Post on 05-Feb-2021
Fe3+
Fe2+iron (III)
iron (II)
26atomicnumberionchargeionname
symbol (IUPAC)
KEY
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ce3+cerium
Pr3+praseodymium
Nd3+neodymium
Pm3+promethium
Sm3+samarium(III)
samarium(II)
Eu3+
Eu2+europium (III)
europium (II)
Th4+thorium
Pa5+
Pa4+protactinium(V)
protactinium(IV)
U6+
U4+uranium (VI)
uranium (IV)
Gd3+gadolinium
Tb3+terbium
Dy3+dysprosium
Ho3+holmium
Er3+erbium
Tm3+thulium
Yb3+
Yb3+ytterbium(III)
ytterbium(II)Sm2+
Lu3+lutetium
Np5+Pu4+
Pu6+plutonium(IV)
Am3+
Am4+americium(IV)
americium(III)neptunium
Bk3+
Bk4+berkelium(IV)
berkelium(III)Cm3+curium
Cf3+californium
Es3+einsteinium
Fm3+fermium
Md2+
Md3+mendelevium (II)
mendelevium (III)
Lr3+lawrencium
No2+
No3+nobelium(II)
nobelium(III)plutonium(VI)
PERIODIC TABLE OF IONSacetatearsenatearsenitebenzoateboratebromatecarbonatechloratechloridechloritechromatecyanatecyanidedichromate
CH3COO–AsO43–AsO33–C6H5COO–BO33–BrO3 –CO32–ClO3 –Cl–ClO2 –CrO42–CNO–CN–Cr2O72–
oxalateperchlorateperiodatepermanganateperoxidephosphatepyrophosphatesulfatesulfitethiocyanatethiosulfate
ammoniumhydronium
C2O42–ClO4 –IO4 –MnO4 –O22–PO43–P2O74–SO42–SO32–SCN–S2O32–
NH4+H3O+
POSITIVE POLYATOMIC IONS
TABLE OF POLYATOMIC IONS
H2PO4 –HCO3 –HC2O4 –
HSO4 –HS–HSO3 –OH–ClO–IO3 –HPO42–NO3 –NO2 –SiO44–
hydrogen carbonatehydrogen oxalatehydrogen sulfatehydrogen sulfidehydrogen sulfitehydroxidehypochloriteiodate
nitratenitriteorthosilicate
monohydrogen phosphate
dihydrogen phosphate
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
13 14 15 16 17 1811 12
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36Ti4+titanium (IV)
Ti3+titanium (III)
V3+vanadium(III)
V5+vanadium (V)
Cr3+
Cr2+chromium (III)
chromium (II)
Mn2+
Mn4+manganese(II)
manganese(IV)
Fe3+
Fe2+iron (III)
iron (II)
Co2+
Co3+cobalt (II)
cobalt (III)
Ni2+
Ni3+nickel (II)
nickel (III)
Cu2+
Cu+copper (II)
copper (I)
Ga3+gallium
Sc3+scandium
Y3+yttrium
La3+lanthanum
Ac3+actinium
Zr4+zirconium
Hf4+hafnium
Nb5+
Nb3+niobium (V)
niobium(III)
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Mo6+molybdenum
Rh3+rhodium
Ru3+
Ru4+ruthenium(III)
ruthenium(IV)
Pd2+
Pd4+paladium(II)
paladium(IV)
Ag+silver
Cd2+cadmium
Pt4+
Pt2+platinum(IV)
platinum(II)
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86Au3+
Au+gold (III)
gold (I)
Hg2+
Hg+mercury (II)
mercury (I)
Tl+
Tl3+thallium (I)
thallium(III)
Pb2+
Pb4+lead (II)
lead (IV)
Bi3+
Bi5+bismuth(III)
bismuth(V)
Sn4+
Sn2+tin (IV)
tin (II)
Sb3+
Sb5+antimony(III)
antimony(V)
Tc7+
Ta5+tantalum
W6+tungsten
Re7+rhenium
Os4+osmium
Ir4+iridium
87 88 89
H+hydrogen
Li+lithium
Be2+beryllium
Na+sodium
Mg2+magnesium
K+potassium
Ca2+
Rb+rubidium
Sr2+strontium
Cs+cesium
Ba2+
calcium
barium
Fr+francium
Ra2+radium
Bboron
Ccarbon nitride
N3-oxideO2-
fluorideF-
neonNe
Al3+aluminum
Sisilicon phosphide
P3-sulfiide
S2-chloride
Cl-argonAr
heliumHe
Zn2+zinc
In3+indium
Ge4+germanium
As3-arsenide selenide
Se2-bromide
Br-krypton
Kr
tellurideTe2-
Po2+polonium(II)
polonium(IV)Po4+
iodideI-
xenonXe
astatideAt-
radonRn
hydrideH-
1
1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18
technetium
List of Common Multivalent Ions
The following elements form multivalent ions, and therefore require a
Roman numeral charge when writing the name of the compound. Rare and
synthetic elements are not included in this list.
Element Sym. Possible Charges
Element Sym. Possible Charges
Titanium Ti +2, +3, +4 Tin Sn +2, +4 Vanadium V +2, +3, +4, +5 Rhenium Re +4, +6, +7 Chromium Cr +2, +3, +6 Osmium Os +3, +4 Manganese Mn +2, +3, +4, +7 Iridium Ir +3, +4
Iron Fe +2, +3 Platinum Pt +2, +4 Cobalt Co +2, +3 Gold Au +1, +3 Nickel Ni +2, +3 Mercury Hg +1, +2 Copper Cu +1, +2 Thallium Tl +1, +3
Niobium Nb +2, +5 Lead Pb +2, +4 Molybdenum Mo +3, +6 Bismuth Bi +3, +5
Palladium Pd +2, +4 Polonium Po +2, +4
Steps to Determine Charge from the Chemical Formula
1. Find total negative charge on all anions.
2. Divide value by number of cations to give charge on one multivalent
cation.
Electron Configuration
Copyright 1999, Washington University, All Rights Reserved.
E XX
180°
VSEPR GeometriesStericNo.
Basic Geometry0 lone pair
1 lone pair 2 lone pairs 3 lone pairs 4 lone pairs
2
Linear
3
Trigonal Planar Bent or Angular
4
Tetrahedral Trigonal Pyramid Bent or Angular
5
Trigonal Bipyramid Sawhorse or Seesaw T-shape Linear
6
Octahedral Square Pyramid Square Planar T-shape Linear
EX
X
X
120° EXX
< 120°
X
E
XX
X< 90°
< 120°
X
EXX
X 109° EXX
X
< 109°
E
Solubility Product Constant (Ksp) Values at 25 oC Salt Ksp Salt Ksp Salt Ksp Salt Ksp
Bromides Carbonates Oxalates Sulfides PbBr2 6.610-6 MgCO3 6.810-6 MgC2O4 4.810-6 CoS 2.010-25
CuBr 6.310-9 NiCO3 1.310-7 FeC2O4 210-7 CuS 6.310-36 AgBr 5.410-13 CaCO3 5.010-9 NiC2O4 110-7 FeS 6.310-18
Hg2Br2 6.410-23 SrCO3 5.610-10 SrC2O4 510-8 HgS 1.610-52
Chlorides MnCO3 2.210-11 CuC2O4 310-8 PbS 8.010-28
PbCl2 1.210-5 CuCO3 2.510-10 BaC2O4 1.610-7 CdS 810-27
CuCl 1.710-7 CoCO3 1.010-10 CdC2O4 1.410-8 MnS 2.510-10
AgCl 1.810-10 FeCO3 2.110-11 ZnC2O4 1.410-9 NiS 310-19
Hg2Cl2 1.410-18 ZnCO3 1.210-10 CaC2O4 2.310-9 AgS 610-50
Fluorides Ag2CO3 8.110-12 Ag2C2O4 3.510-11 ZnS 1.110-21
BaF2 1.810-7 CdCO3 6.210-12 PbC2O4 4.810-12 Hydroxides MgF2 7.410-11 PbCO3 7.410-14 Hg2C2O4 1.810-13 Ba(OH)2 5.010-3 SrF2 2.510-9 Chromates MnC2O4 110-15 Sr(OH)2 6.410-3 CaF2 1.510-10 CaCrO4 7.110-4 Phosphates Ca(OH)2 4.710-6
Iodides SrCrO4 2.210-5 Ag3PO4 8.910-17 Mg(OH)2 5.610-12 PbI2 8.510-9 Hg2CrO4 2.010-9 AlPO4 9.810-21 Mn(OH)2 2.110-13 CuI 1.110-12 BaCrO4 1.210-10 Mn3(PO4)2 110-22 Cd(OH)2 5.310-15 AgI 8.510-17 Ag2CrO4 2.010-12 Ba3(PO4)2 310-23 Pb(OH)2 1.210-15
Hg2I2 4.510-29 PbCrO4 2.810-13 BiPO4 1.310-23 Fe(OH)2 4.910-17 Sulfates Acetates Sr3(PO4)2 410-28 Ni(OH)2 5.510-16
CaSO4 7.110-5 AgCH3COO 4.410-3 Pb3(PO4)2 7.910-43 Co(OH)2 1.110-15 Hg2SO4 6.810-7 Hg2(CH3COO)2 410-10 Ca3(PO4)2 110-26 Zn(OH)2 4.110-17 Ag2SO4 1.210-5 Arsenates Cu(OH)2 1.610-19 SrSO4 3.510-7 Pb3(AsO4)2 410-36 Hg(OH)2 3.110-26 PbSO4 1.810-8 Mg3(AsO4)2 210-20 Sn(OH)2 5.410-27 BaSO4 1.110-10 Cr(OH)3 6.710-31
Fe(OH)3 2.610-39 Al(OH)3 1.910-33
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTSAcid-Ionization Constants, Ka, at 25°C.
Substance Formula KaAcetic acid HC2H302 1.7 10-5
Benzoic acid HC7H502 6.3 10-5
Boric acid H3B03 5.9 10-10
Carbonic acid H2C03 4.3 10-7
HC03 4.8 10-11
Chlorous acid HClO2 1.1 x 10-2
Cyanic acid HOCN 3.5 10-4
Formic acid HCH02 1.7 10-4
Hydrocyanic acid HCN 4.9 10-10
Hydrofluoric acid HF 6.8 10-4
Hydrogen sulfate ion HS04 1.1 10-2
Hydrosulfuric acid H2S 8.9 10-8
HS 1.2 10-13
Hypobromous acid HBrO 2.1 x 10-9
Hypochlorous acid HClO 3.5 10-8
Nitrous acid HN02 4.5 10-4
Oxalic acid H2C204 5.6 10-2
HC204 5.1 10-5
Phosphoric acid H3P04 6.9 10-3
H2P04 6.2 10-8
HPO42 4.8 10-13
Phosphorous acid H3P03 1.6 10-2
H2P03 7 10-7
Propionic acid HC3H502 1.3 10-5
Pyruvic acid HC3H303 1.4 10-4
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 strongHSO4 1.3 x 10-2
Sulfurous acid H2S03 1.3 10-2
HS03 6.3 10-8
Base Ionization Constants, Kb, at 25°C.
Substance Formula KbAmmonia NH3 1.8 10-5
Aniline C6H5NH2 4.2 10-10
Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 5.1 10-4
Ethylamine C2H5NH2 4.7 10-4
Hydrazine N2H4 1.7 10-6
Hydroxylamine NH20H 1.1 10-8
Methylamine CH3NH2 4.4 10-4
Pyridine C5H5N 1.4 10-9
Urea NH2CONH2 1.5 10-14
Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation numbers are real or hypothetical charges onatoms, assigned by the following rules:
1. Atoms in elements are assigned 0.
2. All simple monatomic ions have oxidation numbersequal to their charges. (e.g., all Group IA ions are +1;all group IIA ions are +2; all the following ions haveoxidation numbers given by their charges - Fe2+, Al3+,S2-, N3-)
3. Fluorine is always -1 in its compounds.
4. Halogens are usually -1, except when a central atom orwhen combined with a more electronegative element (e.g., assign I as -1 in NI3, but +3 in ICl3).
5. Oxygen is -2 in most of its compounds, except in caseslike peroxides (H2O2, Na2O2) where it is -1.
6. Hydrogen is usually +1, except in hydrides withelectropositive elements, particularly with metalcations, where it is -1 (e.g., NaH, CaH2, BH4
-).
7. The sum of all oxidation numbers for a neutralcompound is zero; the sum is the charge on the speciesfor a complex ion.
Standard Reduction Potentials (at 25ْC, 101.325 kPa, 1M)
Half-Reaction Eْ (Volts) Li+ + e- → Li -3.040 K
+ + e
- → K -2.942
Rb
+ + e
-→ Rb -2.942
Cs+ + e
-→ Cs -2.923
Ba2+
+ 2e-→ Ba -2.92
Sr2+
+ 2e- → Sr -2.89
Ca2+
+ 2e- → Ca -2.84
Na+ + e
- → Na -2.713
La3+
+ 3e- → La -2.37
Mg2+
+ 2e- → Mg -2.356
Ce3+
+ 3e- → Ce -2.34
Nd3+
+ 3e- → Nd -2.32
H2 + 2e- → 2H
- -2.25
Sc3+
+ 3e- → Sc -2.03
Be2+
+ 2e- → Be -1.97
Al3+
+ 3e- → Al -1.676
U3+
+ 3e- → U -1.66
Ti2+
+ 2e- → Ti -1.63
Hf4+
+ 4e-→ Hf -1.56
No3+
+ 3e- → No -1.2
Mn2+
+ 2e- → Mn -1.18
Cr2+
+ 2e- → Cr -0.90
2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH
- -0.828
Zn2+
+ 2e- → Zn -0.7626
Cr3+
+ 3e- → Cr -0.74
Ga3+
+ 3e- → Ga -0.529
U4+
+ e- → U
3+ -0.52
2CO2 + 2H+ + 2e
- → H2C2O4 -0.475
S + 2e- → S
2- -0.447
Fe2+
+ 2e- → Fe -0.44
Cr3+
+ e- → Cr
2+ -0.424
2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH
-(10
-7M) -0.414
Cd2+
+ 2e- → Cd -0.4025
Ti3+
+ e- → Ti
2+ -0.37
PbI2 + 2e- → Pb + 2I
- -0.365
PbSO4 + 2e- → Pb + SO4 -0.3505
In3+
+ 3e- → In -0.3382
Tl+ + e
- → Tl -0.3363
Co2+
+ 2e- → Co -0.277
H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e
- → H3PO3 + H2O -0.276
Ni2+
+ 2e- → Ni -0.257
Sn2+
+ 2e- → Sn -0.136
Pb2+
+ 2e- → Pb -0.1251
Hg2I2 + 2e- → 2Hg + 2I
- -0.0405
Fe3+
+ 3e- → Fe -0.04
2H+ + 2e
- → H2 0.0000
Sn4+
+ 2e- → Sn
2+ 0.154
Half-Reaction EْVolts SO4
2- + 4H
+ + 2e
- → H2SO3 + H2O 0.158
Cu2+
+ e- → Cu
+ 0.159
HAsO2 + 3H+ + 3e
- → As + 2H2O 0.248
UO22+
+ 4H+ + 2e
- → U
4+ + 2H2O 0.27
Bi3+
+ 3e- → Bi 0.3172
Cu2+
+ 2e- → Cu 0.340
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- → 4OH
- 0.401
Cu+ + e
- → Cu 0.520
I2 + 2e- → 2I
- 0.5355
H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e
- → HAsO2 + 2H2O 0.560
O2 + 2H+ + 2e
- → H2O2 0.695
Rh3+
+ 3e- → Rh 0.7
Tl3+
+ 3e- → Tl 0.72
Fe3+
+ e- → Fe
2+ 0.771
NO3- + 2H
+ + e
- → NO2 + H2O 0.775
Hg22+
+ 2e- → Hg 0.7960
Ag+ + e
- → Ag 0.7991
O2 + 4H+(10
-7M) + 4e
- → 2H2O 0.815
AmO2+ + 4H
+ + e
- → Am
4+ + 2H2O 0.82
NO3- + 2H
+ + 2e
- → NO2
- + H2O 0.835
OsO4 + 8H+ 8e
- → Os + 4H2O 0.84
Hg2+
+ 2e- → Hg 0.8535
2Hg2+
+ 2e- → Hg2
2+ 0.9110
Pd2+
+ 2e- → Pd 0.915
NO3- + 4H
+ + 3e
- → NO(g) + 2H2O 0.957
Br2 + 2e- → 2Br
- 1.0652
SeO42-
+ 4H+ + 2e
- → H2SeO3 + H2O 1.151
Ir3+
+ 3e- → Ir 1.156
Pt2+
+ 2e- → Pt 1.188
O2 + 4H+ + 4e
- → 2H2O 1.229
Tl3+
+ 2e- → Tl
+ 1.25
Pd4+
+ 2e- → Pd
2+ 1.263
Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl
- 1.35828
Au3+
+ 2e- → Au
+ 1.36
Cr2O72-
+ 14H+ + 6e
- → 2Cr
3+ + 7H2O 1.36
MnO4- + 8H
+ 5e
- → Mn
2+ + 4H2O 1.51
Au3+
+ 3e- → Au 1.52
H5IO6 + H+ + 2e
- → IO3
- + 3H2O 1.603
2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e
- → Br2 + 2H2O 1.604
PbO2 + SO42-
+ 4H+ + 2e
- → PbSO4 + 2H2O 1.698
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e
- → 2H2O 1.763
Au+ + e
- → Au 1.83
Co3+
+ e- → Co
2+ 1.92
S2O82-
+ 2e- → 2SO4
2- 1.96
O3 + 2H+ + 2e
- → O2 + H2O 2.075
F2 + 2e- → 2F
- 2.87
F2 + 2H+ +2e
- → 2HF 3.053