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Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Introduction to Fire Protection3rd Edition
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Chapter 13
Emergency Incident Management
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Objectives
• Explain the need for a plan at every incident• Differentiate between offensive, defensive, and
transition modes of attack• Explain the need for organized thought
processes in incident assessment• Describe the strategic priorities at an incident• Explain the terms strategy, tactics, and tasks
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Objectives (con’t.)
• Explain the need for size-up of an incident• Explain how a size-up is performed and what
information must be communicated• Describe the NIIMS Incident Command System• Explain the need for unified command on a
multijurisdictional incident
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Introduction
• Every firefighter at a scene is responsible for assisting in the control of the incident– Size-up the incident
– Apply strategic priorities in proper order
– Assist person in command
• Incident command system aids in effective management– Presents structures that are adaptable to all
types of incidents
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Management Responsibility
• First-in officer initiates the plan• All firefighters at scene must:
– Remain alert
– Be aware of the plan and the hazards present
• Standard rule– “Victims do not arrive at the scene in fire trucks”
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Incident Planning
• Every incident must have a plan• Establish objectives first• Determine strategies to accomplish objectives• Plans must be flexible to address changes in
the incident as it progresses
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Incident Planning (con’t.)
• Operational modes– Offensive
• Aggressive, direct attack
– Defensive• Protecting exposures, indirect attack
– Transition• Using different modes on areas of incident• Coordinate to avoid conflicting tactics• Requires clear communication
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Strategic Priorities
• Seven areas– Rescue
– Exposures
– Confinement
– Extinguishment
– Overhaul
– Salvage
– VentilationNOT NECESSARILY PERFORMED IN THIS ORDER
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
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Strategic Priorities (con’t.)
• Rescue– This is first strategic priority
– May have to be delayed while hose lines are placed between victims and fire
– Primary, secondary searches
• Exposures– Prevent fire from spreading to adjoining
structures or improvements
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Strategic Priorities (con’t.)
• Confinement– Attack from unburned toward burned
– Cut off spread of fire
• Extinguishment– Putting fire out or stopping leak of hazardous
materials
• Overhaul– Search for hidden fire
– Make sure all fire is out
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Strategic Priorities (con’t.)• Salvage
– Save contents of building from additional damage
– May be concurrent with other operations
• Ventilation– May have to happen before any of the other
priorities are attempted
– Can be performed at any time during operation
– Reduces risk of flashover/backdraft while increasing visibility and reducing heat
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Tactics
• Methods to accomplish objectives– Interior search
– Laying supply lines
– Advancing hose lines to seat of fire
– Cutting holes in roof to release smoke and heat
– Spreading salvage covers
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Tasks
• Jobs completed in a specified amount of time– Don SCBA
– Advance hose lines
– Raise (throw) ladders
– Cut holes
– Operate equipment
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Size-Up
• Ongoing mental process that results in a plan• Components
– Facts
– Probabilities
– Situation
– Decision
– Plan of operation
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Size-Up (con’t.)
• Continues as operations are carried out because situations change
• Always critique incidents afterward– Look for what went right
– Look for what went wrong
– Don’t make the same mistakes twice
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Unit 6 10
SIZE UP
Must be done quickly and accurately
Try to get an overall picture
DONE AT ALL INCIDENTS
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff SIZE-UP
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Unit 6 14
C =CONSTRUCTION
WHAT’S THE BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTION TYPE?
INCLUDE THIS INFORMATION IN YOUR RADIO SIZE-UP…
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Unit 6 15
O = O C C U P A N C Y
W H A T ’S T H E B U I L DI N G U S E D F O R ? W H A T M I G H T E X I S T I N S I DE ? DE T E R M I N E T H E N E E D F O R H A Z -M A T O R DE C O N T A M IN A T I O N T E A M S …
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Unit 6 16
A= APPARATUS
WHAT APPARATUS HAVE RESPONDED? WILL YOU HAVE ADEQUATE RESOURCES?
Call for additional resources early to prevent delays.
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Unit 6 17
L = LIFE HAZARD
ARE THERE SIGNS PEOPLE ARE TRAPPED IN THE BUILDING?
LOOK FOR INDICTORS, SUCH AS CARS IN THE DRIVEWAY …
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Unit 6 18
W= WATER SUPPLY
CONSIDER HYDRANT PLACEMENT.
HOW WILL YOU GET WATER? LOCATE A HYDRANT ON YOUR WAY TO THE SCENE…
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Unit 6 19
A = AUXILIARY APPLIANCES
WHAT AUXILIARY APPLIANCES EXIST (SPRINKLERS, STANDPIPES, ETC.)
Assign crews to monitor or supplement.
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Unit 6 20
s = STRUCTURAL CONDITION
WHAT’S THE BUILDING CONDIITON AND COLLAPSE POTENTIAL?
RENOVATION, DAMAGE OR CONSTRUCTION INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF COLLAPSE…
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Unit 6 21
W = WEATHER
HOW HOT OR COLD IS IT? WILL YOU REQUIRE ADDITIONAL RELIEF? WILL WEATHER DELAY ADDITIONAL UNITS?
PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO REHAB IN EXTREME WEATHER…
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Unit 6 22
E = EXPOSURE
WHAT EXISTS ON EACH SIDE OF THE BUILDING?ARE BUILDINGS CONNECTED? HAS THE FIRE EXTENDED INTO EXPOSURES?
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Unit 6 23
A = AREA
DETERMINE THE AREA BY MULTIPLYING LENGTH TIMES WIDTH.
Will you need longer hose lines to reach the fire or more personnel to conduct a thorough search…
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W ind
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Unit 6 24
L = LOCATION
LOCATE THE FIRE.
ANT ICIPATE WHERE IT MAY TRAVEL AND ALERT COMMAND.
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
U n it 6 2 5
T = T I M E O F D A Y
I S I T D A Y T I M E O R E V E N I N G ? A R E P E O P L E H O M E O R A T W O R K ? D O Y O U H A V E A D E Q U A T E L I G H T I N G F O R N I G H T ?
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Unit 6 26
H = HEIGHT
WILL YOUR LADDERS REACH?
DETERMINE THE NEED FOR ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT…
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert KlinoffCOAL WAS WEALTH…
• Construction Weather
• Occupancy Exposure
• Apparatus A rea
• L ife hazard Location
T ime of day
• Water supply Height
• Auxiliary appliances
• Structural condition
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Vegetation Fire Size-Up / Report of Conditions
• Correct location – may need to direct units in• Size – best estimate in acres (currently)• Fuel type – light fuels ( grass) heavy fuels
( brush/timber)• Slope and aspect – affects rate of spread,
points of compass (south-lighter drier fuels , north heavier fuels)
• Rate of spread – slow, moderate, or rapid
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Vegetation Fire Size-Up / Report of Conditions (con’t.)
• Exposures in path – number and type• Weather conditions - wind• Potential of the fire – quick work , long haul• Additional resources needed – best estimate• Objectives – clearly stated plan
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Structure Fire Size-Up / Report of Conditions
• Correct location• Height/stories – height of structure , floor fire is
on• Size and type of structure• Location and area involved• Level of involvement – is fire/smoke showing?
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Structure Fire Size-Up / Report of Conditions (con’t.)
• Exposures – number , type• Potential of fire• Additional resources needed – number and type• Objectives – state priorities• Obtain an “all clear”
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Incident Command System
• National Incident Management System (NIMS)– Created under HSPD-5 (Management of
Domestic Incidents)
– Compliance of all federal agencies and departments
– To prepare for, prevent, respond to and recover from domestic incidents
– www.fema.gov/nims/.
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Incident Command System (con’t.)
• National Incident Management System (NIMS) (con’t.)– Five components
• Incident Command System (ICS)• Preparedness• Communications and Information Management• Joint Information Systems (JIS)• NIMS Integration Center (NIC)
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Incident Command System (con’t.)
• National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS)– Provides a common system for federal, state,
and local levels
– Has two components
• National Interagency Fire Qualification System (NIFQS) (1st component)– Qualification, training, and certification of
personnel, currently focused on wildland and wildland/urban interface fire protection problems
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Incident Command System (con’t.)
• ICS ( 2nd component)– System based on “Principles of Command” (see
Chapter 7) – Basic organizational structure for all types of
emergencies
– Large or small incidents
– Simple or complex in nature
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• Common terminology– For organizational functions, resource elements,
and facilities
• Modular organization (see Figure 13-1)– Expands and contracts in a logical manner
• Integrated communications– Uses clear text (no codes)
Components of the ICS (8)
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Components of the ICS(con’t.)
• Unified command structure– Regardless of jurisdiction or function
• Incident action plans– Unified objectives
– Operational period
• Manageable span of control– 3 to 7 with 5 the optimum
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Components of the ICS(cont.)
• Designated Incident Facilities - Incident command post (ICP) – established
at every incident, all should be aware of location
- Staging area – where resources report
- Base – incident support activities take place
- Camp – logistical needs are met i.e. sleeping ,eating
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Components of the ICS(con’t.)
• Comprehensive resource management– Single resource ( indiv. app.), task force (combo
of units with single mission), strike team (set number same kind and type)
• Resource status– Assigned: in use at the incident
– Available: able to respond in three minutes or less
– Out-of-service: not ready for immediate deployment; may be in base or camp
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Organization
• Five areas of ICS– Command
– Operations
– Plans
– Logistics
– Finance
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Organization (con’t.)
• Command – responsible for overall management of the incident– Incident commander and command staff
– Safety officer
– Liaison officer
– Public information officer
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Organization (con’t.)
• Operations – responsible for direct management of all tactical activities– Operations chief and subordinates
– Staging area manager
– Branch director
– Division: based on geography
– Group: functional in nature, may cross divisional boundaries
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Organization (con’t.)
• Planning Section – collects , evaluates, and disseminates tactical information– Plans chief and staff
– Resources unit
– Situation unit
– Documentation unit
– Demobilization unit
– Technical specialists
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Organization (con’t.)
• Logistics – provides all service and support functions– Logistics chief
– Service branch
– Supply branch
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Organization (con’t.)
• Finance– Finance chief
– Time unit
– Procurement unit
– Compensation/claims unit
– Cost unit
– Incident type sections
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Incident Command System (con’t.)
• Advantages of ICS– All positions are identified before incident
happens
– Personnel that staff positions are ready to assume positions
– Teams can be brought in from different locations because of standardization
– Adaptable to any type of incident
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Summary
• At any incident, ask three questions:– What do you have?– What do you need?– What is your plan?
• Effective management requires a plan– Includes strategies, tactics, and size-up
• Incident command system is a method of placing a plan into operation