Post on 05-Apr-2018
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MICROBIOLOGY
The study of bacteria, parasitic
worms and viruses
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Chapter 1
Topics Scope of Microbiology
Importance of Microorganisms Characteristics of Microorganisms
History of Microbiology
Taxonomy
Microorganisms are living things toosmall to be seen without magnification
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Black Death: The Bubonic
Plague 1348 black death
cut the population
of Europe by 50%.
Yersinia pestis
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Fungi
- Convulsions
- Derangement- Hallucinations- Gangrene
Ergot: toxin produced byfungus found on rye
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Malaria: plasmodium
protozoa-1.5 million malaria deathsper year
- Malaria is generallyendemic in the tropics
- Malaria in travelers
arriving by air is now animportant cause of deathin non-malaria areas
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Red Tide: Dinoflagellates
RED TIDESUSPECTED IN over50 RECENT
MANATEE DEATHS
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Trichinella spiralis
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Streptococcus pyogenes:
flesh eating bacteria
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Ebola and Marburg
hemorrhagic fever
275 cases-255
dead in Angola
No treatment, nocure 75-100%
fatal
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Microbes are involved in photosynthesis -account for >50% of the earths oxygen.
Decomposition nutrient recycling.
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Scope of Microbiology
Immunology: allergic reactions and immuneresponses
Public health microbiology & epidemiology:
monitor the spread of disease (CDC, WHO) Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology Agricultural microbiology: relationship between
microbes and crops Biotechnology: tools using microbes to produce
substances for humans Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA
technology: techniques to alter the genetic make-up of organisms to create transgenetic organisms.
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Allows humans to
Prevent food spoilage Prevent disease occurrence
Led to aseptic techniques to preventcontamination in medicine and inmicrobiology laboratories.
Knowledge ofmicroorganisms:
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A Brief History of Microbiology
Ancestors of bacteria were the
first life on Earth.
The first microbes wereobserved in 1673.
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Spontaneous generation
Early belief that some forms of lifecould arise from vital forces present in
nonliving or decomposing matter.(flies from manure, etc)
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Germ theory of disease
Many diseases are caused by thegrowth of microbes in the body and
not by sins, bad character, or poverty,etc.
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In 1665, Robert Hooke reported thatliving things were composed of littleboxes or cells.
In 1858, Rudolf Virchow said cellsarise from preexisting cells.
Cell Theory. All living things arecomposed of cells and come frompreexisting cells
The First Observations
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1673-1723, Antonivan Leeuwenhoek
described livemicroorganismsthat he observed
in teeth scrapings,rain water, andpeppercorninfusions.
The First Observations
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The hypothesis that living organismsarise from nonliving matter is calledspontaneous generation. According tospontaneous generation, a vital forceForms life.
The Alternative hypothesis, that theliving organisms arise from preexistinglife, is called biogenesis.
The Debate Over
Spontaneous Generation
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Pasteurs S-shaped flask kept microbesout but let air in.
The Theory of Biogenesis
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
1857-1914
Beginning with Pasteurs work,discoveries included therelationship between microbes
and disease, immunity, andantimicrobial drugs
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Pasteur demonstratedthat these spoilagebacteria could be killedby heat that was not hotenough to evaporate the
alcohol in wine. Thisapplication of a high heatfor a short time is calledpasteurization.
Fermentation and Pasteurization
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1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemicaldisinfectant to prevent surgical wound infectionsafter looking at Pasteurs work showing
microbes are in the air, can spoil food, andcause animal diseases.
1876: Robert Koch provided proof that abacterium causes anthrax and provided theexperimental steps, Kochs postulates, used toprove that a specific microbe causes a specificdisease.
The Germ Theory of Disease
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1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a
person with cowpox virus. The personwas then protected from smallpox.
Called vaccination from vaccafor cow
The protection is called immunity
Vaccination
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1928: Alexander Flemingdiscovered the first
antibiotic. He observed that
Penicilliumfungus madean antibiotic, penicillin,
that killed S. aureus.
1940s: Penicillin wastested clinically and massproduced.
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
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Naming and ClassifyingMicroorganisms
Linnaeus established the system of scientificnomenclature.
Each organism has two names: the genus andspecific epithet.
Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized
and the specific epithet is lower case. Are Latinized and used worldwide.
May be descriptive or honor a scientist.
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There is a difference between the cell structure of
a procaryote and a eucaryote.
Viruses are neither but are considered particles.
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There are six main types of microorganisms
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The Domain system was developed by Dr. Woese.The basis of the Domain system is the rRNA
sequence information.
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Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan cell
walls
Binary fission
For energy, use
organic chemicals,inorganic chemicals,or photosynthesis
Bacteria
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Prokaryotic
Lack peptidoglycan
Live in extremeenvironments
Include:
Methanogens Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
Archaea:
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Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicalsfor energy
Molds and mushroomsare multicellular
consisting of masses ofmycelia, which arecomposed of filamentscalled hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular
Fungi
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Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingestorganic chemicals
May be motile viapseudopods, cilia, or
flagella
Protozoa
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Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Use photosynthesisfor energy
Produce molecular
oxygen and organiccompounds
Algae
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Acellular
Consist of DNAorRNA
core Core is surrounded by a
protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in
a lipid envelope
Viruses are replicatedonly when they are in aliving host cell
Viruses
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Eukaryote
Multicellular
animals Parasitic
flatworms andround worms are
called helminths. Microscopic
stages in lifecycles.
Multicellular Animal Parasites
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Bacteria degrade
organic matter insewage.
Bacteria degrade ordetoxify pollutants
such as oil andmercury
Bioremediation
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When a pathogen overcomes the hostsresistance, disease results.
Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID): New
diseases and diseases increasing in
incidence
Infectious Diseases
The most common infectious diseases
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The most common infectious diseasesworldwide.
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E. coli O157:H7
H1N1: Swine Flu Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Invasive group AStreptococcus
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
MRSA
Emerging Infectious Diseases
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E. Coli O157:H7
Raw meat products
Undercooked hamburger
Produce! Spinach
Lettuce
Strawberries