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The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
Content
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International
MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives
of Functional Nanostructures
July 30
th – 31
st Technische Universität Ilmenau, http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/cpfn
Greetings
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
Greetings
Welcome to the conference! The 2nd International Conference & the 4th International
MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN)
will be held on July 30th
-31st, 2015 at the Technical University of Ilmenau.
Our university was founded in 1894 as the “Thüringisches Technikum” and was accorded the title
of Technische Universität (TU) in 1992. We celebrated the twentieth anniversary of our university
in 2012, together with the tenth birthday of the Center of Micro and Nanotechnologies (ZMN),
which is the cradle of the current well-established Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies ( IMN)
MacroNano®. In 2002, the TU Ilmenau strategically decided to promote the basic research and
market-oriented research in the fields of micro- and nanotechnologies. The promising researches of
micro-technology and nano-sciences in the past years clearly show that the decision for opening
the IMN is a quite judicious one. Now the Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies has become an
interdisciplinary institute, which contains more than 40 research departments and groups working
on nanotechnologies, nano-biotechnologies, environmental engineering and medical technologies.
The innovative research on nanostructures, nanostructural patterning and integration of
nano-devices are shining the light of their practical applications in energy generation and storage
applications, optical and electronic technologies.
The CPFN 2014 conference was very successful last year. More than 100 scientists and researchers
attended the conference, and 20 plenary and key invited talks were given by top scientists from 6
countries. This year the conference is dedicated to discuss new concepts and techniques of 3D and
1D nanostructures to solve fundamental cross-cutting research topics for advanced energy related
applications. This international conference are gathering the leading scientists and researchers
worldwide to exchange their exciting research progresses, innovations, discuss the current
challenges and present their foresight and perspectives.
I am very grateful to all the people for organizing this conference and sincerely welcome all the
participants. Wish you and all of us a successful conference!
Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Dr. h.c.
Prof. h.c. Peter SCHARFF Rector of Technische Universität Ilmenau
Preface
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
Preface
Nanotechnology offers tremendous opportunities to improve product performance, solve energy
crisis, promote environmental protection, and reform human’s life. Applications of functional
nanostructures for energy, optical and electronic appliances are just at their advent, yet imperative
as the growing energy needs will require a collection of extremely efficient technologies. The 2nd
International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and
Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), is to be held in TU Ilmenau on July
30th
-31st, 2015, sponsored by “Federal Ministry of Education and Research” and organized by “3D
Nanostructuring” group, is expected to bring together leading scientists, researchers, engineers,
technology developers in nanotechnology to exchange their latest research progress
and innovation.
The topics of the conference mainly include: 1) Functional 3D and 1D nanostructures, surface
nanopatterning, template fabrication of nanostructures; 2) Micro and nano-integration of functional
structures; 3) Energy-related, optical and electrical device application of 3D and 1D
nanostructures.
The conference offers a stimulating and versatile program and features wide-ranging subjects.
Some world’s leading scientific minds will be presented, together with their featured lectures
during the conference. Highlights include ‘Nanogenerators as new energy technology and
piezotronics for smart systems’ by Prof. Zhong Lin Wang, one of the top 5 most cited authors in
nanotechnology and solved a critical gap between application and nanotechnology by creating
nanogenerators that offer the high potential of converting mechanical or hydraulic energy from
environment into electricity for powering nano-devices. Prof. Reginald M. Penner will present his
diverse work on chemical sensing, energy storage and photonics and describe the photodetection
and photo emitters of polycrystalline nanomaterials in the talk ‘Electrodeposition of nanowire
photonics’. The plenary talk ‘Nanostructures for electrochemical energy storage’ by Prof. Joachim
Maier will strategically display his contribution on physical chemistry and is centered around ion
transfer. The diversity of his research covers from experiments to theoretical calculations, from
electrodes to electrolyte and from fuel cells, batteries and catalysis to chemical sensors. The
plenary talk by Prof. Yadong Yin, who appeared on Reuters list of The World's Most Influential
Minds of 2014 and Top 100 chemists (#55) and Top 100 Materials Scientists (#2) in the world
(2000-2010), will highlight his promising work on nanostructures for energy storage and
optoelectronic applications in his talk ‘Stimuli-responsive nanostructured optical materials’. Prof.
Stefano Passerini will guide us to the world of electrochemical energy storage especially on the
lithium and sodium ion batteries in his talk ‘Materials for sodium-ion batteries’. High-level
international collaborations among worldwide research groups are also highly expected based on
the scientific discussions during the conference.
On behalf of the conference organization committee, I am delighted to give my warm welcome to
all the participants of our conference, especially to those from other countries and regions. And I
would like to thank all those who make this conference possible, and all the people involved for
organizing this conference. My special acknowledgement goes to the Federal Ministry of
Education and Research of Germany (BMBF) for their generous financial support.
Wish you and all of us a successful conference!
Prof. Dr. Yong Lei Chairman of the CPFN 2015
Head of the Group Three-Dimensional Nanostructuring
Technische Universität Ilmenau
Organization
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
Organization
Organizer
Fachgebiet 3D-Nanostrukturierung & Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologien MacroNano®,
Technische Universität Ilmenau
Homepage: http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/cpfn
Email: cpfn@tu-ilmenau.de
Organization Committee
Conference Chair
Prof. Dr. Yong Lei
Conference Co-Chair
Prof. Dr. Andreas Schober
Organization Committee Manager
Dipl.-Ing. Moumou Li
Organization Committee
Dr. Chengliang Wang
Dipl.-Ing. Lin Cheng
Dr. Min Zhou
Mr. Max Sommerfeld
Mr. Stefan Bösemann
Dr. Yang Xu
M. Sc. Ahmed Shukur Hameed Al-Haddad
Mr. Andre. Zuehlsdorff
Financial Support
Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF)
Content
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
Content
Synopsis of the Daily Program .................................................................................... 1
Introduction of Plenary and Keynote Speakers ........................................................... 4
Introduction of the Conference Chair ........................................................................ 10
Introduction of the Director of IMN .......................................................................... 11
Abstracts of Plenary Talks ......................................................................................... 12
Abstracts of Keynote Invited Talks ............................................................................ 17
Abstracts of Talks in Scientific Session of 3D Nanostructuring Group .................... 24
Abstracts of Contributed Talks and Posters ............................................................... 30
Introduction of 3D Nanostructuring Group ............................................................... 52
Introduction of the Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies MacroNano® ........... 58
Information for Participants ....................................................................................... 59
Campus Map .............................................................................................................. 62
Synopsis of the Daily Program
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
1
Synopsis of the Daily Program
Thursday, 30 July, 2015
Session A (Chair: Prof. Yong Lei), Meitnerbau
9:00-9:20 Opening Speech
Prof. Peter Scharff, Rector (President) of Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
9:20-9:40 Greeting Speech and Introduction of CPFN Conference
Prof. Yong Lei, Conference Chair, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
9:40-10:00 Introduction of IMN
Prof. Jens Müller, Director of IMN, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
10:00-11:00
(Plenary Talk)
Nanogenerators as new energy technology and piezotronics for smart systems
Prof. Zhonglin Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
11:00-12:00
(Plenary Talk)
Electrodeposition of nanowire photonics
Prof. Reginald M. Penner, University of California, Irvine, USA
12:00-13:00 Lunch
Session A (Chair: Prof. Andreas Schober)
13:00-14:00
(Plenary Talk)
Nanostructures for electrochemical energy storage
Prof. Joachim Maier, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Germany
14:00-14:40
(Keynote Invited Talk)
Dualistic nature between solids and molecules: making nanoparticles by
microfluidic synthesis
Prof. J. Michael Köhler, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
14:40-15:20
(Keynote Invited Talk)
Metallic nanoantennas: emerging applications for high spatiotemporal
resolution light and electron microscopy and ultrafast optical switching
Prof. Christoph Lienau, Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany
15:20-15:40 Coffee break
Session A (Chair: Prof. Zhonglin Wang)
15:40-16:20
(Keynote Invited Talk)
Biotechnical Multiscale engineering, a method within the biolithomorphy
approach
Prof. Andreas Schober, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
16:20-17:00
(Keynote Invited Talk)
Potential applications of sophisticated 3D cell culture systems in stem cell and
developmental biology
Prof. Rüdiger Behr, Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Germany
Synopsis of the Daily Program
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
2
17:00-17:40
(Keynote Invited Talk)
3D micro- and nanostructure of the liver: functional relevance and possibilities as
well as limitations of nanoengineering
Prof. Jan G. Hengstler, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and
Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany
17:40-18:00 Lab Tour in IMN for Plenary and Invited Speakers
Guided tour by Prof. Jens Müller and Prof. Yong Lei
Session B, ZMN
15:00-15:20
MOVPE-grown GaP on Si(111) as a quasi-substrate for subsequent III-V
nanowire growth
Ms. Angieszka Paszuk, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
15:20-15:40 Carbon nitride electrodes: growth and optoelectronics applications
Dr. Jingsan Xu, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Germany
15:40-16:00
Photocatalytic activity improvement on bismuth-based compounds by
introducing continuous interface and oxygen vacancies
Ms. Lingling Xu Harbin Normal University, China
16:00-16:20 Doping profile analysis of GaAs nanowires via multi-probe-STM
Mr. Matthias Steidl, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
Friday, 31 July, 2015
Session A (Chair: Prof. Reginald M. Penner), Meitnerbau
9:00-10:00
(Plenary Talk)
Stimuli-responsive nanostructured optical materials
Prof. Yadong Yin, University of California, Riverside, USA
10:00-11:00
(Plenary Talk)
Materials for sodium-ion batteries
Prof. Stefano Passerini, Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,
Germany
11:00-11:40
(Keynote Invited Talk)
Magnetism at the nanometer scale
Prof. Jörg Kröger, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
11:40-13:00 Lunch
Session B (Chair: Prof. Andreas Schober), ZMN
13:00-13:40
(Keynote Invited Talk)
3D carbon nanotubes and metal chalcogenides: synthesis, alignment and
functional properties
Prof. Jörg J. Schneider, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
13:40-14:20
(Keynote Invited Talk)
Manipulations of nano-Structures for lightening the energy world
Prof. Zhijie Wang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
14:20-14:40
Enhanced charge injection through nanostructured electrodes for organic field
effect transistors
Dr. Deyang Ji, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität, Münster, Germany
Synopsis of the Daily Program
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
3
14:40-15:00
Self-aligned growth of 3D nano-bridge-based interconnects by gas phase
electrodeposition
Mr. Leslie Schlag, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
15:00-15:20
Active matrix-based collection of airborne analytes: a SERS based analyte
recording chip providing exposure history and finger print
Mr. Johannes Reiprich, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
15:20-15:40
Controllable synthesis of vanadium oxides and their applications in lithium ion
batteries
Dr. Qianwen Li, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
Thursday, 30 July, 2015, Meitnerbau
9:00-17:00 Poster Session
Friday, 31 July, 2015, Meitnerbau
9:00-17:00 Poster Session
Friday, 31 July, 2015, Meitnerbau
Scientific Collaboration Session of 3D Nanostructuring Group and ZIK Project
13:00-13:30 Template-realized nanostructures for high-performance devices
Prof. Yong Lei, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
13:30-13:50
Improving electrochemical energy storage in supercapacitors by introducing 3D
nanostructures and asymmetric device configurations
Mr. Fabian Grote, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
13:50-14:05 Building ordered binary nanostructures with pre-patterned alumina template
Mr. Liaoyong Wen, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
14:05-14:25
Highly controllable surface plasmon resonance property by manipulating
structural parameters of nanoparticle arrays
Dr. Zhibing Zhan, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
14:25-14:50 Electrode and material design for sodium ion batteries
Dr. Yang Xu, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
14:50-15:10 Template-directed nanoengineering for solar water splitting
Dr. Min Zhou, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
15:10-17:00 Scientific and collaborative discussions
Introduction of Plenary and Keynote Speakers
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
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Introduction of Plenary and Keynote Speakers
Prof. Dr. Zhong Lin (ZL) Wang received his PhD from Arizona State
University in 1987. He now is the Hightower Chair in Materials Science and
Engineering and Regents' Professor at Georgia Tech, and Director and Chief
Scientist, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Dr. Wang has made original and innovative
contributions to the synthesis, discovery, characterization and understanding
of fundamental physical properties of oxide nanobelts and nanowires, as well
as applications of nanowires in energy sciences, electronics, optoelectronics
and biological science. His discovery and breakthroughs in developing
nanogenerators establish the principle and technological road map for
harvesting mechanical energy from environment and biological systems for
powering a personal electronics. His research on self-powered nanosystems has inspired the worldwide
effort in academia and industry for studying energy for micro-nano-systems, which is now a distinct
disciplinary in energy research and future sensor networks. He coined and pioneered the field of
piezotronics and piezo-phototronics by introducing piezoelectric potential gated charge transport
process in fabricating new electronic and optoelectronic devices. This breakthrough by redesign CMOS
transistor has important applications in smart MEMS/NEMS, nanorobotics, human-electronics interface
and sensors. Dr. Wang’s publications have been cited for over 83,000 times. The H-index of his citations
is 139. Dr. Wang was elected as a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009,
member of European Academy of Sciences in 2002, fellow of American Physical Society in 2005,
fellow of AAAS in 2006, fellow of Materials Research Society in 2008, fellow of Microscopy Society of
America in 2010, and fellow of the World Innovation Foundation in 2002. He received 2014 World
Technology Prize in Materials; 2014 the James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials from America
Physical Society, 2013 ACS Nano Lectureship award, 2012 Edward Orton Memorial Lecture Award
and 2009 Purdy Award from American Ceramic Society, 2011 MRS Medal from the Materials Research
Society, 1999 Burton Medal from Microscopy Society of America. Details can be found at:
http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu
Prof. Dr. Reginald Penner is Chancellor’s Professor and Chairman in the
Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). At
UCI, he has appointments in the Department of Chemistry and the
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science. Professor
Penner attended Gustavus Adolphus College in Saint Peter, Minnesota
where he obtained B.A. degrees in Chemistry and Biology in 1983. He
studied at Texas A&M University beginning in 1983 with Professor
Charles R. Martin and he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1987. He
proceeded to postdoctoral appointments at Stanford University and
Caltech working with Professor Nate Lewis, before being appointed at
UCI in 1990. Professor Penner is an electrochemist whose research group develops methods based
upon electrodeposition for making nanomaterials, such as nanowires, composed of metals and
semiconductors. With his students, he has more than 150 research publications to date. He is an A.P.
Sloan Fellow, a Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar, an NSF and ONR Young Investigator,
and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He received
the 2009 Faraday Medal from the Royal Society of Chemistry of the UK. He is to be the 2016
recipient of the Charles N. Reilley Award of the Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry.
Introduction of Plenary and Keynote Speakers
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
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Prof. Stefano Passerini is Professor at the Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Helmholtz Institute Ulm (Ulm, Germany) since January 1,
2014. Formerly Professor at the University of Muenster (Germany), he
co-founded the MEET battery research centre at the University of
Muenster (Germany). His research activities are focused on
electrochemical energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors. Co-author
of about 300 scientific papers (H-factor of 51), a few book chapters and
several international patents, has been awarded in 2012 the Research
Award of the Electrochemical Society Battery Division. From 2015 he has
been appointed Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Power Sources.
Prof. Yadong Yin received his B.S. (1996) and M.S. (1998) in Chemistry
from the University of Science and Technology of China. From 1999 to
2002, he was a graduate student in the Department of Materials Science
and Engineering at the University of Washington, Seattle, under the
guidance of Prof. Younan Xia. In 2003, he became a postdoctoral fellow at
Prof. Paul Alivisatos’ group at the University of California, Berkeley.
Soon he joined the Molecular Foundry at the Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, as initially a postdoctoral fellow and then a staff scientist.
Since 2006, he has been a faculty member at the Department of Chemistry,
University of California, Riverside. His research interest focuses on the
synthesis, self-assembly, and functionalization of nanostructured materials
for catalytic, analytical, and photonic applications. Prof. Yin has received
a number of national awards, including Cottrell Scholar Award from the Research Corporation for
Science Advancement, DuPont Young Professor Grant, 3M Nontenured Faculty Grant, the Faculty
Early Career Development (CAREER) award from the National Science Foundation, and the
Distinguished Junior Faculty Award from the Chinese-American Chemistry Professor Association.
He is currently an associate editor of the Journal of Materials Chemistry C, and also serves on the
editorial board for NPG Asia Materials, Advanced Functional Materials, SCIENCE CHINA
Materials, and ChemNanoMat.
Introduction of Plenary and Keynote Speakers
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
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Prof. Dr. Joachim Maier is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Solid
State Research in Stuttgart (Germany) and heads the department of
Physical Chemistry. J. Maier studied chemistry in Saarbrücken, obtained
his Masters and PhD in Physical Chemistry there. He completed his
professorial thesis (Habilitation) at the University of Tübingen. From 1988
to 1991 he was responsible for the activities on functional ceramics at the
MPI for Metals Research in Stuttgart, and from 1988 to 1996 (as a Foreign
Faculty Member) he taught defect chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. In 1991, after having declined other prestigious offers
(Materials Science M.I.T., Institute of New Materials Saarbrücken,
Physical Chemistry Marburg), he was appointed Scientific Member of the
Max Planck Society, Director at the MPI for Solid State Research and Honorary Professor at the
University of Stuttgart. J. Maier has authored/co-authored more than 730 scientific papers in
refereed journals and 26 patents in the field of physical chemistry and electrochemistry of the solid
state. His major research field is ion transport in solids. He is also author or editor of several books
and has organised various international conferences on these subjects. Under this headline, research
is devoted to electrochemistry, equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics of charge carriers
and chemical kinetics of solid state processes (Electrochemistry, Solid State Ionics, Nanoionics). He
was awarded both the PhD Award Fellowship and the Lecturer Award Fellowship of the German
Chemical Industry. He received the Carl-Duisberg-Award of the German Chemical Society, the
E.-Martin-Prize of the University of Saarbrücken and the Norman Hackerman Award of the
Electrochemical Society. He is co-recipient of the 2002, 2004 and 2005 Edward C. Henry Awards
and of the 2005 Ross Coffin Purdy Award of The American Ceramic Society. He is a member of the
German Academy of Sciences and Literature (Mainz), a member of the German Academy of
Science and Engineering (acatech), a member of the Academia Europaea, Fellow of the Royal
Society of Chemistry and an Honorary Member of the National Institute of Chemistry in Ljubljana.
He was Visiting Professor at the M.I.T. and TU Graz; he was appointed Herbert-Johnson-Award
lecturer (Cornell University), Richard-Willstätter lecturer of the GDCh (Hebrew University of
Jerusalem) and Seidman lecturer (Technion) and Lecture-Professor (Institute of Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Science Beijing). He also gave the Wilhelm-Jost lecture series of the Deutsche
Bunsen-Gesellschaft (2007). He was Vice President (2011-2013) and is President (2013-2015) of
the International Society for Solid State Ionics. Joachim Maier is Editor-in-Chief of Solid State
Ionics and on the Board of various scientific journals (Adv. Funct. Mater., Chem. Mater., J.
Electroceramics, J. Solid State Electrochem., Z. Phys. Chem., Materials Science Foundations,
Trends in Physical Chemistry). He served as officer on councils of various societies and
organisations (ISE, ISSI, DBG, GDCh, MPG, BDI, IAEA, FZ Jülich among others); he was
chairman of the Solid State Chemistry Division of GDCh, chairman of the New Topics Committee
(International Society of Electrochemistry) and Titular Member of the IUPAC Physical and
Biophysical Chemistry Division Committee.
Introduction of Plenary and Keynote Speakers
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
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Prof. Dr. J. Michael Köhler is the head of the Department of Physical
Chemistry and Microreaction Technology at the Technical University of
Ilmenau (Germany) since 2001. He studied Chemistry in Halle an der
Saale and Jena, where he also habilitated in General and Physical
Chemistry (1992). He led a research department at the Institute of High
Technologies in Jena between 1991 and 2000. During this time, he also
taught at the Universities of Wuppertal and Jena. Professor Koehler inter
alias has edited books on microlithography, micro system technology and
nanotechnology. His current research interests are focussed on
nanotechnology and on application of droplet-based microfluidics in
nanoparticle syntheses and bioscreenings.
Prof. Dr. Christoph Lienau is a professor in experimental physics at the
University of Oldenburg. After receiving a PhD in physical chemistry in
Göttingen, he worked as a postdoc with Ahmed H. Zewail at Caltech,
studying femtosecond dynamics in solution. In 1995, he became a
scientific staff member of of the newly founded Max Born Institute in the
department of Thomas Elsässer. Here, he initiated a research activity in
"ultrafast nano-optics", combining low-temperature and ultrafast
near-field spectroscopy and their applications to nano-spectroscopy. In
2006, he became a full professor in physics in Oldenburg. He has
published more than 150 publications in refereed international journals
and has given more than 100 invited and plenary talks at major
international conferences. He holds 5 patents. He is a Fellow of the
Optical Society of America and Chair of the semiconductor physics division of the German
Physical Society. His research interests are in ultrafast, nano and quantum optics.
Introduction of Plenary and Keynote Speakers
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
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Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Andreas Schober is the head of the group of
Nano-biosystem Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Bio-Technology,
Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany. He is also a member of the
institute of micro- and nanotechnologies IMN MacroNano®, Technical
University of Ilmenau. He studied physics at the Ludwig Maximilians
University (LMU) in Munich. For his diploma thesis he was engaged in
the field of surface and laser science and spectroscopy at the Max-Planck
Institute of Quantum Optics in Munich in the department of Professor
Walther. During his research on ‘‘strategies of evolutionary biotechnology”
at the Max-Planck Institute of biophysical chemistry in Professor Eigen’s
department he became involved in the development and application of
multichannel online PCR systems, ‘‘drop-on-demand-systems’’ for
biological applications and microsystem technologies leading to several industrial projects with
microdrop, evotec and Merck KGaA, Darmstadt. He finished his habilitation at the BOKU, Wien
(Prof. Sleytr) in 2002. After his time with Merck as the head of the system integration group he
joined the institute of micro- and nanotechnologies IMN MacroNano®, at the Technical University
of Ilmenau. Within the competition of the center of innovation competence he received two junior
research groups “microfluidics and biosensors” and “microplastic molding” (2006-2010). In 2011
he was appointed as Professor for Nano-biosystem Technology, He is interested in Nano-biosystem
Technology, 3D cell cultivation, Microbioreactors, Process Optimization, Micro- and Nanosystem
Integration, Microfluidics and Biofabrication. He is now focusing his work on the research and
recreation of biological systems within the frameworks of Biotechnical Multi-scale Engineering
(BME). Recently he won the MetaZIK project “Bioliothomorphy” together with Prof. Lei and Prof.
Müller, TU Ilmenau and Dr. Yishin Zhang from Bcube Dresden.
Prof. Rüdiger Behr studied Biology and received his PhD from the
Westfälische Wilhelms Universität (WWU) Münster in 1998. During his
PhD project he worked at the Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the
WWU on mammalian spermatogenesis. In 2000 he got a fellowship from
the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and joined the Department of
Genetics of the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, PA, USA,
where he worked on mouse development. Thereafter he worked as a
Post-Doc at the Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the WWU Münster
and at the Institute of Anatomy, University of Essen. In the
Developmental Biology Lab at the University of Essen he focused on in
vitro pattern formation by embryonic stem cell colonies.
Since 2005 Prof. Behr continued his research at the German Primate
Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, where he established the Stem Cell
Biology Unit. Since 2011 he is adjunct Professor of the Medical Faculty at the University of
Göttingen.
His current research activities are focused on the derivation and differentiation of pluripotent stem
cells from non-human primates. Furthermore, early embryonic and germ cell development are
studied.
Introduction of Plenary and Keynote Speakers
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
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Prof. Dr. Jan G. Hengstler, born 1965, studied medicine at the
University of Mainz (Germany), later became Professor of Molecular
Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of Leipzig and now is
director of the Leibniz Research Centre in Dortmund (Germany). His
research interests are liver toxicity and regeneration, hepatocyte in vitro
systems, toxicogenomics, as well as carcinogenesis. At the Ilmenau
Conference he will focus on imaging of living liver tissue to understand
the relevance of 3D micro and nanostructures for liver function. This
knowledge, three-dimensional tissue reconstruction, as well as
quantitative mathematical modeling elucidate the principles how cells
coordinately interact to establish functional tissue. Practical consequences
for nanoengineering of ‘artificial livers’ will be derived.
Prof. Dr. Jörg Kröger is the head of department of Technical Physics I, Institute of Physics,
Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany. He is working on charge and spin transport through
single-atom and single-molecule contacts, magnetism at the nanometer scale, quasi-particle
behavior of electronic and vibrational excitations, spectroscopic investigation of the
organic-inorganic interface and advancement of spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy and
spectroscopy.
Prof. Dr. Jörg J. Schneider recieved his Diploma degree in Chemistry in
Philipps-Universität Marburg and obtained his Ph.D degree in the same
university in 1986. He completed his habilitation and appointed as a
Privatdozent (lecturer) in Universität/GH Essen. From 2000, he became a
professor in Universität/GH Essen and Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
(Austria). He is now a professor in Technical University of Darmstadt. He
is focusing on micro- and nano- structured materials and chemisty under
non-classical conditions.
Introduction of the Conference Chair
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
10
Introduction of the Conference Chair
Prof. Dr. Yong Lei is the Head of the Group of Three-Dimensional
Nanostructuring of the Institute of Physics and IMN MacroNano® at
the Technical University of Ilmenau. After his research as an
Alexander von Humboldt fellowship in Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, he became a junior group leader in the Institute of
Materials Physics at the University of Muenster in 2006, where he was
promoted as a W1 professor in 2009. He joined TU Ilmenau in 2011 as
a W2 professor. His main research interests include template-based
fabrication of functional nanostructures, property investigation of
semiconductor and metallic nanostructures and their applications
including energy-related and optoelectronic devices. So far he has
authored for about 100 scientific papers and many of them are
published in high impact scientific journals. He received a few
research prizes and prestigious funding such as the first prize of the
best research in the annual conference of NanoMat in 2005, Young Scientist Prize of
Uni-Muenster in 2008, ERC starting grant in 2009, and BMBF ZIK project in 2012. He has
been invited to give quite a few keynote and invited talks, especially he received an invitation
from the European Commission and attended the EU-China Science and Technology Week in
World Expo 2010 Shanghai, and gave two invited talks as a Star European Project Awardee in
Section 4: Europe for Researchers - Funding top talent from around the world, and in Press
Briefing Program 8: European Union Research – ERC Boosting Frontier Research.
Introduction of the Conference Co-Chair
Details of introduction of the conference co-chair Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Andreas Schober
can be found in Page 8.
Introduction of the Director of IMN
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
11
Introduction of the Director of IMN
Prof. Dr. Jens Müller – (www.macronano.de) received his diploma
degree for electrical engineering and the doctoral degree from Technische
Universität Ilmenau, Germany, in 1992 and 1997 respectively. From 1997
to 2005, he held managing positions in development departments at Micro
Systems Engineering GmbH, Berg, Germany. In 2005, he established the
junior research group “Functionalised Peripherics” at Technische
Universität Ilmenau within the Center of Innovation Competence
MacroNano® and was assigned full professor for the Electronics
Technology Group in 2008. Since June 2012 he has been the director of
the Institute for Micro- and Nanotechnologies MacroNano® at his
university. His research interest covers functional integration for ceramic
based System-in-Packages considering aspects of harsh environmental use,
and high thermal / high-frequency requirements with a strong focus on LTCC materials.
Abstracts of Plenary Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
12
Abstracts of Plenary Talks
Nanogenerators as new energy technology and piezotronics for smart systems
Zhong Lin Wang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta USA
ABSTRACT
Developing wireless nanodevices and nanosystems is of critical importance for sensing, medical
science, environmental/infrastructure monitoring, defense technology and even personal
electronics. It is highly desirable for wireless devices to be self-powered without using battery.
Nanogenerators (NGs) have been developed based on piezoelectric, trioboelectric and pyroelectric
effects, aiming at building self-sufficient power sources for mico/nano-systems. The output of the
nanogenerators now is high enough to drive a wireless sensor system and charge a battery for a cell
phone, and they are becoming a vital technology for sustainable, independent and maintenance free
operation of micro/nano-systems and mobile/portable electronics. An energy conversion efficiency
of 55% and an output power density of 1200 W/m2 have been demonstrated. This technology is
now not only capable of driving portable electronics, but also has the potential for harvesting wind
and ocean wave energy for large-scale power application. This talk will focus on the updated
progress in NGs.
For Wurtzite and zinc blend structures that have non-central symmetry, such as ZnO, GaN and InN,
a piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) is created in the crystal by applying a strain. Such
piezopotential can serve as a “gate” voltage that can effectively tune/control the charge transport
across an interface/junction; electronics fabricated based on such a mechanism is coined as
piezotronics, with applications in force/pressure triggered/controlled electronic devices, sensors,
logic units and memory. By using the piezotronic effect, we show that the optoelectronc devices
fabricated using wurtzite materials can have superior performance as solar cell, photon detector
and light emitting diode. Piezotronics is likely to serve as a “mechanosensation” for directly
interfacing biomechanical action with silicon based technology and active flexible electronics. This
lecture will focus on the updated progress in the field and its expansion to 2D materials.
REFERENCES
[1] G. Zhu#, J. Chen#, T.J. Zhang, Q.S. Jing, Z.L. Wang* “Radial-arrayed rotary electrification for
high-performance triboelectric generator”, Nature Communication, 5 (2014) 3456.
[2] W.Z. Wu+, X.N. Wen
+, Z.L. Wang* “Pixel-addressable matrix of vertical-nanowire piezotronic
transistors for active/adaptive tactile imaging”, Science, 340 (2013) 952-957.
[3] C.F. Pan, L. Dong, G. Zhu, S. Niu, R. Yu, Q. Yang, Y. Liu, Z.L. Wang*
“Micrometer-resolution electroluminescence parallel-imaging of pressure distribution using
piezoelectric nanowire-LED array”, Nature Photonics, 7 (2013) 752-758.
[4] W.Z. Wu+, L. Wang
+, Y.L. Li, F. Zhang, L. Lin, S. Niu, D. Chenet, X. Zhang, Y. Hao, T.F.
Heinz, J. Hone, and Z.L. Wang “Piezoelectricity of single-atomic-layer MoS2 for energy
conversion and piezotronics", Nature, 2014, DOI: 10.1038/nature13792.
Abstracts of Plenary Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
13
Electrodeposition of Nanowire Photonics
Reginald M. Penner University of California, Irvine, USA
ABSTRACT
The detection and emission of light from single crystalline semiconductor nanostructures has been
the subject of consideration interest, but polycrystalline nanomaterials have not be investigated in
this context. Here we describe the use of electrodeposited, polycrystalline (pc), cadmium selenide
(CdSe) in nanowires and nanogap device structures for photonics. The photodetectors and photon
emitters we describe are symmetrical metal-semiconductor-metal (M-S-M) devices prepared either
by the evaporation of two gold contacts onto linear arrays of pc-CdSe nanowires prepared using
lithographically patterned nanowires electrodeposition (LPNE), or by the electrodeposition of pc
-CdSe directly onto gold nanogaps. The properties of these devices for detecting light using
photoconductivity, and for generating light by electroluminescence, are described.
Abstracts of Plenary Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
14
Materials for Sodium-ion batteries
Stefano Passerini1,2
1Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Electrochemistry I, Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
2Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
stefano.passerini@kit.edu
ABSTRACT
The rapid growth of the worldwide demand of lithium for batteries (LIBs) can possibly lead to a
shortage of its reserves. Sodium batteries represent a promising alternative since they enable much
higher energy densities than other battery systems, with the exception of LIBs, and are not limited
by sodium availability.
Herein, we present our most recent developments on sodium battery materials.
Intercalation materials based on transition metal containing, layered manganese oxide are presently
under investigation. Initially we focussed our activity on Na0.45Ni0.22Co0.11Mn0.66O2 synthesized in
air by a co-precipitation method followed by a thermal treatment and a water-rinsing step. In
conventional, organic solvent-based electrolytes this material performs the reversible
electrochemical redox reaction of Mn4+
to Mn3+
leading to delivered capacities above 200 mAh g-1
for several tens of cycles. On continuing our efforts toward more environmental materials, new
Co- and Ni- free materials have been developped, which offers rather interesting performances.
We are also focusing our interest on anodic materials such as TiO2 and Sn-C composites. Tin
nanoparticles embedded in micron-sized carbonaceous particles, which successfully prevent the
aggregation of tin nanoparticles and buffer the occurring volume strain, show extremely reversible
(de-)alloying processes. Such active material presents lithium-ion specific capacities of around 440
and 390 mAh g-1
for applied specific currents of 0.1 and 0.2 A g-1
, respectively. In addition, this
material appears highly promising as anode material for sodium-ion batteries, presenting very
stable cycling performance and a specific capacity of more than 180 mAh g-1
.
KEYWORDS
Na-ion materials, Na-ion batteries, hard carbon, TiO2, Sn-C, NaNMC
Abstracts of Plenary Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
15
Stimuli-Responsive Nanostructured Optical Materials
Yadong Yin
Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
yadong.yin@ucr.edu
ABSTRACT
Nanostructured materials with optical properties responsive to external stimuli are gaining
increasing interests due to their intrigue potential applications in printing, sensing, signage,
security documents, displays, and other color related devices. In this presentation, I will first
discuss our recent progresses on the development of chemical approaches for the fabrication of
various nanostructured materials whose optical properties can be dynamically tuned by controlling
the spatial arrangement of the nanoscale building blocks. We also show that many novel optical
materials could be developed by manipulating the diffraction, refraction, birefringence, and
electronic resonances such as surface plasmon through controlling the interaction between light
and the nanostructures of dielectric and metallic materials. My discussion will then be focused on
our very recent development of a new color switching system based on reversible redox reactions
that could be initiated by photocatalytic response of TiO2 nanocrystals. With the assistance of
TiO2-based photocatalysts, UV light irradiation can effectively reduce the redox dyes and result in
rapid color change, while recoloration can be achieved by re-oxidizing the system with the
assistance of visible light irradiation or heating. The excellent performance of the new color
switching system promises their potential applications as attractive rewritable media to meet our
society’s increasing needs for sustainability and environmental conservation.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
responsive, nanostructures, photonic crystals, optical properties, rewritable, assembly
REFERENCES
[1] Wang, M.; He, L.; Xu, W.; Wang, X.; Yin, Y. Magnetic assembly and field-tuning of
ellipsoidal-nanoparticle-based colloidal photonic crystals, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54,
7077–7081.
[2] Wang, W.; Ye, Y.; Feng, J.; Chi, M.; Guo, J. and Yin, Y. Enhanced Photoreversible Color
Switching of Redox Dyes Catalyzed by Ba-doped TiO2 Nanocrystals, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2015, 54, 1321-1326.
[3] He, L.; Janner, M.; Lu, Q.; Wang, M.; Ma, H. and Yin, Y. Magnetochromatic Thin-Film
Microplates, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 86–92.
[4] Wang, W.; Xie, N.; He, L. and Yin, Y. Photocatalytic Color Switching of Redox Dyes for
Ink-Free Light-Printable Rewritable Paper, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5779.
[5] Wang, M.; He, L.; Zorba, S. and Yin, Y. Magnetically Actuated Liquid Crystals, Nano Lett.,
2014, 14, 3966–3971.
[6] Wang, M.; Gao, C.; He, L.; Lu, Q.; Zhang, J.; Tang, C.; Zorba, S.; Yin, Y. Magnetic Tuning of
Plasmonic Excitation of Gold Nanorods, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 15302-15305.
[7] He, L.; Wang, M.; Ge, J. and Yin, Y. Magnetic Assembly Route to Colloidal Responsive
Photonic Nanostructures, Acc. Chem. Res., 2012, 45, 1431–1440.
Abstracts of Plenary Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
16
Nanostructures for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Joachim Maier Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
s.weiglein@fkf.mpg.de
ABSTRACT
Mobile ions enable a palette of applications in particular in the field of energy research and cannot
be rendered dispensable by using electrons. Typical examples are fuel cells and batteries. Here
nanoionics can have a substantial impact.
Not only can the introduction of interfaces and the variation of their spacing drastically vary
conductivities, also qualitative changes can be achieved: insulators can be turned into conductors,
electronic conductors into ion conductors, anion into cation conductors and interstitial into vacancy
conductors. The use of true size effects leads to the generation of artificial mesoscopic ion
conductors [1]
.
In addition to transport also storage is of direct relevance for electrochemical devices. The counter
part to the above mentioned conductivity anomalies, is a space charge storage anomaly. It is shown
that in composites Lithium as well as hydrogen can be accommodated by a “job-sharing”
mechanism even though none of the constituent phases may be able to do so [2,3]
.
Also in the absence of synergistic boundary effects, nanostructures and in particular integrated
electrochemical circuits based on nanostructures, enable an efficient transport/storage scenario as
desired in batteries. Besides emphasizing the underlying thermodynamic concepts a variety of
specific examples are given highlighting the technological value [4,5]
.
KEYWORDS
Nanostructuring, Ion Transport, Storage, Nanoionics, Electrodes, Electrolytes
REFERENCES
[1] J. Maier. Nanoionics: ion transport and electrochemical storage in confined systems. Nature
Materials 4(11), 805–815 (2005).
[2] J. Maier. Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Lithium Storage.Angewandte Chemie
International Edition 52(19), 4998–5026 (2013).
[3] L. J. Fu, C. C. Chen, D. Samuelis, and J. Maier. Thermodynamics of Lithium Storage at Abrupt
Junctions: Modeling and Experimental Evidence. Physical Review Letters 112, 208301(1–5)
(2014).
[4] J. Maier. Control parameters for electrochemically relevant materials: the significance of size
and complexity. Faraday Discussions 176, 17–29 (2014).
[5] C. Zhu, X. K. Mu, P. A. van Aken, Y. Yu, and J. Maier. Single-layered Ultrasmall Nanoplates
of MoS2 Embedded in Carbon Nanofibers with Excellent Electrochemical Performance for
Lithium and Sodium Storage. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53(8), 2152–2156 (2014).
Abstracts of Keynote Invited Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
17
Abstracts of Keynote Invited Talks
Dualistic nature between solids and molecules: making nanoparticles by
microfluidic synthesis
J. Michael Köhler Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany
ABSTRACT
The application of microfluidic techniques for the synthesis of nanoparticles leads to high yields
and high homogeneities of simple nanoparticles and opens new strategies for making composed
nanomaterials, among them particles with special optical, electronic and catalytic properties [1,2].
The high product quality is achieved by fast and well controlled process steps of reactant mixing,
local heat transfer, nucleation, particle growth and particle assembling [3]. Dendritic plasmonic
particles (Au/Ag, Fig. 1a), polymer spheres on silver needles (Fig. 1b), dumbbell-like polymer
particles (Fig. 1c) or gold nanoparticles on ZnO crystals (Fig.1d) are typical examples. The
microfluidic preparation and homogeneous products allow new insights into the nature of grow
and assembling processes as well as in phenomena of particle conversion and spectral properties.
The findings speak for a dominant role of electrical charging and polarization during the formation
and interaction of particles. In particular, the chemical behavior and the optical properties of
shape-anisotropic nanoparticles show a pronounced Janus-faced character, which have to be
interpreted by a dualism between small solids and molecules.
FIGURE
Dendritic plasmonic particles (Au/Ag, a [4]), polymer spheres on silver needles (b [5]),
dumbbell-like polymer particles (c [6]), gold nanoparticles on ZnO crystals (d [3])
KEYWORDS
Microfluidics, droplets, nanoparticles, nucleation, symmetry breaking, assembling, electrical
charging, polarization
REFERENCES
[1] S. Marre et al.: Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 (2010), 1183-1202
[2] A. Knauer et al.: Nanotechnol. Rev. 3 (2014), 5-26
[3] S. Li et al.: Mat. Lett. 91 (2013), 103-106
[4] J.M. Köhler et al.: nanotechnol. Rev. 3 (2014), 553-568
[5] N. Visaveliya et al.: Part.Part. Syst, Charact. 30 (2013), 614-623
[6] N. Visaveliya et al.: Appl. Mat. Interfaces 6 (2014), 11254-11264
Abstracts of Keynote Invited Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
18
Metallic nanoantennas: emerging applications for high spatiotemporal
resolution light and electron microscopy and ultrafast optical switching
Christoph Lienau Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
christoph.lienau@uni-oldenburg.de
ABSTRACT
Metallic nanoantennas are able to localize far-field electromagnetic waves in volumes of a fraction
of their wavelength [1,2]. This opens up a plethora of new applications of metallic nanostructures
in a broad variety of fields, including high-efficiency optical sensing, photocatalysis, optical
switching and potentially even optical computing. All those applications rely on precise
high-resolution manufacturing techniques for these nanostructures.
Tradionally, standard tools for fabricating these structures with sub-20 nm feature sizes have been
Electron Beam Lithography or Ga-based Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Milling. Quite recently, we have
introduced a novel and promising technique, combining Ga- and He-ion based milling (HIM) for
the fabrication of gold bow-tie antennas with few-nanometer gap sizes [1] as can be seen in Fig.
1(a). Using polarization-sensitive Third-Harmonic (TH) spectroscopy, we have studied the
nonlinear optical properties of single HIM-antennas with sub-6-nm gaps and have compared them
with those produced by Gallium-based FIB. We find a pronounced enhancement of the nonlinear
efficiency and a greatly improved polarization contrast of the TH intensity for He-ion produced
antennas in comparison with state-of-the-art Ga-FIB antennas, as can be seen in Fig.1(b).
Fig. 1: (a) Helium-ion microscope image of the HIM-produced bow-tie antenna with a gap
distance of less than 6 nm. (b) TH intensity as a function of the excitation power for bow-ties
fabricated using HIM and Ga-FIB. (c) FEM simulations indicate that the field is localized mainly
in the gap region of the antenna structures.
This makes He-ion beam milling a highly attractive and promising new tool for the fabrication of
plasmonic nanoantennas with few-nanometer feature sizes. In my lecture, I will discuss several
emerging applications of such nanoantennas, specifically the demonstration of a novel type of
nanofocusing optical microscope offering coherent broadband spectroscopy with unprecedented
spatial resolution of 5 nm [2], the realization of an new type of point-project electron microscope
[3] and a novel approach for realizing ultrasensitive plasmonic switches and transistors with
femtosecond switching times [4].
REFERENCES [1] H. Kollmann et al., Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 4778.
[2] S. Schmidt et al., ACS Nano 2012, 6, 6040.
[3] J. Vogelsang et al., Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 4685.
[4] P. Vasa et al., Nature Photon. 2013, 7, 128.
Abstracts of Keynote Invited Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
19
Biotechnical Multiscale engineering, a method within the biolithomorphy
approach
Schober, A1; J. Hampl
1, Gebinoga, M
1; Fernekorn, U
1; F. Weise
1, P. Mai
1, Borowiec, J.,
Schlingloff, G1; Y. Lei
2, Singh, S
1.
1 Nano-biosystem Technology, Technical University of Ilmenau,
2 Three-Dimensional
Nanostructuring; Technical University of Ilmenau, andreas.schober@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Combining modern methods in microsystem technology with the latest advancements in the life
sciences, namely those in tissue engineering and advanced cell culturing, is promoting the
development of a promising toolbox for modeling biological systems. BioLithoMorphy or
BioLithoMorphie® stands for the assembly of biological materials with the help of lithographic
methods by transferring fabrication principles of micro- and nanotechnology for the construction
of biological 3 dimensional tissue like structures and their examination for application in the life
sciences.
The core problem to solve using this toolbox is the design of 3D artificial cellular environments,
both in fluidic systems and on solid substrates. The construction of 3D cell cultures on substrates
involves various fabrication techniques which use different polymers and biopolymers processed
by micromachining, chemical pattern guided cell cultivation, photopolymerization, and organ
printing methods. These methods together have the potential to create an artificial system with the
complete hierarchical, geometrical, and functional organization found in an actual biological
system[1,2]
. The term Biotechnical Multi-scale Engineering (BME) stands for the extraction of all
the basic physical scales and functional principles in a biological system and their application for
the technical modeling of those systems. The liver plays a crucial role for the metabolism of both
nutrients and drugs. Understanding and modelling of organomimetic cultivation substrates is a key
technology with high potential for future developments in pharmaceutical drug discovery and
tissue engineering.
In this contribution we will explain our approach to gain such complex cellular structures while
using chemical and mechanical modification of thin polymer foils. Due to folding and stacking of
this pre manufactured cell sheet layers it is possible to achieve complex cellular and fluidic entities
which are integrated in micro bioreactor systems.
With the combined application of different methods it is possible to mimic complex tissue like
structures of different organs. Preferable with the liver lobe we demonstrate the construction
schema of such a multilayer techniques.
FIGURE
Schematic of Biolithomorphie®: cell adhesion is guided by subtractive and additive methods
KEYWORDS
Biolithomorphy, micro- and nanosystems, systemintegration, surface chemistry
REFERENCES
[1] A. Schober, U. Fernekorn, S. Singh, G. Schlingloff, M. Gebinoga, J. Hampl, A. Williamson,
Eng. Life Sci. 2013, 13, 352–367
[2] Bhatia, S. N. & Ingber, D. E. Nat. Biotechnol. 32, 760-772, doi:10.1038/nbt.2989 (2014).
Abstracts of Keynote Invited Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
20
Potential applications of sophisticated 3D cell culture systems in stem cell and
developmental biology
Rüdiger Behr
Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
R.Behr@dpz.eu
ABSTRACT
The structure and organization of mammals (animals which nurse their young with milk) is highly
complex and three-dimensional: they have a cranio-caudal axis, a dorso-ventral axis and a
left-right axis. However, mammals develop from an apparently apolar fertilized oocyte, which has
a diameter of only ~ 100 µm. In contrast, the postnatal mammalian body increased tremendously in
size, exhibits 3 axes and consists of numerous highly organized and polarized biological tissues
and organs.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the pre-implantation embryo stage, which is
rotationally symmetrical, but lacks the dorso-ventral axis and the left-right axis. ES cells are able to
develop into all cell types of the adult body (which is called pluripotency), but lack the potential to
form an embryo with a crania-caudal and dorso-ventral structure (which is called totipotency). The
loss of totipotency of embryonic cells in culture is most likely due to the lack of positional
information present in naïve embryos.
A typical cell culture system in biomedical research is a flat plastic dish. This allows efficient
culture of specific cell types such as ES cells, fibroblasts (a common cell type present in
connective tissue) or pathological tumor cell lines. However, many specialized healthy cells,
including most cell types exerting the typical functions of the organs, cannot be cultured under
these standard cell culture conditions. The major problem of the 2D cell culture systems is most
likely the lack of a 3D structural and functional niche which provides essential support for the
normal development and function of cells.
The presentation illustrates examples of biological conditions in which sophisticated 3-dimensional
cell culture systems providing positional cues may be very useful and propelling for stem cell
research and in vitro developmental biology.
KEYWORDS
Embryo, Stem cell, 3D cell culture system, Microfluidic platform, Lab-on-a-chip application
Abstracts of Keynote Invited Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
21
3D micro- and nanostructure of the liver: functional relevance and possibilities
as well as limitations of nanoengineering
Jan Georg Hengstler
IfADo – Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund
Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund
hengstler@ifado.de
ABSTRACT
Liver function and toxicity depend on the microarchitecture of the organ. Recently, 3D in vitro
systems or ‘microtissues’ have been established which recapitulate some aspects of the organ. After
integration into microfluidic hanging drop networks, micro-tissues have been used to analyze
interactions between different tissues. Nevertheless, the currently used in vitro systems differ from
real organs concerning their micro- and nanostructure. Based on confocal and intravital
multiphoton imaging the most critical differences will be presented and practical consequences and
challenges for nanoengineering of improved ‘artificial livers’ will be discussed.
Figure 1: Reconstructed liver lobule, the smallest functional unit of the liver.
Abstracts of Keynote Invited Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
22
Magnetism at the Nanometre Scale
Jörg Kröger Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
joerg.kroeger@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT The ongoing miniaturization of magnetic storage devices calls for investigations into fundamental
properties of magnetic structures at the atomic scale. To this end spin-resolved scanning tunnelling
microscopy is an appropriate tool. The talk will show that tips coated with thin magnetic films
enable imaging with magnetic contrast and spectroscopy with spin resolution. Magnetoresistive
effects at the ultimate size limit will be explored in terms of the anisotropic magnetoresistance in
the tunnelling and ballistic transport range. The talk concludes with demonstrating that magnetic
single-atom contacts may serve as a sensitive probe for exchange interactions.
FIGURE
Spin-resolved STM image of two Fe clusters on a Fe wetting layer on W(110). The different
apparent heights are due to different magnetization directions of the clusters with respect to the
magnetic moment of the Cr tip apex atom. The sketch shows the principle of the experimental
setup.
KEYWORDS
Spin-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, single-atom contacts, tunnelling
and ballistic anisotropic magnetoresistance, exchange interaction
Abstracts of Keynote Invited Talks
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
23
3D Carbon Nanotubes and Metal Chalcogenides: Synthesis, Alignment and
Functional Properties
Jörg Schneider
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachbereich Chemie, Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische
und Physikalische Chemie, Alarich-Weiss-Str.12, 64287 Darmstadt
joerg.schneider@ac.chemie.tu-darmstadt.de
ABSTRACT
In this talk I will cover two different areas of our current research interests in the field of carbon
nanotubes and metal oxides and chalcogenides. Carbon Nanotubes are of ongoing and still
increasing interest over the last 20 years since their undisbuteable first characterization by Ijima [1].
In the last ten year or so the community has witnessed an increasing interest in the synthesis and
use of spatially oriented, ultradense vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) spured by the seminal
work of the groups of Hata [2] and others [3]. Our interest in that area is triggered by the fact that
we are interested to incorporate such structures into microsized arrangements in order to use those
materials as catalyst supports, pressure and vibration sensors or dry adhesive microstructures. In
the first part of the talk I will introduce the synthesis, growth process and alignment of VACNTs as
well as studies towards the properties of spatially structured VACNTs as micro reactors [4], dry
adhesive, as pressure and sound sensors as well growth subtrates for cells [5,6,7] .
The second part is devoted to inorganic metal chalcogenide (chalcogenides = O, S, Se)
nanomaterials. Especially solution based molecular routes to such materials are promising since
they allow an entry into flexible substrate deposition. One of our interests in that area stems from
their intriguing electronic properties as transparent conducting oxides (TCO) [8]. Mono and mixed
metal phase oxidic materials have already found widespread interest and application as inorganic
transparent ceramic materials e.g. for field effect transistors (FET) or transparent electrodes while
those bearing late transition metals and heavier chalcogenides like sulfur or selenium show high
potential as solar cell absorber materials. Their electronic and optical properties can thus be fine
tuned from dielectric over semiconducting to conducting behaviour thus making them ideal
materials for printed electronics.
KEYWORDS
Carbon nanotubes; metal chlacogenides, alignment, functional properties
REFERENCES
[1] S. Iijima, Nature (1991), 354, 56-58
[2] K. Hata, D.N. Futaba, K. Mizuno, T. Namai, M. Yumura, S. Iijima, Science (2004), 306,
1362-1364
[3] for a most comprehensive review see: H. Chen, A. Roy, J.-B. Baek, L. Zhu, J. Qu, L. Dai,
Mater. Sci. Eng. Rep., (2010), 70, 63-91
[4] A. Popp, J.J. Schneider, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., (2008), 47, 8958-8960
[5] 5) R. K. Joshi, J. J. Schneider, Chem. Soc. Rev. (2012), 41 (15), 5285-5312
[6] O. Yilmazoglu, A. Popp, D. Pavlidis, J. J. Schneider, D. Garth, F. Schüttler, G. Battenberg,
Nanotechnology (2012), 23, 085501
[7] C. Nick, S. Yadav, R. Joshi, J.J. Schneider, C. Thielemann, Appl. Phys. Lett. (2015), 107,
01310
[8] S. Sanctis, R.W. Hoffmann, J. J. Schneider, RSC Adv. (2013), 3, 20071-20076.
Abstracts of Talks in Scientific Session of 3D Nanostructuring Group
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
24
Abstracts of Talks in Scientific Session of 3D Nanostructuring Group
Template-realized Nanostructures for High-performance Devices
Yong Lei Fachgebiet 3D-Nanostrukturierung, Institut für Physik & Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologien (IMN
MacroNano®), Technische Universität Ilmenau,
yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
The realization of functional 3D and 1D nanostructures with high structural controllability presents
an important task for nanotechnology research. To address this challenging point, nanostructuring
techniques using different nano-templates with efficient and cost-effective fabrication processes
have been developed in our group. Using these techniques, different nanostructures are achieved
with advantageous features including perfect regularity of large-scale 3D and 1D nanostructure
arrays, high density, scalable and parallel fabrication processes, and cost-effectiveness,[1-6]
which
are highly desirable for device applications. More importantly, the template-realized
nanostructures have high structural controllability, which makes these nanostructures good systems
for investigating and optimizing their physical properties. Using these well-defined nanostructures,
we have realized different high-performance energy-related devices, mainly including sodium-ion
batteries, [7-10]
supercapacitors[11-14]
and solar water splitting devices[15-16]
. These achievements
indicate the high potential and importance of the template-based nanostructuring techniques both
for basic research and practical device applications.
REFERENCES:
[1] Lei Y.*, Yang S., Wu M., Wilde G., Chemical Society Reviews, 40, 1247, 2011.
[2] Zhao H.P., Zhou M., Wen L.Y., Lei Y.*, Nano Energy, 13, 790, 2015.
[3] Wen L.Y., Wang Z.J., Mi Y., Xu R., Yu S.H.*, Lei Y.*, Small, in press, 2015.
[4] Zhan Z., Lei Y.*, ACS Nano, 8, 3862, 2014.
[5] Zhan Z.B., Xu R., Mi Y., Zhao H.P., Lei Y.*, ACS Nano, 9, 4583, 2015.
[6] Al-Haddad A., Zhan Z., Wang C.L., Tarish S., Vellacheria R., Lei Y.*, ACS Nano, in press, 2015.
[7] Liang L.Y., Xu Y., Wang C.L., Lei Y.* et al., Energy & Environmental Science, in press, 2015.
[8] Xu Y., Zhou M., Wang X., Wang C.L., Lei Y.* et al., Angewandte Chemie, in press, 2015.
[9] Xu Y., Zhou M., Wen L.Y., Wang C.L., Zhao H.P., Mi Y., Liang L.Y., Fu Q., Wu M.H., Lei Y.*,
Chemistry of materials, 27, 4274, 2015.
[10] Wang C.L., Xu Y., Lei Y.* et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137, 3124, 2015.
[11] Zhao H.P., Wang C.L., Vellacheri R., Lei Y.* et al., Advanced Materials, 26, 7654, 2014.
[12] Grote F., Yu Z.Y., Wang J.L., Yu S.H.*, Lei Y.*, Small, in press, 2015.
[13] Wen L.Y., Mi Y., Wang C.L., Zhao H.P., Grote F., Lei Y.* et al., Small, 10, 3162, 2014.
[14] Grote F., Lei Y.*, Nano Energy, 10, 63, 2014.
[15] Cao D.W., Wang Z.,
Nasori, Wen L.Y., Mi Y., Lei Y.*, Angewandte Chemie, 53, 11027, 2014.
[16] M. Zhou, J. Bao, Y. Xu, J. Zhang, J. Xie, Y. Lei *, Y. Xie* et al., ACS Nano, 2014, 8, 7088.
Abstracts of Talks in Scientific Session of 3D Nanostructuring Group
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
25
3D nanostructures, new materials and smart devices improving electrochemical
energy storage in supercapacitors
Fabian Grote, Huaping Zhao, Ranjith Vellacheri, Yong Lei*
Ilmenau University of Technology, Institute of Physics & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Prof.
Schmidt-Str. 26, 98693 Ilmenau (Germany)
yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; fabian.grote@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
The ongoing technological advances in areas such as electric mobility, consumer electronics, and
energy harvesting set new demands for energy storage systems like supercapacitors. The next
generation of high performance devices requires a strongly enhanced electrochemical performance
as well as the implementation of new functions like flexibility and optical modulation. A key to
achieve these aims is based on tailor made three-dimensional functional nanostructures and new
active materials that introduce novel properties. Here, we report (i) the synthesis and
characterization of self-supported and carbon coated TiN nanotube arrays for enhanced cycling
stability; (ii) an innovative nanopore array that is synthesized by the replication of an anodic
aluminum oxide template to improve the active material mass loading; (iii) Self-stacked r-GO
nanosheets coated with Co-Ni-hydroxide for flexible electrochromic supercapacitors; and (iv) the
fabrication of a cable-type micro-supercapacitor with high areal capacitance and instantaneous
power by utilizing 3D electrodes based on TiO2 nanotube arrays. The micro-supercapacitor shows
nearly rectangular shaped cyclic voltammogram even at an ultra-high scan rate of 200 V / s.
FIGURE
REFERENCES
[1] F. Grote, H. Zhao, Y. Lei J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 3465.
[2] H. Zhao, C. Wang, R. Vellacheri, M. Zhou., Y. Xu, Q. Fu, M. Wu, F. Grote, Y. Lei Adv. Mater.
2014, 26,7654-7659
[3] F. Grote, Z.-Y. Yu, J.-L. Wang, S.-H. Yu, Y. Lei Small 2015 DOI:10.1002/smll.201501037
Abstracts of Talks in Scientific Session of 3D Nanostructuring Group
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
26
Electrode and Material Design for Sodium Lon Batteries
Yang Xu, Chengliang Wang, Liying Liang, Min Zhou, Yong Lei*
Institute for Physics and IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693
Ilmenau, Germany
Email: yang.xu@tu-ilmenau.de; yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted rapidly growing attention due to the low cost of Na
associated with its natural abundance in both earth and ocean and decent energy density bestowed
by its similar chemical nature to lithium. Many electrode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs)
have been investigated as drop-in replacement for SIBs because of the chemical similarity, but
their deficient intrinsic properties often lead to unsatisfactory battery performances, for which the
larger size of Na-ion relative to Li-ion is generally believed to be responsible. This in turn
motivates us to explore advanced electrode and material design. In this talk, we present a series of
high-performance SIB anode materials that includes both inorganic and organic materials. The
observed electrochemical properties can be attributed to the advanced electrode and material
designs. Using the highly ordered nanoarrays fabricated by anodic aluminum oxide (AAO)
templates, crucial features, such as high ion accessibility, fast electron transportation and great
electrode integrity, can be obtained simultaneously. Employing the extended π-conjugated system,
fast-charge and discharge ability can be realized. Additionally, anodes combining both electrode
and material design will also be demonstrated by taking polystyrene (PS) spheres as template.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
Sodium ion batteries, anodes, cyclability, rate capability, electrode and material design
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Xu, M. Zhou, X. Wang, C. L. Wang, L. Y. Liang, F. Grote, M. H. Wu, Y. Mi, Y. Lei, Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 8768.
[2] Y. Xu, M. Zhou, L. Y. Wen, C. L. Wang, H. P. Zhao, Y. Mi, L. Y. Liang, Q. Fu, M. H. Wu, Y.
Lei, Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 4274.
[3] C. L. Wang, Y. Xu, Y. G. Fang, M. Zhou, L. Y. Liang, S. Singh, H. P. Zhao, A. Schober, Y. Lei,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 3124.
[4] L. Y. Liang, Y. Xu, C. L. Wang, L. Y. Wen, Y. G. Fang, Y. Mi, M. Zhou, H. P. Zhao, Y. Lei,
Energy Environ. Sci.2015, DOI:10.1039/C5EE00878F.
Abstracts of Talks in Scientific Session of 3D Nanostructuring Group
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
27
Building Ordered Binary Nanostructures with Pre-patterned Alumina Template
Liaoyong Wen, Rui Xu+, Yan Mi
+, Yong Lei*
Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano* (ZIK), Institute for Physics and IMN MacroNano* (ZIK),
Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany…
+Contributed equally
yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; liaoyong.wen@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
We develop a cost-effective, high-throughput technique based on AAO template to realize binary
nanostructure arrays, in which both the ‘nanostructure’ and the ‘arrays’ can be freely manipulated
and utilized. The core feature of binary nanostructure arrays is originated from binary-pore
template that contains square pore array and round pore array in one matrix, and the profile of each
pore array, such as the pore size and morphology can be independently adjusted to a wide range
with a serial of pore widening, selective etching, or the combination of both processes. Utilizing
the well-established growth or deposition techniques, we are able to create high yields of
designable binary (nanodot, nanowire, nanotube or even complex) nanostructure arrays that
contain metallic, semiconducting, organic materials. In additional, under the same mechanism, the
evolution of the template from single-pore array to multiple (ternary and quadruple)-pore array is
also being successfully demonstrated. The versatility of our technique is highly appreciable to
create multi- or superior-functionalized macroscopic and nanoscopic devices that extreme difficult,
if not impossible, to be accessed by any existing techniques or methods.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
AAO template, Binary-pore template, Binary nanostructure arrays
REFERENCE
[1] Wen, L.; Mi, Y.; Wang, C.; Fang, Y.; Grote, F.; Zhao, H.; Zhou, M.; Lei, Y. Small 2014, 10,
3162-3168.
[2] Zhao, H. P.; Wang, C. L.; Vellacheri, R.; Zhou, M.; Xu, Y.; Fu, Q.; Wu, M. H.; Grote, F. B.;
Lei, Y. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7654-7659
[3] Xu, Y.; Zhou, M.; Wen, L.; Wang, C.; Zhao, H.; Mi, Y.; Liang, L.; Fu, Q.; Wu, M.; Lei, Y.
Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 4274-4280.
[4] Wen, L.; Wang, Z.; Mi, Y.; Xu, R.; Yu, S.-H.; Lei, Y. Small 2015, 11, 3408-3428.
A
Abstracts of Talks in Scientific Session of 3D Nanostructuring Group
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
28
Template-directed Nanoengineering for Solar Water Splitting
Min Zhou, Dawei Cao, Zhijie Wang, and Yong Lei*
Institute for Physics & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Technical University of Ilmenau, Prof.
Schmidt-Str. 26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
Contact: min.zhou@tu-ilmenau.de, yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Highly ordered nanostructures are advantageous in offering huge surface area, favorable transport
properties, altered physical properties, and additional effects resulting from the nanoscale features,
and have been extensively studied for solar water splitting. Template-directed nano-architectured
electrodes have been fabricated by using ultrathin alumina membranes (UTAMs) and polystyrene
(PS) spheres as templates and applied to construct water splitting devices. Having inherited the
geometrical characteristics of the templates, the resulting devices demonstrate that the obtained
nanoarchitectures benefit the application. For example, innovative design of three-dimensional
macro-mesoporous Mo:BiVO4 architecture was realized through a colloidal crystal template
method, leading to superior photocurrent densities via morphology optimization. Au particle array
together with ferroelectric materials was realized by a cost-effective nonlithographic route,
resulting in enhanced water splitting performance through surface plasmon resonance and
controllable charge transfer/transport. Overall, template-directed nanoengineering shows excellent
promising to make progress in solar energy-related applications.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
Solar water splitting, template, nanoengineering, ferroelectric photoelectrode
REFERENCES
[1] M. Zhou, J. Bao Y. Xu, J.J. Zhang, J.F. Xie, M.L. Guan, C.L. Wang, L.Y. Wen, Y. Lei*, Y.
Xie*. Photoelectrodes Based Upon Mo:BiVO4 Inverse Opals for Photoelectrochemical Water
Splitting. ACS Nano 2014, 8 (7), 7088.
[2] D.W. Cao+, Z.J. Wang+., Nasori, L.Y. Wen, Y. Mi, Y. Lei*. Switchable Charge-Transfer in
the Photoelectrochemical Energy-Conversion Process of Ferroelectric BiFeO3 Photoelectrodes.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2014, 126, 11207.
Abstracts of Talks in Scientific Session of 3D Nanostructuring Group
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
29
Highly Controllable Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Property Based on the
Improved Ultrathin Alumina Membrane (UTAM) Technique
Zhibing Zhan, Ahmed Al-Haddad, Rui Xu, Yan Mi, Huaping Zhao and Yong Lei*
Institute for Physics & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Technical University of Ilmenau, Prof.
Schmidt-Str. 26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
A surface nano-patterning approach in fabricating ordered nanostructures is proposed, in which
ultra-thin anodic alumina membranes (UTAMs) are used as fabrication masks. Using this method,
highly ordered nanostructure arrays with tunable dimensions, periods and symmetry in the range of
wafer scale can be fabricated on any substrate in a massive parallel way. The problems of
nonuniform pores in alumina templates and contamination during sample preparation are totally
addressed. Based on our improvements in this method, we reveal the variation of all surface
plasmon resonance (SPR) factors (position, intensity, width and mode) with nanostructural
parameters (dimensions, heights, periods, symmetry, uniformity, and so on). The plasmonic
applications in solar energy conversion, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are also
discussed. This simple but efficient method provides a cost-effective platform for the fabrication of
perfectly ordered nanostructures on substrates for various applications in nanotechnology
especially for future designing plasmonic metallic nanostructures, which is significant for SPR
applications.
KEYWORDS: ultrathin alumina membrane, non-lithographic route, surface plasmon resonance,
solar energy conversion, surface enhanced Raman scattering.
REFERENCES
[1] Zhan, Z.; Lei, Y. Sub-100-nm Nanoparticle Arrays with Perfect Ordering and Tunable and
Uniform Dimensions Fabricated by Combining Nanoimprinting with Ultrathin Alumina
Membrane Technique. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 3862-3868.
[2] Zhan, Z.; Xu, R.; Mi, Y.; Zhao, H.; Lei, Y. Highly Controllable Surface Plasmon Resonance
Property by Heights of Ordered Nanoparticle Arrays Fabricated via a Nonlithographic Route. ACS
Nano 2015, 9, 4583-4590.
[3] Fu, Q.; Zhan, Z.; Dou, J.; Zheng, X.; Xu, R.; Wu, M.; Lei, Y. Highly Reproducible and
Sensitive SERS Substrates with Ag Inter-Nanoparticle Gaps of 5 nm Fabricated by Ultrathin
Aluminum Mask Technique. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7,13322–13328.
[4] Ahmed Al-Haddad et al. Facile Transferring of Wafer-Scale Ultrathin Alumina Membranes
onto Substrates for Nanostructure Patterning. ACS Nano 2015 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03789
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
30
Abstracts of Contributed Talks and Posters
Highly Ordered 3D Nanostructure Arrays with Improved Electrochemical
Performance for Sodium-ion Battery Anodes
Liying Liang, Yang Xu, Yong Lei*
Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Prof.-Schmidt-Str.
26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany. yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; liying.liang@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Na-ion batteries are a potential substitute to Li-ion batteries for energy storage devices. However,
the poor electrochemical performance, especially capacity and rate capability are the major
bottlenecks to future development. Here highly ordered 3D nanostructure arrays have been
prepared by the nanoimprinted AAO templating technique. In return for this electrode design, high
ion accessibility, fast electron transport, and strong electrode integrity are presented. Used as
additive- and binder-free anode for Na-ion batteries, the electrochemical performances are greatly
enhanced.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
Highly ordered 3D nanostructure arrays; Nanoimprinted AAO templates; Na-ion batteries; Anode.
REFERENCES
[1] L.Y. Liang, Y. Xu, C. L. Wang, L. Y. Wen, Y. G. Fang, Y. Mi, M. Zhou, H. P. Zhao, Y. Lei*,
Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/C5EE00878F.
[2] Y. Xu, M. Zhou, L. Wen, C. Wang, H. Zhao, Y. Mi, L. Liang, Q. Fu, M. Wu and Y. Lei*,
Chem. Mater., 2015, 27, 4274-4280.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
31
Sonication-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical SnO2 hollow
microspheres for high-performance anode materials in lithium-ion batteries
Huating Hua, Liming Wu
b,c, Paul Gebhardt
a, Stefano Passerini
b,c, Dominik Eder
a,
a Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
b Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.c Karlsruher Institute of
Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Email: hhting10@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
We describe a simple and versatile, template- and additive-free route for the synthesis of highly
porous SnO2 HHMSs with considerably enhanced electrochemical properties. This process involves
a crucial ultrasonic pre-treatment of an aqueous SnCl2 solution, followed by Ostwald “inside-out”
ripening upon hydrothermal processing. The resulting SnO2 materials resemble a “chestnut cupule”
structure involving hollow spheres of uniform thickness and very thin petal-like nanosheets grown
perpendicularly on the spheres surface. This unique morphology provides a large accessible active
surface area and high porosity as well as the potential to accommodate large volume changes during
electrochemical reactions. Consequently, these SnO2 HHMSs exhibit a higher capacity and more
excellent cycling performance and rate capability as anode materials for lithium ion batteries
compared with conventional SnO2 materials. In particular, they offer reversible lithium storage
capacity of 659 mA h g-1
after 50 cycles with corresponding columbic efficiency as high as 98%. The
SnO2 HHMSs based electrode also displayed an excellent high-rate performance with reversible
lithium storage capacities of about 730 mA h g -1
and 463 mA h g -1
at 1C and 5C rates, respectively.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS Hierarchical, Hollow microspheres, SnO2, Anode, Lithium ions batteries
REFERENCES
[1] X. W. Lou, et.al., Advanced Materials, 2006, 18, 2325-2329.
[2] M.-S. Park, et.al., Angewandte Chemie, 2007, 119, 764-767.
[3] H. Wang, et.al., Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22, 2140-2148.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
32
Templates for Nanostructuring Functional Materials Toward Potential Device
Applications
Ahmed Al-Haddad,1,2
Huaping Zhao,1 Zhibing Zhan,
1 Liaoyong Wen,
1 Min Zhou,
1 Yong Lei
1,*
1 Fachgebiet 3D-Nanostrukturierung, Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Technische
Universität Ilmenau; 2
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Al-Mustansiryah,
Baghdad, Iraq
Yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; Ahmed.al-haddad@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Template-directed construction just offers a convenient and versatile approach to produce
nanostructures for high-performance device applications. This method could be used to produce
nanostructure arrays of many materials in large scale because of its easiness and maneuverability,
which is important for practical applications of nanostructures. In addition, the obtained
nanostructures have controllable morphological features in nanoscale dimensions, including shape,
size, interspace, etc. The flexible structural controllability is highly beneficial for the device
performance optimization. In our group, we especially focus on the fabrication and utilization of
anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template and polystyrene sphere (PS) template for nanostructuring
functional materials.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
Anodic Aluminum Oxide, Ultrathin Alumina Membrane, Polystyrene Sphere, Binary-Pore
Template
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Lei, S. Yang, M. Wu, G. Wilde, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011, 40, 1247-1258.
[2] Y. Lei, W. Cai, G. Wilde, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2007, 52, 465.
[3] Z. Zhan and Y. Lei, ACS Nano, 2014, 8, 3862-3868.
[4] L. Wen, Y. Mi, C. Wang, Y. Fang, F. Grote, H. Zhao, M. Zhou, Y. Lei, Small, 2014, 10,
3162-3169.
[5] H. Zhao, M. Zhou, L. Wen, Y. Lei, Nano Energy, 2015, 13, 790-813.
[6] M. Zhou, J. Bao, Y. Xu, J. Zhang, J. Xie, M Guan,. C. Wang, L. Wen, Y. Lei, Y. Xie, ACS
Nano, 2014, 8, 7088-7098.
[7] A. Al-Haddad, Z. Zhan, C. Wang, S. Tarish, R. Vellacheria, Y. Lei, ACS Nano, 2015, DOI:
10.1021/acsnano.5b03789.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
33
Enhanced Charge Injection through Nanostructured Electrodes for Organic
Field Effect Transistors
Deyang Ji, Yandong Wang, Lifeng Chi and Harald Fuchs*
Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Munster, Germany; Physikalisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Munster, Germany
fuchsh@uni-muenster.de; ji @uni-muenster.de
ABSTRACT
Nanosphere lithography was used to process nanopore-structured electrodes, which was applied
into the fabrication of bottom-gate bottom-contact (BGBC) configuration OFETs to serve as
source/drain elecrodes. The introduction of this nanopore-structure electrode facilitates the forming
of nanopore-structure pentacene layers with small grain boundaries at the electrode interface, and
then reduces the contact resistance, contact-induces the growth of pentacene and accordingly
improves the mobility of charge carriers in the OFETs about 20 times as compared with results in
literature through enhancing the charge carrier injection. It is believed that this structure of
electrode is a valuable approach for improving organic filed effect transistors.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
Charge injection, nanopore structure, nanospheres lithography, organic filed effect transistors
REFERENCES
[1] D. Ji, Y. Wang, L. Chi, H. Fuchs, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 3855-3859.
[2] B. Kang, M. Jang, Y. Chung, H. Kim, S. K. Kwak, J. H. Ok, K. Cho, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5,
4752.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
34
Extended π‑Conjugated System for Fast-Charge and -Discharge Sodium-Ion
Batteries
Chengliang Wang1, Yang Xu
1, Yaoguo Fang
1, Min Zhou
1, Liying Liang
1, Sukhdeep Singh
2, Huaping
Zhao1, Andreas Schober
2 and Yong Lei*
,1
1Institute for Physics & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK),
2Institute for Chemistry and Bio-Technique &
IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Technical University of Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
Contact: yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Organic Na-ion batteries (SIBs) are potential alternatives of current commercial inorganic Li-ion
batteries for portable electronics (especially wearable electronics) because of their low cost and
flexibility, making them possible to meet the future flexible and large-scale requirements. However,
only a few organic SIBs have been reported so far and most of them either were tested in a very slow
rate or suffered significant performance degradation when cycled under high rate. Here, we are
focusing on the molecular design for improving the battery performance and addressing the current
challenge of fast-charge and -discharge. Through reasonable molecular design strategy, we
demonstrate that the extension of the -conjugated system is an efficient way to improve the high
rate performance, leading to much enhanced capacity and cycleability with full recovery even after
cycled under current density as high as 10 A g-1
.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
-conjugated system; organic materials, fast-charge, anodes, sodium ion batteries
REFERENCES
[1] C. Wang, Y. Xu, Y. Fang, M. Zhou, L. Liang, S. Singh, H. Zhao, A. Schober, Y. Lei*. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 3124.
[2] L. Liang, Y. Xu, C. Wang, L. Wen, Y. Fang, Y. Mi, M. Zhou, H. Zhao, Y. Lei*. Energy
Environ. Sci. 2015, DOI: 10.1039/C5EE00878F.
[3] Y. Xu, M. Zhou, X. Wang, C. Wang, L. Liang, F. Grote, M. Wu, Y. Mi, Y. Lei*. Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 8768.
[4] C. Wang, H. Dong, W. Hu*, Y. Liu, D. Zhu. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 2208.
[5] C. Wang, Z. Wei, Q. Meng, H. Zhao, W. Xu, H. Li*, W. Hu
*. Org. Electron. 2010, 11, 544.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
35
Doping profile analysis of GaAs nanowires via multi-probe-STM
Matthias Steidl1, Stefan Korte
2, Weihong Zhao
1, Werner Prost
3, Peter Kleinschmidt
1, Bert
Voigtländer2 and Thomas Hannappel
3
1 Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institut für Physik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 5, 98684 Ilmenau,
Germany, 2 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße,
52428 Jülich, Germany; 3 Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lehrstuhl für
Halbleitertechnik/Halbleitertechnologie, Lotharstraße, 47057 Duisburg, Germany Contact:
matthias.steidl@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Nanowires (NWs) are promising candidates as components of future third generation photovoltaic
devices [1]. For achieving the desired optoelectronic properties, complete control over the dopant
distribution during growth is essential. Investigations of electrical properties enable direct
conclusions on the doping levels in the NWs. We have grown undoped and p-type Zn-doped
GaAs-NWs on GaP(111)B using the Au-assisted vapor-liquid-solid growth mode in a metal-organic
vapor phase apparatus with different growth procedures. For the electrical characterization we
applied a multitip STM as a nanoprober and conducted four-point probe measurements on single
free-standing NWs allowing us to measure a resistance profile over nearly the complete length of a
NW [2].
Using a transport model that considers a space charge region at the wire surface [3] the carrier
concentrations could be calculated from resistance measurements and geometrical data. For the
upper part of the Zn-doped NW, a carrier concentration of ptop = 8∙1018
cm-3
was found. Near the base
of the nanowire (1.2 µm), however, the carrier concentration was so low that its whole volume was
depleted, and thus only an upper boundary for the carrier concentration of pbottom < 5∙1017
cm-3
could
be calculated. In this case the remaining conductivity is likely to originate entirely from the surface.
Measurements on an intrinsic GaAs NW with almost the same diameter support this assumption as
they reveal resistances on the same order of magnitude.
FIG. 1: (a) SEM image of a freestanding GaAs NW during a 4-point-probe measurement applying
three STM tips and the substrate as contacts. (b) Scheme of the measurement setup.
REFERENCE [1] M. Borgström et al., IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 17 (2011), 1050
[2] S. Korte et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 (2013), 143104
[3] A. Chia and R. LaPierre, Journal of Applied Physics. 112 (2012), 063705
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
36
Graphene-based supercapacitors for smart and efficient energy storage
Fabian Grote, Ranjith Vellacheri, Yong Lei*
Ilmenau University of Technology, Institute of Physics & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Prof.
Schmidt-Str. 26, 98693 Ilmenau (Germany)
yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; fabian.grote@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Supercapacitors or ultracapacitors have matured considerably over the last decade and emerged
with the potential to expedite major advances in energy storage. Many of the future energy storage
systems for smart electronic devices and electric vehicles require supercapacitors with
multi-functional characteristics or extremely good energy storage capabilities at various operating
conditions. To meet the forthcoming challenges, we demonstrate here the successful development
of self-stacked reduced graphene oxide nanosheets coated with Cobalt–Nickel Hydroxide for
flexible electrochromic supercapacitors and also the fabrication of a graphene-based supercapacitor
for effective energy storage at various environmental temperatures.
FIGURE
REFERENCES
[1] Grote, F., Yu, Z.-Y., Wang, J.-L., Yu, S.-H., Lei, Y., Small (2015) DOI:
10.1002/smll.201501037.
[2] Vellacheri, R., Al-Haddad, A., Zhao, H., Wang, W., Wang, C. & Lei, Y. Nano Energy, 8 (2014)
231–237.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
37
Carbon Nitride Electrodes: Growth and Optoelectronics Applications
Jingsan Xu
1, Thomas Brenner
2, Dieter Neher
2, Menny Shalom
1 and Markus Antonietti
1
1Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany;
2Institute of Physics,
Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
Jingsan.Xu@mpikg.mpg.de
ABSTRACT
Graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) materials demonstrate high activity in heterogeneous catalysis,
photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis as a metal-free semiconductor.1 For optoelectronic applications
such as solar cells and LED, uniform and homogeneous C3N4 films must be established. However,
due to the large particle size of C3N4 along with its insolubility in most solvents, the common
deposition methods (spin coating and screen printing) result in poor C3N4 coverage and weak
adhesion on commonly used substrates. Consequently, it is essential to find a new and simple
synthetic pathway to grow high-quality C3N4 thin films on required substrates for further
applications.
Herein, we will report a general, liquid-mediated pathway for the growth of continuous polymeric
carbon C3N4 thin films. The deposition method consists of the use of supramolecular complexes
which transform to liquid state before direct thermal condensation to C3N4 solid films. The
resulting films exhibit continuous, porous C3N4 networks on various substrates (Figure 1).
Moreover, the optical absorption can be easily tuned to cover the solar spectrum by the insertion of
an additional molecule into the starting complex. The strength of the deposition method is
demonstrated by using the C3N4 layer the electron-acceptor in organic solar cells and emissive
layer in organic light-emitting diodes.2,3
The easy, safe and direct synthesis of carbon nitride in a
continuous layered architecture on different functional substrates opens new possibilities for the
fabrication of many energy-related devices.
Figure 1. Left panel: Top-view SEM pictures of C3N4 films grown on different substrates, with
optical absorption tunable; right panel: TEM image of C3N4 layers scratched from the substrate.
KEYWORD:
thin film growth, metal-free semiconductor, optoelectronics, energy conversion
REFERENCE
[1] Thomas, A.; Fischer, A.; Goettmann, F.; Antonietti, M.; Muller, J.-O.; Schlogl, R.; Carlsson, J.
M. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2008, 18, 4893.
[2] Xu, J.; Brenner, T. J. K.; Chabanne, L.; Neher, D.; Antonietti, M.; Shalom, M. Journal of the
American Chemical Society 2014, 136, 13486.
[3] Xu, J.; Shalom, M.; Piersimoni, F.; Antonietti, M.; Neher, D.; Brenner, T. J. K. Advanced
Optical Materials 2015, in press
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
38
Enhancement of Sodium Ion Battery Performance Enabled by Oxygen
Vacancies
Yang Xu1, Min Zhou
1, Xin Wang
2, Chengliang Wang
1, Liying Liang
1, Fabian Grote
1, Minghong
Wu2, Yan Mi
1, and Yong Lei
1,2,*
1Institute für Physics & IMN MacroNano (ZIK), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau,
Germany. 2Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environment and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China.
yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; yang.xu@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
The utilization of oxygen vacancies (OVs) in sodium ion batteries (SIBs) is expected to enhance
performance, but as yet it has rarely been reported. Taking the MoO3-x nanosheet anode as an
example, for the first time we demonstrate the benefits of OVs on SIB performance. Moreover, the
benefits at deep-discharge conditions can be further promoted by an ultrathin Al2O3 coating. A series
of measurements show that the OVs increase the electric conductivity and Na-ion diffusion
coefficient, and the promotion from ultrathin coating lies in the effective reduction of
cycling-induced solid-electrolyte interphase. The coated nanosheets exhibited high reversible
capacity and great rate capability with the capacities of 283.9 (50 mA g-1
) and 179.3 mAh g-1
(1 A
g-1
) after 100 cycles. This work may not only arouse future attention on OVs for sodium energy
storage, but also open up new possibilities for designing strategies to utilize defects in other energy
storage systems.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
Mo; nanomaterials, oxygen vacancies, anodes, sodium ion batteries
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Xu, M. Zhou, X. Wang, C. L. Wang, L. Y. Liang, F. Grote, M. H. Wu, Y. Mi, Y. Lei, Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 8768.
[2] Y. Xu, M. Zhou, L. Y. Wen, C. L. Wang, H. P. Zhao, Y. Mi, L. Y. Liang, Q. Fu, M. H. Wu, Y.
Lei, Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 4274.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
39
MOVPE-grown GaP on Si(111) as a quasi-substrate for subsequent III-V
nanowire growth
Agnieszka Paszuk1, Matthias Steidl
1, Christian Koppka
1, Weihong Zhao
1, Sebastian Brückner
1,
Anja Dobrich1, Oliver Supplie
1, Peter Kleinschmidt
1, Thomas Hannappel
1
1FG Photovoltaik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str., 98693 Ilmenau,
Germany. Contact: agnieszka.paszuk@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Integrating III-V materials with Si substrates aims at combining the superior optoelectronic
properties of III-V compounds with low-cost silicon technology. Further reduction costs of a device
can be possible by applying III-V nanowires, which in compared to planar III-V layers drastically
reduce material consumption and in addition enable lattice mismatched epitaxy. 1,2
Since nanowires
grow preferably along [111] direction 3, 4, 5
, our approach is to deposit a thin pseudomorphic GaP
buffer layer on Si(111) to facilitate GaAs nanowire nucleation. GaP, however, has a polar axis in
<111> direction resulting in two polarities, GaP(111)A and GaP(111)B. The two polarities differ in
surface termination by only group III- or group V- elements, respectively. NWs grow preferably in
the direction of the lowest surface free energy, which in the case of III-V semiconductors is the
[-1-1-1] direction, i.e. B-type substrates are required. 3, 4, 5
Here, we show control over GaP polarity, heteroepitaxially grown on Si(111) substrates by MOVPE
in hydrogen ambient. Prior to GaP buffer growth, the Si(111) surface was either H- or As-terminated.
In dependence on Si(111) surface termination the GaP surface reconstruction was measured and
compared to the surface reconstruction of GaP(111)A- or B-type substrates. As expected, GaAs NW
growth was successful on GaP(111)B/Si(111) quasisubstrates only. Moreover, we find that the
morphology of the GaP/Si(111) surface strongly depends on the substrate offcut direction, which
significantly influences the GaP nucleation and the formation of rotational twin domains in the
buffer.
KEYWORDS:
MOCVD, Si(111), GaP(111)B, As-termination, rotational twin domains
REFERENCES
[1] L. Cao et al., Nano Lett. 10, (2010),439
[2] R.R. LaPierre et al., Phys. Status Solidi - Rapid Res. Lett. 7 (2013), 815
[3] E.I. Givargizov et al ., J. Cryst. Growth, (1975) 31, 20
[4] N. Chetty and R. Martin, Phys. Rev. B 45 (1992), 6089
[5] I. Miccoli et al., Cryst. Res. Technol. 46 (2011), 795
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
40
Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Template Directed Nanostructure Arrays
towards High-Performance Supercapacitor Devices
Huaping Zhao, Fabian Grote, Liaoyong Wen, Yan Mi, Chengliang Wang, Min Zhou, Yaoguo Fang,
Yong Lei*
Fachgebiet 3D-Nanostrukturierung, Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Technische
Universität Ilmenau
yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Supercapacitors have attracted great interest as an electrical energy storage system because of their
high power density, fast charge−discharge rate, and excellent cycle stability. They are attractive
alternatives or complements to batteries in electrical energy storage applications, especially in
high-power applications. Large scale, highly regular, and structure tunable nanostructure arrays are
more desirable for supercapacitor applications. Large scale is the base for practical applications,
while high regularity and tunable structure are the pre-requirements to optimize the device
performance. In our group, we demonstrate a new nano-engineered strategy to fabricate various
nanostructure arrays based on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates to meet with all the above
requirements in order to achieve high-performance supercapacitor devices, based on nanowires,
nanotubes and nanopores, etc.
KEYWORDS
Anodic Aluminum Oxide Template; Nanostructure Arrays; Supercapacitors.
REFERENCES
[1] F. Grote, Y. Lei, Nano Energy, 2014, 10, 63-70.
[2] L. Y. Wen, Y. Mi, C. L. Wang, Y. G. Fang, F. Grote, H. P. Zhao, M. Zhou, Y. Lei, Small, 2014,
10, 3162-3168.
[3] F. Grote, L.Y. Wen, Y. Lei, Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 256, 37-42.
[4] H. P. Zhao, C. L. Wang, R. Vellacheri, M. Zhou, Y. Xu, Q. Fu, M. H. Wu, F. Grote, Y. Lei,
Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7654-7659.
[5] F. Grote, R. Kühnel, A. Balducci, Y. Lei, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2014, 104, 053904.
[6] H. P. Zhao, M. Zhou, L. Y. Wen, Y. Lei, Nano Energy, 2015, 13, 790-813.
[7] F. Grote, H. P. Zhao, Y. Lei, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 3465-3470.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
41
Nano 3D printer for Tissue Engineering
N. Petzold1, E. Markweg
1, T. Kowallik
1, J. Mämpel
1, O. Mollenhauer
1
1 TETRA Gesellschaft für Sensorik und Automation mbH, Gewerbepark am Walde 4, 98693
Ilmenau, norman.petzold@tetra-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT The Nano 3D printer of TETRA is able to create three-dimensional structures on nano scale. This
3D nano-structures are suitable to create tissue cultures. Because of the high resolution, the fast
producing speed, the large dimensions and the free formation of any surface and pore structure,
they are suited for reproducible scaffolds for 3D cell cultures.
In medical technologies, three-dimensional tissue cultures gain more interest than established
two-dimensional cell cultures, because of their higher information value. Three-dimensional
structures reflect the complex interaction between cells more lifelike. This is meaningful for
scientific studies of different cell types like cancer or stem cells. Drug discovery in pharmaceutical
research achieves improved results by utilizing in vitro three-dimensional cultures before testing
on animals. For the cultivation of three-dimensional cell cultures, three-dimensional framework
structures (scaffolds) are necessary for the growth of cells.
The 3D nanostructures of TETRA offer ideal properties for use as a scaffold. They are shaped to
suit individual needs and therefore offer a defined surface area and pore structure to adapt to
different cell types. The high resolution (down to 100 nm) in combination with large dimensions
(30 x 30 x 30 mm³) is current world record and enables the growth of meaningful cell cultures.
With a large portfolio of usable materials, parameters can be controlled, such as the optimization of
the cell supply, mechanical stability of nanostructures or the duration of the biodegradation process
when used as an implant.
FIGURE
Fig. 1: Nano 3D printer MBZ-2PP Fig.2: 3D scaffold structure written by MBZ-2PP
KEYWORDS
Nano 3D printer, nano structures, scaffolds, tissue engineering, 3D cell cultures, world record,
two-photon-polymerization,
REFERENCES
[1] N. Petzold, E. Markweg, T. Kowallik, J. Mämpel, O. Mollenhauer (2015): 3D Nanostrukturen
für die Medizintechnik, Rapid Tech 2015, Erfurt
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
42
Manipulating Charge Utilization in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Min Zhou, Dawei Cao, Zhijie Wang, and Yong Lei*
Institute for Physics & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Technical University of Ilmenau, Prof.
Schmidt-Str. 26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
Contact: min.zhou@tu-ilmenau.de, yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Since the first discovery of Honda-Fujishima effect, photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells offer the
attractive probability to convert the abundant natural source, solar energy, into stored chemical
energy via water splitting. Through close dissection of inherent photoelectrochemical process, we
can find photo-generated charges will meet two important competitive processes: recombination
and separation/migration. As recombination will definitely consume some capability of actual
photon utilization and increase the onset potential, understanding and controlling the relevant
kinetic recombination processes is essential in the well-directed design of efficient photoelectrodes
to improve the conversion efficiency. Herein, particular attention is paid on two major approaches
to improve the charge utilization. One is to use nanoengineering and update fabrication
methodology. For example, innovative design of three-dimensional macro-mesoporous Mo:BiVO4
architecture was realized through a controllable colloidal crystal template method. Superior
photocurrent densities are achieved due to effective charge migration via morphology optimization.
The other one is to utilize an internal electric field to increase the charge separation. Taking
ferroelectric photoelectrode as an example, we focus on BiFeO3 to break the limits imposed by
common semiconductors. As a result of their prominent ferroelectric properties, the
photoelectrodes are able to tune the transfer of photo-excited charges generated either in BiFeO3
or the surface modifiers by manipulating the poling conditions of the ferroelectric domains. Both
of the approaches show excellent improvement on PEC performances and greatly broaden where
and how existing semiconductor materials can be used in energy-related applications.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, charge utilization, nanoengineering, ferroelectric photoelectrode
REFERENCES
[1] M. Zhou, J. Bao Y. Xu, J.J. Zhang, J.F. Xie, M.L. Guan, C.L. Wang, L.Y. Wen, Y. Lei*, Y.
Xie*. ACS Nano 2014, 8 (7), 7088.
[2] D.W. Cao+, Z.J. Wang+., Nasori, L.Y. Wen, Y. Mi, Y. Lei*. Angewandte Chemie
International Edition 2014, 126, 11207.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
43
Photocatalytic activity improvement on Bismuth-based compounds by
introducing continuous interface and oxygen vacancies
Lingling Xu1,2
, Yang Liu1, Linlin Fan
1, Wanlu Cao
1 and Ning Ma
1
1Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of
Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China; 2Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
Contact: xulingling_hit@163.com
ABSTRACT
Semiconductor photocatalyst has attracted increasing interest for their potential applications in
global environmental pollutant control, hydrogen production and the degradation of
organic/organoarsenic compounds. Semiconductor heterojunction presents great potential
application in photocatalytic field due to their tunable light absorption by combining with a
narrow-band semiconductor and effective inhibition of photogenerated carries recombination. As
for the composite photocatalysts, the interfaces of the components reveals very important
contribution to the photodegradation activities, usually verified by comparing with physical mixing
composites. Up to now, the bismuth-based photocatalytic materials, such as Bi2WO6, Bi2O3,
Bi2O2CO3, BiOX (X= I, Cl, Br) and Bi2MoO6 etc., have aroused increasing interest due to the
unique electron structure of Bi element. The composites photocatalysts based on the bismuth-based
compounds have shown great potential on energy conversion and environmental remediation. In
order to provide a continuous interface on the two complexes, ion exchange and alkali etching
were carried out to fabricate bismuth composites.
Oxygen vacancies have a positive effect on the photocatalytic properties. As electron donor,
oxygen vacancies can also increase the electron density on the semiconductor photacatalyst. The
increased electrons can form a donor level, narrowed the energy gap band and extended the
absorption range. We have tried an alkali etching process to decorated the surface of Bi2WO6 with
oxygen vacancies. Also, in-situ reduction process was carried out to form the oxygen vacancies
and metal-semiconductor composites. Improved activity performances were evaluated by the
photodecomposition of organic dye and hydrogen generation.
TEM images for (a) as-prepared BiOI by co-precipitation method and (b) BiOI/Bi composite by
reduction. HRTEM images of (c) as-prepared BiOI and (d) BiOI/Bi composite with continuous
interfaces.
KEYWORDS
Photocatalysis; Bismuth-based compound; oxygen vacancy; ion exchange method;
photodecomposition; alkali etching.
REFERENCES
[1] W. Z. Wang, M. Shang, W. Z. Yin, J. Ren and L. Zhou, J. Inorg. Mater., 2012, 27, 11-18
[2] Y. Shimodaira, H. Kato, H. Kobayashi and A. Kudo, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110, 17790
[3] Z. Hao, L. Xu, B. Wei,. L. Fan, Y. Liu, M. Zhang and H. Gao, RSC Adv. 5 (2015), 12346
[4] G.Y. Cai , L.L. Xu*, B. Wei, J.X. Che, H. Gao and W.J. Sun Mater.Lett. 120 (2014) 1–4
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
44
High quality 3D structured Fabry – Pérot filter arrays based on SCIL technology
Yannan Shen, Imran Memon, Edwin Elechi, Carsten Woidt, Hartmut Hillmer
Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics (INA), University of Kassel, Germany
Shen@ina.uni-kassel.de
ABSTRACT
Miniaturized optical spectrometers have a great potential in wide application areas such as medicine,
environment and food controlling due to the small size and portability. In our work, a kind of Fabry-
Pérot (FP) based miniaturizing optical spectrometer (named nanospectrometer) is developed by
applying Substrate Conformal Imprint Lithography (SCIL) technology. FP filters are built by two
highly reflecting mirrors and a resonance cavity in between. They are able to transmit a narrow
spectral band (named transmission peak) according to the heights/thickness of the cavities.
Therefore, by varying the heights, certain transmission peaks can be filtered. Recently our work is
based on 64 different cavity heights varying from 30nm to 181.2nm and with lateral dimension of
40x40 µm for each in the visible range. They can be achieved by just a single step of SCIL process.
Theoretically, the number of FP filter arrays has no limitation. The quality of imprinted cavities and
the thickness of the residual layer after imprint are two most important properties, which have to be
concerned. The homogeneity of the residual layer is possibly to be reduced by certain mask design.
By modifying different parameters, we are able to improve the quality of cavities and to control the
residual layer thickness. The FWHM of transmission peaks is down to 2 nm and the highest
transmission intensity can be up to 70%.
FIGURE
Imprinted FP filters with 64 different heights (Left) and 16 selected transmission peaks (Right)
KEYWORDS
Nanospectrometer, Fabry-Pérot filter, 3D NanoImprint, UV-substrate conformal imprint lithography
(SCIL)
REFERENCES
[1] Memon, I., Shen, Y., Khan, A., Woidt, C., Hillmer, H. (2015) ‘Highly uniform residual layers for
arrays of 3D NanoImprinted cavities in Fabry-Pérot filter array based nanospectrometers’,Applied
Nanoscience.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
45
Active Matrix-Based Collection of Airborne Analytes: A SERS based Analyte
Recording Chip Providing Exposure History and Finger Print
Jun Fanga, Se-Chul Park
a, Leslie Schlag
b, Johannes Reiprich
b, Thomas Stauden
b, Jörg Pezoldt
b and
Heiko O. Jacobsb
a Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union St. SE, Minneapolis,
MN 55455, USA; b Fachgebiet Nanotechnologie, Technische Universität Ilmenau,
Gustav-Kirchhoff-Strasse 1, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
Email: heiko.jacobs@tu-ilmenau.de, Speaker: johannes.reiprich@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
The detection of single molecular binding events has been a recent trend in sensor research
introducing various sensor designs where the active sensing elements are nanoscopic in size. While
it is possible to detect single binding events, the research has not yet addressed the question of how
to effectively transport airborne analytes to these point-like sensing structures. Therefore we
introduce a new general approach which uses a corona discharge based analyte charging method in
combination with an electrodynamic lens based analyte collection concept which exceeds
non-directed diffusion-only-transport by several orders of magnitude.
This talk will discuss ideas and first experimental results towards an active matrix based analyte
collection approach referred to as “Airborne Analyte Memory Chip/Recorder”, which (i) takes
samples of the particles or molecules in an aerosol at specific points in time, (ii) transports the
analyte sample to a designated spot on a surface, (iii) concentrates the analyte at this spot to achieve
an amplification, (iv) repeats this sequence until the recording matrix is full, and (v) reads out the
analyte matrix on the chip.
To demonstrate and quantify how this general strategy improve the response time of an existing gas
sensor design, the collection scheme is integrated on an existing surfaced-enhanced Raman
spectroscopy (SERS) based sensor. We compare the results with and without
corona/lens-based-collection and find that SERS signal is enhanced by three orders of magnitudes as
a result of increased collection efficiency.1,2,3,4
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
Activ matrix, localized collection, electrodynamic lens, programmable electrostatic precipitation,
airborne analyte memory chip, gas sensor, SERS
REFERENCES
[1] J. Fang, S.-C. Park, L. Schlag, T. Stauden, J. Pezoldt, H. O. Jacobs, Advanced Materials 26(45),
7600-7607, (2014)
[2] J. Fang, S.-C. Park, L. Schlag, T. Stauden, J. Pezoldt, H. O. Jacobs, Advanced Functional
Materials 24(24), 3706-3714, (2014)
[3] E.-C. Lin, J. Fang, S.-C. Park, T. Stauden, J. Pezoldt, H. O. Jacobs, Advanced Materials 25(26),
3554-3559, (2013)
[4] E.-C. Lin, J. Fang, S.-C. Park, F. W. Johnson, H. O. Jacobs, Nature Communications 4,
1636/1-1636/8, (2013)
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
46
Controllable synthesis of Vanadium Oxides and their applications in Lithium ion
batteries
Qianwen Li1,2
, Yitai Qian3,Yang Yu
3, Yong Lei
2
1 College of Light-Textile Engineering and Art, Anhui Agriculture University, Anhui 230036, China;
2 Institute of Physics and IMN MacroNanoVR (ZIK), Technical University of Ilmenau, Prof.
Schmidt-Str. 26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, Anhui 230026,China
E-mail address: liqianwen@ahau.edu.cn & qianwen.li@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
Using different precursors, V2O3 with different structures by the top-down precursor-pyrolyzation
strategy had been synthesized controllably and their electrochemical behaviors in the lithium ion
battery were also studied. At the current density of 200 mA/g, the discharge capacity of V2O3 3D
flower-like structures composed of ultrathin nanosheets is maintained at 360 mAh/g after 80 cycles,
which exhibits excellent discharge capacity and superior cycling stability. Interestingly enough,
these ultrathin V2O3 nanosheets which should display temperature-induced reversible metal
insulator transition1 represents a brand new two-dimensional material having metallic behavior
2.
Meanwhile, we successfully realized controllable synthesis of 3D flower-like structure having
different diameter, packing density, and thickness of nanosheets by adjusting temperature and time.
It is worth mentioning that the precursors also displayed good electrochemical properties. Vanadyl
ethylene glycolate spherical microstructures composed of nanocube-based with an average diameter
of~ 400 nm were solvothermally prepared at 180 ºC. Their electrochemical properties were firstly
investigated. At 60 mA/g the initial specific discharge capacity is 1826 mAh/g and even after 200
cycles the discharge capacity is still maintained at 477 mAh/g, which also exhibits high discharge
capacity and good cycling stability, which is a promising electrode material in lithium-ion batteries.
FIGURE
KEYWORDS:
controllable synthesis, vanadium oxides , three dimensional micro-nanostructures , lithium ion
batteries
REFERENCES
[1] M. J. Yethirai, Solid State Chem. 1990, 88, 53.
[2] J. Feng, X. Sun, C. Wu, L. Peng, C. Lin, S. Hu, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 17832.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
47
Self-Aligned Growth of 3D Nano-Bridge-Based Interconnects by Gas Phase
Electrodeposition
Jun Fang1, Leslie Schlag
2, Se-Chul Park
1, Thomas Stauden
2, Jörg Pezoldt
2, Peter Schaaf
3, and Heiko
O. Jacobs2
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union St. SE, Minneapolis,
MN 55455, United States; 2Fachgebiet Nanotechnologie, Technische Universität Ilmenau,
Gustav-Kirchhoff-Strasse 1, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany; 3 Fachgebiet Werkstoffe der
Elektrotechnik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Strasse 5, D-98693 Ilmenau,
Germany
Author Email: heiko.jacobs@tu-ilmenau.de Speaker Email: leslie.schlag@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
This talk will present a self-aligned nanowire bonding process to form free-standing point-to-point
electrical connections.[1,2]
Wire diameters down to 200 nm and contact pads down to 1 m will be
shown. Moreover, the process is a parallel process to achieve a higher throughput when compared
with any of the emerging serial-direct-write or established serial wirebonding methods. The
presented process is based on a method that is best referred to as “gas phase electrodeposition”. The
process has been described in parts before.[3,4]
The relevant elements as it is known so far are briefly
described to put the current research in context. First it is a localized material growth/deposition
process which uses charged insulators to attract[5]
or deflect[6]
an incoming flux of charged material.
Taking a closer look at the basic process, it becomes clear that gas phase electrodeposition shares
some of the characteristics of electrodeposition in the liquid phase. However, it is a gas phase
process with a much larger mean free path of the particles. The Debye length representing the
screening length of Coulomb forces is also larger.[7]
Despite this difference, it can grow
nanostructures in selected domains in a programmable fashion by adjusting the dissipation current of
the ionic species that arrive at the surface. For example, in the simplest case it was used to grow
straight metallic nanowire arrays whose height and density were adjusted to vary across the substrate
which in turn were used as contacts in photovoltaic devices.[4]
Others have used this technique to
fabricate metallic nanostructures for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).[8,9]
In any
event, charged material continues to deposit into locations where charge dissipation can occur,
leading to a growth of extended structures much like what is observed in the liquid phase based
electrodeposition/plating. The figure illustrates the localized 3D growth of a metallic Au wire. In
step 1 the localized collection of metallic particles starts to from two basic feet and leads to a
self-aligned nanowire bonding process (step 2) to form a uniform connection between two electrodes
(step 3).
FIGURE
KEYWORDS
localized programmable gas phase electrodeposition, self-assembly, self-aligned free-standing
nanowires, nano-bridge-based interconnects
REFERENCES
[1] Gas Phase Electrodeposition and Growth of Free-Standing Point-to-Point Electrical Connections
and Microscopic Bondwires, J. Fang, L. Schlag, S. C. Park, Th. Stauden, and H. O. Jacobs, Nano
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
48
letters, submitted.
[2] Approaching Gas Phase Electrodeposition: Process and Optimization to Enable the Self-Aligned
Growth of 3D Nano-Bridge-Based Interconnects, J. Fang, L. Schlag, S. C. Park, Th. Stauden, J.
Pezoldt, P. Schaaf, and H. O. Jacobs, Advanced Materials, submitted.
[3] Mimicking Electrodeposition in the Gas Phase: A Programmable Concept for Selected-Area
Fabrication of Multimaterial Nanostructures, J. J. Cole, E. C. Lin, C. R. Barry, H. O. Jacobs, Small
2010, 6, 10.
[4] Gas Phase Electrodeposition: A Programmable Multimaterial Deposition Method for
Combinatorial Nanostructured Device Discovery, E. C. Lin, J. J. Cole, H. O. Jacobs, Nano Letters
2010, 10, 11.
[5] Submicrometer Patterning of Charge in Thin-Film Electrets, H. O. Jacobs, G. M. Whitesides,
Science 2001, 291, 5509.
[6] Printing of Organic and Inorganic Nanomaterials Using Electrospray Ionization and
Coulomb-Force-Directed Assembly, A. M. Welle, H. O. Jacobs, Applied Physics Letters 2005, 87,
26.
[7] Fringing Field Directed Assembly of Nanomaterials, C. R. Barry, H. O. Jacobs, Nano Letters
2006, 6, 12.
[8] Effective Collection and Detection of Airborne Species Using SERS-Based Detection and
Localized Electrodynamic Precipitation, E. C. Lin , J. Fang , S. C. Park , T. Stauden , J. Pezoldt, H.
O. Jacobs, Advanced Materials 2013, 25, 26.
[9] Localized Collection of Airborne Analytes A Transport Driven Approach to Improve the
Response Time of Existing Gas Sensor Designs, J. Fang, S. C. Park, L. Schlag, T. Stauden, J.
Pezoldt, H. O. Jacobs, Advanced Functional Materials 2014, 24, 24.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
49
Highly controllable plasmonic property of ordered nanoparticle arrays
fabricated by the nonlithographic ultrathin alumina membrane technique
Zhibing Zhan, Rui Xu, Yan Mi, Huaping Zhao and Yong Lei
Institute for Physics & IMN MacroNano® (ZIK), Technical University of Ilmenau, Prof.
Schmidt-Str. 26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
ABSTRACT
A non-lithographic route was presented to fabricate large-scale perfectly-ordered nanoparticle
arrays with tunable dimensions (30 to 350 nm) and periods (100 and 400 nm) by combining
nano-imprinting with ultrathin alumina membrane technique. There is no requirement of any organic
layer to support ultrathin membrane in our novel route, which totally addressed the problems of
nonuniform pores in prepatterned alumina templates and contamination during sample preparation,
and thus is indispensable for our fabrication of ideally regular nanoparticle arrays on various kinds
of substrates (such as flexible plastic). The effect of imprinted pressure on the prepatterning of Al
foil was also studied in order to ensure the reusability of the precious imprinting stamps. Based on
this route, we reveal the variation of all SPR parameters (position, intensity, width and mode) with
nanoparticle heights, which demonstrates that the effect of heights is different in various stages.
Increasing heights, the major dipole SPR mode precisely blue-shift from the near-infrared to visible
region with intensity strengthening, peak narrowing effect and multipole modes excitation in UV-vis
ranges. The intensity of multipole modes can be manipulated to be equal or even greater than the
major dipole SPR mode. After coating conformal TiO2 shells on these nanoparticle arrays by atomic
layer deposition, the strengthening of SPR modes with heights results in the multiplying of the
photocurrent in this plasmonic-metal-semiconductor incorporated systems. This simple but effective
adjustment for all SPR parameters provides guidance for future designing plasmonic metallic
nanostructures, which is significant for SPR applications.
KEYWORDS: ultrathin alumina membrane, non-lithographic route, surface plasmon resonance,
nanoparticle heights, surface enhanced Raman scattering.
REFERENCES
[1] Zhan, Z.; Lei, Y. Sub-100-nm Nanoparticle Arrays with Perfect Ordering and Tunable and
Uniform Dimensions Fabricated by Combining Nanoimprinting with Ultrathin Alumina Membrane
Technique. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 3862-3868.
[2] Zhan, Z.; Xu, R.; Mi, Y.; Zhao, H.; Lei, Y. Highly Controllable Surface Plasmon Resonance
Property by Heights of Ordered Nanoparticle Arrays Fabricated via a Nonlithographic Route. ACS
Nano 2015, 9, 4583-4590.
[3] Fu, Q.; Zhan, Z.; Dou, J.; Zheng, X.; Xu, R.; Wu, M.; Lei, Y. Highly Reproducible and Sensitive
SERS Substrates with Ag Inter-Nanoparticle Gaps of 5 nm Fabricated by Ultrathin Aluminum Mask
Technique. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7,13322–13328.
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
50
Generation of Oxygen Vacancy and OH Radicals: A Comparative Study of
Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6-x Nanoplates
Yang Liu1, Linlin Fan
1, Lingling Xu
1,2
1Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of
Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China 2Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
Contact: xulingling_hit@163.com
ABSTRACT
Bismuth-based photocatalytic materials aroused extensive attention due to their unique Autivillius
and Sillén structures.[1,2]
The layered structure offers great potential for photocatalytic activity on
water splitting and organic contaminant treatment. Bi2WO6 constructed by alternating
perovskite-like (WO4)2-
and fluorite-like (Bi2O2)2+
layers, has been considerably studied because of
its good absorption ability of visible light.[3,4]
Since the valence band of Bi2WO6 is more negative
than that of •OH/OH−, the highly reactive and “nonselective”•OH radicals is rarely observed in
heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation in Bi2WO6 based photocatalysts.[5]
Several reports have
considered the main active species to be holes for the photodecomposition reactions over Bi2WO6,
while only a few studies are reported for the observation of hydroxyl radicals.[6,7]
Thus, it is
necessary for Bi2WO6 to produce •OH radicals, which is much more efficient in photo-oxidation to
decompose a wide range of organic contaminants and consequently improve the photocatalytic
performance. The increased amount of •OH radicals would be undoubtly beneficial to the
photocatalytic activity of Bi2WO6 for further practical applications.
In this work, a comparative study of the visible-light-responsive Bi2WO6 and oxygen deficient
Bi2WO6-x nanoplates was conducted. The formation of oxygen vacancy resulted in the band gap
narrowing of oxygen deficient Bi2WO6-x, via an elevation of both of the conduction and valence
band positions. FTIR spectra revealed that much more surface hydroxyl groups have been detected
after the etching process. The scavengers tests confirmed the generation of •OH radicals during
photochemical reaction for Bi2WO6-x, while no obvious •OH radicals can be detected for pure
Bi2WO6. The photocatalytic activities of optimized Bi2WO6-x on the decomposition of RhB was 3
times as high as that of pure Bi2WO6. The improvement of photocatalytic activity can be ascribed to
the synergistic effect of oxygen deficiency induced band shifts, together with the large quantities of
surface hydroxyl groups providing active sites for the generation of •OH radicals.
Figure. Left: The EPR spectra of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6-x at 77 K. Right: Schematic diagram of band
gap structures for Bi2WO6 and E3.
KEYWORDS
Bi2WO6; oxygen vacancy; photocatalysis; alkali etching; photodecomposition;
REFERENCES
[1] Zhang, N. et.al. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014,43, 5276;
[2] Ye, L. Q. et.al. Environ.Sci.:Nano, 2014,1,90
Abstracts of Contibuted Talks and Posters
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
51
[3] Kim, N. et. al. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 1952-1958.
[4] Yao, S. S. et.al. J.Solid State Chem. 2009, 182, 236–239.
[5] Wang, C. et. al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 , 6843-6848
[6] Sheng, J. et.al. ACS Catal. 2014, 4, 732 −737.
[7] Saison, T. et.al. J. Phys. Chem. C.2013, 117, 22656 −22666.
Introduction of 3D Nanostructuring Group
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Introduction of 3D Nanostructuring Group
‘We make high performance nano-devices or systems possible’
With awareness or not, nanometer-scale phenomena take great roles in our daily life. The ordered
nanometer-sized structures are especially of significance due to their various advantages. However,
the realization of large-scale ordered three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures on suitable substrates
is still highly challenging.
The Fachgebiet 3D-Nanostrukturierung (Group of 3D Nanostructuring) is focusing on the
development of efficient and low cost processes for fabricating 3D nanostructures and their
applications in different nano-devices (energy storage, energy conversion, surface plasmon
resonance, optoelectronics, gas sensor, etc.). The works are expected to solve the challenges of
realization of 3D nanostructuring and address the current requirement of high performance
functional devices.
1. Ordered three-dimensional (3D) nanostructuring
Our group has elaborate expertise in the synthesis of different nanostructures mainly based on
anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and polystyrene (PS) colloidal template, and their functional
applications. The great advantage of template-directed nanostructuring is the achievement of
nanostructure arrays in large scale with well-defined shape, precisely-controlled size and
predefined spatial orientation/arrangement, which are all guided by the template. The size and
shape can be effectively tuned by simply changing the nature of the template because of the
topologic transformation. Moreover, the spatial orientation and arrangement of the as-obtained
nanostructure arrays is pre-defined by the spatial structure of template, and it could be maintained
on a substrate even without the support of template. By taking advantages of the highly-ordered
and highly-oriented structural features stemming from self-organization process, both AAO and PS
have been extensively investigated in our group as nanostructuring templates to fabricate
highly-ordered and highly-oriented nanostructure arrays.
1) Starting from the two-dimensional (2D) surface patterning, we have the abundant knowledge
and experience in the time-saving and low-cost fabrication processes of template-based methods
for fabricating different 2D nano-devices. The 2D surface nanostructuring is mainly achieved by
using thin templates (e.g. ultrathin alumina membranes (UTAMs), for details: “Highly ordered
nanostructures with tunable size, shape and properties: a new way to surface nanopatterning using
ultra-thin alumina masks”, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2007, 52, 465; “Surface patterning using templates:
Introduction of 3D Nanostructuring Group
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53
concept, properties and device applications”, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 1247), which is
especially valuable in plasmonic applications and thereby can be used in photo-catalyst,
photoelectrochemistry, photovoltaics and bio-sensing.
2) In order to break the limit of 2D nano-devices and to utilize the most attractive features of
nano-materials, especially the large surface area, we are focusing on the realization of 3D
nanostructures on substrates and their applications in 3D nano-devices. Due to their advantageous
features (such as high regularity and density, high controllability of the structural parameters,
cost-effective processes), these template-prepared functional nanostructures are desirable candidate
structures for the next generation of high-performance devices (For details see our two recent
invited reviews: “Template-Directed Construction of Nanostructure Arrays for Highly-Efficient
Energy Storage and Conversion”, Nano Energy, 2015, 13, 790; “Designing heterogeneous 1D
nanostructure arrays based on AAO template for energy applications”, Small, 2015, 11, 3408).
3) The integration of devices requires the achievement of large-scale ordered nanostructures with
dimensions as small as possible, which can increase the integrated degree of the devices, minimize
the device dimension and reduce the cost. With the assistance of imprinting technique, one of our
current research topics is focusing on the fabrication process for achieving functional
nanostructures (e.g. binary nanostructures), decreasing the spatial parameters and increasing the
ordered patterning areas (e.g. “Facile Transferring of Wafer-Scale Ultrathin Alumina Membranes
onto Substrates for Nanostructure Patterning”, ACS Nano 2015, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03789;
“Highly Controllable Surface Plasmon Resonance Property by Heights of Ordered Nanoparticle
Arrays Fabricated via a Nonlithographic Route”, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 4583; “Sub-100-nm
nanoparticle arrays with perfect ordering, tunable and uniform dimensions fabricated by
combining nanoimprinting with ultrathin alumina membrane technique”, ACS Nano 2014, 8,
3862).
2. Energy storage applications based on ordered three-dimensional (3D) nanostructuring
Energy is one of the key challenges of mankind in this century in order to meet the requirement of
an increasing intermittent energy supply. The demand of energy storage systems include small
storage systems for portable devices and energy harvesting applications, medium size applications
such as energy storage systems for electrical mobility, and large-scale systems leveling peaks in
power grids. In all these applications, supercapacitors and batteries play a crucial role and are
discussed as desirable solutions to address these emerging challenges. We are interested in
developing three-dimensional nanostructured electrode configurations to understand and improve
the performance of energy devices.
1) We have devoted much effort on constructing 3D nanoarchitectures as a promising electrode
configuration. Our design features highly ordered nanostructured arrays (nanorods, nanopillars,
nanowires, nanotubes, nanopores, etc.). Such design can maximize power and energy density,
facilitate the ion diffusion yet maintain short ion or charge transport distance, which brings out
high performance of our energy storage devices.
Examples could be found in: Ni-TiO2 core-shell nanopillar arrays (“Highly ordered
three-dimensional Ni-TiO2 nanoarrays as sodium ion battery anodes”, Chem. Mater. 2015, 27,
4274) and highly ordered Sb nanorod arrays (“Large-scale Highly Ordered Sb Nanorod Arrays
Anode with High Capacity and Rate Capability for Sodium-Ion Batteries”, Energy Environ. Sci.
2015, DOI: 10.1039/C5EE00878F) for sodium-ion batteries and highly ordered free-standing 3D
arrays of SnO2 nanotubes (“A complete three-dimensionally nanostructured asymmetric
supercapacitor with high operating voltage window based on PPy and MnO2”, Nano Energy,
2014, 10, 63), Pt nanotube arrays (“Cost-effective atomic layer deposition synthesis of Pt nanotube
arrays: application for high performance supercapacitor”, Small 2014, 10, 3162) and
self-supported metallic nanopore arrays (“Self-Supported Metallic Nanopore Arrays with
Highly-Oriented Nanoporous Structure as Ideally Nanostructured Electrode for Supercapacitor
Application”, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7654) for 3D nanostructured supercapacitors.
Introduction of 3D Nanostructuring Group
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2) We are also focusing on design and synthesis of novel materials for discovering suitable
materials for enhancing the device performance, including the molecular design for addressing the
fast-charge and –discharge batteries (“Extended π-conjugated system for fast-charge and
–discharge sodium ion batteries”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 3124. This work was highlighted
by the phys.org with the title of “Na-ion batteries get closer to replacing Li-ion batteries”
(http://phys.org/news/2015-03-na-ion-batteries-closer-li-ion.html)) and the utilization of oxygen
vacancies for increasing the electric conductivity and Na-ion diffusion coefficient in sodium ion
batteries (“Oxygen vacancies enabled enhancement of sodium ion battery performance”, Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 8768).
3. Energy conversion applications based on ordered three-dimensional (3D) nanostructuring
Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energies. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water
splitting, photovoltaics and various solar cells have been regarded as a feasible and cost-effective
realization of an artificial analogy to photosynthesis. Unfortunately, the stringent requirements for
the physical and chemical properties make it difficult to find suitable photoelectrodes that can
perform solar energy conversion efficiently and inexpensively. Innovations in 3D
nanoarchitectures of photoelectrodes offer potential breakthroughs in this field by taking the
advantages of detailed understanding of the corresponding physical processes.
Introduction of 3D Nanostructuring Group
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
55
1) With the assistance of various fabrication techniques and different templates including AAO
and PS colloidal template, various photoelectrodes with different three-dimensional
nanoarchitectures have been achieved and applied in solar water splitting. For example, we have
constructed a 3D quaternary macro-mesoporous architectures that show excellent solar energy
conversion efficiency ( “Photoelectrodes Based Upon Mo:BiVO4 Inverse Opals for
Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting”, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 7088)
2) Plasmonic phenomena also could be used for enhancing the photoelectrochmial performance.
Primary work on this topic is to choose the suitable materials. By using ferroelectric (BFO)
photoelectrodes to break the limits imposed by common semiconductors, the photoelectrodes
possess an impressive capability in tuning the transfer of photo-excited charges generated either in
BFO or the surface modifiers by manipulating the poling conditions of the ferroelectric domains. It
offers a feasible strategy for designing smart photoelectrochemical systems as to operate
photoelectrochemical reactions on a single ferroelectric electrode freely (“Switchable
Charge-Transfer in the Photoelectrochemical Energy-Conversion Process of Ferroelectric
BiFeO3 Photoelectrodes”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 126, 11207).
4. Highly ordered nanoparticle arrays for plasmonic applications
The rapid development of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the collective oscillation of
conduction electrons across nanostructures induced by incident light, has received significant
attention, due to its important applications in many fields. In solar energy conversions, plasmonic
devices offered a new opportunity to promote the efficiency by extending light absorption,
increasing light scattering and directly exciting electron−hole pairs (hot carriers). As one of the
most powerful probing tools in ultrasensitive analysis, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
(SERS) depends the highly intense localized electromagnetic fields (also known as “hot spots”)
produced by the process of SPR. It has been confirmed that SPR parameters (such as position,
intensity, linewidths and modes) play crucial roles in plasmonic applications. Generally, these
factors of SPR property are very sensitive to the structural parameters of plasmonic metals (like
size, shape, morphology and distribution). Many of our works have been focusing on the synthesis,
assembly and tuning of the plasmonic nanostructrues.
1) By combining nanoimprinting with UTAM technique, we proposed a non-lithographic
nano-patterning approach to fabricate perfectly ordered nanoparticle arrays on large area substrates.
This simple but efficient method provides a cost-effective platform for the fabrication of perfectly
ordered nanostructures on substrates for various applications in nanotechnology (“Sub-100-nm
nanoparticle arrays with perfect ordering and tunable and uniform dimensions fabricated by
combining nanoimprinting with ultrathin alumina membrane technique”, ACS Nano, 2014, 8,
3862).
2) On the basis of above method, we further demonstrated the variation of all SPR parameters
(position, intensity, width and mode) with nanoparticle heights and the important application in
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
-0.02
0.00
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Introduction of 3D Nanostructuring Group
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56
solar energy conversions. This simple but effective adjustment for all SPR parameters provides
guidance for future designing plasmonic metallic nanostructures, which is significant for SPR
applications (“Highly controllable surface plasmon resonance property by heights of ordered
nanoparticle arrays fabricated via a nonlithographic route”, ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 4583).
5. Simulation and modeling
Rapid prototyping and highly-accurate simulations reduce reliance upon costly and
time-consuming experimental prototypes, leading to a quicker assessment of design concepts. The
combination of experimental and the theoretical calculation results are helpful to deeply
understand the fundamental devices and further improve the device performance.
1) We use FDTD Solutions in a lot of research areas, from fundamental photonics research to
current photoelectronic applications in photovoltaics, water splitting, SERS and many more. For
example, we have studied surface plasmon resonance properties of ordered nanoparticle arrays and
the simulations results (the electric field around the nanoparticle and the normalized scattering and
absorption cross section) accord with the experiment very well (“Highly Controllable Surface
Plasmon Resonance Property by Heights of Ordered Nanoparticle Arrays Fabricated via a
Nonlithographic Route”, ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 4583).
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2) First-principle calculations are used to investigate the electronic and photonic properties of the
semiconductors. For example, first-principles calculations using simple supercell-slab (SS) models
are employed to approximate/model the defects on the ZnO NW (1010) and (0001) surfaces
(“Spatial distribution of neutral oxygen vacancies on ZnO nanowire surfaces: An investigation
combining confocal microscopy and first principles calculations”, J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 114,
034901. This work was the most highly cited regular article among over 4000 JAP articles that was
published in the year of 2013).
Introduction of IMN MacroNano®
The 2nd International Conference & 4th International MacroNano-Colloquium on the Challenges and Perspectives of Functional Nanostructures (CPFN), 2015
58
Introduction of the Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies
MacroNano®
A Partner in Research and Development
The Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies of the TU Ilmenau – the IMN
MacroNano® combines the know-how and resources of the cross-application disciplines of
Microsystems Technology and Nanotechnology for the following ranges of application:
Life Sciences
Energy Efficiency
Photonics
One outstanding feature of the IMN MacroNano® is its interdisciplinary and cross-faculty
orientation, which encompasses both the narrowly-focused disciplines of microsystems technology
and nanotechnology and the range of practical applications in the three areas mentioned above.
Thanks to close co-operation within the institute, it is possible to attain complex objectives in
systems engineering whose successful implementation requires comprehensive know-how from
every department in the institute, including:
Experts in application (for instance, in medical engineering) in order to adequately take into
account the constraints and requirements of the range of application,
Experts in microsystems technology and nanotechnology to implement the miniaturised paradigm
– the technological core of the institute - and
Experts in measuring techniques and analytics to support the technological results in theory and
practice – while making comprehensive use of the institute’s technological base
Contact Person:
Prof. Dr. Jens Müller,
Institute Director
Phone +49 3677 69-3402
Email: jens.mueller@tu-ilmenau.de
Information for Participants
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Information for Participants
Conference Information
The conference will be held on July 30th
-31st, 2015 in Technische Universität Ilmenau
Website: http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/cpfn
Email: cpfn@tu-ilmenau.de
Conference registration place and details
The central activities like registration etc. are located in the foyer of Meitnerbau. For a detailed
map of the campus and the buildings please see the end of this booklet.
The conference registration will be located in:
July 30th
-31st, 2015, Meitnerbau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 5, 98693 Ilmenau
You will receive the printed short program and your name tag at the conference office. The name
tag must be worn visibly during the entire conference.
The organizers, staff of the conference and the student assistants will be around at the conference
sites. Please contact them if you have any questions.
Do not hesitate to inquire about any necessary information concerning the conference,
orientation in Ilmenau, accommodation, restaurants, going-out, and cultural events at the
information desk.
Allocation of the Lecture Halls
Session A: Meitnerbau 101-103, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 5, 98693 Ilmenau
Session B: Feynmanbau 114-115, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 7, 98693 Ilmenau
All the detailed maps are displayed at the end of this booklet to show the location of lecture halls.
Oral Presentation
Lecturers are requested to provide their presentations electronically. All the lecture rooms are
equipped with projectors (“beamers”).
Information for Participants
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Laptops can be provided by the speakers or the conference organizers. All the rooms will be
opened at least 30 minutes prior to the lecture. Speakers are requested to be in the lecture room at
least 15 minutes prior the start of the session to report to the chairperson as well as the technical
staff to ensure that the laptops handshake with the beamer and to receive a brief introduction to
the equipment in the lecture room.
Contributed talks should take 16 minutes with 4 minutes for discussion. The plenary talk and
keynote invited talk should last 60 minutes and 40 minutes, respectively.
Poster Presentation
Site for poster sessions are located in:
Meitnerbau from 9:00 AM on July 30th
to 16:30 PM on July 31st
The poster boards will be ready at 8:00 on July 30th
. Authors are asked to mount their poster
when the poster board is prepared with the corresponding poster number. Please use the prepared
“power strip” (residue-free removing) at the poster frame or contact the available staff. The
poster should be presented for the whole session time. The presenting authors are encouraged to
be at the hand for discussion at their poster during 17:40-19:30 on July 30th
.
Information for Participants
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Catering
Coffee, water
Free coffee and water are provided during the breaks in Meitnerbau.
Internet Access
Technische Universität Ilmenau is a member of the eduroam-network. Users from eduroam
institutions, who have registered for eduroam, can use the WLAN in almost all buildings on the
TU-campus.
We offer a temporary free login for the wireless-LAN (WiFi) of Technische Universität Ilmenau.
WLAN network: eduroam
Login: wlan6164
Password: g5hyfYBK
Login: wlan6286
Password: GjCAZy3t
Login: wlan6807
Password: eQkmbkca
Campus Map
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Campus Map
Campus Map
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Campus Map
Campus Map
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Meitnerbau
Campus Map
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Feynmanbau, ZMN