C-7C-7

Early Human Early Human MigrationsMigrations

Geography of the Americas1

Origins of the Origins of the Peoples of the Peoples of the Americas?Americas?

Origins of the Origins of the Peoples of the Peoples of the Americas?Americas?

Sculpture from the Sculpture from the AmericasAmericas

Chapter 7, Section

Were the earliest American civilization

Had powerful priests and aristocrats at the top of society

Built ceremonial centers

Spread influence through trade

Developed calendar

Introduced tradition of priestly leadership and religious devotion

Developed complex irrigation methods for farming

Built towering pyramid temples in Tikal

Traded extensively across Middle America

Developed hieroglyphic writing system

Developed accurate calendar and numbering system

Abandoned cities around A.D. 900

The Olmecs and the MayasThe Olmecs and the Mayas

OLMECS MAYAS

1

Major Pre-Columbian Major Pre-Columbian CivilizationsCivilizations

Lands of the Lands of the MayansMayans

The The Yucatan Yucatan

PeninsulaPeninsula

The The Yucatan Yucatan

PeninsulaPeninsula

Chichen-Itza - Chichen-Itza - PyramidPyramid

Chichen-Itza - Chichen-Itza - ObservatoryObservatory

Chichen-Itza - Ball Chichen-Itza - Ball CourtCourt

Mayan Mayan Cultivation Cultivation of of

MaizeMaize

Chac, God of Rain Chac, God of Rain

Chac, God of Rain Chac, God of Rain

Mayan Underground Mayan Underground Granaries: Granaries: ChultunesChultunes

Overview of Tikal Overview of Tikal (Guatemala)(Guatemala)Temple of the Temple of the

MasksMasksTemple of the Temple of the

MasksMasks

Tikal Jungle View at Tikal Jungle View at SunsetSunset

Tikal - Main CourtTikal - Main Court

Tikal:Tikal:

Temple Temple of the of the MasksMasks

Tikal - Wall Mask of Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain Godthe Rain God

Mayan Mayan GlyphsGlyphs

Mayan Mayan MathematicsMathematics

sky king house child citysky king house child city sky king house child citysky king house child city

Mayan Mayan GlyphsGlyphs

Mayan Drinking Mayan Drinking Cup for ChocolateCup for Chocolate

PakalPakal: The Maya : The Maya AstronautAstronaut

Quetzalcoatl:The God of Wisdom The God of Wisdom

& Learning& Learning

Lands of the Lands of the AztecsAztecs

Chapter 7, Section

Arrival of the AztecsArrival of the Aztecs

• Teotihuacan-dominated Valley from 100AD-750AD• In the late 1200s, nomadic ancestors of the Aztecs

migrated into the Valley of Mexico.

• The Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlán.

• In the 1400s, the Aztecs greatly expanded their territory through conquests and alliances.

1

By 1500, the Aztec empire spread from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean and numbered 30 million people.

Aztec View of Aztec View of TenochtitlanTenochtitlan

Ruins of the City Ruins of the City Center, TenochtitlanCenter, Tenochtitlan

The The Codex Codex

MendMendozaoza : :The The

FoundFoundingingofof

TenocTenochtitlahtitla

nn

Tenochtitlan: The Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the “Venice” of the

AmericasAmericas

Aztec Aztec ChinampaChinampa or or Floating Garden:Floating Garden:

15ft. to 30ft. wide15ft. to 30ft. wide

Tenochtitlan - Tenochtitlan - ChinampasChinampas

Aztec MathAztec Math

Aztec WritingAztec Writing

Aztec Sun Stone -- Aztec Sun Stone -- CalendarCalendar

Aztec Sun MotifsAztec Sun Motifs

Aztec Aztec CodexCodex (15c Manuscript)(15c Manuscript)

The The Aztecs Aztecs WereWereFierce Fierce WarriorsWarriors

Aztecs Sacrifice Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes Neighboring Tribes to the Sun Godto the Sun God

Heart SacrificeHeart Sacrificeon an Aztec Temple on an Aztec Temple

PyramidPyramid

Wall of Skulls, Wall of Skulls, TenochtitlanTenochtitlan

Sacrificial Statue, Sacrificial Statue, TenochtitlanTenochtitlan

Aztec GoldAztec Gold

Chapter 7, Section

Aztec SocietyAztec Society

Priests recorded Aztec knowledge and ran schools for sons of nobles.

Some priests were astronomers or mathematicians.

Priests were a special class.

The sun god was the chief Aztec god.

Aztecs practiced human sacrifice on a massive scale.

The empire had a single ruler.

Slaves could own and buy freedom.

Long-distance traders traveled around the empire and beyond.

LEARNINGRELIGIONGOVERNMENT & SOCIETY

1

Lands of the Lands of the IncasIncas

Chapter 7, Section

The Incan Empire-Cuzco, capitalThe Incan Empire-Cuzco, capital

• They ran an efficient government with a chain of command reaching to every village.

• They imposed their own language and religion on the people.

• They created one of the great road systems in history, allowing armies and news to travel rapidly around the empire.

• They posted runners throughout the empire to carry news of revolts and soldiers to quickly crush them.

• They prohibited ordinary people from using the roads at all.

The Incas built a complex civilization that relied on order and absolute authority.

2

Cuzco: ACuzco: Ancient Capital ncient Capital of the Incaof the Inca

(11,000 ft. above sea level)(11,000 ft. above sea level)

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

Incan Suspension Bridges

Incan Suspension Bridges

Incan Terrace Incan Terrace FarmingFarming

Incan Digging Incan Digging SticksSticks

Maize in Incan Maize in Incan PotteryPottery

& Gold Work& Gold Work

Over 100 Different Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Types of Potatoes

Cultivated Cultivated by the Incansby the Incans

Produce from a Produce from a Typical Incan Typical Incan Market Market

Incan Ceramic JarsIncan Ceramic Jars

PeanutPeanutPeanutPeanut PotatoPotatoPotatoPotato SquashSquashSquashSquash

Cacao Cacao GodGod

Cacao Cacao GodGod

Cacao PodCacao PodCacao PodCacao Pod

The The QuipuQuipu: : An Incan An Incan DatabaseDatabase

Incan MummiesIncan Mummies

Inca Gold & SilverInca Gold & Silver

Chapter 7, Section

Cahokia- Ceremonial center of the Mississippian cultureCahokia- Ceremonial center of the Mississippian culture

3

Chapter 7, Section 3

Arctic/SubarcticBeavers, Crees, Inuits, Kutchins Lived as nomadic hunters and food gatherers in cold climate; honored ocean, weather, and animal spirits

California/Great Basin/PlateauNez Percés, Pomos, Shoshones Lived as hunters and gatherers in small family groups; ate mainly fish, berries, acorns

SouthwestApaches, Hohokams, Hopis, Navajos, Pueblos Lived in villages in homes made of adobe; built irrigation systems to grow corn and other crops; honored earth, sky, and water spirits

SoutheastCherokees, Natchez Grew corn, squash, beans, and other crops; held yearly Green Corn Ceremony to mark end of year and celebrate harvest

Northwest CoastBella Coolas, Coos, Kwakiutls, Tlingits Lived in villages; benefited from rich natural resources in forests, rivers, and ocean; held potlatches, or ceremonial dinners, where host families gave gifts to guests to show wealth and gain status

Great PlainsApaches, Arapahos, Blackfeet, Cheyennes, Comanches, Crows, Lakotas, Mandans, OsagesLived in tepees; animals hunted by men; crops grown by women; relied on buffalo to meet basic needs of food, shelter, and clothing

Eastern WoodlandsAlgonquins, Chippewas, Hurons, Iroquois, Leni-Lenapes, Miamis, Pequots, Shawnees Lived in farming villages, but also hunted for food; long houses shared by several families; women held social and political power

North American Culture Areas About 1450North American Culture Areas About 1450