Chapter 6 6.3 Organic Molecules

Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry)

1. Inorganic Compounds: from minerals or non-living source.

2. Organic Compounds: contain Carbon & come from a living thing.

3. Carbon can combine with other elements to form millions of compounds.

4. Simplest Organic Compound is CH4 (Methane)

Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry)

VOCABULARY ALERT!

1. Polymer: long chains of carbon molecules or groups of monomers.

2. Monomer: the building block of a polymer.3. Example:

a) A bead necklace = Polymerb) Individual Bead = Monomer

Organic Molecules1. There are 4 ORGANIC MOLECULES

that are essential for all lifea) Carbohydratesb) Lipidsc) Proteinsd) Nucleic Acids

1. CARBOHYDRATES are sugars!

2. They are composed of the atoms:a) Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), and Hydrogen (H)i. CARB + O + HYDRATE

3. Elements: a) C, H, O b) Ratio of H:O is 2:1

4. Function: Energy and storage molecules; can provide us with quick energy

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates1. Polymers made of sugars which scientists

call saccharides2. Monosaccharide (definition)-1 sugar

molecule3. Polysaccharide (definition)- polymer of

sugar molecules

1. The building blocks of carbohydrates are MONOSACCHARIDES

a) Monosaccharide: simplest sugar i. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Riboseii. All monosaccharides = (C6H12O6)iii. Isomers – Molecules with same molecular

formula, but different chemical structures.

Monomer = Monosaccharides

Glucose Fructose

Examples of Isomers

1. Two monosaccharides combine to form DISACCHARIDES i. Glucose + Fructose = SUCROSE (table

sugar)ii. Glucose + Galactose= LACTOSE (milk sugar)iii. All disaccharides = (C12H22O11)

Disaccharides

Milk

Lactose

1. Many monosaccharides combine to form POLYSACCHARIDES (polymer)a) Polysaccharide: repeating monosaccharides

i. Starch – made by plants to store energy Potatoes, corn, crackers

ii. Glycogen – made by mammals used to store energy

iii. Cellulose – made by plants used for structure and form (plant cell walls)

Corn kernels, celery, lettuce

iv. Chitin – structural molecule (fungus cell wall & insect exoskeletons)

Polymer = Polysaccharides

GlycogenMolecule

w/ glycogeninprotein center

Photosynthesis

Lipids1. LIPIDS are fats, oils, and waxes!2. Elements:

a) C, H, Ob) Ratio of H:O is more than 2:1

3. Building Blocks (monomers): Fatty Acids4. Polymers of lipids are called triglycerides

Lipids

Oils are liquid at room temperature

Fats are solid at room temperature

Lipids1. Lipid Functions:

a) Long-term energy storage and insulationb) Major component of the plasma membrane

i. Phospholipid bilayerc) Examples: Beef Fat (C15H112O6), Oils, Wax,

Steroids

1. Lipids are INSOLUBLE in watera)Don’t mix (dissolve) in water

Lipids

1. 2 Types of Fats:a) Saturated Fats: BAD (dairy, meat, lard,

butter)b) Unsaturated Fats: GOOD (nuts, avocadoes,

oils)

Lipids

Proteins1. Elements: C, H, O, N, S

a) Building Blocks (monomer): Amino Acidsb)Proteins are polymers of amino acidsc) Amino acids are bonded together with

peptide bonds2. Function:

a) Structural Molecules b)Functional Molecules

Polypeptide

Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids (monomers)

Foods with a lot of protein – meat, eggs, nuts, cheese

1. Enzymes are proteins that make sure that chemical reactions in your body take place up to a million times faster than they would without enzymes.

What can proteins do? What can't they do!

2. Antibodies are proteins that help your immune system to fight disease.

What can proteins do? What can't they do!

3. When you get a boo boo, the bleeding stops because of blood clots, thanks to the proteins fibrinogen and thrombin.

What can proteins do? What can't they do!

4. Transport!a) Form tunnels (pores) in cell membranes that will

let only specific molecules (or ions) through. b) Hemoglobin, a protein in your blood, carries

oxygen from your lungs to your cells and takes CO2 away from cells.

What can proteins do? What can't they do!

5. Strength and support! a) Collagen and keratin are strong and tough

and make up your skin, hair, and fingernails.

What can proteins do? What can't they do!

6. Motion! The proteins myosin and actin make up much of your muscle tissue. They work together so your muscles can move you around.

What can proteins do? What can't they do!

7. Insulin – signals cells to take in sugar from the blood

What can proteins do? What can't they do!

8. Proteins give tissue and organs structure and carry out cell metabolism

a) metabolism chemical reactions in living organisms

What can proteins do? What can't they do!

Enzymes1. ENZYMES are a type of protein that make

chemical reactions go faster and take less (or lowering) amount of energy to start (activation energy)

2. Enzymes can either break molecules apart or join molecules together

a) Break food down b) Assemble chains of DNA

1. The molecule that an enzyme interacts with is called a SUBSTRATE

a) Enzyme-substrate reaction

2. Enzymes are very SPECIFIC in how they worka) Each enzyme interacts with ONE specific substrate

i. Like a lock and key or a puzzle piece

3. Enzymes are conserved (not used up) in the reactiona) They can be reused continuously

i. Enzyme – doesn’t changeii. Substrate – changed by the enzyme

Enzymes

Enzymes1. Many enzymes work best at a certain

temperature or a specific pH2. If enzymes are heated too much they

will denature (fall apart) and stop working altogether

Enzymes Acting On Carbohydrates enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s)

amylase

starch (+H2O) ------ > maltose

maltase

maltose (+H2O) ------ > glucose + glucose

sucrase

sucrose (+H2O) ------ > glucose + fructose

lactase

lactose (+H2O) ------ > glucose + glactose

Enzymes Acting on Proteins enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s)

proteases

proteins (+H2O) ------ > polypeptides

renninase

Liquid milk proteins (+H2O) ------ > coagulated mild solids

Enzymes Acting on Lipids enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s)

lipase

Fats/oils(+H2O) ------ >fatty acids +glycerol

Nucleic Acids1. Elements: C, H, O, N, P2. Building Blocks: Nucleotides3. Nucleic Acids are the polymers of nucleotides

a) Found in the nucleus of the cell4. Function:

a) Controls cell activityb)Makes proteinsc) Store genetic information in the form of

a code

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Nucleic Acids1. NUCLEIC ACIDS are the molecules that make DNA and RNA!

2. Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES (monomer)

3. Nucleotide Structure:a) Simple Sugarb) Phosphate Groupc) Nitrogen Base (A, C, T, G, U)

4. Elements: CHONP atoms all present

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DNA – instructions for making proteins

RNA – copies of instructions from DNA

Important Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrate Test:

1. Brown paper bag test: a) Greasy spot = lipidsi. Wendy’s bag with fries

Lipids