Classification: Chapter 17Taxonomy

6 KingdomsDissection notes

References: Holt Biology & sources as noted by page.

Taxonomy• Taxonomy is the science of describing,

naming, and classifying organisms.

• The branch of biology that names & groups organisms -according to their characteristics & evolutionary history.

• A Universal System was designed to Eliminate the use of Common Names and Confusion in the Scientific World.

Use of Common Names• COMMON NAMES, such as “robin” or “fir tree”,

for organisms created some problems

• common names varied from one locale to next & did not describe species accurately.

Use of long Latin names• Used by scientists before 1700’s,- did not show

relationships between species & were inconvenient, hard to understand.

Describe a problem with each of these common names :

-Starfish -Seahorse -Jelly fish -Peanut -Catfish -Tiger sharkHow are their names misleading?

Discuss problems when 1 organism has 2 common

names:Example- firefly & lightening bug

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)

“Father of Modern Taxonomy”

• He used morphology(which is the organism’s structure & form)• Grouped organisms into hierarchical categories

Carl Linnaeus• Formed “Taxa” (groups of organisms) • (Used Latin for the Names because it was the

language of educated people)

• Morphology -the STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ORGANISMS

• Series of hierarchical categories used to show relationships

• He had 2 KINGDOMS: PLANTAE & ANIMALIA.

B. Modern classification system is based on morphological similarities.

• Hierarchy of eight groups (Taxa)– Domains- include all six kingdoms– Kingdom – a taxon of similar phyla or divisions– Phylum – (phyla-plural)- taxon of similar classes– Class – taxon of similar orders– Order – taxon of similar families– Family – group of similar genera– Genus – group of similar species– species – most exclusive, specific group. Members of this grouping

can mate, produce viable offspring– (varieties) – same species but with slight differences– (subspecies) – same species, different location

8 Modern Levels of Classification (From the most general to the most specific)

• Domain• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species

Species- is the smallest, most specific group- contains only 1 kind of organism.

You need to know these!

Pneumonic Devicespick one to help you remember the taxa

• Keep Penguins Cool Or Find Good Shelter

or

• Kennywood Park Can Open For Good Summers.

or

• King Phillip Comes Over For Good Spaghetti

Binomial Nomenclaturemeans

Two Name Naming

• Uses the last 2 categories (the most specific) to name things. uses the Genus & Species for the 2 parts of the name

• Always Capitalize the Genus but Not the Species Identifier.

• Both are either underlined or italicized.

Using Binomial Nomenclature

• Acer rubrum - RED MAPLE TREE • Acer is the Latin name for Maple (genus) • rubrum is the Latin word for Red(species) • Can be Abreviated: A.rubrum.

• Homo sapiens - HUMANS • Homo -large brain & upright posture.

sapiens for our intelligence & ability to speak. Abbreviated H. sapiens

Additional Categories

• Zoologists– use term “SUBSPECIES” for variations that may

occur in species from different geographical locations- ie, timber wolf and the northern timber wolf- ex Canis Lupus ssp occidentalis

• Botanists – May use the term “division” instead of phylum– sometimes split species into Subsets known as

VARIETIES. Example: peaches & nectarines are varieties of Prunus persica var.

• Microbiologists- Bacteria are also broken

into subsets called STRAINS. Example: Escherichia Coli – some strains are harmless, even helpful;- live in our intestines, but strain E. coli 157 is responsible for food poisoning deaths.

According to the CDC there are an estimated 73,000 cases of E. Coli infection every year in the United States. The typical symptoms are bloody diarrhea and (if severe) kidney failure. These symptoms most commonly appear when a person has eaten undercooked or contaminated ground beef.

Additional Categories

Phylogeny• organizes the diversity of living organisms in

the context of evolution.• are based on several types of evidence:1. Fossil Record 2. Morphology3. Embryology 4. Chromosomes & Macromolecules

Phylogenetic Trees• A family tree that shows evolutionary

relationships thought to exist among organisms.

• Is a hypothesis about the relationships.• Is subject to change - as more evidence

is learned.

Which organisms are mostly closely related? Which ones are most distantly related?

Animal kingdom phylogenetic tree

Taxonomic Groups3 domains, 6 kingdoms

1. Domain Archaea– aligns with Kingdom Archaebacteria, are single-

celled prokaryotic cells that have distinctive cell walls & are “ancient bacteria”

2. Domain Bacteria– aligns with Kingdom Eubacteria, are single-celled

prokaryotic cells that are “true bacteria”.3. Domain Eukarya

– Domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia.

– All members of this domain have eukaryotic cells.

• SIX KINGDOMS GROUP ORGANISMS TOGETHER THAT HAVE SIMILARITIES SUCH AS MAJOR CELLULAR STRUCTURE, METHODS OF OBTAINING NUTRIENTS, AND METABOLISM.

A closer look at each of the 6 kingdoms:

Domain: Archaea, kingdom Archaeavs.

Domain: Bacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria

• Organisms in the Kingdoms Eubacteria & Archaea are very different from each other,

both genetically & biochemically!• Archaea have been found in temperatures above

the boiling point and in cold that would freeze your blood.

• Eubacteria are the “regular” bacteria.

• “archae”- from the Greek for "ANCIENT".Scientists think these are similar to Earth’s First Organisms

• “Extremophiles” – Many types of Archaeans live in HARSH ENVIRONMENTS

Some types are

• Methanogens• Themoacidophiles• Extreme Halophiles

Domain: Archaea, Kingdom Archaea

1. Archaea

Live in ANAEROBIC Environments,

• Produce Methane Gas, a byproduct of metabolism in conditions of very low oxygen• Includes Chemosynthetic Bacteria. • Lives in the Intestines of Mammals. • Methanobrevibacter smithii is the prominent

methanogen in the human gut, where it helps digest polysaccharides (sugars).

Methanogens

http://www.nature.com/nrgastro/journal/v8/n10/full/nrgastro.2011.159.html

Thermoacidophiles - living in Sulfurous Hot Springs & Volcanic Vents

They “love”“acid” & “heat”

Extreme HalophilesLive in Very Salty Places

(like the great Salt lake & the Dead Sea)(Halite is the mineral name for NaCl)

2. “true” or Eubacteria• The first thing you probably think of when you

say this word is “disease”- something like strep. throat or maybe an infection in a cut.

• Most of the bacteria that are disease causing are Eubacteria.

• NOTE: Only about 1% of bacteria are disease causing.

Domain: Bacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria

• Many bacteria are very helpful organisms.

• Actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin;

• others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form.

• Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread;

• help to break down dead organic matter; & make up the base of the food web in many environments.

Domain: Bacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria

“True” Bacteria:So remember- Most bacteria are beneficial• Benign (benign = good, friendly, kind) • Pathogens (means disease causing -only a few are “bad guys”)

• Bacteria occur in 3 basic shapes: cocci, bacilli & spiral. Many are named by their shape.

Domain: Bacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria

biology.clc.uc.edu

Examples of common bacteria

http://www.oley.org/lifeline/Probiotics.htmlgenome.microbio.uab.edu

Lactobacillus acidophilus

answersingenesis.org

Escherichia coli

Streptococcus pneumoniae

3. Protists• Made of a variety of organisms that don’t “fit”

anywhere else. (Some are not very much like the others in this group.)

• EUKARYOTIC (has a true nucleus)• 50,000 species- many unicellular, some are like

fungi, some like plants or animals.• Includes protozoans, unicellular algae, slime

molds & water molds

Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom Protista

Examples of Protists includes slime molds & protozoans like Euglena, Paramecium, Ameoba

4. Fungi• Can be Unicellular or multicellular• HETEROTROPHIC (eats something else)

–NOT like plants (photosyntheic) (this is why they were kicked out of the plant kingdom)

100,000 species of mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, mildew & molds

Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi

Fungi Examples:

fcps.edu

Stink horn

Agaricus bisporus: The Button Mushroom

http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus_bisporus.html

Candida albicans- can cause yeast Infections- like this mouth thrush

reference.medscape.com

5. Plantae

• Multicellular & • Photosynthetic (Autotrophs) (They

make their own food & are the chief food producers of the world.)

• Found in all the types of environments: aquatic algae, amphibian mosses, and terrestrial ferns and seed-bearing plants.

• 350,000 species identified.

Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom Plantae

Phylogenetic tree of the plant kingdom

6. Animalia• Eukaryotic, • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • Most animals are symmetrical• Movement at some time in their

life cycle.

Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia

Examples of animals

biology.kenyon.edu

The Major Animal

Phyla

• Invertebrate:– Porifera (sponges)– Cnidaria (jellyfish ,coral)– Ctenophora (comb jellies)– Platyhelminthes (flatworms)– Nematoda (roundworms)– Annelida (segmented worms)- **add this phyla to

your sheet!!! (these are the earthworms & leeches)– Rotifera (tiny aquatic free-living animals)– Mollusca (snails, clams, squid, Octopi)– Arthropoda

• arachnids,• Crusteceans• myriapoda • Insects

– Echinoderms –starfish, sea stars. Sea urchins

Last phylum is Chordata• There are 2 invertebrate chordates:

–Lancelet–Tunicates

• All the rest of animals in Chordata are

vertebrate classes

Vertebrate: classes• Hagfishes (Myxini)

• Lampreys (Cephalaspidomorphi)• Sharks (Chondrichthyes)• Ray-finned fishes • Lobe-Finned Fishes• Amphibians• Reptiles• Birds• Mammals

(orders of mammals)

-Monotremes -Marsupials -Placental mammals

NEXT: Dissection Notes:

• Squid

• Earthworm

• Frog

• Which are invertebrates?

Animal Kingdom,Invertebrate Phylum Annelida, Class Oligochaeta

• Most familiar is the earthworm. Structure and Movement• Segmented body has over 100 nearly-

identical segments.• Circular and longitudinal muscles line

the interior body wall.

Earthworms Feeding /Digestion

Ingest soil as they burrow through it.• Soil is moved through these structures:

– mouth– pharynx– esophagus – crop– gizzard – intestine– anus

• Earthworms play an important role in the condition of soil.

Closed circulatory system.• “Heart” is 5 aortic arches • Also- have large dorsal blood vessel • pump blood through the vessels of the body

Respiration and Excretion• Oxygen & CO2 diffuse through moist skin, • Cellular wastes and excess water are excreted

through nephridia.

Neural Control• Consists of a chain of ganglia connected by a

ventral nerve cord.

Reproduction

• Earthworms are hermaphrodites, but an individual worm cannot fertilize its own eggs.

• During mating, earthworms press their ventral surfaces together.

• Held together by their setae and by a film of mucus secreted by each worm’s clitellum.

• Fertilization occurs inside the tube, which

forms a protective case for the young worms.

Earthworms reproducing

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Earthworm_klitellum_copulation_beentree.jpg/800px-Earthworm_klitellum_copulation_beentree.jpg

Earthworm diagrams

Earthworm links:

• http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/facts/index.html

• http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/earthworm.html

Squid dissection

Animal Kingdom, Vertebrate Class:

Amphibians

The name amphibian means "double life”-adults live on land, but their soft eggs must be laid in the water.

Characteristics of Amphibians:1. Metamorphosis (larval to adult)

2. Webbed Feet (if they have feet)-no claws 3. Thin, moist skin with no scales

4. Use gills, lungs & skin for respiration- Aquatic young use gills & skin- Terrestrial adults lose gills, use lungs & skin

5. Eggs- lack multi cellular membranes or shells (laid in water or moist place)

Differences: amphibian eggs (left) & reptile or bird eggs (right- in waterproof shell)

Differences/Similarities-Frogs & Toads

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/coloring/amphibians.shtml

American Toad

• Very common in North America & Pennsylvania• Warty skin has a poisonous milky fluid, =protection from predators.

• Females lay their eggs in freshwater. Hatching occurs 3 to 12 days after,depending on the temperature of the water. • The sexes can be distinguished in two ways

– Males dark colored throats, of black or brown, while females have white throats and are lighter overall.

– female American toads are larger than males.

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bufo_americanus.html

Breeding

• Frog and toad species – distinctive call to attract females. – fertilized eggs hatch into tadpoles & metamorphose into

young frogs – EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION occurs after amplexus

(pseudocopulation )

• Click here to see & hear common northern USA frogs & toads

• (remember not to go thru firefox)

http://dnr.wi.gov/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/amphibian/frogident.htm

Frog Dissection Sites:• http://www.ofsd.k12.wi.us/science/external.htm

http://biology.about.com/od/onlinedissections/ig/Frog-Dissection-Images/index_g.htm

a. Large intestineb. Small intestine1. Lung lobes2. Heart3. Liver lobes4. Gall bladder5. Stomach6. Small intestine7. Testis8. Fat body9. Urinary bladder

Frog nervous system

Frog Circulatory System