliesoftheUnitedStatesandthoseoftheSovietUnionbetween1947and1991
b EconomicLiberalizationaglobaltrendtowarddecreasinggovernmentregulationandoversightofnationaleconomiesthatbeganafterWorldWarIIandincreasedaftertheendoftheColdWarinthe1990s
c InformationAgethetwenty-first-centuryshiftineconomicdevelopmentfromtraditionalindustrialproductiontoeconomiesbasedoninformationtechnologies
2 NextteacherswillaskstudentstospeculateontherelationshipbetweenthesethreedevelopmentsTeacherswillnotethetwo-directionalarrowslinkingthedevelopmentalconceptsinthegraphicandaskstudents
a Doesonedevelopmentalconceptcausetheother
b Doesoneconcepthaveagreatimpactthantheother
c Dotheconceptsshareasymbioticrelationship
3ThirdteacherswillaskstudentstoexplainintheirresponsestheextenttowhichtheyfeelthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentgloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKoreainthetwentiethcentury
Teaching Tip Theemphasisofthiswarm-upactivityisforstudentstospeculateontherelativeimportanceofeachofthesehistoricaldevelopmentsonthetwentiethcenturyPriorknowledgeofeachisnecessaryIfstudentsareunfamiliarwithanyofthe
threeteachersmightneedtomodeltheprocessbyprovidingabasicoverviewsuchas
TheColdWarsetthestageforeconomicdevelopmentfocusedonmilitarysuperioritywhichincreasinglyrequiredadvancedtechnologicaldevelopmentAspublicandprivateentitiespushedforhigh-techmilitaryapplicationsconsumeroffshootssuchastheinternetchangedeconomiestowardinformationtechnologiesAstheColdWarendedgovernmentsremovedthemselvesmoreandmorefromtheeconomyleadingtoliberalizedeconomiesdominatedbyprivatecorporationsseekingtodevelopmoreprofitableInformationAgetechnologies
AtthispointthefocusofthediscussionshouldbeglobalmacroratherthanspecifictoKorea
CLASSACTIVITY2OF5PAIREDHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOURCES
SOURCEINVESTIGATION(20MINUTES)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25
WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources
1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource
2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord
a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension
b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment
c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment
d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences
Teacher Notes
StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused
Teaching Tip
ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded
CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS
PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude
bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded
bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26
bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience
Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment
Teacher Notes
Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow
Teaching Tip
BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe
quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach
CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF
DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea
Teacher Notes
Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode
CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING
TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27
abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow
SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)
SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)
SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28
IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS
KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC
PART1
Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
PART2
NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing
bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother
bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers
bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship
bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently
PART3
ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea
ColdWar
EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29
PAIREDSOURCES1
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate
TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture
AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless
Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism
TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork
WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection
WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution
[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay24
SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION
CLASSACTIVITY1of5WARMUPINTRODUCTION
WARMUPINTRODUCTION(10MINUTES)
WHOLEGROUPDISCUSSION
Studentswillparticipateinawhole-groupdiscussionoftheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)
1 Teacherswillaskstudentstoexplaineachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsintheirownwordsbasedonpriorlearning
a ColdWarthestateofheightenedgeopoliticaltensionandrivalriesbetweenalliesoftheUnitedStatesandthoseoftheSovietUnionbetween1947and1991
b EconomicLiberalizationaglobaltrendtowarddecreasinggovernmentregulationandoversightofnationaleconomiesthatbeganafterWorldWarIIandincreasedaftertheendoftheColdWarinthe1990s
c InformationAgethetwenty-first-centuryshiftineconomicdevelopmentfromtraditionalindustrialproductiontoeconomiesbasedoninformationtechnologies
2 NextteacherswillaskstudentstospeculateontherelationshipbetweenthesethreedevelopmentsTeacherswillnotethetwo-directionalarrowslinkingthedevelopmentalconceptsinthegraphicandaskstudents
a Doesonedevelopmentalconceptcausetheother
b Doesoneconcepthaveagreatimpactthantheother
c Dotheconceptsshareasymbioticrelationship
3ThirdteacherswillaskstudentstoexplainintheirresponsestheextenttowhichtheyfeelthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentgloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKoreainthetwentiethcentury
Teaching Tip Theemphasisofthiswarm-upactivityisforstudentstospeculateontherelativeimportanceofeachofthesehistoricaldevelopmentsonthetwentiethcenturyPriorknowledgeofeachisnecessaryIfstudentsareunfamiliarwithanyofthe
threeteachersmightneedtomodeltheprocessbyprovidingabasicoverviewsuchas
TheColdWarsetthestageforeconomicdevelopmentfocusedonmilitarysuperioritywhichincreasinglyrequiredadvancedtechnologicaldevelopmentAspublicandprivateentitiespushedforhigh-techmilitaryapplicationsconsumeroffshootssuchastheinternetchangedeconomiestowardinformationtechnologiesAstheColdWarendedgovernmentsremovedthemselvesmoreandmorefromtheeconomyleadingtoliberalizedeconomiesdominatedbyprivatecorporationsseekingtodevelopmoreprofitableInformationAgetechnologies
AtthispointthefocusofthediscussionshouldbeglobalmacroratherthanspecifictoKorea
CLASSACTIVITY2OF5PAIREDHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOURCES
SOURCEINVESTIGATION(20MINUTES)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25
WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources
1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource
2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord
a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension
b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment
c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment
d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences
Teacher Notes
StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused
Teaching Tip
ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded
CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS
PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude
bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded
bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26
bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience
Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment
Teacher Notes
Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow
Teaching Tip
BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe
quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach
CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF
DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea
Teacher Notes
Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode
CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING
TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27
abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow
SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)
SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)
SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28
IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS
KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC
PART1
Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
PART2
NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing
bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother
bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers
bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship
bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently
PART3
ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea
ColdWar
EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29
PAIREDSOURCES1
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate
TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture
AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless
Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism
TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork
WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection
WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution
[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
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HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25
WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources
1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource
2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord
a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension
b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment
c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment
d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences
Teacher Notes
StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused
Teaching Tip
ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded
CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS
PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude
bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded
bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26
bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience
Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment
Teacher Notes
Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow
Teaching Tip
BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe
quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach
CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF
DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea
Teacher Notes
Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode
CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING
TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27
abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow
SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)
SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)
SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28
IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS
KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC
PART1
Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
PART2
NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing
bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother
bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers
bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship
bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently
PART3
ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea
ColdWar
EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29
PAIREDSOURCES1
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate
TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture
AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless
Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism
TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork
WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection
WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution
[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26
bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience
Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment
Teacher Notes
Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow
Teaching Tip
BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe
quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach
CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF
DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea
Teacher Notes
Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode
CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING
TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27
abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow
SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)
SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)
SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28
IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS
KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC
PART1
Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
PART2
NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing
bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother
bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers
bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship
bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently
PART3
ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea
ColdWar
EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29
PAIREDSOURCES1
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate
TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture
AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless
Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism
TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork
WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection
WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution
[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
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SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27
abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow
SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)
SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)
SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28
IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS
KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC
PART1
Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
PART2
NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing
bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother
bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers
bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship
bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently
PART3
ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea
ColdWar
EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29
PAIREDSOURCES1
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate
TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture
AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless
Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism
TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork
WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection
WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution
[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28
IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS
KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC
PART1
Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
PART2
NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing
bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother
bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers
bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship
bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently
PART3
ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea
ColdWar
EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29
PAIREDSOURCES1
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate
TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture
AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless
Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism
TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork
WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection
WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution
[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
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Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
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STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
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SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
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SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29
PAIREDSOURCES1
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate
TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture
AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless
Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism
TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork
WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection
WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution
[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210
TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland
Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle
YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory
[hellip]
InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown
OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]
Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]
ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown
ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]
JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm
BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics
IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]
S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b
Annotation
SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates
Confidential
MyDearMrPresident
IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong
WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam
Sincerelyyours
SyngmanRhee
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
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thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
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Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
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HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
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ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
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HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212
PAIREDSOURCES2
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704
NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong
Annotation
KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957
[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]
Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique
ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline
WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213
thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership
Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses
DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop
AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained
[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]
ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner
Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly
DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214
Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy
ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture
Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution
FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee
Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty
IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste
U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf
Annotation
ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule
InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape
ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]
ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary
In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216
HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]
[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]
TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s
U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217
PAIREDSOURCES3
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml
Annotation
KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest
WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials
StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore
ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry
Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress
ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo
AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage
ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad
StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere
ScienceWorship
MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218
ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools
Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies
Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience
ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol
AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds
ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia
NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite
UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports
TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry
NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts
ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics
FamiliarFaces
ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates
OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired
SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219
HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests
TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment
KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch
RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009
HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram
NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram
In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince
TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo
ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid
FatherFigure
LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance
ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo
MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus
MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure
AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220
TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild
IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking
IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow
ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions
IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself
F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s
w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221
Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
Document
KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim
Annotation
KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000
MyFellowCitizens
WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution
Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety
TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization
UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears
hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold
hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222
hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies
ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts
hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld
Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus
hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223
STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER
Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge
FirstSource SecondSource
GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments
ColdWar EconomicLiberalization
InformationAge ColdWar Economic
Liberalization
InformationAge
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument
Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments
Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225
ASSESSMENTMATERIALS
SAQ1
Directions AnswerQuestion1
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction
EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently
TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly
DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017
Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo
MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism
SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953
1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt
b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt
c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226
SAQ2
Directions
AnswerQuestion2
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar
Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo
KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956
In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy
EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003
2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury
asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin
thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe
onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227
SAQ3
Directions
AnswerQuestion3
InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable
NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES
T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228
SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE
NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)
N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4
3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)
a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource
b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource
c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources
Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)
1995 366
1996 731
1997 1634
1998 3103
1999 10860
2000 19040
2001 24380
2002 26270
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229
SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE
Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere
AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment
TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict
ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant
ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies
InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance
BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance
TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection
TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies
TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS
C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates
NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations
TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230
SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula
SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization
B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates
TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity
Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing
C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar
CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar
EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans
VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy
Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)
CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231
SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE
AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons
ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries
MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera
B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology
Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury
Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury
C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)
Possibleexamplesmayinclude
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment
EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies
NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld
TotalScore(3pointspossible)