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Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter Preview
4.1 Introduction to Atoms
4.2 Organizing the Elements
4.3 Metals
4.4 Nonmetals, Inert Gases, and Semimetals
4.5 Radioactive Elements
Table of ContentsChapter Preview
4.1 Introduction to Atoms
4.2 Organizing the Elements
4.3 Metals
4.4 Nonmetals, Inert Gases, and Semimetals
4.5 Radioactive Elements
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds are
a. elements.
b. molecules.
c. particles.
d. electrons.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds are
a. elements.
b. molecules.
c. particles.
d. electrons.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter Preview Questions
2. When elements are chemically combined in a set ratio, they form
a. molecules.
b. matter.
c. elements.
d. compounds.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter Preview Questions
2. When elements are chemically combined in a set ratio, they form
a. molecules.
b. matter.
c. elements.
d. compounds.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Which of the following is an example of an element?
a. copper
b. rust
c. concrete
d. water
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Which of the following is an example of an element?
a. copper
b. rust
c. concrete
d. water
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Two compounds with different properties are
a. C and O.
b. H and O.
c. CO and CO2.
d. Cl and Ar.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Two compounds with different properties are
a. C and O.
b. H and O.
c. CO and CO2.
d. Cl and Ar.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Imagine you have a piece of
aluminum foil, and you cut it
in half. If each of these pieces is
cut in half a second, third, and
fourth time, the pieces become
smaller but are still aluminum.
How small must a piece be so
that at the next cut it will no
longer be aluminum?
How is the periodic table organized?
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Greek Word Origins
Greek Origin Meaning Key Words
alpha First letter of the Greek alphabet
Alpha particle
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Greek Origin Meaning Key Words
atomos Cannot be cut; indivisible Atom, atomic number,atomic mass
Greek Word Origins
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Greek Origin Meaning Key Words
beta Second letter of the Greek alphabet
Beta particle
Greek Word Origins
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Greek Origin Meaning Key Words
di Two, double Diatomic molecule
Greek Word Origins
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Greek Origin Meaning Key Words
gamma Third letter of the Greek alphabet
Gamma radiation
Greek Word Origins
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Greek Origin Meaning Key Words
hals Salt, relating to salt Halogen
Greek Word Origins
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Apply It!
Review the Greek origins and meanings in the chart. What is themeaning of the prefix di- in diatomic? Predict the meaning ofdiatomic molecule. Revise your definition as needed.
Sample: Since diatomos means “two atoms,” di- probably means “two.”
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
End of Chapter Preview
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Section 1:Introduction to Atoms
How did atomic theory develop and change?
What is the modern model of the atom?
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Atomic Theory and Models
Dalton thought that atoms were like smooth, hard balls that could not be broken into smaller pieces.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Atomic Theory and Models
Thomson suggested that atoms had negatively charged electrons embedded in a positive sphere.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
Rutherford was surprised that a few particles were deflected strongly. This led him to propose an atomic model with a positively charged nucleus.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Later Atomic Models
Through the first part of the twentieth century, atomic models continued to change.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Modern Model of an AtomThis model of a carbon atom consists of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons in a nucleus that is surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Particles in an AtomAn atom is composed of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. Protons and neutrons are about equal in mass. An electron has about 1/2,000 the mass of a proton or neutron.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Isotopes
Atoms of all isotopes of carbon contain six protons and six electrons, but they differ in their number of neutrons. Carbon-12 is the most common isotope.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
More on Atomic Structure
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activityabout atomic structure.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
End of Section:Introduction to Atoms
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Section 2:Organizing the
ElementsHow did Mendeleev discover the pattern that led to the periodic table?
How are the elements organized in the modern periodictable?
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
Elements are organized into rows and columns based on their atomic number.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
Elements are organized into rows and columns based on their atomic number.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
Elements are organized into rows and columns based on their atomic number.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the periodic table.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Finding Data on Elements
Each square in the periodic table lists four pieces of information: an element’s atomic number, chemical symbol, name, and atomic mass.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
End of Section:Organizing the
Elements
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Section 3:Metals
What are the physical properties of metals?
How does the reactivity of metals change across the periodic table?
How are synthetic elements produced?
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Metals in the Periodic Table
The metals in Group 1, from lithium to francium, are called the alkali metals. Alkali metals react with atoms of other elements by losing one electron.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Metals in the Periodic Table
Group 2 of the periodic table contains the alkaline earth metals. These elements are not as reactive as the metals in Group 1, but they are more reactive than most other metals.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Melting Points in a Group of Elements
The properties of elements within a single group in the periodic table often vary in a certain pattern. The following graph shows the melting points of Group 1 elements (alkali metals) from lithium to francium.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Melting Points in a Group of Elements
Melting points decrease from lithium to francium.
Reading Graphs:
As you look at Group 1 from lithium to francium, describe how the melting points of the alkali metals change.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Melting Points in a Group of Elements
New element 119 should have a melting point of approximately 25ºC or lower.
Predicting:
If element number 119 were synthesized, it would fall below francium in Group 1 of the periodic table. Predict the approximate melting point of new element 119.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Melting Points in a Group of Elements
Cesium, francium
Interpreting Data:
Which of the alkali metals are liquids at 35ºC?
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Metals in the Periodic Table
The transition metals are less reactive than the metals in Groups 1 and 2.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Metals in the Periodic Table
Only some of the elements in Groups 13 through 15 of the periodic table are metals.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Metals in the Periodic Table
Lanthanides are usually found together in nature, always combined with other elements.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Metals in the Periodic Table
The elements below the lanthanides are called actinides. Many of these elements are so unstable that they last for only a fraction of a second after they are made.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Links on Metals
Click the SciLinks button for links on metals.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
End of Section:Metals
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Section 4:Nonmetals, Inert
Gases, and Semimetals
What are the properties of nonmetals and inert gases?
How are semimetals useful?
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Properties of Nonmetals
When nonmetals and metals react, electrons move from the metal atoms to the nonmetal atoms.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Families of Nonmetals
Each element in the carbon family has atoms that can gain, lose, or share four electrons when reacting with other elements.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Families of Nonmetals
Group 15, the nitrogen family, contains two nonmetals: nitrogen and phosphorus. These non-metals usually gain or share three electrons when reacting with other elements.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Families of Nonmetals
Group 16, the oxygen family, contains three nonmetals: oxygen, sulfur, and selenium. These elements usually gain or share two electrons when reacting with other elements.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Families of Nonmetals
The Group 17 elements, the halogens, are very reactive. Atoms of these elements easily form compounds by sharing or gaining one electron when reacting with atoms of other elements.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Families of Nonmetals
The elements in Group 18 are the inert gases. They do not ordinarily form compounds because atoms of inert gases do not usually gain, lose, or share electrons.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Families of Nonmetals
Because the chemical properties of hydrogen differ very much from those of the other elements, it really cannot be grouped into a family.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Semimetals
The most useful property of the semimetals is their varying ability to conduct electric current.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Links on Nonmetals
Click the SciLinks button for links on nonmetals.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
End of Section: Nonmetals, Inert Gases,
and Semimetals
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Section 5:Radioactive Elements
How was radioactivity discovered?
What types of particles and energy can radioactive decay produce?
In what ways are radioactive isotopes useful?
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Types of Radioactive Decay
During alpha decay, a nucleus loses an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Types of Radioactive Decay
During beta decay, a neutron inside an unstable nucleus changes into a negatively charged beta particle and a proton.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Types of Radioactive Decay
Gamma radiation has no charge and does not cause a change in either the atomic mass or the atomic number.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Types of Radioactive Decay
The three types of nuclear radiation were named based on how easily each one could be blocked. Alpha, beta, and gamma are the first three letters of the Greek alphabet.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Using Radioactive Isotopes
Tracers are radioactive isotopes that can be followed through the steps of a chemical reaction or industrial process.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Radioactive Tracers Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about radioactive tracers.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
Radiation
Click the Video button to watch a movie about radiation.
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
End of Section: Radioactive Elements
Chapter 4 Elements and the Periodic Table
QuickTake Quiz
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