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Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 1
Sociology: A Down-to-EarthSociology: A Down-to-EarthApproach 7/eApproach 7/e
Sociology: A Down-to-EarthSociology: A Down-to-EarthApproach 7/eApproach 7/e
James M. HenslinJames M. HenslinChapter Two: CultureChapter Two: Culture
James M. HenslinJames M. HenslinChapter Two: CultureChapter Two: Culture
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Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms,
Behavior Passed from One Generation to Behavior Passed from One Generation to
the Nextthe Next
Material vs. Nonmaterial CulturesMaterial vs. Nonmaterial Cultures
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 2
What is Culture?What is Culture?
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
What is Normal, Natural, or What is Normal, Natural, or
Usual?Usual?
The Culture Within UsThe Culture Within Us
Culture as LensCulture as Lens
Culture ShockCulture Shock
EthnocentrismEthnocentrismCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 3
Culture and Taken-for-Granted Culture and Taken-for-Granted OrientationsOrientations
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Other CulturesOther Cultures
ThailandThailand TrinidadTrinidad
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Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Understanding Cultures on Their Own Understanding Cultures on Their Own
TermsTerms
“ “Sick Cultures”Sick Cultures”
Confronting Contrasting Views of RealityConfronting Contrasting Views of Reality
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 5
Practicing Cultural RelativismPracticing Cultural Relativism
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
GesturesGestures
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Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
GesturesGestures
LanguageLanguage
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Components of Symbolic CultureComponents of Symbolic Culture
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Allows Human Experience to be Allows Human Experience to be
CumulativeCumulative
Provides a Social or Shared PastProvides a Social or Shared Past
Provides a Social or Shared FutureProvides a Social or Shared Future
Allows Shared PerspectivesAllows Shared Perspectives
Allows Complex, Shared, Goal-Directed Allows Complex, Shared, Goal-Directed
BehaviorBehaviorCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 8
Language and CultureLanguage and Culture
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Language Has Embedded Within It Language Has Embedded Within It
Ways of Looking at the WorldWays of Looking at the World
Sapir-Whorf Reverses Common Sapir-Whorf Reverses Common
SenseSense
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 9
Language and Perception: Sapir-WhorfLanguage and Perception: Sapir-Whorf
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Values—What is Desirable in LifeValues—What is Desirable in Life
Norms—Expectations or Rules for Norms—Expectations or Rules for
BehaviorBehavior
Sanctions—Reaction to Following or Sanctions—Reaction to Following or
Breaking NormsBreaking Norms
Positive SanctionsPositive Sanctions
Negative SanctionsNegative SanctionsCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 10
Values, Norms, and SanctionsValues, Norms, and Sanctions
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Folkways—Norms not Strictly Folkways—Norms not Strictly
EnforcedEnforced
Mores—Core Values: We Insist on Mores—Core Values: We Insist on
ConformityConformityCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 11
Folkways and MoresFolkways and Mores
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Subculture—A World Within the Subculture—A World Within the
Dominant CultureDominant Culture
Countercultures—Groups With Norms Countercultures—Groups With Norms
and Values at Odds With the Dominant and Values at Odds With the Dominant
CultureCulture
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Subcultures and CounterculturesSubcultures and Countercultures
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Values in U.S. SocietyValues in U.S. Society
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Achievement and Achievement and SuccessSuccess
ProgressProgress EqualityEquality
IndividualismIndividualism Material ComfortMaterial ComfortRacism and Group Racism and Group
SuperioritySuperiority
Activity and WorkActivity and Work HumanitarianismHumanitarianism EducationEducation
Efficiency and Efficiency and PracticalityPracticality
FreedomFreedom ReligiosityReligiosity
Science and Science and TechnologyTechnology
DemocracyDemocracy Romantic LoveRomantic Love
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 14
Achievement and SuccessAchievement and Success
IndividualismIndividualism
Activity and WorkActivity and Work
Efficiency and PracticalityEfficiency and Practicality
Science and TechnologyScience and Technology
Values in U.S. SocietyValues in U.S. Society
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 15
ProgressProgress
Material ComfortMaterial Comfort
HumanitarianismHumanitarianism
FreedomFreedom
DemocracyDemocracy
Values in U.S. SocietyValues in U.S. Society
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 16
EqualityEquality
Racism and Group SuperiorityRacism and Group Superiority
EducationEducation
ReligiosityReligiosity
Romantic LoveRomantic Love
Values in U.S. SocietyValues in U.S. Society
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Value Contradictions and Social ChangeValue Contradictions and Social Change
““It is precisely at the point of value It is precisely at the point of value
contradictions, then, that one can see a contradictions, then, that one can see a
major force for social change in a society.”major force for social change in a society.”
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Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
LeisureLeisure
Self-fulfillmentSelf-fulfillment
Physical FitnessPhysical Fitness
YouthfulnessYouthfulness
Concern for the EnvironmentConcern for the Environment
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Emerging ValuesEmerging Values
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Culture Wars: When Values ClashCulture Wars: When Values Clash
Value as BlindersValue as Blinders
“ “Ideal” vs. “Real” CultureIdeal” vs. “Real” Culture
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Values and CultureValues and Culture
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Some Activities are Universal—Courtship, Some Activities are Universal—Courtship,
Marriage, Funerals, Games, etc.Marriage, Funerals, Games, etc.
Specific Customs Associated with Specific Customs Associated with
Activities Differ Between GroupsActivities Differ Between Groups
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 20
Cultural UniversalsCultural Universals
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
Controversial View of Human BehaviorControversial View of Human Behavior
Biology Cause of Human BehaviorBiology Cause of Human Behavior
Charles Darwin and Natural SelectionCharles Darwin and Natural Selection
Sociologists and Social Biologists on Sociologists and Social Biologists on
Opposite SidesOpposite Sides
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SociobiologySociobiology
Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture
The New Technology—New ToolsThe New Technology—New Tools
Cultural Lag and Cultural ChangeCultural Lag and Cultural Change
Technology and Cultural LevelingTechnology and Cultural Leveling
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Technology in the Global VillageTechnology in the Global Village