COMPARATIVEVERTEBRATE AND

INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

And we begin with the PAST…

BIOLOGY

Bios (Greek) =

Logos (Greek) =

Life

Study

8. Responds

Characteristics of Life?

1. Move

Use Food?

Get Bigger?

Gives Off?

Make More?

Form?

Chemistry?

Environment?

Motile?

2. Energy

3. Grow

4. Wastes

5. Reproduce

6. 1 or + Cells

7. Complex

8. Responds

Characteristics of Life?

1. Move

2. Energy

3. Grow

4. Wastes

5. Reproduce

6. 1 or + Cells

7. Complex

BIOLOGY

- ZOOLOGY

- BOTANY

Two Sub-fields:

BOTANY

Botane (Greek) =

Logos (Greek) =

Plant

Study

ZOOLOGY

Zoon (Greek) =

Logos (Greek) =

Animal

Study

Subdivisions of ZoologyAnatomyBiochemistryCytologyEcologyEmbryologyEndocrinologyEntomologyEvolutionGeneticsHerpetology

HistologyIchthyologyMorphologyOrnithologyPaleontologyParasitologyPhysiologyTaxonomyZoogeography

TAXONOMYCan you define the term?

- the science of classifying all living things by arranging them in groups according to the relationship of each to the others.

TAXONOMY

Stop here and completeBertie Bott’s

Classification Key Activity

TAXONOMYOriginal classification schemes:

- were based on the idea of “fixity of species”.- were based on similar external features.

Carolus Linnaeus- first to catalog organisms based on thefunction of a structure.

Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778

Carolus Linnaeus- later others added theorigin of the structure as acriteria.

Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778

- Was the structure from independent evolution?

Origin of a structure

Euphorbia – African Desert

Cactus – Mexican Desert

- Or was it from a common ancestor?

Origin of a structure

Ostrich - Africa Rhea – S. America

Is the structure anAnalogous structureor anHomologousStructure?

- different internal structure

Analogous Structures

- no common evolutionary origin

- have similar functions

- have a similar evolutionary origin

Homologous Structures

- but may have different functions

The modern Linnaean system assumes that the more homologies two species share…the closer they must bein terms of evolutionarydistance.

The closer they are in terms of evolutionary distance… the more likely they will be in similar classification groups.

Linnaean System•Kingdom

•Phylum•Class•Order•Family•Genus•Species

- Animalia

- Chordata- Mammalia- Primates- Hominidae- Homo- sapiens

Linnaean System•Kingdom

•Phylum•Class•Order•Family•Genus•Species

- Animalia

- Chordata- Mammalia- Primates- Hominidae- Homo- sapiens

 

Kingdoms?

In Ancient times:

1 Animalia

Woof !

 

Kingdoms?

In Ancient times:

1 Animalia

2 Plantae

 

Kingdoms?

By 1969 we had . . .

1 Animalia2 Plantae3 4 Protista5 Monera

3 Fungi

 

Kingdoms?

Today:

1 Animalia2 Plantae

3 Fungi4 Protista

6 Eubacteria5 Archaebacteria

1 - 4 = Cell Type?5 - 6 = Cell Type?

1 - 4 = Eukaryotic5 - 6 = Prokaryotic

6 ?5 ?

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Amoeboids

Euglenoids

Dinoflagellates

Brown Algaes

Red Algaes

Green Plants

Fungi

Animalia

Major Groups

Sympathy for the life of bacteria If you were bacteria:

- You have only 0.001 th as much DNA as a eukaryotic cell.

- You live in a medium which has a viscosity about equal to asphalt.

- You have a wonderful "motor" for swimming. Unfortunately, your motor can only run in two directions and at one speed. In forward, you are propelled in one direction at 30 mph. In reverse your motor makes you turn flips or tumble. You can only do one or the other. You cannot stop.

- While you can "learn", you divide every twenty minutes and have to restart your education.

- You can have sex, with males possessing a sexual apparatus for transferring genetic information to receptive females. However, since you are both going 30 mph it is difficult to find each other. Furthermore, if you are male, nature gave you a severe problem. Every time you mate with a female, she turns into a male. In bacteria, "maleness" is an infective venereal disease.

- Also, at fairly high frequencies, spontaneous mutations cause you to turn into a female.

Sympathy for the life of bacteria If you were bacteria:

Origins of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?

Ancient Conditions on Earth?

- No Oxygen (Term?)

- Hot (Effect on Protein?)

Anerobic

Cooling Temps Allow What?

Denature

Stable proteins = better adaptation

Thermal Proteins & Fatty Acids

Anerobic

Click For Video

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Anerobic

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Plantae Animalia Fungi

Protista

Animal-like Protists Fungus-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Plantae Animalia Fungi

Protista

Animal-like Protists Fungus-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Order

Family Family

Genus Genus Genus Genus

  Species  

  Species  

  Species  

  Species  

  Species  

  Species  

  Species  

  Species  

 

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)

5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)

5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)

(AR-muh-DIL-uh-DY-uh-dee)

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)

5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)

6 Genus - Armadillidium

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)

5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)

6 Genus - Armadillidium (AR-muh-DIL-uh-DEE-um)

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)

5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)

6 Genus - Armadillidium

7 Species - nasatum

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)

5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)

6 Genus - Armadillidium

7 Species - nasatum

Species Name ?

 

Classification

1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)

2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)

3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)

4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)

5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)

6 Genus - Armadillidium

7 Species - nasatum

Species Name - Armadillidium nasatum

Binomial Nomenclature

- Two Latin names; genus & species, to designate each type of organism

Species name:

ex: Homo sapiens, or

"man who is wise"

Homo is our genus

sapiens is our species

- if two organisms can mate and produce fertile offspring, they are probably members of the same species.

Define “Species” ?

A few thoughts about life over the long term. . .

Supernovas can occur approx. every 50,000 years and can bombard this planet with up to 700 roentgens of radiation.

Most forms of life can not survive over 500 roentgens.

99% of all plant and animal species that have ever existed on this planet have already become extinct. 

Large animals, including humans, are freakishly rare life forms, since 99% of all known animal species are smaller than bumble bees.

Just THINK about that for a moment...