Chapter II

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2. 1 Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics study which discuss about the relation

between the language and society. As said by Hudson (1980:4) that “Sociolinguistics as the

study of language in relation to society.” Gumperz (1971:223) in defines sociolinguistics as

an attempt to find correlation between social structure and linguistic structure and to

observe any changes that occurs. While Wardhaugh (2006:12) himself states that

sociolinguistic is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and

society which the goal is to create a better understanding of the structure of language and

how languages function in communication.

Sociolinguistics ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across

different region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak to one

another. Sociolinguistics discusses how language and social relation affects to each other.

Holmes (2002:1) says that Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies about

the relationship between society and language. She also says that “Sociolinguists are

interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are

concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to

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convey social meaning”. While Spolsky (1998:3) defines Sociolinguistics as the field that

studies relationship between language and society, between the uses of language and the

social structures in which the users of language live.

Sociolinguistics encompasses a broad range of concerns, including bilingualism and

pidgin languages, and other ways that language use is influenced by contact among people

of different language communities. It examines different dialects, accents, and levels of

diction depend to social distinctions among people. Although accent refers strictly to

pronunciation, in practice a dialect can usually be identified by the accent of its speakers as

well as by distinctive words, usage, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical features. The

varying language, accents, dialects, diction, and other linguistics structure is called

language variation or code, which many Sociolinguistics studies are now concerned to.

2. 2 Bilingualism and Multilingualism

In this world we live in so many languages existed and it is a common thing when

one speaks in two or more different languages. The phenomenon of people speaks in

several languages is quite normal since they do it due to various situation and purposes.

Wardhaugh (2006:96) simply refers that phenomenon which people having more than one

language as bilingualism or multilingualism. This condition makes one to be called a

bilingual person. Myers-Scotton (2006:2) simply defines bilingualism as “the term for

speaking one or more languages”. As well as Spolsky (1998:45) defines a bilingual as “a

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person who has some functional ability in the second language.” This ability may vary from

one bilingual to another. As what Sridhar (1996:50) says in Wardhaugh (2006:96) that

“multilingualism involving balanced, nativelike command of all languages in the

repertoires is rather uncommon.” Bilinguals or multilingual might have different language

repertoire and different language competence.

In contrary Bloomfield (1993:56) defines bilingualism as “ability of a speaker in

using two languages, in case the using of the first language as good as the second

language.” However many arguments towards Bloomfield’s concept of bilingualism since

it is rare to see a speaker which has the same capability in both first language and second

language. Even though for one who has been bilingual since birth, there is always one

language which is dominant.

Bilingual speakers are able to choose which language (or varieties) that they are

going to use as Spolsky (1998:46) says that “bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related

rules of language choice. Speakers with bilingual or multilingual abilities are able to choose

which language they are going to use in their communication depends on the situation in

order to make the communication become effective.

Meanwhile, there are some reasons why someone becomes bilingual. Hoffman

(1991:3) says there are three reasons for bilingualism to happened, namely membership,

education, and administration. The example of membership reason is the use of French by

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all European aristocracy to signal the membership of the elite. The example of education

and administrative reason is the use of English by Indonesians, Scandinavians, Germans,

and Dutches in discussing their technologies, academics, or business. Bilingualism is a

normal requirement for daily communication and not a sign of any particular reason in

many countries and communities (Hoffman, 1991:3). This is supported by Wardhaugh

(2006:96) who says “in many parts of the world it is just a normal requirement of daily

living that people speak several languages: perhaps one or more at home, another in the

village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another for contact with the outside

world of wider social or political organization.”

2. 3 Code

In order to communicate to each other, people usually choose different codes

according to the situation. As stated by Holmes (2001:6) that “variety (or code) refer to any

set of linguistics forms which patterns according to social factors”. He also defines code as

a set of linguistics forms used under specific social circumstances, i.e. with a distinctive

social distribution.” Different accents, different linguistics styles, different dialects and

even different languages are considered as code. This is supported by Wardhaugh

(2006:88) who says that code is a particular language, dialect, style, register or variety. And

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in order to make their communication effective they usually choose variety (code) among

their language repertoire.

Holmes (2001:23) draws “three important social factors in code-choice –

participants, setting, and topic.” Those factors mentioned before will trigger additional

reasons contribute in the code (language) choice. The contributing factors to the language

(code) choice are social distance, status, formality, and function or goal of interaction

(Holmes, 2001:23). Social distance can be indicated in how well the speaker knows each

other, i.e. what is the social distance between the speakers? Are they strangers, friends, or

brothers? The status relationship between the speakers also contributes in language choice.

The speaker often chooses an appropriate code to be used to talk to other.

Social role may also be important and is often a factor contributing to status

differences between people. For example, teacher-student, doctor-patient, official-citizen,

manager-employee. “Features of the setting and the dimension of formality may also be

important in selecting an appropriate variety or code (Holmes, 2001:26). For example, the

variety or code which is used on the formal ceremony at the church must be different from

the variety or code which is used in the church front porch and the variety or code which is

used in the television’s news program and the variety or code which is used in the

advertisements during the commercial breaks. And the last contributing factor mentioned

by Holmes is the function or goal of the interaction. The function factor is showing that

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what is the language being used for? Is the speaker asking a favor or giving orders to

someone? These all can contribute to the language (variety/code) choice among speakers.

2. 4 Diglossia

The existence of distinctive code or varieties in a speech community is called

diglossia. Wardaugh (2006:89) states that “a diglossic situation exist in a society when it

has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation; that is, one code is

employed in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set.” The term

‘diglossia’ was originally introduced into English from French in 1959 by Charles

A.Ferguson (1959/1972:232) who refers it as a specific relationship between two or more

varieties of the same language in use in a speech community in different functions.

Ferguson (1959:435) originally summarized diglossia as follows:

“Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition the

primary dialects of the language (which may include a standard or regional

standards), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more

complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written

literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is

learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken

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purposes but is not used by any section of the community for ordinary

conversation.”

As Ferguson, the variety in diglossia considered from ‘High’ variety (High=H) and

the ‘Low’ variety (Low=L). The H variety is the prestigious, powerful variety; the L variety

lacks prestige and power. Formal domains such as public speaking, religious text and

practice, education, and other prestigious kinds of usage are dominated by the H variety;

the L variety is used for informal conversation, jokes, street and market, the telephone, and

other domains not reserved for the H variety. Fishman (1967/1980:4) introduced the notion

that diglossia could be extended to situations found in many societies where forms of two

genetically unrelated (or at least historically distant) languages occupy H and L niches.

Wardhaugh (2006:95) mentions the example of Fishman’s extended diglossia as

“one language is used in one set of circumstances and other in an entirely different set and

such difference is felt to be normal and proper.” Some examples of extended diglossia

which given by Fishman (1980:4) are Biblical Hebrew and Yiddish for many Jews, Spanish

and Guarani in Paraguay, and even Standard English and Caribean Creole.

2. 5 Code switching and Code mixing

In bilingual and multilingual society, people are having more than one variety. This

situation makes them possible to alternate code (variety). Sometimes they change from one

code (variety) to another, which is called code alternation. Spolsky (1998:45) agrees, by

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saying that bilinguals like to shift their language for convenience. Recently, many

sociolinguists are interested in code alternation (code switching and code mixing). They

propose many theories about the definitions, types, and reasons for switching and mixing

codes.

As Wardaugh (2002:98) defines code switching as the process where people “select

a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from

one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances and

thereby create a new code.” Poplack (1980:583) defines code switching as “the alternation

of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent.” This definition is

supported by Wardhaugh (2006:101) which said that “Code switching (also called code

mixing) can occur in conversations between speakers’ turn or within a single speaker’s

turn.” Because of this reason, enough knowledge about grammatical systems is needed by

the speaker in code switching (Poplack, 1980:601).

Meanwhile, Muysken (2000:1) defines code mixing as “all cases where lexical

items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence”. Muysken

avoids using the term ‘switching’ for the general process of mixing like in Poplack (1980)

who categorized code mixing as inter-sentential switching.

A change in some social condition often triggers people to switch code to

communicate to each other (Holmes, 2001:35). Myers-Scotton (2006:239) simply defines

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code switching as “the use of two languages varieties in the same conversation.” Code

switching is very common to happen in bilingual or multilingual society.

2.6 Types of code-switching and code-mixing

Many sociolinguists have worked in classifying code switching and code mixing

into several categories. Blom and Gumperz (1972), Poplack (1980), Hoffman (1991),

Muysken (2000), Myers-Scotton (2006) and other sociolinguist have classified the

phenomenon of code alternation, but some of them sometimes are resemble to each other.

Based on the appearance of code switching in a sentence, Poplack (1980) divides code

switching into three types: tag-switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential

switching.

Based on Poplack (1980): “Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish. Y TERMINO

EN ESPANOL: Toward a typology of code-switching” code switching grammatically

divides into three types, they are:

1. Inter-sentential switching

Inter-sentential switching is the first type of code switching proposed by

Poplack (1980). Inter-sentential switching involves a switch at a clause or sentence

boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another (Romaine,

1995:122). A clause or sentence is wholly in one language and combined with

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another, and conforms to the rules of both languages that occur between the speaker

turns. Here the examples of inter-sentential switching:

The conversation between the stallholder and buyer at a market in

Nairobi, Kenya. They code switch between Swahili and English

(Myers-Scotton, 1993a: 40-1)

Stallholder: Habari, mheshimiwa. (‘Hello, respected Sir.) Have

some vegetables.

Buyer: Mboga gani? Nipe kabeji hizi. (Which vegetables? Give me

these cabbages’). How much is that?

The title of Shana Poplack’s study in analyzing code switching

occurrence in Puerto Ricans’ resident (1980).

Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Espanol

(Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish and finish it in

Spanish).

2. Tag-switching

According to Poplack (1980) tag-switching is an insertion of a tag in one

language into an utterance which is entirely in other language, the insertion of a tag

to an utterance has virtually no ramifications for the rest of the sentence. Thus a

bilingual can insert a tag or short expression in other language in anywhere of

his/her utterance, as added by Romaine (1995:122) that tag-switching can be

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inserted anywhere, which do not have too many syntactic limits. The insertions of

short expressions like you know, I mean, OK, by the way, well, etc in an utterance

are considered as tag-switching. Holmes (2001:35) also named tag-switching as

emblematic switching where “the switch is simply an interjection, a tag, or a

sentence filler in the other language which serves as an ethnic identity marker”.

Here the example of tag-switching/emblematic switching:

The switches between Spanish and English by using English tag

in:

Se sininen talo, you know (that blue house, you know)

(Poplack, 1980:589)

The switches between Spanish and English by using Spanish tag

in:

A: Well, I’m glad I met you. OK

B: andale pues (OK SWELL), and do come again, mm?

(Holmes, 2001:35)

The switches between English and Cantonese Chinese by using

Chinese Cantonese tag in:

Confiscated by the Customs, da gai (probably)

(Holmes, 2001:35)

3. Intra-sentential switching

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Poplack (1980) said that intra-sentential switching could be used in the

middle of sentences or clauses, or even words. Intra-sentential switching is found

when a word, a phrase, or a clause of a foreign language is found within the

sentence of a base language. Poplack (1980) found that intra-sentential switching

was practiced by the most balanced bilinguals only because it requires a lot of

integration and is usually associated with the most fluent bilinguals. As two

languages are mixed within a sentence, there are also two different grammars in

play means that the speaker has to know both grammar in order to produce a

grammatically correct utterance. Here the examples of intra-sentential switching:

Why make Carol sentarse atras pa’ que (sit in the black so)

everybody has to move pa’que se salaga (for her to get out)?

(Poplack, 1980:589)

He was sitting down en elcama, mirandonos peleando, y (in bed,

watching us fighting and) really, I don’t understand si el nos

separo (if he separated us) or whatever, you know

(Poplack, 1980:589)

Following Poplack (1980) and the other structural analyses of code switching,

Muysken (2000) set forth code switching as exhibiting rule governed features and not

simply something that occurs randomly. Meanwhile, Muysken (2000:1) prefers to use the

term ‘code mixing’ rather than code switching “to refer to all cases where lexical items and

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grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence.” Muysken discriminates

between code mixing whereby both lexical items and grammatical features from the two

languages concerned appear in the one sentence, and code switching whereby languages

tend to alternate (clause-wise or sentence-wise in the same piece of discourse). There are

three types of code mixing proposed by Muysken (2000): insertion, alternation, and

congruent lexicalization.

1. Insertion

The concept of insertion proposed by Muysken (2000:3) is defined as

insertion of material such as lexical items or entire constituents from one language

into a structure from the other language. “Here the process of code mixing is

conceived as something akin to borrowing: the insertion of an alien lexical of

phrasal category into a given structure.” (Muysken, 2000:3).

Here are the examples of insertion:

The mixing of Spanish and English in:

Pero bueno creo que hasta con que incluya la pregunta de

enhanced mas todas las demas (Well, I think it is enough if I just

include the question of enhanced output)

(Cardenas-Claros & Isharyanti, 2009:70)

The mixing of Indonesian and English in:

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Tergantung team, terus juga tergantung event. (It depends on

team and on the event)


The mixing of Spanish and English in:

Yo anduve in the state of shock por dos dias (I walked in the state

of shock for two days)

(Pfaff, 1979:296)

2. Alternation

The second category proposed by Muysken (2000) is alternation. A true

switching from one language to the other, involving both grammar and lexicon is

occurred in alternation (Muysken, 2000:5). Conjunctions and appositions are

incorporated through adjunction rather than insertion. Alternation is more likely to

have occurred when elements from language A both precede and follow an element

from language B which is not structurally related. “Alternation is just a special case

of code switching, as it takes place between utterances in a turn or between turns.”

(Muysken, 2000:5). Here are the examples of alternation:

The switching between English and Spanish

I just have it in my room like a nina bonita como debe ser. (I just

have it in my room like a girl pretty as it should be)

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The switching between Indonesian and English

I mean, ganti ke kalimat laen (I mean, change it to another

sentence)


The switching between France and Russian

Les femmes et le vin, ne ponimayu (Women and wine, I don’t

understand)

(Timm, 1978:312)

The switching between Spanish and English

Andale pues and do come again (That’s all right then, and do

come again)

(Gumperz & Hernandez-Chavez, 1971:118)

3. Congruent Lexicalization

The third category of code mixing proposed by Muysken (2000:6) is

congruent lexicalization. It refers to the situation where two languages share

grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either

language. At the point where the two languages converge grammatically, lexis from

one language can freely alternate with lexis from the other language. Here are the

examples of congruent lexicalization:

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Congruent lexicalization in Indonesian and English

Gw konek pake cellp gw (I connected using my cellphone)


Congruent lexicalization in Indonesian and English

Software gua buat convert file wav jadi mp3 uda expired (My

software for converting wav files to mp3s has expired)


2. 7 Reasons for switching or mixing code

Cecilia Montes-Alcala (2005, 2007) analyzed personal letters and bilingual blogs in

an attempt to take a further step in the less-investigated area written code switching. In her

study “Dear Amigo”: Exploring Code-switching in Personal Letters in 2005, she analyzed

personal letters and notes exchanged among bilinguals Spanish-English population and

found the facts that those individuals who normally code switch when speaking will do so

when writing (Montes-Alcala, 2005:107). Meanwhile in her study Blogging in Two

Languages: Code-Switching in Bilingual Blogs in 2007, she was curious to know whether

the phenomenon of code switching also affected the way of communication in the internet.

And she came up with the conclusion that bloggers also switch codes when writing their

public journals (blog) and they are switching in order to manipulate the two languages for

both stylistic and communicative effects (Montes-Alcala, 2007:169). According to both of

Montes-Alcala’ (2007:165-169) the reasons of code switching in blog writing are:

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1. Lexical items

The first reason of code switching in blog writing according to Montes-

Alcala (2007) is the ‘lexical need’. “The issue of a real need is relative since

roughly each and every switch fulfills a need, although under no circumstances

should this be interpreted as lack of language proficiency, but rather than as the lack

of an exact equivalent in the other language” (Montes-Alcala, 2007:167). Here are

Montes-Alcala’s (2007:169) examples of code switching due to real lexical need to

switch:

Ayer me llego la roomie nueva, es Fransesca y se llama Celine

… pero es una limo party, y no me la puedo perder

We had a kick-ass pachanga for my great grandmother Tala in

Mexicali

It was really nice to have gone and spent some time with la

familia

Remember when your abuelta would get all mad at you for

getting prietita during the summer?

2. Triggered switches

This category is the least productive category found in Montes-Alcala

(2007) study, but still this category does occur in the blog writing. Triggered switch

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is code switching that occurred because it is triggered by a switched word or

expression which follows or precedes it (Montes-Alcala, 2007:167). Here are her

examples of triggered code switching:

Voy anotando idioteces que se convertiran en futures posts for

your reading enjoyment …

I was going to be madrina de regalo sorpresa for my neighbor

My big brother was all excited and he told us that the truck was

outside and my hermanillo y yo nos salimos a mirarla

Precuentamente [sic] uso la palabra “confessional” in

disparaging terms

Los Angeles and Colorado will be the only recuerdos de lo que

hubo anteriormente2

3. Quotes

Code switching in blog writing can also occurred because the blogger wants

to quote someone else’s words or sayings. Bloggers are code switching in both

direct and indirect quotations (Montes-Alcala, 2007:167). Here are the examples of

code switching in order to quote someone else’s words or expressions shown by

Montes-Alcala (2007:167-168):

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Encontes le hable al Tigger: Hi J, you need to give me your last

name so I can sign you in…

I was saying good night to her, when she asked me “Que te pasa,

hija, estas triste?”

She asked me, “Y tienes hijos?” I replied, “No”. And without

missing a beat she replied, “Que bueno.”

Ya estan deciendo [sic] que they don’t understand us and the

like.

Our readership went down since we opened this yonderliesit

offices dialogue window, que es puro cuento dicen

4. Elaboration

Bloggers sometimes use code switching to elaborate or further explain the

idea. This category also named as clarification in Montes-Alcala’s work “Dear

Amigo”: Exploring Code-Switching in Personal Letters (2005). In her study in

2007, she found that bilinguals in her subject code switch “as an elaboration of an

idea without distorting the flow of the sentence in the other language. Here are the

examples of code switching used to elaborate or further explain the idea shown by

Montes-Alcala (2005:105, 2007:168):

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Espero que te lo estes pasando bomba, I’m sure you are, y ate

conozco

John esta arreglando el jardin. Don’t panic if you see a man

around

Total, que el finde pasado estuve con el en la ciudad, recordando

los viejos tiempos … Shaggy is truly a cool cat, mellow, and

chilled

But we will have to get back to her in another post, because I

have to go now … Solo te dan 30 minutitos en el DLC

No se que pense que iba suceder en un ano … well whatever it

was it sure as hell didn’t happen …

The woman with hands of steel and a metaphorical 2nd heart – El

mio

5. Tags

Tags in this category include linguistic routines, formulaic or idiomatic

expressions. The difficulty of finding an accurate translation for an idiomatic

expression is more difficult than rendering the term in the original language

(Montes-Alcala, 2007:168). She found in her study the use of tags code switching

for either discourse or identity markers, and there are also some tags that function as

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sentence fillers of which the writer might be unconscious. Here are the examples

shown by Montes-Alcala (2005:106, 2007:168):

Querida C: Happy Birthday! […] Con carino y muchos abrazos

Fuertes

Ella regresara definitivamente a Buenos Aires en junio. Time will

tell…

La lectura de este constituyo uno de los ratos mas agradables que

he pasado ultimamente – no doubt!

However, estoy de acuerdo con eso

Chingado, I don’t have a job right now and I’ve been traveling

across the state like a madman

6. Emphatic

Code switching for emphatic reasons was not widely found in the personal

letters and notes which Montes-Alcala analyzed in 2005, but it was widely found in

the blogs she analyzed in 2007. Blog writers tend to give a foregrounding to the

reader only by switching the languages, while in other case emphasis is

accomplished by repeating the same or a similar sentence in both languages

(Montes-Alcala, 2007:168), Here are the examples shown in Montes-Alcala

(2005:104, 2007:168):

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We have our heads on straight and are smart and guys know that.

They want someone easy. But I have standards! When, when,

tendre mi oportunidad?

I have been doing so for the past diez o quince anos or so

Similarly, no se puede invader una isla, call its population

citizens and not expect that they’re bringing their whole cultural

shebang to the table

“Ahora me dieron 250 papelitos y se los tuve que poner a los 250

abrigos que mandarin por la linia.” She was attaching labels on

250 coats that flew through the line

It is at this time when I question God- Why?! Por que dios no

nos dio la bendicion de in nino? Por que?

7. Parenthetical comments

According to Montes-Alcala (2005:105), this category is strictly related to

the elaboration category in the sense that the code switches constitute a further

explanation of what was previously said (i.e., written). But in her study on bilingual

blogs in 2007, she determined this kind of switching as elaboration. The only

different in here is that the switched phrase or sentence is put in the parentheses

(Montes-Alcala, 2005:105). Here are the examples shown by Montes-Alcala

(2005:105, 2007:168):

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Tengo pensado volver a California […] y marchame a Chicago

(a.k.a The Windy City) la primera semana de setiembre

Al bajar ayer me encontre con todavia otra sorpresa, aunque esta

constitute una agradable (unlike most of the other surprises I’ve

received in Barcelona)

En el trabajo no pude hacer nada por la cruda (that’s my excuse)

A couple of them were my cousins (primos segundos) who I

didn’t know

8. Free switching

In this category, Montes-Alcala (2007:169) found there was no obvious

single reason to switch code or where code-switching constituted an eclectic

combination of other functions. It could also be argued that the reason behind these

switches is entirely stylistic. Bloggers might only suggesting their readers that

they’re competent in the use of two languages and two cultures (Montes-Alcala,

2007:169). Here are the examples of free switching shown by Montes-Alcala

(2005:107, 2007:169):

Estoy muy animada para irme manana, pero triste como siempre

porque el guero nunca viene on these trips

Doddy is in the Drug Store para la medicina de Joe

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Y no te forgets about those damn soap operas, puro whity on the

top homes

Way back cuando estuve at the ALA convention, I’d said que

hubo a great small press called Soft Skull from whom I’d gotten

un monton de libros

En el mundo hispanohablante we have a very similar debate

sobre la influencia del Ingles on the other languages

2. 8 Personal blog

The term ‘weblog’ is a portmanteau word, coming from the contraction of ‘web’

and ‘log’. A log refers to the log book in the navy (the ship’s record) and in the American

aviation. Thus, weblog is website on which one or several people freely express themselves

periodically (Penloup and Lienard, 2008). Blogs or weblogs have been around for over ten

years although they were first named “weblog” at the end of 1997 (Blood, 2000 in Smedley

2006).

A blog is like a virtual diary for it has features which make it seems so, such as text,

images, and hypertext. Keepers of blogs are called ‘bloggers’, list of bloggers are termed

‘blogrolls’, and the world of bloggers is ‘blogosphere’ (Smedley, 2006). Weblogs are

frequently modified website where online journals are posted and regularly updated, with

the latest entry posted at the top of the page – this being in the reverse order to a

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handwritten journal. Weblogs’ contents are usually available for public, but some

occasionally have restricted access. Personal blog is a weblog that is kept personally. The

content of personal blog is not far from the blogger own daily life or experiences.

In most personal blogs, it’s easy to find bloggers who share information to their

unknown audience about their daily life which can make their audience to become familiar

with the bloggers themselves. Frank P.Smedley has become quite attached to certain

bloggers and feel personally enriched and encouraged by those bloggers honesty, humour,

and disclosure of their own human struggles when he was doing his research on code

switching and identity on the blogs on 2006.

2. 9 Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh by Raditya Dika

In 2000s, the world of internet in Indonesia has been increasing rapidly. The

increasing numbers of internet user also make the number of bloggers to be increased. One

of them is Raditya Dika who is phenomenon with his personal blog, Kambing Jantan. His

personal blog spotted the attention of many internet users in Indonesia and won several

awards as the best blog. The blog tells its readers about the daily life of Kambing, the alias

name of Raditya Dika in the blog and novel as a teenager, and his daily life while he was

studying in Adelaide, Australia.

The story narrates the kinky, funny, extra ordinary, stupidity, and Raditya Dika’s

vision to a life from the point of view most of the teenagers in Indonesia. The famous of his

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blog brought Dika to an interview by one of local website in Indonesia which the

interviewer asked him, “Bagaimana kalau suatu hari blog anda dibukukan?” or “How about

if someday your blog will be published as a book?” this question made an idea appear in

Dika’s mind to print all his blog’s postings and then take them to a publisher.

In 2005, Kambing Jantan was first published by Gagas Media and soon become a

best seller book. The publisher thought that Raditya Dika’s Kambing Jantan is a new genre

of a novel which the novel itself is a collection of real story of Kambing (Dika) taken from

the blog under the same title as the book, Kambing Jantan, Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar

Bodoh. The novel version of Kambing Jantan is a collection of Dika’s blog posts from

2002 to 2004.

Chapter II

Documents

Transcript of Chapter II