Post on 02-Dec-2014
description
Best Practices Support on:
Where to plant – trees suitable for your area
Which to plant – sources of tree seeds
How to plant – good tree nursery practices
What to plant – trees suitable for your purposes
How to engage communities and scale up
The climate agenda
Solving the climate change problem is as much a social problem as it is a technical
and economic problem
“Why should I care about future generations – what have they ever done for me?”
Groucho Marx
The right tree for the right place
1. Trees for Products
2. Trees for Services
fruit firewood medicine income sawnwood fodder
soilfertility
carbon sequestration
soilerosion
watershedprotection
shade biodiversity
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fruitfirewoodmedicineconstructionsoil fertilityfodder
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boundaryfruit/nutfirewoodmedicineconstructionfodder
Firewood
Medicine
Construction
Fruit
Soil fert.
Fodder
Cameroon Uganda
Western Kenya Meru, Kenya
Imagine there are 155 trees of 16 species in a farmer’s
field of 1.6 hectares. A farmer can do one of 4 things … ..
Woody InterventionsWoody InterventionsA. Replacement
harvest Grevillea, replant with Grevillea (improved or not)
B. Substitution
harvest Grevillea, replant with Vitex
C. Expansion
increase number of trees from 155, and increase number of species from 16, of both planted and nat. reg. trees
D. Management
better manage existing and new trees (spacing, thinning, pruning, harvesting)
1000 2000 3000 4000
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ALP
BAM
DCO
DIF
DMF
EB
IAC
LAC
MCOMIF
MIX
MMFMSM
OGR
SETSWA
UAC
Interpolated surface layersAfro-alpine
Montane scrublandand moorland
Bamboo
Crosses indicate 10%-25%-75%-90% quantiles and are centred on mean
Altitude
Dry montane forest
Evergreen bushland
Upland AcaciaLowland Acacia-Commiphora
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Altitude
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Forests
dry montane
moist montane
dry intermediate
moist intermediate
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Altitude
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MIFMMF
Convex hulls delineate all observations; line types show concentric hulls after outer hull was left out
Altitude
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Altitude
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LAC
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Woodlands
Upland Acacialowland Acacia-Commiphora
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Altitude
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LACUAC
Altitude
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DCO
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MIXUAC
SavannasMoist Combretum-Terminalia
Impeded Acacia
Dry CombretumUpland Acacia
Mixtures of evergreenbushland and broad-leaved savanna
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Correspondence to other vegetation classification schemes
What happened with evergreen and semi-evergreen bushland, semi-evergreenthickets and in the western part of the map?
Boundary between lowland Acacia types?
AT1005
AT0108
AT0108
AT0108
AT0108
AT0721
AT0711
AT0711
AT0711
AT0716
AT1313
Olson et al. 2001.
1:5,000,000From White
11a
11a
44
42
4242
42
45
19a
19a
45
45
19a
65
45
54
Current patterns of indigenous tree diversity around Mount Kenya
Survey by Ogi et al.
250 quadrats of 50 × 100 m2 within map
279 indigenous tree species(174 species also in literature description)
Total and shared species richness between literature and current species assemblages
Potential Natural Vegetation Type
n Species total (literature)
(Based on total shared)
Species confirmed by survey
% Species total (survey)
Kulczynski ecological distance
Moist intermediate forest
57 105 51 31 61% 82 0.41
Dry Combretum 40 23 21 18 86% 108 0.45
Dry montane forest 37 91 58 31 53% 83 0.42
Moist montane forest
37 99 46 30 65% 85 MIF (dif 0.005)
Lowland Acacia-Commiphora
25 92 48 35 73% 102 0.36
Evergreen bushland 16 44 38 18 47% 52 0.47
Dry intermediate forest
15 74 49 27 55% 63 0.43
Upland Acacia 7 22 20 6 30% 35 ST (dif 0.108)
Acacia (impeded) 6 28 18 5 28% 18 UA (dif 0.042)
Semi-evergreen thicket
6 29 19 6 32% 52 DC (dif 0.233)
Selection of species for agroecosystem diversification
• Select frequent species? Promote underutilized species? Balance with exotic species?
• Timber, for example– All confirmed species?– Faster growing primary species with relatively high current
frequencies?• Juniperus procera (49 and 27% of quadrats in dry forests)• Vitex keniensis (19 and 18% of quadrats in moist forests)
– Faster growing primary species with low current frequencies?• Hagenia abyssinica (1 quadrat), Zanthoxylum gillettii (none),
Podocarpus latifolius (none)
– Slower growing primary species?• Olea europaea (22%), Ocotea usambarensis (1 quadrat),
Cassipourea malosana (2 quadrats), Podocarpus falcatus (none)
Small-scale
saw mill
Large-scale
saw mill
Small-holder
production
Large-holder
production Industrial
plantations
Out-grower
schemes
Independent
growers
Tree management for timber
Nursery operators = extension officers of future
2008: Guideline for Allanblackia species germplasm (both seeds and vegetative materials) supply
produced. Munjuga et al. 2008..Ghana
•Allanblackia gene banks established in Ghana (2008)
•Established 3 mother blocks (20 accessions each)
•Agroforestry plot established Allanblackia with Cocoa + forest trees
•Allanblackia + food crops trials set up•Demo plots with different propagules has been set up
Capacity building: (2007 onwards…)•3 PhD students• 2 M.Sc.•4 Undergraduates on AB projects•Training workshops in Ghana, Tanzania, Nigeria
Timber management: pruning
Timber management: thinning
seed
Felled tree at farm gate
Nursery seedling
Sapling in field
Log at timber yard
Standing pole in field
sowing, watering, tending
Timber Value Chain (per standing tree)
Standing tree in field
Pole at farm gate
Pole in merchant yard Sawn wood at timber yard
Planting, weeding, protecting
thinning, pruning, protectingthinning, pruning, protecting
Felling, limbing, stacking
Transport, sizing, stacking
Felling, limbing, cutting, stacking
Transport, sizing, stacking
Sawing, grading, stacking
(year 1)
(year 2)
(year 9) (year 16)
Assumptions:For Vitex grown in MeruSeed germination 60%Nursery survival 85%Field survival 70%15 year rotationThree lengths 2.8m a 40cm dbhSawnwood recovery 40% Carbonprice $14 per tonneWood density 0.65 tree, 0.55 pole
Product value
$0.86 $2.52
$6.30
$6.30
$9.45
$0.01
$0.86
$1.15
Carbon value(total)
(If use half life cycle of 30 years and Roy and Phelps decay curve then 15% of carbon still stored at 100 years)
Farmer Project Manager Broker BuyerCarbon Value Chain
$8.08 $12.01 $14.00
Gross – with no:CommunityriskDNAverification
$0.01
$0.30
$7.14
$8.57
$17.14
$42.85
$50.00
$64.28
$128.57
If 15% is permanent
then it equals US$0.37
Tree Species Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Avocado
Citrus
Parinari curatellifolia
Mangoes
Uapaca kirkiana
Strychnos cocculoides
Syzygium cordatum
Annona seneghalesis
Azanza garckeana
Flacourtia indica
Vangueria infausta
Vitex doniana
Adansonia digitata
Ziziphus mauritiana
Fruit Tree Portfolio For Fresh Fruits Year-Round
0
20
40
60
80
100
No.
of
hou
seh
old
s fa
cin
g sh
orta
ge Zambia
MalawiHungry/cropping season
Harvest/off- season
Wide variation even in one species
Example 1: African Plum
Creation of a cultivar
Noel cultivar (out of season variety, yield US$20 per tree per year)
… developing elite varieties
WCA-Sahel GRP1, GRP3 Baobab nutritional values
Site Samanko
A. digitataA. gibbosa
A. perrieriA. za
A. rubrostipa
Species
0.0
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2.0
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4.0
Me
an
He
igh
t (m)
Nutritional parameters per 100 g leaf dry weight
Species Provenance B1 B2 Protein P K Ca Mg Fe
mg mg g mg mg mg mg mg N
A. digitata Bla 0.33 0.77 16.5 175 1587 1120 593 29 3A. digitata Cinzana 0.43 0.86 14.8 168 1437 1350 654 28 3A. gibbosa Logue R. 0.43 0.90 11.3 140 1480 1375 614 26 2A. perrieri Andohahela 0.73 1.31 15.5 182 1333 800 742 41 3A. za Andalatanosy 0.71 1.40 17.3 176 1247 970 631 49 3A. rubrostipa Toliary 0.88 1.87 20.7 192 1077 900 609 53 3
Cocoa Tree of Change Symposium28-30 October 2008
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Cocoa Biology and Ecology: the tree in the system
(shade as % canopy cover)
Number h/holds
surveyed
No shade
Shade
< 30%
Shade
30-60%
Shade
> 60%
Cameroon 1,852 8% 33% 44% 15%
Cote D’Ivoire 1,785 28% 44% 16% 12%
Ghana 1,873 28% 42% 25% 5%
Nigeria 3,101 3% 47% 48% 2%
Frequency of shaded cocoa in West Africa
Gockowski et al., (unpublished)
Land suitable for CDM Afforestation according to tree canopy cover as forest definition
% increase from 10-30%
Difference
(hectares)
Cote d’Ivoire 1583% 7.7 million
Ghana 1063% 6.8 million
Nigeria 446% 19.5 million
Kontalakiti (Chichewa)
Kontalakiti iyi ndi yapakati pa olemba ntchito ndi ICRAF – The World Agroforestry Centre (olembedwa ntchito) pantchito yodzala mbande za mitengo ya m’bawa pa malo anga a panyumba pano. Ndondomeko zili m’munsizi zidzagwila ntchito pa nthawi yokwanila zaka zitatu ndipo zidzatsatidwa.
Legality, conformity, consent and contracts
Pazaka zitatu za kontalakitiyi imeneyi:
1. Olembedwa ntchito (mwinimalo) adzachita izi: 1.1 Kukonza malo ake okwanila hafu la ekala kuti adzalepo mitengo.
1.2 Kudzala mitengo ya m’bawa pamalopa pa mlingo wothithikana wokwanila
mtengo umodzi pa mamitala okwana awiri ndi theka (2.5 meters)
1.3 Kubwera ku maphunzilo azakonzedwe ka malo, madzalidwe, ndi kasamalidwe
ka mbande za mtengo wa m’bawa okonzedwa ndi bungwe la ICRAF kapena
alangizi a zaulimi
1.4 Kusamala mbande za mitengoyi pa kupalira, kutsilira ndi zina zotero monga
mmene zimafunikira kuti mbewu zikule bwino
Influence of Distance to Market Centre and Tenureon Net Returns to Land
04km06km
08km10km
12km14km
16km18km
20km
Distance (km) from Market Centre
0
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et R
etu r
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$/h a
/yr)
Customary TenurePrivate Tenure
Rural Resource
Centre
satellite nursery
farmer’s fields
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
satellite nursery
1 Rural Resource Centre serves 10-30 satellite nurseries
1 Satellite nursery serves 20-50 farmers
1 farmer growing 10-100 trees
1 Rural Resource Centre for each 200-1500 farmers (av. 800)
1 RRC leads to 2000 – 150,000 (av. 40,000)
A suite of rapid assessment tools (IPGs)…