Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds

21.1 Functional Groups21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds21.3 Organic Reactions21.4 Polymers

Functional GroupsAlcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groupsAlcohols are used as:

Fuel additivesSoapCologneMakeup

Naming Alcohols -OH

Name the longest chain which contains the hydroxyl groupDrop –e add –ol (if more than one also add greek prefix i.e. diol)Number the carbonsInsert position numbersPunctuate

Example

Alkyl HalidesOrganic compounds in which one more more halogen atom are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbonSome of the most widely used organic compounds

TeflonCFCs

Naming Alkyl Halides -F, Cl

Name the longest chain of carbonsAdd prefixes for attached halidesNumber the carbon atomsInsert position numbersPunctuate

Example

EthersOrganic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygenLow boiling pointsAct like alcohols

Naming Ethers R-O-R’

The word ether will come at the endUsed as fuel additivesAdd the names of the alkyl groupsAdd prefixes if necessary

Example

Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon at the end of a carbon chain

Ketones – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain

Aldehydes and KetonesUses of Aldehydes

FormaldehydeCinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)Benzaldehyde (nuts)

Uses of KetonesAcetone (nail polish remover)VanillinRaspberry ketone

Naming Aldehydes R-C=O

Name the longest chain which contains the carbonyl group (c=o)Change –e to -al

Example

Naming Ketones R-C-R’

Name the longest chain that contains the carbonyl groupChange –e to –oneNumber carbonsInsert numbersPunctuate

O

Example

Carboxylic Acids -COOH

Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional groupUsed for

Acids which occur in plants and animalsUsed to make plastics

Naming Carboxylic Acids -COOH

Name the longest chain which contains the carboxyl group

Drop –e add –oic If more than one add greek prefix (-

dioic)

Example

EstersOrganic compounds which carboxylic groups in the the hydrogen has been replaced by an alkyl groupUses

Responsible for most flavors and orders

Naming Esters R-COO-R’

Name the parent carboxylic acidChange the –oic to –oateAdd the alkyl groupsPunctuate

Example

AminesOrganic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of ammonia NH3

UsesCommon as poison secreted by animalsFormed during protein breakdownCaffeine, Nicotine, and Morphine

Naming Amines R-N-R’

Name the parent hydrocarbonDrop the –e and add –amineAdd the names of the alkyl groups

Example

21.3 Organic ReactionsThere are four types of organic reactions

Substitution, addition, condensation, and elimination

Substitution ReactionsOn in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule

Addition ReactionsOne in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule and increases the saturation of the molecule

Addition ReactionsHydrogenation – one or more hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated molecule

Condensation ReactionsOne in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine

Elimination ReactionOn in which a simple molecule, such as water or ammonia, is removed from adjacent carbon atoms of a large molecule

21.4 PolymersPolymer – large molecules made of many small unites joined to each other through organic reactions

Monomer – small units that make up polymers

Copolymer – a polymer made from two or more different types of monomers

Thermal PropertiesThermoplastic polymer – melts when heated and can be reshaped many times

Thermosetting polymer – does not melt when heated but keeps its original shape

StructureLinear – slide back and forth easily when heated (thermoplastic)

StructureBranched – contain side chains that prevent the molecules from sliding across each other easily (thermoplastic)

StructureCross linked – adjacent molecules have formed bond with each other (thermoset)

Addition PolymersA polymer formed by chain addition reactions between monomers that contain a double bond

Addition Polymers

Natural v. Synthetic Rubber

Natural rubber is produced form the rubber tree

Vulcanization- cross linking process between adjacent polyisoprene molecules that occurs when the molecules are heated with sulfur atoms.

Natural Rubber

Synthetic Rubber

Condensation PolymersA polymer formed by condensation reactions (must contain two functional groups)

Nylon- most widely used synthetic fiber

Discovered in 1935 by Dr. Wallace Carothers

Nylon

Polyester