CRITICAL THINKING

MAIN IDEASAnswers will vary.

9. Nationalism and imperialism intensified rivalry among nations, and militarism increased their fighting power.

10. It was home to many ethnic groupsand had a history of ethnic clashesand nationalistic uprisings.

11. Germany’s defeat there forced it toabandon the Schlieffen Plan and fight a two-front war.

12. Western Front—across France from North Sea to Swiss border;Eastern Front—along border between Russia and Germany and Austria-Hungary

13. military stalemate, huge losses onboth sides, terrible conditions, littleterritorial gain

14. to conquer the Dardanelles andConstantinople and establish a supplyline to Russia

15. unrestricted submarine warfare,Zimmermann note, common bondand sympathy with Allies

16. Governments devoted nearly all theirresources—economic, manpower, andpropaganda—to the war.

17. to keep peace among nations

18. Allies’ governance of former coloniesand territories, who wanted inde-pendence and viewed the mandate as continued colonialism

Answers will vary.

1. 1879—Germany and Austria-Hungary form DualAlliance; 1882—Italy joins Dual Alliance, formingTriple Alliance; 1881—Germany and Russia forgetreaty; 1890—Germany lets treaty lapse; 1892, 1894—Russia and France form militaryalliance; 1907—Britain, Russia, and France formTriple Entente.

2. The harsh terms of the treaty reflected Europeanleaders’ desire to punish Germany; the League ofNations reflected Wilson’s desire for lasting peace.

3. Positive—increased production and output, led tonearly full employment, provided work opportuni-ties for women; Negative—destroyed farmlandand towns, drained treasuries of many countries

4. Although the Allies won, victory came at a terribleprice: a generation slaughtered, countries andeconomies in ruins, and survivors disillusionedand bitter.

428 Chapter 13

1. Triple Alliance, p. 408

2. Triple Entente, p. 409

3. Central Powers,p. 411

4. Allies, p. 411

5. total war, p. 4196. armistice, p. 4217. Fourteen Points,

p. 4248. Treaty of

Versailles, p. 424

The Great War

Long-Term Causes

• Nationalism spurs competition among European nations.

• Imperialism deepens national rivalries.

• Militarism leads to large standing armies.

• The alliance system divides Europe into two rival camps.

Immediate Causes

• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 prompts Austria to declare war on Serbia.

• The alliance system requires nations to support their allies.

Immediate Effects

• A generation of Europeans is killed or wounded.

• Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

• New countries are created.

• The League of Nations is established to help promote peace.

Long-Term Effects

• Many nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace settlements.

• Forces that helped cause the war— nationalism, competition—remain.

WORLD WAR I

428 Chapter 13

Chapter13Assessment

TERMS & NAMESFor each term below, briefly explain its connection to World War I.

1. Triple Alliance 5. total war

2. Triple Entente 6. armistice

3. Central Powers 7. Fourteen Points

4. Allies 8. Treaty of Versailles

MAIN IDEASMarching Toward War Section 1 (pages 407–410)

9. How did nationalism, imperialism, and militarism help set the stage forWorld War I? (10.5.1)

10. Why was the Balkans known as “the powder keg of Europe”? (10.5.1)

Europe Plunges into War Section 2 (pages 411–416)

11. Why was the first Battle of the Marne considered so significant? (10.5.2)

12. Where was the Western Front? the Eastern Front? (10.5.2)

13. What were the characteristics of trench warfare? (10.5.2)

A Global Conflict Section 3 (pages 417–423)

14. What was the purpose of the Gallipoli campaign? (10.5.2)

15. What factors prompted the United States to enter the war? (10.5.3)

16. In what ways was World War I a total war? (10.5.1)

A Flawed Peace Section 4 (pages 424–427)

17. What was the purpose of the League of Nations? (10.6.1)

18. What was the mandate system, and why did it leave many groupsfeeling betrayed? (10.8.2)

CRITICAL THINKING1. USING YOUR NOTES (10.5.1)

Trace the formation of the two major alliance systems that dominatedEurope on the eve of World War I by providing the event that correspondswith each date on the chart.

2. EVALUATING DECISIONS (10.6.1)

How did the Treaty of Versailles reflect thedifferent personalities and agendas of the men in power at the end ofWorld War I?

3. CLARIFYING (10.6.2)

How did the war have both a positive and negative impact onthe economies of Europe?

4. ANALYZING ISSUES (10.5.4)

One British official commented that the Allied victory in World War I hadbeen “bought so dear [high in price] as to be indistinguishable fromdefeat.” What did he mean by this statement? Use examples from the textto support your answer.

ECONOMICS

POWER AND AUTHORITY

1879 1892,18941887

1882 1890 1907

TERMS & NAMES

CHAPTER 13 ASSESSMENT

Teacher’s Edition 429

CHAPTER 13 ASSESSMENT

The Great War 429

1. Interact with History (10.5.1)

On page 406, you examined whether it is always right tosupport an ally or friend. Now that you have read the chapter,reevaluate your decision. If you chose to follow your ally intoWorld War I, do you still feel it was the right thing to do? Why orwhy not? If you decided to stay out of war, what are yourfeelings now? Discuss your opinions with a small group.

2. WRITING ABOUT HISTORY (Writing 2.3.a, c, f)

Explain in several paragraphs whichone of the new or enhanced weapons of World War I you thinkhad the greatest impact on the war and why. Consider thefollowing:

• which weapon might have had the widest use

• which weapon might have inflicted the greatest damage onthe enemy

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT

Use the quotation about Germany’s sinking of the Britishpassenger ship Lusitania and your knowledge of worldhistory to answer questions 1 and 2.Additional Test Practice, pp. S1-S33.

The responsibility for the death of so many Americancitizens, which is deeply regretted by everyone in Germany,in a large measure falls upon the American government. Itcould not admit that Americans were being used as shieldsfor English contraband [smuggled goods]. In this regardAmerica had permitted herself to be misused in adisgraceful manner by England. And now, instead of callingEngland to account, she sends a note to the Germangovernment.

from Vossische Zeitung, May 18, 1915

1. Which of the following statements best describes thesentiments of the writer? (10.5.1)

A. The sinking of the Lusitania was a tragic mistake.

B. America was right to blame Germany for the attack.

C. The American government failed to protect its citizens.

D. England should keep its vessels off the Atlantic Ocean.

2. The sinking of the Lusitania ultimately played a role inprompting Germany to (10.5.1)

A. abandon the Schlieffen Plan.

B. halt unrestricted submarine warfare.

C. declare war on the United States.

D. begin a widespread rationing program.

Use this anti-German (Hun) World War I poster and yourknowledge of world history to answer question 3.

3. Which of the following best describes the depiction of theGerman soldier in this poster? (10.5.1)

A. noble and courageous

B. weak and disorganized

C. cruel and barbaric

D. dangerous and cunning

TEST PRACTICE Go to classzone.com

• Diagnostic tests • Strategies

• Tutorials • Additional practice

Conducting Internet Research (Writing 2.3.a., d)

While World War I was extremely costly, staying prepared forthe possibility of war today is also expensive. Work in groupsof three or four to research the defense budgets of several ofthe world’s nations. Have each group member be responsiblefor one country. Go to the Web Research Guide atclasszone.com to learn about conducting research on theInternet. Use your research to

• examine how much money each country spends ondefense, as well as what percentage of the overall budgetsuch spending represents.

• create a large comparison chart of the countries’ budgets.

• discuss with your classmates whether the amounts spent formilitary and defense are justified.

Present your research to the class. Include a list of your Webresources.

STANDARDS-BASEDASSESSMENT

1. The correct answer is letter C. Thewriter states that America did not takeproper steps to keep its citizens safe.Letter A is incorrect because the writerinsists Germany was justified in sinkingthe ship even though Americans died.Letter B is incorrect because the writerblames the American government, notGermany. Letter D is not correctbecause the writer does not expressthis view.

2. The correct answer is letter B. The sinking of the Lusitania so outragedAmerica that Germany temporarilyhalted its unrestricted submarine warfare. Letter A is incorrect becausethe Schlieffen Plan dealt with the waron land, not at sea. Letter C is incorrectbecause the United States declaredwar on Germany almost two yearsafter the Lusitania incident. Letter Dis incorrect because the incident hadno relation to rationing programs.

3. The correct answer is letter C. Byshowing the German soldier preparingto attack a woman and child, theposter depicts Germans as cruel and barbaric.

Formal Assessment• Chapter Test, Forms A, B, and C, pp. 230–241

California Test Generator CD-ROM• Chapter Tests, Forms A, B, and C

(English and Spanish)

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT1. Enter war to support ally—Ties of common

cause and shared history are strong andoverride other concerns; Stay out of war anddon’t support ally—Disagreement with ally’sgoals and methods of achieving them over-ride previous shared goals and alliances.

2. Rubric Paragraphs should • identify one weapon as having the

greatest impact on the war.• support the choice with facts and reasons

drawn from the text.• use standard grammatical conventions.

Rubric Charts should

• show evidence of valid research.

• present comparisons in a clear, easy-to-follow format.