Ch1 Intro Short 1

7/31/2019 Ch1 Intro Short 1

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MICROBIOLOGY

The study of bacteria, parasitic

worms and viruses

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ryi0XwLFC4ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k0OLahG7ok&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ryi0XwLFC4ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k0OLahG7ok&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k0OLahG7ok&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ryi0XwLFC4g


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Chapter 1

Topics Scope of Microbiology

Importance of Microorganisms Characteristics of Microorganisms

History of Microbiology

Taxonomy

Microorganisms are living things toosmall to be seen without magnification


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Black Death: The Bubonic

Plague 1348 black death

cut the population

of Europe by 50%.

Yersinia pestis


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Fungi

- Convulsions

- Derangement- Hallucinations- Gangrene

Ergot: toxin produced byfungus found on rye
http://www.salemwitchmuseum.com/tour/site16a.html


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Malaria: plasmodium

protozoa-1.5 million malaria deathsper year

- Malaria is generallyendemic in the tropics

- Malaria in travelers

arriving by air is now animportant cause of deathin non-malaria areas


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Red Tide: Dinoflagellates

RED TIDESUSPECTED IN over50 RECENT

MANATEE DEATHS


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Trichinella spiralis


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Streptococcus pyogenes:

flesh eating bacteria


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Ebola and Marburg

hemorrhagic fever

275 cases-255

dead in Angola

No treatment, nocure 75-100%

fatal
http://outcast.gene.com/ae/WN/NM/murphy_EMs.htmlhttp://outcast.gene.com/ae/WN/NM/murphy_EMs.html


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Microbes are involved in photosynthesis -account for >50% of the earths oxygen.

Decomposition nutrient recycling.


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Scope of Microbiology

Immunology: allergic reactions and immuneresponses

Public health microbiology & epidemiology:

monitor the spread of disease (CDC, WHO) Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology Agricultural microbiology: relationship between

microbes and crops Biotechnology: tools using microbes to produce

substances for humans Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA

technology: techniques to alter the genetic make-up of organisms to create transgenetic organisms.


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Allows humans to

Prevent food spoilage Prevent disease occurrence

Led to aseptic techniques to preventcontamination in medicine and inmicrobiology laboratories.

Knowledge ofmicroorganisms:


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A Brief History of Microbiology

Ancestors of bacteria were the

first life on Earth.

The first microbes wereobserved in 1673.


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Spontaneous generation

Early belief that some forms of lifecould arise from vital forces present in

nonliving or decomposing matter.(flies from manure, etc)


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Germ theory of disease

Many diseases are caused by thegrowth of microbes in the body and

not by sins, bad character, or poverty,etc.


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In 1665, Robert Hooke reported thatliving things were composed of littleboxes or cells.

In 1858, Rudolf Virchow said cellsarise from preexisting cells.

Cell Theory. All living things arecomposed of cells and come frompreexisting cells

The First Observations


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1673-1723, Antonivan Leeuwenhoek

described livemicroorganismsthat he observed

in teeth scrapings,rain water, andpeppercorninfusions.

The First Observations


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The hypothesis that living organismsarise from nonliving matter is calledspontaneous generation. According tospontaneous generation, a vital forceForms life.

The Alternative hypothesis, that theliving organisms arise from preexistinglife, is called biogenesis.

The Debate Over

Spontaneous Generation


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Pasteurs S-shaped flask kept microbesout but let air in.

The Theory of Biogenesis


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The Golden Age of Microbiology

1857-1914

Beginning with Pasteurs work,discoveries included therelationship between microbes

and disease, immunity, andantimicrobial drugs


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Pasteur demonstratedthat these spoilagebacteria could be killedby heat that was not hotenough to evaporate the

alcohol in wine. Thisapplication of a high heatfor a short time is calledpasteurization.

Fermentation and Pasteurization


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1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemicaldisinfectant to prevent surgical wound infectionsafter looking at Pasteurs work showing

microbes are in the air, can spoil food, andcause animal diseases.

1876: Robert Koch provided proof that abacterium causes anthrax and provided theexperimental steps, Kochs postulates, used toprove that a specific microbe causes a specificdisease.

The Germ Theory of Disease


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1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a

person with cowpox virus. The personwas then protected from smallpox.

Called vaccination from vaccafor cow

The protection is called immunity

Vaccination


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1928: Alexander Flemingdiscovered the first

antibiotic. He observed that

Penicilliumfungus madean antibiotic, penicillin,

that killed S. aureus.

1940s: Penicillin wastested clinically and massproduced.

The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy


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Naming and ClassifyingMicroorganisms

Linnaeus established the system of scientificnomenclature.

Each organism has two names: the genus andspecific epithet.

Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized

and the specific epithet is lower case. Are Latinized and used worldwide.

May be descriptive or honor a scientist.


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There is a difference between the cell structure of

a procaryote and a eucaryote.

Viruses are neither but are considered particles.


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There are six main types of microorganisms


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The Domain system was developed by Dr. Woese.The basis of the Domain system is the rRNA

sequence information.


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Prokaryotes

Peptidoglycan cell

walls

Binary fission

For energy, use

organic chemicals,inorganic chemicals,or photosynthesis

Bacteria


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Prokaryotic

Lack peptidoglycan

Live in extremeenvironments

Include:

Methanogens Extreme halophiles

Extreme thermophiles

Archaea:


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Eukaryotes

Chitin cell walls

Use organic chemicalsfor energy

Molds and mushroomsare multicellular

consisting of masses ofmycelia, which arecomposed of filamentscalled hyphae

Yeasts are unicellular

Fungi


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Eukaryotes

Absorb or ingestorganic chemicals

May be motile viapseudopods, cilia, or

flagella

Protozoa


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Eukaryotes

Cellulose cell walls

Use photosynthesisfor energy

Produce molecular

oxygen and organiccompounds

Algae


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Acellular

Consist of DNAorRNA

core Core is surrounded by a

protein coat

Coat may be enclosed in

a lipid envelope

Viruses are replicatedonly when they are in aliving host cell

Viruses


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Eukaryote

Multicellular

animals Parasitic

flatworms andround worms are

called helminths. Microscopic

stages in lifecycles.

Multicellular Animal Parasites


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Bacteria degrade

organic matter insewage.

Bacteria degrade ordetoxify pollutants

such as oil andmercury

Bioremediation


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When a pathogen overcomes the hostsresistance, disease results.

Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID): New

diseases and diseases increasing in

incidence

Infectious Diseases

The most common infectious diseases


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The most common infectious diseasesworldwide.


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E. coli O157:H7

H1N1: Swine Flu Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Invasive group AStreptococcus

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

MRSA

Emerging Infectious Diseases


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E. Coli O157:H7

Raw meat products

Undercooked hamburger

Produce! Spinach

Lettuce

Strawberries

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