Post on 27-Oct-2014
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2. 1 Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics study which discuss about the relation
between the language and society. As said by Hudson (1980:4) that “Sociolinguistics as the
study of language in relation to society.” Gumperz (1971:223) in defines sociolinguistics as
an attempt to find correlation between social structure and linguistic structure and to
observe any changes that occurs. While Wardhaugh (2006:12) himself states that
sociolinguistic is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and
society which the goal is to create a better understanding of the structure of language and
how languages function in communication.
Sociolinguistics ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across
different region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak to one
another. Sociolinguistics discusses how language and social relation affects to each other.
Holmes (2002:1) says that Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies about
the relationship between society and language. She also says that “Sociolinguists are
interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are
concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to
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convey social meaning”. While Spolsky (1998:3) defines Sociolinguistics as the field that
studies relationship between language and society, between the uses of language and the
social structures in which the users of language live.
Sociolinguistics encompasses a broad range of concerns, including bilingualism and
pidgin languages, and other ways that language use is influenced by contact among people
of different language communities. It examines different dialects, accents, and levels of
diction depend to social distinctions among people. Although accent refers strictly to
pronunciation, in practice a dialect can usually be identified by the accent of its speakers as
well as by distinctive words, usage, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical features. The
varying language, accents, dialects, diction, and other linguistics structure is called
language variation or code, which many Sociolinguistics studies are now concerned to.
2. 2 Bilingualism and Multilingualism
In this world we live in so many languages existed and it is a common thing when
one speaks in two or more different languages. The phenomenon of people speaks in
several languages is quite normal since they do it due to various situation and purposes.
Wardhaugh (2006:96) simply refers that phenomenon which people having more than one
language as bilingualism or multilingualism. This condition makes one to be called a
bilingual person. Myers-Scotton (2006:2) simply defines bilingualism as “the term for
speaking one or more languages”. As well as Spolsky (1998:45) defines a bilingual as “a
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person who has some functional ability in the second language.” This ability may vary from
one bilingual to another. As what Sridhar (1996:50) says in Wardhaugh (2006:96) that
“multilingualism involving balanced, nativelike command of all languages in the
repertoires is rather uncommon.” Bilinguals or multilingual might have different language
repertoire and different language competence.
In contrary Bloomfield (1993:56) defines bilingualism as “ability of a speaker in
using two languages, in case the using of the first language as good as the second
language.” However many arguments towards Bloomfield’s concept of bilingualism since
it is rare to see a speaker which has the same capability in both first language and second
language. Even though for one who has been bilingual since birth, there is always one
language which is dominant.
Bilingual speakers are able to choose which language (or varieties) that they are
going to use as Spolsky (1998:46) says that “bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related
rules of language choice. Speakers with bilingual or multilingual abilities are able to choose
which language they are going to use in their communication depends on the situation in
order to make the communication become effective.
Meanwhile, there are some reasons why someone becomes bilingual. Hoffman
(1991:3) says there are three reasons for bilingualism to happened, namely membership,
education, and administration. The example of membership reason is the use of French by
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all European aristocracy to signal the membership of the elite. The example of education
and administrative reason is the use of English by Indonesians, Scandinavians, Germans,
and Dutches in discussing their technologies, academics, or business. Bilingualism is a
normal requirement for daily communication and not a sign of any particular reason in
many countries and communities (Hoffman, 1991:3). This is supported by Wardhaugh
(2006:96) who says “in many parts of the world it is just a normal requirement of daily
living that people speak several languages: perhaps one or more at home, another in the
village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another for contact with the outside
world of wider social or political organization.”
2. 3 Code
In order to communicate to each other, people usually choose different codes
according to the situation. As stated by Holmes (2001:6) that “variety (or code) refer to any
set of linguistics forms which patterns according to social factors”. He also defines code as
a set of linguistics forms used under specific social circumstances, i.e. with a distinctive
social distribution.” Different accents, different linguistics styles, different dialects and
even different languages are considered as code. This is supported by Wardhaugh
(2006:88) who says that code is a particular language, dialect, style, register or variety. And
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in order to make their communication effective they usually choose variety (code) among
their language repertoire.
Holmes (2001:23) draws “three important social factors in code-choice –
participants, setting, and topic.” Those factors mentioned before will trigger additional
reasons contribute in the code (language) choice. The contributing factors to the language
(code) choice are social distance, status, formality, and function or goal of interaction
(Holmes, 2001:23). Social distance can be indicated in how well the speaker knows each
other, i.e. what is the social distance between the speakers? Are they strangers, friends, or
brothers? The status relationship between the speakers also contributes in language choice.
The speaker often chooses an appropriate code to be used to talk to other.
Social role may also be important and is often a factor contributing to status
differences between people. For example, teacher-student, doctor-patient, official-citizen,
manager-employee. “Features of the setting and the dimension of formality may also be
important in selecting an appropriate variety or code (Holmes, 2001:26). For example, the
variety or code which is used on the formal ceremony at the church must be different from
the variety or code which is used in the church front porch and the variety or code which is
used in the television’s news program and the variety or code which is used in the
advertisements during the commercial breaks. And the last contributing factor mentioned
by Holmes is the function or goal of the interaction. The function factor is showing that
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what is the language being used for? Is the speaker asking a favor or giving orders to
someone? These all can contribute to the language (variety/code) choice among speakers.
2. 4 Diglossia
The existence of distinctive code or varieties in a speech community is called
diglossia. Wardaugh (2006:89) states that “a diglossic situation exist in a society when it
has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation; that is, one code is
employed in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set.” The term
‘diglossia’ was originally introduced into English from French in 1959 by Charles
A.Ferguson (1959/1972:232) who refers it as a specific relationship between two or more
varieties of the same language in use in a speech community in different functions.
Ferguson (1959:435) originally summarized diglossia as follows:
“Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition the
primary dialects of the language (which may include a standard or regional
standards), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more
complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written
literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is
learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken
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purposes but is not used by any section of the community for ordinary
conversation.”
As Ferguson, the variety in diglossia considered from ‘High’ variety (High=H) and
the ‘Low’ variety (Low=L). The H variety is the prestigious, powerful variety; the L variety
lacks prestige and power. Formal domains such as public speaking, religious text and
practice, education, and other prestigious kinds of usage are dominated by the H variety;
the L variety is used for informal conversation, jokes, street and market, the telephone, and
other domains not reserved for the H variety. Fishman (1967/1980:4) introduced the notion
that diglossia could be extended to situations found in many societies where forms of two
genetically unrelated (or at least historically distant) languages occupy H and L niches.
Wardhaugh (2006:95) mentions the example of Fishman’s extended diglossia as
“one language is used in one set of circumstances and other in an entirely different set and
such difference is felt to be normal and proper.” Some examples of extended diglossia
which given by Fishman (1980:4) are Biblical Hebrew and Yiddish for many Jews, Spanish
and Guarani in Paraguay, and even Standard English and Caribean Creole.
2. 5 Code switching and Code mixing
In bilingual and multilingual society, people are having more than one variety. This
situation makes them possible to alternate code (variety). Sometimes they change from one
code (variety) to another, which is called code alternation. Spolsky (1998:45) agrees, by
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saying that bilinguals like to shift their language for convenience. Recently, many
sociolinguists are interested in code alternation (code switching and code mixing). They
propose many theories about the definitions, types, and reasons for switching and mixing
codes.
As Wardaugh (2002:98) defines code switching as the process where people “select
a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from
one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances and
thereby create a new code.” Poplack (1980:583) defines code switching as “the alternation
of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent.” This definition is
supported by Wardhaugh (2006:101) which said that “Code switching (also called code
mixing) can occur in conversations between speakers’ turn or within a single speaker’s
turn.” Because of this reason, enough knowledge about grammatical systems is needed by
the speaker in code switching (Poplack, 1980:601).
Meanwhile, Muysken (2000:1) defines code mixing as “all cases where lexical
items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence”. Muysken
avoids using the term ‘switching’ for the general process of mixing like in Poplack (1980)
who categorized code mixing as inter-sentential switching.
A change in some social condition often triggers people to switch code to
communicate to each other (Holmes, 2001:35). Myers-Scotton (2006:239) simply defines
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code switching as “the use of two languages varieties in the same conversation.” Code
switching is very common to happen in bilingual or multilingual society.
2.6 Types of code-switching and code-mixing
Many sociolinguists have worked in classifying code switching and code mixing
into several categories. Blom and Gumperz (1972), Poplack (1980), Hoffman (1991),
Muysken (2000), Myers-Scotton (2006) and other sociolinguist have classified the
phenomenon of code alternation, but some of them sometimes are resemble to each other.
Based on the appearance of code switching in a sentence, Poplack (1980) divides code
switching into three types: tag-switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential
switching.
Based on Poplack (1980): “Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish. Y TERMINO
EN ESPANOL: Toward a typology of code-switching” code switching grammatically
divides into three types, they are:
1. Inter-sentential switching
Inter-sentential switching is the first type of code switching proposed by
Poplack (1980). Inter-sentential switching involves a switch at a clause or sentence
boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another (Romaine,
1995:122). A clause or sentence is wholly in one language and combined with
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another, and conforms to the rules of both languages that occur between the speaker
turns. Here the examples of inter-sentential switching:
The conversation between the stallholder and buyer at a market in
Nairobi, Kenya. They code switch between Swahili and English
(Myers-Scotton, 1993a: 40-1)
Stallholder: Habari, mheshimiwa. (‘Hello, respected Sir.) Have
some vegetables.
Buyer: Mboga gani? Nipe kabeji hizi. (Which vegetables? Give me
these cabbages’). How much is that?
The title of Shana Poplack’s study in analyzing code switching
occurrence in Puerto Ricans’ resident (1980).
Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Espanol
(Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish and finish it in
Spanish).
2. Tag-switching
According to Poplack (1980) tag-switching is an insertion of a tag in one
language into an utterance which is entirely in other language, the insertion of a tag
to an utterance has virtually no ramifications for the rest of the sentence. Thus a
bilingual can insert a tag or short expression in other language in anywhere of
his/her utterance, as added by Romaine (1995:122) that tag-switching can be
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inserted anywhere, which do not have too many syntactic limits. The insertions of
short expressions like you know, I mean, OK, by the way, well, etc in an utterance
are considered as tag-switching. Holmes (2001:35) also named tag-switching as
emblematic switching where “the switch is simply an interjection, a tag, or a
sentence filler in the other language which serves as an ethnic identity marker”.
Here the example of tag-switching/emblematic switching:
The switches between Spanish and English by using English tag
in:
Se sininen talo, you know (that blue house, you know)
(Poplack, 1980:589)
The switches between Spanish and English by using Spanish tag
in:
A: Well, I’m glad I met you. OK
B: andale pues (OK SWELL), and do come again, mm?
(Holmes, 2001:35)
The switches between English and Cantonese Chinese by using
Chinese Cantonese tag in:
Confiscated by the Customs, da gai (probably)
(Holmes, 2001:35)
3. Intra-sentential switching
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Poplack (1980) said that intra-sentential switching could be used in the
middle of sentences or clauses, or even words. Intra-sentential switching is found
when a word, a phrase, or a clause of a foreign language is found within the
sentence of a base language. Poplack (1980) found that intra-sentential switching
was practiced by the most balanced bilinguals only because it requires a lot of
integration and is usually associated with the most fluent bilinguals. As two
languages are mixed within a sentence, there are also two different grammars in
play means that the speaker has to know both grammar in order to produce a
grammatically correct utterance. Here the examples of intra-sentential switching:
Why make Carol sentarse atras pa’ que (sit in the black so)
everybody has to move pa’que se salaga (for her to get out)?
(Poplack, 1980:589)
He was sitting down en elcama, mirandonos peleando, y (in bed,
watching us fighting and) really, I don’t understand si el nos
separo (if he separated us) or whatever, you know
(Poplack, 1980:589)
Following Poplack (1980) and the other structural analyses of code switching,
Muysken (2000) set forth code switching as exhibiting rule governed features and not
simply something that occurs randomly. Meanwhile, Muysken (2000:1) prefers to use the
term ‘code mixing’ rather than code switching “to refer to all cases where lexical items and
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grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence.” Muysken discriminates
between code mixing whereby both lexical items and grammatical features from the two
languages concerned appear in the one sentence, and code switching whereby languages
tend to alternate (clause-wise or sentence-wise in the same piece of discourse). There are
three types of code mixing proposed by Muysken (2000): insertion, alternation, and
congruent lexicalization.
1. Insertion
The concept of insertion proposed by Muysken (2000:3) is defined as
insertion of material such as lexical items or entire constituents from one language
into a structure from the other language. “Here the process of code mixing is
conceived as something akin to borrowing: the insertion of an alien lexical of
phrasal category into a given structure.” (Muysken, 2000:3).
Here are the examples of insertion:
The mixing of Spanish and English in:
Pero bueno creo que hasta con que incluya la pregunta de
enhanced mas todas las demas (Well, I think it is enough if I just
include the question of enhanced output)
(Cardenas-Claros & Isharyanti, 2009:70)
The mixing of Indonesian and English in:
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Tergantung team, terus juga tergantung event. (It depends on
team and on the event)
(Cardenas-Claros & Isharyanti, 2009:70)
The mixing of Spanish and English in:
Yo anduve in the state of shock por dos dias (I walked in the state
of shock for two days)
(Pfaff, 1979:296)
2. Alternation
The second category proposed by Muysken (2000) is alternation. A true
switching from one language to the other, involving both grammar and lexicon is
occurred in alternation (Muysken, 2000:5). Conjunctions and appositions are
incorporated through adjunction rather than insertion. Alternation is more likely to
have occurred when elements from language A both precede and follow an element
from language B which is not structurally related. “Alternation is just a special case
of code switching, as it takes place between utterances in a turn or between turns.”
(Muysken, 2000:5). Here are the examples of alternation:
The switching between English and Spanish
I just have it in my room like a nina bonita como debe ser. (I just
have it in my room like a girl pretty as it should be)
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(Cardenas-Claros & Isharyanti, 2009:70)
The switching between Indonesian and English
I mean, ganti ke kalimat laen (I mean, change it to another
sentence)
(Cardenas-Claros & Isharyanti, 2009:70)
The switching between France and Russian
Les femmes et le vin, ne ponimayu (Women and wine, I don’t
understand)
(Timm, 1978:312)
The switching between Spanish and English
Andale pues and do come again (That’s all right then, and do
come again)
(Gumperz & Hernandez-Chavez, 1971:118)
3. Congruent Lexicalization
The third category of code mixing proposed by Muysken (2000:6) is
congruent lexicalization. It refers to the situation where two languages share
grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either
language. At the point where the two languages converge grammatically, lexis from
one language can freely alternate with lexis from the other language. Here are the
examples of congruent lexicalization:
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Congruent lexicalization in Indonesian and English
Gw konek pake cellp gw (I connected using my cellphone)
(Cardenas-Claros & Isharyanti, 2009:71)
Congruent lexicalization in Indonesian and English
Software gua buat convert file wav jadi mp3 uda expired (My
software for converting wav files to mp3s has expired)
(Cardenas-Claros & Isharyanti, 2009:71)
2. 7 Reasons for switching or mixing code
Cecilia Montes-Alcala (2005, 2007) analyzed personal letters and bilingual blogs in
an attempt to take a further step in the less-investigated area written code switching. In her
study “Dear Amigo”: Exploring Code-switching in Personal Letters in 2005, she analyzed
personal letters and notes exchanged among bilinguals Spanish-English population and
found the facts that those individuals who normally code switch when speaking will do so
when writing (Montes-Alcala, 2005:107). Meanwhile in her study Blogging in Two
Languages: Code-Switching in Bilingual Blogs in 2007, she was curious to know whether
the phenomenon of code switching also affected the way of communication in the internet.
And she came up with the conclusion that bloggers also switch codes when writing their
public journals (blog) and they are switching in order to manipulate the two languages for
both stylistic and communicative effects (Montes-Alcala, 2007:169). According to both of
Montes-Alcala’ (2007:165-169) the reasons of code switching in blog writing are:
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1. Lexical items
The first reason of code switching in blog writing according to Montes-
Alcala (2007) is the ‘lexical need’. “The issue of a real need is relative since
roughly each and every switch fulfills a need, although under no circumstances
should this be interpreted as lack of language proficiency, but rather than as the lack
of an exact equivalent in the other language” (Montes-Alcala, 2007:167). Here are
Montes-Alcala’s (2007:169) examples of code switching due to real lexical need to
switch:
Ayer me llego la roomie nueva, es Fransesca y se llama Celine
… pero es una limo party, y no me la puedo perder
We had a kick-ass pachanga for my great grandmother Tala in
Mexicali
It was really nice to have gone and spent some time with la
familia
Remember when your abuelta would get all mad at you for
getting prietita during the summer?
2. Triggered switches
This category is the least productive category found in Montes-Alcala
(2007) study, but still this category does occur in the blog writing. Triggered switch
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is code switching that occurred because it is triggered by a switched word or
expression which follows or precedes it (Montes-Alcala, 2007:167). Here are her
examples of triggered code switching:
Voy anotando idioteces que se convertiran en futures posts for
your reading enjoyment …
I was going to be madrina de regalo sorpresa for my neighbor
My big brother was all excited and he told us that the truck was
outside and my hermanillo y yo nos salimos a mirarla
Precuentamente [sic] uso la palabra “confessional” in
disparaging terms
Los Angeles and Colorado will be the only recuerdos de lo que
hubo anteriormente2
3. Quotes
Code switching in blog writing can also occurred because the blogger wants
to quote someone else’s words or sayings. Bloggers are code switching in both
direct and indirect quotations (Montes-Alcala, 2007:167). Here are the examples of
code switching in order to quote someone else’s words or expressions shown by
Montes-Alcala (2007:167-168):
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Encontes le hable al Tigger: Hi J, you need to give me your last
name so I can sign you in…
I was saying good night to her, when she asked me “Que te pasa,
hija, estas triste?”
She asked me, “Y tienes hijos?” I replied, “No”. And without
missing a beat she replied, “Que bueno.”
Ya estan deciendo [sic] que they don’t understand us and the
like.
Our readership went down since we opened this yonderliesit
offices dialogue window, que es puro cuento dicen
4. Elaboration
Bloggers sometimes use code switching to elaborate or further explain the
idea. This category also named as clarification in Montes-Alcala’s work “Dear
Amigo”: Exploring Code-Switching in Personal Letters (2005). In her study in
2007, she found that bilinguals in her subject code switch “as an elaboration of an
idea without distorting the flow of the sentence in the other language. Here are the
examples of code switching used to elaborate or further explain the idea shown by
Montes-Alcala (2005:105, 2007:168):
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Espero que te lo estes pasando bomba, I’m sure you are, y ate
conozco
John esta arreglando el jardin. Don’t panic if you see a man
around
Total, que el finde pasado estuve con el en la ciudad, recordando
los viejos tiempos … Shaggy is truly a cool cat, mellow, and
chilled
But we will have to get back to her in another post, because I
have to go now … Solo te dan 30 minutitos en el DLC
No se que pense que iba suceder en un ano … well whatever it
was it sure as hell didn’t happen …
The woman with hands of steel and a metaphorical 2nd heart – El
mio
5. Tags
Tags in this category include linguistic routines, formulaic or idiomatic
expressions. The difficulty of finding an accurate translation for an idiomatic
expression is more difficult than rendering the term in the original language
(Montes-Alcala, 2007:168). She found in her study the use of tags code switching
for either discourse or identity markers, and there are also some tags that function as
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sentence fillers of which the writer might be unconscious. Here are the examples
shown by Montes-Alcala (2005:106, 2007:168):
Querida C: Happy Birthday! […] Con carino y muchos abrazos
Fuertes
Ella regresara definitivamente a Buenos Aires en junio. Time will
tell…
La lectura de este constituyo uno de los ratos mas agradables que
he pasado ultimamente – no doubt!
However, estoy de acuerdo con eso
Chingado, I don’t have a job right now and I’ve been traveling
across the state like a madman
6. Emphatic
Code switching for emphatic reasons was not widely found in the personal
letters and notes which Montes-Alcala analyzed in 2005, but it was widely found in
the blogs she analyzed in 2007. Blog writers tend to give a foregrounding to the
reader only by switching the languages, while in other case emphasis is
accomplished by repeating the same or a similar sentence in both languages
(Montes-Alcala, 2007:168), Here are the examples shown in Montes-Alcala
(2005:104, 2007:168):
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We have our heads on straight and are smart and guys know that.
They want someone easy. But I have standards! When, when,
tendre mi oportunidad?
I have been doing so for the past diez o quince anos or so
Similarly, no se puede invader una isla, call its population
citizens and not expect that they’re bringing their whole cultural
shebang to the table
“Ahora me dieron 250 papelitos y se los tuve que poner a los 250
abrigos que mandarin por la linia.” She was attaching labels on
250 coats that flew through the line
It is at this time when I question God- Why?! Por que dios no
nos dio la bendicion de in nino? Por que?
7. Parenthetical comments
According to Montes-Alcala (2005:105), this category is strictly related to
the elaboration category in the sense that the code switches constitute a further
explanation of what was previously said (i.e., written). But in her study on bilingual
blogs in 2007, she determined this kind of switching as elaboration. The only
different in here is that the switched phrase or sentence is put in the parentheses
(Montes-Alcala, 2005:105). Here are the examples shown by Montes-Alcala
(2005:105, 2007:168):
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Tengo pensado volver a California […] y marchame a Chicago
(a.k.a The Windy City) la primera semana de setiembre
Al bajar ayer me encontre con todavia otra sorpresa, aunque esta
constitute una agradable (unlike most of the other surprises I’ve
received in Barcelona)
En el trabajo no pude hacer nada por la cruda (that’s my excuse)
A couple of them were my cousins (primos segundos) who I
didn’t know
8. Free switching
In this category, Montes-Alcala (2007:169) found there was no obvious
single reason to switch code or where code-switching constituted an eclectic
combination of other functions. It could also be argued that the reason behind these
switches is entirely stylistic. Bloggers might only suggesting their readers that
they’re competent in the use of two languages and two cultures (Montes-Alcala,
2007:169). Here are the examples of free switching shown by Montes-Alcala
(2005:107, 2007:169):
Estoy muy animada para irme manana, pero triste como siempre
porque el guero nunca viene on these trips
Doddy is in the Drug Store para la medicina de Joe
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Y no te forgets about those damn soap operas, puro whity on the
top homes
Way back cuando estuve at the ALA convention, I’d said que
hubo a great small press called Soft Skull from whom I’d gotten
un monton de libros
En el mundo hispanohablante we have a very similar debate
sobre la influencia del Ingles on the other languages
2. 8 Personal blog
The term ‘weblog’ is a portmanteau word, coming from the contraction of ‘web’
and ‘log’. A log refers to the log book in the navy (the ship’s record) and in the American
aviation. Thus, weblog is website on which one or several people freely express themselves
periodically (Penloup and Lienard, 2008). Blogs or weblogs have been around for over ten
years although they were first named “weblog” at the end of 1997 (Blood, 2000 in Smedley
2006).
A blog is like a virtual diary for it has features which make it seems so, such as text,
images, and hypertext. Keepers of blogs are called ‘bloggers’, list of bloggers are termed
‘blogrolls’, and the world of bloggers is ‘blogosphere’ (Smedley, 2006). Weblogs are
frequently modified website where online journals are posted and regularly updated, with
the latest entry posted at the top of the page – this being in the reverse order to a
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handwritten journal. Weblogs’ contents are usually available for public, but some
occasionally have restricted access. Personal blog is a weblog that is kept personally. The
content of personal blog is not far from the blogger own daily life or experiences.
In most personal blogs, it’s easy to find bloggers who share information to their
unknown audience about their daily life which can make their audience to become familiar
with the bloggers themselves. Frank P.Smedley has become quite attached to certain
bloggers and feel personally enriched and encouraged by those bloggers honesty, humour,
and disclosure of their own human struggles when he was doing his research on code
switching and identity on the blogs on 2006.
2. 9 Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh by Raditya Dika
In 2000s, the world of internet in Indonesia has been increasing rapidly. The
increasing numbers of internet user also make the number of bloggers to be increased. One
of them is Raditya Dika who is phenomenon with his personal blog, Kambing Jantan. His
personal blog spotted the attention of many internet users in Indonesia and won several
awards as the best blog. The blog tells its readers about the daily life of Kambing, the alias
name of Raditya Dika in the blog and novel as a teenager, and his daily life while he was
studying in Adelaide, Australia.
The story narrates the kinky, funny, extra ordinary, stupidity, and Raditya Dika’s
vision to a life from the point of view most of the teenagers in Indonesia. The famous of his
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blog brought Dika to an interview by one of local website in Indonesia which the
interviewer asked him, “Bagaimana kalau suatu hari blog anda dibukukan?” or “How about
if someday your blog will be published as a book?” this question made an idea appear in
Dika’s mind to print all his blog’s postings and then take them to a publisher.
In 2005, Kambing Jantan was first published by Gagas Media and soon become a
best seller book. The publisher thought that Raditya Dika’s Kambing Jantan is a new genre
of a novel which the novel itself is a collection of real story of Kambing (Dika) taken from
the blog under the same title as the book, Kambing Jantan, Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar
Bodoh. The novel version of Kambing Jantan is a collection of Dika’s blog posts from
2002 to 2004.