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CH

AP

TE

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Memory

Initial Studies

Hermann Ebbinghaus – late 1800s

Pioneering research

Nonsense syllables

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Models of Memory

Stages of memory• Encoding• Storage • Retrieval

Models of Memory

Eidetic imagery• Photographi

c memory• Relatively

rare

Memory

• Recognition• Recall

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Initial Studies

Serial learning

• Learned material is repeated in order

• AKA ordered recall

Free recall

• Any order

Paired-associate Learning

• During recall, one member of pair is presented and other is to be recalled

Traditional Stage Model of Memory

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Traditional Stage Model of Memory

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Rehearsal• Maintenance

rehearsal• Elaborative

rehearsal

Types of LTM

Procedural

Semantic Episodic

Priming (or implicit) memory

Traditional Stage Model of Memory

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Flashbulb Memory

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Episodic memory

• Memory of personal experiences

Flashbulb

memories

• Detailed memories of situations that are very arousing, surprising, or emotional

Approaches to the study of memory

• Storage of general memory

Semantic memory

• Used to investigate the nature of semantic memory

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)

phenomenon

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Procedural Memory

“Body memory”

Approaches to Studying Memory

• Unconscious memory processing

• Prior exposure to stimuli contaminates recall

Priming or implicit

memory

Information-Processing Model

• A parallel between the computer and human memory.

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Other Approaches

• Craik and Lockhart

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Chapter 7 MemorySchemas will

help me remember

Memory Processes

Semantic networks

Serial Position Effect

Curve of Forgetting

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Forgetting

• Proactive Interference: old material interferes new.• Retroactive interference: new material interferes old.

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• Retrograde amnesia• Anterograde amnesia

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Amnesia

Mnemonics• Imagery • The method of loci • Peg-word• Acronyms • Acrostics

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Other stuff

• Encoding specificity

• Repressed memories

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Other stuff

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FactorsThat

influence your

academic recall

Number of study sessions

Distribution of study sessions

Meaningfulness of material

Similarity of items

Serial position

Other Approaches to Memory

State-dependent

learning

Other Approaches to Memory

• May be inaccurate

• While in STM, possible to add new infot and then re-encode modified memory

Eyewitness

reports