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Chapter 6 6.3 Organic Molecules
Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry)
1. Inorganic Compounds: from minerals or non-living source.
2. Organic Compounds: contain Carbon & come from a living thing.
3. Carbon can combine with other elements to form millions of compounds.
4. Simplest Organic Compound is CH4 (Methane)
Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry)
VOCABULARY ALERT!
1. Polymer: long chains of carbon molecules or groups of monomers.
2. Monomer: the building block of a polymer.3. Example:
a) A bead necklace = Polymerb) Individual Bead = Monomer
Organic Molecules1. There are 4 ORGANIC MOLECULES
that are essential for all lifea) Carbohydratesb) Lipidsc) Proteinsd) Nucleic Acids
1. CARBOHYDRATES are sugars!
2. They are composed of the atoms:a) Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), and Hydrogen (H)i. CARB + O + HYDRATE
3. Elements: a) C, H, O b) Ratio of H:O is 2:1
4. Function: Energy and storage molecules; can provide us with quick energy
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates1. Polymers made of sugars which scientists
call saccharides2. Monosaccharide (definition)-1 sugar
molecule3. Polysaccharide (definition)- polymer of
sugar molecules
1. The building blocks of carbohydrates are MONOSACCHARIDES
a) Monosaccharide: simplest sugar i. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Riboseii. All monosaccharides = (C6H12O6)iii. Isomers – Molecules with same molecular
formula, but different chemical structures.
Monomer = Monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose
Examples of Isomers
1. Two monosaccharides combine to form DISACCHARIDES i. Glucose + Fructose = SUCROSE (table
sugar)ii. Glucose + Galactose= LACTOSE (milk sugar)iii. All disaccharides = (C12H22O11)
Disaccharides
Milk
Lactose
1. Many monosaccharides combine to form POLYSACCHARIDES (polymer)a) Polysaccharide: repeating monosaccharides
i. Starch – made by plants to store energy Potatoes, corn, crackers
ii. Glycogen – made by mammals used to store energy
iii. Cellulose – made by plants used for structure and form (plant cell walls)
Corn kernels, celery, lettuce
iv. Chitin – structural molecule (fungus cell wall & insect exoskeletons)
Polymer = Polysaccharides
GlycogenMolecule
w/ glycogeninprotein center
Photosynthesis
Lipids1. LIPIDS are fats, oils, and waxes!2. Elements:
a) C, H, Ob) Ratio of H:O is more than 2:1
3. Building Blocks (monomers): Fatty Acids4. Polymers of lipids are called triglycerides
Lipids
Oils are liquid at room temperature
Fats are solid at room temperature
Lipids1. Lipid Functions:
a) Long-term energy storage and insulationb) Major component of the plasma membrane
i. Phospholipid bilayerc) Examples: Beef Fat (C15H112O6), Oils, Wax,
Steroids
1. Lipids are INSOLUBLE in watera)Don’t mix (dissolve) in water
Lipids
1. 2 Types of Fats:a) Saturated Fats: BAD (dairy, meat, lard,
butter)b) Unsaturated Fats: GOOD (nuts, avocadoes,
oils)
Lipids
Proteins1. Elements: C, H, O, N, S
a) Building Blocks (monomer): Amino Acidsb)Proteins are polymers of amino acidsc) Amino acids are bonded together with
peptide bonds2. Function:
a) Structural Molecules b)Functional Molecules
Polypeptide
Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids (monomers)
Foods with a lot of protein – meat, eggs, nuts, cheese
1. Enzymes are proteins that make sure that chemical reactions in your body take place up to a million times faster than they would without enzymes.
What can proteins do? What can't they do!
2. Antibodies are proteins that help your immune system to fight disease.
What can proteins do? What can't they do!
3. When you get a boo boo, the bleeding stops because of blood clots, thanks to the proteins fibrinogen and thrombin.
What can proteins do? What can't they do!
4. Transport!a) Form tunnels (pores) in cell membranes that will
let only specific molecules (or ions) through. b) Hemoglobin, a protein in your blood, carries
oxygen from your lungs to your cells and takes CO2 away from cells.
What can proteins do? What can't they do!
5. Strength and support! a) Collagen and keratin are strong and tough
and make up your skin, hair, and fingernails.
What can proteins do? What can't they do!
6. Motion! The proteins myosin and actin make up much of your muscle tissue. They work together so your muscles can move you around.
What can proteins do? What can't they do!
7. Insulin – signals cells to take in sugar from the blood
What can proteins do? What can't they do!
8. Proteins give tissue and organs structure and carry out cell metabolism
a) metabolism chemical reactions in living organisms
What can proteins do? What can't they do!
Enzymes1. ENZYMES are a type of protein that make
chemical reactions go faster and take less (or lowering) amount of energy to start (activation energy)
2. Enzymes can either break molecules apart or join molecules together
a) Break food down b) Assemble chains of DNA
1. The molecule that an enzyme interacts with is called a SUBSTRATE
a) Enzyme-substrate reaction
2. Enzymes are very SPECIFIC in how they worka) Each enzyme interacts with ONE specific substrate
i. Like a lock and key or a puzzle piece
3. Enzymes are conserved (not used up) in the reactiona) They can be reused continuously
i. Enzyme – doesn’t changeii. Substrate – changed by the enzyme
Enzymes
Enzymes1. Many enzymes work best at a certain
temperature or a specific pH2. If enzymes are heated too much they
will denature (fall apart) and stop working altogether
Enzymes Acting On Carbohydrates enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s)
amylase
starch (+H2O) ------ > maltose
maltase
maltose (+H2O) ------ > glucose + glucose
sucrase
sucrose (+H2O) ------ > glucose + fructose
lactase
lactose (+H2O) ------ > glucose + glactose
Enzymes Acting on Proteins enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s)
proteases
proteins (+H2O) ------ > polypeptides
renninase
Liquid milk proteins (+H2O) ------ > coagulated mild solids
Enzymes Acting on Lipids enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s)
lipase
Fats/oils(+H2O) ------ >fatty acids +glycerol
Nucleic Acids1. Elements: C, H, O, N, P2. Building Blocks: Nucleotides3. Nucleic Acids are the polymers of nucleotides
a) Found in the nucleus of the cell4. Function:
a) Controls cell activityb)Makes proteinsc) Store genetic information in the form of
a code
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Nucleic Acids1. NUCLEIC ACIDS are the molecules that make DNA and RNA!
2. Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES (monomer)
3. Nucleotide Structure:a) Simple Sugarb) Phosphate Groupc) Nitrogen Base (A, C, T, G, U)
4. Elements: CHONP atoms all present
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DNA – instructions for making proteins
RNA – copies of instructions from DNA
Important Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrate Test:
1. Brown paper bag test: a) Greasy spot = lipidsi. Wendy’s bag with fries
Lipids