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for

Henslin

Sociology

A Down-to-Earth Approach

Ninth Edition

prepared by

Anthony W. Zumpetta West Chester University

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced with Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, Ninth Edition, James M. Henslin, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any form for any other purpose without written permission from the copyright owner. To obtain permission(s) to use the material from this work, please submit a written request to Allyn and Bacon, Permissions Department, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 or fax your request to 617-848-7320. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-57027-0 ISBN-10: 0-205-57027-5 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11 10 09 08 07

Contents

Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 1

Chapter 2 Culture 29

Chapter 3 Socialization 55

Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 84

Chapter 5 How Sociologists Do Research 112

Chapter 6 Societies to Social Networks 140

Chapter 7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations 170

Chapter 8 Deviance and Social Control 199

Chapter 9 Global Stratification 231

Chapter 10 Social Class in the United States 261

Chapter 11 Sex and Gender 292

Chapter 12 Race and Ethnicity 324

Chapter 13 The Elderly 356

Chapter 14 The Economy 387

Chapter 15 Politics 419

Chapter 16 Marriage and Family 451

Chapter 17 Education 482

Chapter 18 Religion 512

Chapter 19 Medicine and Health 543

Chapter 20 Population and Urbanization 578

Chapter 21 Collective Behavior and Social Movements 611

Chapter 22 Social Change and the Environment 641

Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective

1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) The concept used to describe opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us tounderstanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context is called________.

A) the sociological imaginationB) social locationC) social integrationD) the social imperative

Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 4Skill: Knowledge

2) Of the following influences, the one that C. Wright Mills most attributed to being the one thatsociologists would use to explain individual behavior is ________.

A) common senseB) instinctC) external influencesD) inherited abilities

Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 4Skill: Knowledge

3) When sociologists group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level,job and income, they are trying to determine their ________.

A) social networkB) social locationC) social personalityD) social skills

Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 4Skill: Application

4) Of the following, which variable do sociologists emphasize the most as being the determiningmotivation for our thinking and behavior?

A) random chance eventsB) natural born instinctsC) inherited genetic structureD) one s society and social location

Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 4Skill: Knowledge

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5) Of the following, which discipline is most appropriately classified as a natural science?A) geomorphologyB) economicsC) political scienceD) cultural anthropology

Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 5Skill: Application

6) The sociologist responsible for suggesting the connection between history and biography toexplain the sociological imagination was ________.

A) Talcott ParsonsB) Herbert SpencerC) C. Wright MillsD) Emile Durkheim


7) The social science discipline that concentrates on the study of artifacts, social structure, ideasand values, forms of communication is ________.

A) political scienceB) social physicsC) anthropologyD) psychology

Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 6Skill: Application

8) The first goal of each scientific discipline is to ________.A) explain why something happensB) make generalizations why things happenC) look for patterns when things happenD) predict what will happen in the future


9) The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of sociallife was ________.

A) Emile DurkheimB) Max WeberC) Karl MarxD) Auguste Comte


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10) The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programsto help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________.

A) Social DarwinismB) positivismC) post-modernismD) social welfare


11) What is the use of objective, systematic observation to test theories often employed bysociologists?

A) the commutation processB) common senseC) the scientific methodD) multivariate analysis


12) What was the social event that most influenced Auguste Comte to explore patterns withinsociety and what holds society together?

A) the discovery of the NewWorldB) the InquisitionC) the Russian RevolutionD) the French Revolution


13) Karl Marx suggested that the force which drives human history and is at the core of humanprogress is ________.

A) class conflictB) religionC) familyD) education


14) The Wall Street Journal has declared the three greatest modern thinkers as being ________,________, and ________.

A) Karl Marx; Sigmund Freud; Albert EinsteinB) Max Weber; B. F. Skinner; J. Edgar HooverC) Karl Marx; Louis Pasteur; Albert EinsteinD) Frank Lloyd Wright; Jonas Salk; Sigmund Freud


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15) The term survival of the fittest which is a principle part of the concept of social Darwinism,was coined by ________.

A) Charles DarwinB) Talcott ParsonsC) Auguste ComteD) Herbert Spencer


16) The social thinker of the 19th century who predicted that there would be a classless societyonce the working class united and began a revolution was ________.

A) Emile DurkheimB) C. Wright MillsC) Herbert SpencerD) Karl Marx


17) The early European sociologist Emile Durkheim is most identified with which of the followingareas of study?

A) social integrationB) class conflictC) social DarwinismD) the Spirit of Capitalism


18) The early theorist who is sometimes referred to as the second founder of sociology because ofhis contributions to the discipline and coined the phrase survival of the fittest was ________.

A) Henri Saint SimonB) Herbert SpencerC) Emile DurkheimD) Karl Marx

Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 10Skill: Knowledge

19) Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life characterized by people living frugal livesand saving their money as the ________.

A) spirit of capitalismB) socialist conscienceC) Protestant ethicD) manifest destiny


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20) The titles Karl Marx used to describe the two classes in society were the ________ and________.

A) nobles; peasantsB) bourgeoisie; proletariatC) upper class; lower classD) civilized; barbarians


21) Karl Marx believed that ________ was the central force for social change while Max Weberbelieved that ________ was the force most responsible for social change.

A) economics; religionB) education; political stabilityC) government; economicsD) religion; education


22) According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic was a central factor in the birth of ________.A) capitalismB) democracyC) socialismD) bureaucracy

Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 13Skill: Comprehension

23) What quality did Max Weber stress as being the hallmark of social research?A) subjective assessmentB) sympathetic understandingC) total neutralityD) capital investment


24) Max Weber used the term verstehen to mean ________ .A) being value freeB) to grasp by sightC) the normlessness of societyD) the need for human companionship

Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 15Skill: Comprehension

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25) Art has an interest in developing psychological profiles and is an avid student of WilliamSheldon s work on body types and personality. Art has submitted a research request to repeatSheldon s classic study on body types to determine if Sheldon s original findings are still valid.This type of research is referred to as ________.

A) replicationB) ethnographyC) triangulationD) correlation


26) Durkheim referred to patterns of behavior that characterize a social group as ________.A) a social profileB) stereotypingC) social integrationD) social facts


27) What distinction did Frances Perkins, a sociologist, hold in American history?A) She was the first woman president of the American Sociological Association.B) She won a Nobel Prize for her work with destitute women.C) She was the first woman elected governor.D) She was the first woman to hold a Presidential Cabinet position.


28) Over twenty years prior to the birth of Durkheim and Weber, Society in America, an analysis ofAmerican customs, was published by sociologist ________.

A) W. I. ThomasB) W. E. B. DuBoisC) Harriet MartineauD) Ernest Burgess


29) Because of her outstanding and effective efforts at social reform as demonstrated in her workas co-founder of Hull House, ________ was a co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

A) Elsie Clews ParsonsB) Charlotte Perkins GilmanC) Alice HamiltonD) Jane Addams


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30) Sociology first took root as an academic discipline at ________ in 1890.A) the University of PennsylvaniaB) the University of KansasC) Stanford UniversityD) Princeton University


31) The university that dominated sociology as an academic discipline where Albion Smallsheaded the department was ________.

A) the University of California at BerkeleyB) Harvard UniversityC) Princeton UniversityD) the University of Chicago


32) What did Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, and George Herbert Mead have in common?A) They were among the first faculty members in the sociology department at the

University of Chicago.B) They were all sociologists who won Nobel Prizes for their work in social reform.C) They all established major subdisciplines in sociology.D) They co-authored Principles of Sociology, the major textbook in sociology for over 50

years.Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 18Skill: Knowledge

33) The book published by W.E.B. DuBois in 1899 that analyzed how African Americans in amajor United States city coped with racism was ________.

A) The Souls of Black FolkB) White Over BlackC) The Philadelphia NegroD) The Crisis


34) The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, spent his lifetimestudying race relations in America, and was one of the founders of the NAACP was ________.

A) W. E. B. DuBoisB) Booker T. WashingtonC) George Washington CarverD) Benjamin Quarles


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35) The American sociologist who focused on social theory in the 1940s, developing detailedmodels of how society harmoniously works together was ________.

A) Talcott ParsonsB) Ernest BurgessC) Robert ParkD) W. I. Thomas


36) Dr. Zahn spends virtually all his academic interest in analyzing various aspects of society andpublishing his findings in sociological journals. In view of this, Dr. Zahn is considered to bea[n] ________ sociologist.

A) appliedB) practicalC) pureD) reform


37) Sociologists who analyze how behavior depends on the ways that people define themselvesand others are most likely ________.

A) ethnomethodologistsB) functionalistsC) conflict theoristsD) symbolic interactionists

Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 23Skill: Comprehension

38) The sociologist who developed the concept of the power elite was ________.A) C. Wright MillsB) Talcott ParsonsC) Robert K. MertonD) F. Ivan Nye


39) During his career Anthony has worked as a juvenile police officer, corrections counselor in astate prison, and as the executive director of an urban redevelopment program. In view of this,which description best describes Anthony s career path?

A) Anthony has been a pure sociologist.B) Anthony has assumed the role of being a basic sociologist.C) Anthony has been an applied sociologist.D) Anthony can best be described as a social reformer.


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40) According to symbolic interactionists, the deciding factor that determines if change in societyis good or bad requires ________.

A) an understanding of who benefited from the changeB) an understanding of who may have been victimized by the changeC) a value framework from which to view the changeD) a macroanalytical focus of the extent of the change


41) According to Robert Merton, ________ are the intended beneficial consequences of people sactions.

A) latent functionsB) manifest dysfunctionsC) manifest functionsD) latent dysfunctions


42) College provides a haven for several million potential workers who are classified as studentsrather than unemployed which helps stabilize the job market. This situation represents whatMerton would describe as a ________.

A) manifest functionB) latent dysfunctionC) manifest dysfunctionD) latent function

Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 26Skill: Application

43) Functionalists refer to how parts of a society fit together to form a whole as ________.A) processB) synthesisC) integrationD) structure


44) The two sociologists who referred to society as being a kind of living organism were ________and ________.

A) Auguste Comte; Emile DurkheimB) Karl Marx; Max WeberC) Auguste Comte; Herbert SpencerD) Emile Durkheim; Max Weber


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45) The contemporary conflict sociologist who pointed out that conflict is most likely to developamong people in close relationships was ________.

A) Lewis CoserB) Ralf DahrendorfC) William DomhoffD) Howard Winet


46) Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed ofgroups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered a ________ theorist andJohn would be seen as a ________ theorist.

A) symbolic interactionist; functionalistB) conflict; functionalistC) functionalist; symbolic interactionistD) functionalist; conflict

Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 26, 29Skill: Application

47) Sue believes she is an expert in interpreting gestures, silence, the use of space, and expressionspeople make in their daily interaction. In view of this, which phrase best describes Sue sself-proclaimed expertise?

A) Sue is a social linguist.B) Sue is an expert in multiculturalism.C) Sue recognizes the importance of globalization.D) Sue claims to be an expert in non-verbal communication.

Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 30Skill: Evaluation

48) Conflict theorists would contend that changes in ________ explain the high divorce rates in theUnited States.

A) the functions of the familyB) our culture s beliefs about marriageC) the male-female power relationshipD) the attitudes about commitment

Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30Skill: Comprehension

49) Which group of social theorists would focus most on macro-level analysis when examiningpatterns of society?

A) symbolic interactionists and structural functionalistsB) symbolic interactionists and conflict theoristsC) conflict theorists and structural functionalistsD) neo-conflict theorists and symbolic interactionists


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50) Which sociological perspectives are best to use in developing an accurate understanding ofsociety?

A) structural functionalism and the conflict perspectiveB) symbolic interactionism and structural functionalismC) symbolic interactionism and the conflict perspectiveD) no single perspective is best, all three must be utilized

Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 31Skill: Comprehension

51) Cindy is interested in how the movement of Maytag production plants and other industriesfrom the Midwest to Mexico has changed the lives of the tens of thousands of Americanworkers laid off as well as the effect it has had on the communities in which they live. Cindy isconducting a ________ analysis.

A) macro levelB) transactionalC) micro levelD) meso level


52) Functionalist and conflict theorists tend to focus on the ________, or large scale patterns ofsociety, in conducting their analyses.

A) macro levelB) micro levelC) symbolic levelD) interactionist level


53) At the first meeting of the American Sociological Society, Albion Small announced the primaryreason for sociology was its practical application to the improvement of social life. Smallswas expressing a goal of sociology aligned with the discipline s ________ stage of developmentin the United States.

A) firstB) secondC) thirdD) fourth


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54) People all over the world, especially college students are breaking down national boundariesbecause of advances in communication, trade, and travel. This is referred to as ________.

A) multiculturalismB) colonialismC) neo-colonialismD) globalization


55) The American Sociological Association is promoting a policy that encourages politicians andpolicy makers to become more aware of the sociological perspective as a means to analyze andsolve social issues. This is referred to as ________.

A) public sociologyB) political sociologyC) environmental sociologyD) urban sociology


1.2 True/False Questions

1) The corners of life that people occupy such as jobs, income, education, gender, age, and raceare referred to as the social imperative.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 4Skill: Knowledge

2) Anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology are all appropriatelyclassified as social sciences.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 6Skill: Knowledge

3) The first goal of any scientific discipline is to discover the pattern, or reoccurringcharacteristics, of the phenomena under study.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 7Skill: Knowledge

4) Because sociology is based on common sense it is an excellent discipline for students to studywho approach the world in a rational, matter of fact way.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9Skill: Application

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5) Herbert Spencer believed the most capable and intelligent members of a society would survivewhile the weak and less fit would die, thus improving society in a master plan he calledsurvival of the fittest.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 10Skill: Comprehension

6) Applying the scientific method to the social world is called empiricism.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 10Skill: Knowledge

7) Karl Marx thought of himself as a classical sociologist which greatly influenced his theories onclass conflict.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 11Skill: Knowledge

8) Emile Durkheim identified the degree of social integration as the primary variable to explaindifferent rates of suicide within different European nations.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 12Skill: Knowledge

9) According to Max Weber, the sign Calvinists looked for as an indication they were savedwas their successful investment in capital.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 13Skill: Knowledge

10) Because of their training and expertise, sociologists often stress their personal values in theirresearch.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 14Skill: Knowledge

11) How people interpret their situation in life, how they view what they are doing and what ishappening to them is referred to as their objective meaning of life.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 15Skill: Knowledge

12) Frances Perkins, a sociologist, won the Nobel Prize for her work with the homeless in HullHouse.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 16Skill: Knowledge

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13) Harriet Martineau is best known for her work in social reform and for translating Comte sworks on sociology into English.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17Skill: Knowledge

14) In the early 20th century, the University of Chicago dominated the field of sociology.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 18Skill: Knowledge

15) Booker T. Washington was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from HarvardUniversity.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 18Skill: Knowledge

16) C. Wright Mills urged American sociologists to concentrate on social reform, developing theconcept of the power elite to illustrate how top leaders of business, politics, and the militarywere an imminent threat to American freedom.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 21Skill: Comprehension

17) According to the principles of symbolic interactionism, symbols not only allow relationships toexist, they also allow society to exist.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 24Skill: Comprehension

18) Sociologists who use the functionalist perspective stress how industrialization andurbanization undermined the traditional functions of the family.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 27Skill: Comprehension

19) Sociologist Lewis Coser pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people whoare in close relationships.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 29Skill: Knowledge

20) Sociologists have always agreed the most important goal of sociology is to generate socialchange.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 31Skill: Knowledge

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1.3 Short Answer Questions

1) What is social location?Answer: Social location is the group memberships that people have because of their location in

history and society.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4Skill: Knowledge

2) The prevailing ideas in society, the things that everyone knows as true are referred to as________.Answer: common senseDiff: 3 Page Ref: 8Skill: Knowledge

3) In addressing the sociological perspective, what did C. Wright Mills mean by history?Answer: Each society is located on a broad stream of events. Because of this, each society has

specific characteristics, such as its ideas about the proper roles of men and women.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4Skill: Knowledge

4) The social science closely related to sociology which traditionally focuses on the study of tribalpeople is called ________.Answer: anthropologyDiff: 1 Page Ref: 6Skill: Knowledge

5) What is the primary difference between the social and natural sciences?Answer: The social sciences examine human relationships and attempt to objectively understand

the social world while the natural sciences objectively try to understand the world ofnature and the lawful relationships that are not obvious but must be discovered throughcontrolled observation.

Diff: 4 Page Ref: 6Skill: Analysis

6) The two goals of a scientific discipline are to ________ and ________.Answer: explain why something happens; make generalizations that can be applied to a broader

groupDiff: 1 Page Ref: 7Skill: Knowledge

7) What is the scientific method?Answer: The scientific method is using objective, systematic observation to test theories.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10Skill: Knowledge

8) Herbert Spencer suggested that to help lower classes is to interfere with the natural process ofsurvival of the fittest. This concept was the key element in his view of the evolution of societycalled ________.Answer: social DarwinismDiff: 1 Page Ref: 10Skill: Knowledge

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9) According to the Wall Street Journal, who were the three greatest modern thinkers?Answer: Karl Marx, Albert Einstein, Sigmund FreudDiff: 3 Page Ref: 11Skill: Knowledge

10) Why did Durkheim s research support the position that suicide was more of a sociologicalissue rather than one based on psychological theory?Answer: Durkheim s comparison of suicide rates in several countries revealed that people are

more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak. Healso discovered how suicide rates within specific countries and cultures remain constantwhile they differ considerably between cultures. This suggests a social basis (sociology)rather than an individualistic basis (psychology) for the cause of suicide.


11) Karl Marx claimed that ________ was the central force of social change, while Max Weberargued that ________ was actually the central force of social change.Answer: economics; religionDiff: 2 Page Ref: 13Skill: Knowledge

12) What is the literal translation of the German word verstehen as it was used by Weber?Answer: to understand or to grasp by sightDiff: 2 Page Ref: 15Skill: Knowledge

13) Name two of the first three American universities to develop a sociology curriculum in the late19th century.Answer: University of Kansas; University of Chicago; Atlanta UniversityDiff: 2 Page Ref: 18Skill: Knowledge

14) What did C. Wright Mills mean by the term the power elite ?Answer: He referred to the top leaders of business, politics, and the military who made the major

policy decisions of the nation as the power elite.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21Skill: Comprehension

15) Sociologically, what is the meaning of symbols?Answer: the things to which we attach meaningDiff: 1 Page Ref: 23Skill: Knowledge

16) Robert Merton s two classifications of function, both of which can help a system adjust arecalled ________ and ________ functions.Answer: manifest; latentDiff: 1 Page Ref: 26Skill: Knowledge

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17) According to Karl Marx, what single element was the key to understanding human history?Answer: class conflictDiff: 1 Page Ref: 29Skill: Knowledge

18) What are the similarities and differences between macro- and micro-levels of analysis?Answer: Both macro- and micro-levels of analysis examine the patterns of society. Macro-level

analysis focuses on large scale patterns of society while micro-levels of analysis aremore concerned with social interaction and what people do when they are in another spresence.

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30Skill: Evaluation

19) What term does the American Sociological Society use to describe the encouragement it givesto politicians and policy makers to be more aware of the sociological perspective?Answer: public sociologyDiff: 1 Page Ref: 32Skill: Knowledge

20) What is globalization?Answer: The breaking down of national boundaries because of advances in communications,

trade, and travel placing sociology as the unrivaled discipline on the world scale.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33Skill: Knowledge

1.4 Essay Questions

1) Define what is the sociologically imagination, citing its components and how they weredefined by C. Wright Mills.Answer: The sociological imagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and

biography. By history, Mills meant that each society is located in a broad stream ofevents. By biography, Mills referred to each individual s specific experiences.


2) What four social sciences does the author cite as being most closely aligned with sociology?What is the fundamental emphasis of each?Answer: The answer is found on page four under the subheading The Social Sciences. The

disciplines are anthropology, economics, political science, and psychology. Summarizethe emphasis of each discipline as described by the author.

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6Skill: Comprehension

3) Trace the historical development of sociology in Europe.Answer: Refer to the subheading Origins of Sociology and describe the pre-19th century

thought popular at that time and how it challenged the more traditional thinking of thefeudal period. Include the influence of industrialization, immigration, and urbanizationand how these changes in society created a need to change the understanding of humaninteraction. Conclude the answer with a brief description of the contributions of Comte,Spencer, Durkheim, Marx, and Martineau. Be sure to explain the concept of positivism.

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10-14Skill: Knowledge

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4) Explain the development of Social Darwinism and how this concept differs significantly fromthe philosophical ideals held by most other sociologists.Answer: Refer to the subheading on Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism . Explain how

Spencer was influenced by Darwin s work On the Origin of Species and the importance ofthe survival of the fittest in explaining Social Darwinism. Define the concept, noting itrejected any notion of charity and helping the poor. Sociologists in America would beespecially appalled by the notion of Social Darwinism because of their commitment tosocial reform. But even European sociologists who were more theoretical, did notembrace the concept.

Diff: 5 Page Ref: 10Skill: Synthesis

5) Based on the work of Karl Marx, what are the two classes in society? Define each.Answer: The two classes in society are the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Bourgeoisie are the

capitalists, those who own the means of production. The proletariat are the exploitedworkers who do not own the means of production.

Diff: 4 Page Ref: 11Skill: Knowledge

6) How did Weber explain the emergence of the spirit of capitalism?Answer: Weber believed that religion was the central force in social change. Protestants believed

that financial success was a sign by which they were saved and in God s will. Toenhance this sign of salvation, they began to live frugal lives and invest the surplusmoney they made. As a result, they made more money. This readiness to invest moneywas what Weber called the spirit of capitalism.

Diff: 4 Page Ref: 13-14Skill: Analysis

7) What was Weber s view on how one s personal values should affect social research? Has hisview been adopted as the standard for all sociological research? Explain.Answer: Weber believed that sociological research should be value free, that a sociologist s

values should not affect his or her research. Weber wanted total neutrality to be thehallmark of social research. If values influence research, he said sociological findingswould be biased. Bias in research, however, is subject to some debate. Althoughsociologists agree that no one should distort data, there is a certain degree of influenceby the values one hold as it relates to the topics they study and manner in which theyconduct their research.

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14Skill: Application

8) Summarize the main points of Karl Marx s theory of class conflict.Answer: Marx felt the key to human history was based on class struggle. In every society there is

a small group that controls the means of production and exploits those who do not. Inindustrialized society, this struggle is between the bourgeoisie, the small group ofcapitalists, who own the means to produce wealth and the proletariat, the workers, whoare exploited by the capitalists. The capitalists are in control of the society s politics anduse the power of the state to control the workers if they rebel.


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9) Briefly describe the four factors which contributed to the emergence of sociology as adiscipline in the nineteenth century.Answer: The four factors contributing to the emergence of sociology were: the Industrial

Revolution, the American and French revolutions, imperialism, and the success of thenatural sciences in applying the scientific method in answering questions about thenatural environment. The Industrial Revolution caused a great social upheaval inEurope, the shift from agriculture to factory production brought about many changes inpeople s lives. These changes included an increase in urbanization, horrible workingconditions, and the failure of tradition in providing answers for their life experiences.Second, the American and French revolutions introduced new ideas about individualsinalienable rights. As a result, more democratic forms of governance were introducedand tradition no longer provided adequate answers for individuals. Imperialismexposed Europeans to radically different cultures and brought up the question of whycultures differed. And, with the success of the natural sciences in answering questionsabout the natural environment by using the scientific method, some thought it logical toapply this method to questions about the social world.

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10-11Skill: Comprehension

10) How did prejudice and discrimination affect the development of sociology in America in thelate 19th and early 20th century?Answer: In the late 19th and early 20th century women were usually denied faculty

appointments in sociology and turned their efforts towards activism. Examples of thisinclude Jane Addams who attended Philadelphia Medical College, Emily Green Balch,Isabel Eaton, and others. Although W.E.B. DuBois earned a doctorate from HarvardUniversity he was too poor to attend meetings of the American Sociological Associationwhen invited and later found that when he could attend he could not utilize the samehotels and restaurants as his white colleagues. Until recently, the work of DuBois hasbeen neglected in sociology as well as many of his contributions to the discipline.


11) Social life can be interpreted from one of three major theoretical frameworks. Describe themajor points of each framework. List at least one sociologist who has been identified with eachof these three frameworks.Answer: Summarize the subsection of the text, Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology describing

symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and the conflict perspective. Provide acomprehensive definition of each as presented by the author. Theorists associated withsymbolic interactionism include Mead, Cooley, and Thomas. Those associated withfunctional analysis include include Durkheim, Spencer, Parsons, and Merton. Marx,Dahrendorf, Coser, and Domhoff represent the conflict perspective.


12) Describe the major differences between basic (pure) sociology and applied sociology.Answer: Basic or pure sociology is directed toward the development of theory and research

which attempts to answer basic questions about human social groups, but not at makingchanges in these groups. Applied sociology involves the practical application ofsociological knowledge to solve problems and shape social policy.


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13) Summarize what Weber meant by verstehen and what Durkheim meant by social facts. Howdoes a sociologist utilize both concepts?Answer: Refer to the subsection Verstehen and Social Facts that includes Weber and Verstehen ,

Durkheim and Social Facts , and How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together .Address the subjective meaning of verstehen as it was intended by Weber and theobjectivity of social facts as it was intended by Durkheim. Address how qualitativeresearch involves working closely with, and appreciating the plight of those beingstudied (homeless, poor, institutionalized, and others) while at the same time theresearcher must address the facts revealed through research.


14) Trace the development of sociology as an academic discipline in North America from the late1800s until the mid 20th century.Answer: Sociology first took root at the University of Kansas in 1890 followed by the University

of Chicago in 1892 and Atlanta University in 1897. The first actual sociology curriculumis being credited as being established at the University of Chicago, primarily due to thetremendous social change that Chicago was experiencing. Sociology didn t cross theborder into Canada until 1922 when it was adopted at McGill University. Some of themost prestigious universities in America did not adopt sociology for a number of years.It appeared in Harvard in 1930 and the University of California at Berkeley in the 1950s.Although the University of Chicago was actually the second American university toadopt sociology, it had the greatest impact in shaping the discipline as it is practicedand taught in American society.


15) What is public sociology and why is it an important contribution to the sociology of everydaylife?Answer: Public sociology is the encouragement of policy makers and politicians to become more

aware of the sociological perspectives in developing social policy. An example of this isestablishing programs that provide intervention, prevention, and rehabilitation forat-risk inner city youth and programs to assist former inmates to find meaningful workwhen released from prison. Such awareness of the needs of individuals and society, anunderstanding of symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict contribute to amore efficient society.


1.5 Open Book Questions

1) The author describes the anguish and fear he experienced while mingling among the homelessto gather data for a pending research interest. Why would a professional individual such asDr. Henslin submit himself to such standards in the name of science ?Answer: Sociologists do many things in many different ways. The author was conducting

research based on the participant-observation method using full participation. He wasexperiencing what the homeless experienced and using qualitative methods to learnfrom his subjects. Dr. Henslin had to experience the anguish of the homeless toeffectively assess and analyze their plight and how it may be lessened through publicsociology and social reform.


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2) Define social location, then provide a detailed account of your own social location, how it haschanged in the past year, and how you expect it to change in the next five years.Answer: Answers might include: Social location is the group memberships that people have

because of their location in history and society. One s individual social location willinclude age, occupation (part-time or full-time), sex, race or ethnicity, income, class,marital status, and a number of other variables. One s social location changesconstantly. A year ago the college student may have been a high school student, adifferent age, holding a different part-time or full-time job. The ascribed statuses of thestudent (race, ethnicity, sex, and others) are less likely to change. Five years from nowthe student may expect to be five years older, a college graduate, holding a professionalposition, holding a different marital status, and other changes that can be predicted withsome certainty.


3) List and describe the various social sciences that are related to sociology. Point out thesimilarities and differences between sociology and each of the related social sciences you havelisted. Based on what you have learned so far about sociology and your knowledge of theother disciplines, which social science appeals the most to you and why?Answer: Answers need to include political science, economics, anthropology, and psychology.

The similarities and differences between each of these disciplines and sociology can befound under the subsection The Social Sciences. The personal choice of the student inpicking one of the social sciences over the others may be based on what they believe thediscipline entails and not necessarily what it actually addresses.


4) Using An Updated Version of an Old Story apply the same principles and lessons learned byhaving an anthropologist, economist, sociologist, psychologist, and political scientist examinethe elephant to another social setting in which you are involved, such as the course you aretaking, a team on which you compete, or other social group.Answer: We become territorial in the roles we assume. A sociologist does not appreciate the

history professor lecturing on sociological issues which, if not interpreted similarly,confuses students. Faculty don t paint classrooms and janitors do not teach healthcourses but everyone in the organization is important. The second string tackle becomesdisgruntled when the coach takes a linebacker or tight end to replace the first stringpayer when he is injured. From each of us comes a strength, the acceptance of anassigned role, and ownership of that role.

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 7Skill: Application

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5) The social Darwinist ideas of Herbert Spencer have been discredited, yet we still wrestle withthe issue of how to deal with people who are poor, disabled, criminal, ignorant, and lazy.What social policies might Spencer have advocated to deal with such people? CompareSpencer s likely response to the strategy underlying current social policies toward thesegroups.Answer: Answers might include: Spencer may have advocated refusing to provide public

support to such groups, isolating them to reduce the harm they could do, andpreventing them from reproducing. Current social welfare policies are designed toprovide some assistance for people who cannot provide for themselves, but toencourage people to take responsibility for their own welfare, to restrict the amount ofpublic support for people who are physically and mentally able to support themselves,and to punish people who violate the law.


6) Karl Marx predicted the proletariat would eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie in a violentrevolution. Why does Marx s analysis and prediction of class conflict, based on Marx sobservations of mid-nineteenth century England and Europe, not apply to Western,industrialized societies today?Answer: Answers might include: The class divisions that exist today are not as clear and sharp as

they were during Marx s lifetime. Although workers may still be exploited, their livesare not as miserable as in the nineteenth century. The division between capitalists andworkers is also less clear in contemporary society, where a large proportion of thepopulation owns stock in corporations.

Diff: 5 Page Ref: 11, 29-30Skill: Synthesis

7) After reading the Down-to-Earth Sociology block Capturing Saddam Hussein: A SurprisingExample of Applied Sociology discuss from the three sociological perspectives why this wasan important objective for the allied forces to achieve? Was it necessary to execute Hassein?Answer: Symbolic Interactionism: Hassein represented the head of the beast or the leader

behind the attack on Kuwait and as a supporter of terrorism against the United States.Even if Hassein was on the run and unable to be a hands on effective leader, he wouldstill be the strength others supporting him would rally behind.Structural Functionalism: Hassein was the leader of the nation, the most power man inIraq. To capture him made it impossible for him to continue in a leadership role. Inorganizations based on such an extreme authoritarian form of leadership, there isusually no one to replace them effectively. Iraq was a nation of men (one man), notlaws opposed to being a nation of laws, not men.Conflict Perspective: This was a power struggle analogous to a game of chess. Hasseinwas the king and by capturing the king the game was won (so many peoplethought).Was it necessary to execute Hassein? Each student will have a different perspective onthis. Did it bring closure to the war? Did it stop the suicide bombings? Where peoplewho were brutalized by Hassein s government relieved?

Diff: 6 Page Ref: 23-31Skill: Evaluation

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8) The proper role of values in sociology continues to be debated. Describe in your own wordsJohn Galliher s position (page 15) on this question?Answer: Answers might include: Galliher cites important historic and current incidents of

destructiveness of people toward one another and the natural environment. In writinga value-free and non judgmental social science has no place in a world that hasproduced these events, he asserts that social science that is not guided by values is notworthy of study. He might also be thinking of the use of pseudo-science to justify somedestructive policies (e.g., the Nazi theory of racial superiority).


9) The social history of the family (page 28) clearly shows that many functions previouslyperformed by the family are now performed by other institutions. List the functions currentlyperformed by most families in your own experience. Do families provide fewer or differentfunctions than previously?Answer: Answers might include: Functions currently performed by families include: providing

food, clothing, and shelter for young children; coordinating the work schedules of twowage earners; providing transportation to work, school, after-school, and recreationalactivities for adults and children; coordinating financial matters for all members;providing moral guidance and supervision for children; providing for romantic andsexual activities for marriage partners; providing for recreational activities for marriagepartners and young children. The discussion of changing functions should acknowledgethat families still perform many functions, although many are different from thefunctions provided by families in earlier generations. In addition, families face a greaterand much different type of strain on families in today s fiercely competitive society.Children are subjected to greater and more dangerous temptations on the street andfrom their peers. These greater dangers include drugs, sexual predators, and negativepeer influence. Raising a family is far more expensive in comparative dollars andquality family time is less.


10) Combine verstehen and social facts (page 15) to explain why your college or university attractsstudents possessing similar characteristics.Answer: Answers might include: Regarding verstehen, colleges and universities have images and

reputations that attract specific groups of students; answers might include the particularimage or reputation of the students institution. Regarding social facts, each institutionhas a market based on cost, geographical location, program offerings, and a tendencyfor children of alumni to attend the same institution as their parents; answers mightinclude a description of these characteristics, which are unique to each institution.


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1.6 Line Art Questions

Figure 1.5 Call Back Rates by Race-Ethnicity and Criminal Record

1) In Figure 1.5, Call Back Rates by Race-Ethnicity and Criminal Record, what conclusions canbe drawn from the graph?Answer: 1. Whites without criminal records are more likely to be called for employment than

anyone with a criminal record and African Americans without a record.2. There are more whites with criminal records called back for employment thanAfrican Americans without a criminal record.3. Only about 1 in 10 African Americans with a criminal record will be called foremployment but 3 in 10 white applicants with a criminal record will be called.


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Figure 1.3 Comparing Basic and Applied Sociology

2) Elliot is a systems analyst for the Department of Health. In his position he evaluates theeffectiveness of health care programs in rural communities. Based on Figure 1.3 on page 21Comparing Basic and Applied Sociology , which description best fits Elliot s role as asociologist?

A) Elliot would best be classified as a dedicated basic sociologist.B) Elliot would best be classified as a dedicated applied sociologist.C) Elliot shares traits of both basic and applied sociologists but leans more towards the basic

model.D) Elliot shares traits of both basic and applied sociologists but leans more towards the

applied model.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 21Skill: Application

3) Based on Figure 1.3 Comparing Basic and Applied Sociology , found on page 21, what is thedifference between basic and applied sociology in regards to the audience and product of theeffort?Answer: In basic sociology the audience is fellow sociologists and the product of their effort is

knowledge. Applied sociologists attempt to achieve change for their audience which istheir clientele.


4) Elliot is a systems analyst for the Department of Health. In his position he evaluates theeffectiveness of health care programs in rural communities. Based on Figure 1.3 on page 21Comparing Basic and Applied Sociology , which description best fits Elliot s role as asociologist?

A) Elliot would best be classified as a dedicated basic sociologist.B) Elliot would best be classified as a dedicated applied sociologist.C) Elliot shares traits of both basic and applied sociologists but leans more towards the basic

model.D) Elliot shares traits of both basic and applied sociologists but leans more towards the

applied model.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 21Skill: Application

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Figure 1.4 U.S. Marriage, U.S. Divorce

5) Figure 1.4 U.S. Marriage, U.S. Divorce found on page 25 generally indicates that ________.A) both marriage and divorce have stabilized since 1980B) marriage is on the decrease while divorce is on the increaseC) marriage is on the increase while divorce is on the decreaseD) both marriage and divorce have decreased since 1980


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Test Bank

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