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Business Information andBusiness Information and
Information and IT inInformation and IT inBusinessBusiness
Higher Business ManagementHigher Business Management
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January 8January 8thth 1815. General Andrew Jackson1815. General Andrew Jacksonled US troops to a victory over the Britishled US troops to a victory over the Britishin the War of 1812.in the War of 1812.
More than 2,000 men died in the Battle ofMore than 2,000 men died in the Battle ofNew OrleansNew Orleans
Sadly a peace had been made 2 weeksSadly a peace had been made 2 weeks
earlier called the Treaty of Ghent.earlier called the Treaty of Ghent. Communication and information are key inCommunication and information are key in
life and business.life and business.
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TodayToday
Sources of InformationSources of Information
Types of InformationTypes of Information
Qualitative and QuantitativeQualitative and Quantitativeinformationinformation
Value of InformationValue of Information
Uses of information in businessUses of information in business
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Sources of InformationSources of Information
PrimaryPrimar
y information collected by the information collected by thebusiness itself. Sometimes called Fieldbusiness itself. Sometimes called Field
research. It is first hand information.research. It is first hand information.
Examples: Market Research data,Examples: Market Research data,Consumer ResearchConsumer Research
SecondarySeconda
ry information already information alreadypublished. Also called Desk research.published. Also called Desk research.
Examples: Government Reports,Examples: Government Reports,
MINTEL ReportsMINTEL Reports
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Sources of InformationSources of Information
InternalInternal information collected information collectedwithin the business.within the business.
Examples: Employee or customerExamples: Employee or customer
recordsrecords
ExternalExternal information collected information collected
from outside the business.from outside the business. Examples: National Statistics,Examples: National Statistics,
Rivals accountsRivals accounts
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More sourcesavailable thanprimary
May have afinancial cost
External
Reliable,verifiable
No financial costsInternal
Easy to obtain,
wider numberof sources
Less expensive
than primary,may not berelevant
Secondary
Reliable,verifiableexpensivePrimary
Benefits +Costs -Type of Info
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a)a) What is primaryWhat is primary
information?information?
b)b) What is secondaryWhat is secondaryinformation?information?
c)c) What is internalWhat is internalinformation?information?
d)d) What is externalWhat is externalinformation?
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a)a) Choose 2 different sources ofChoose 2 different sources of
information. Describe theseinformation. Describe thesesources and give an example ofsources and give an example of
each oneeach one
b)b) Identify at least one cost and oneIdentify at least one cost and onebenefit of the sources ofbenefit of the sources of
information chosen in question a)information chosen in question a)
c)c) List at least 3 different types ofList at least 3 different types ofinformationinformation
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a)a) List at least 5 characteristicsList at least 5 characteristics
of good informationof good information
b)b) Complete the grid on sourcesComplete the grid on sourcesof information available onof information available on
the work areathe work area
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Types of InformationTypes of Information
WrittenWritten info presented on paper or info presented on paper or
computer screencomputer screen
OralOral info communicated by voice info communicated by voice
PictorialPictorial info displayed by a photo or info displayed by a photo or
picturepicture
GraphicalGraphical info displayed as a graph info displayed as a graph
or chartor chart
NumericalNumerical info presented in numbers info presented in numbers
rather than textrather than text
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Qualitative & QuantitativeQualitative & Quantitative
InfoInfo Qualitative information is descriptive inQualitative information is descriptive in
nature and includes peoples feelings andnature and includes peoples feelings andattitudes towards a topic.attitudes towards a topic.
Example: Why is Cheese & Onion yourExample: Why is Cheese & Onion yourfavourite flavour of crisps?favourite flavour of crisps?
Quantitative information is measurable andQuantitative information is measurable and
expressed numerically. It deals in facts andexpressed numerically. It deals in facts andfigures.figures.
Example: How often do you eat a packet ofExample: How often do you eat a packet ofcrisps in a week?crisps in a week?
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Value of InformationValue of Information
AccuracyAccuracy is it correct? is it correct?
TimelinessTimeliness is it up-to-date and is it up-to-date andreliable?reliable?
CompletenessCompleteness are there any are there anyomissions?omissions?
A ro riatenessAppropriateness is it relevant?is it relevant?
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Value of InformationValue of Information
AvailabilityAvailability is it at hand when is it at hand whenneeded? Easy to obtain?needed? Easy to obtain?
CostCost is it expensive to collect? is it expensive to collect?
ObjectivityObjectivity is it free from bias? is it free from bias?
ConcisenessConciseness is it straight to the is it straight to thepoint?point?
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RecapRecap
Sources of InformationSources of Information
Types of InformationTypes of Information
Qualitative and QuantitativeQualitative and Quantitativeinformationinformation
Value of InformationValue of Information
Uses of information in businessUses of information in business
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Today Types of ITToday Types of IT
MainframeMainframe PC and LaptopsPC and Laptops NetworksNetworks
EmailEmail VideoconferencingVideoconferencing InternetInternet
CAMCAM CD/DVDCD/DVD EPOSEPOS
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MainframeMainframe
Large, powerfulLarge, powerful
supercomputerssupercomputers
(like Cray) capable(like Cray) capable
of multi-taskingof multi-tasking
Used mainly forUsed mainly for
scientific andscientific andengineeringengineering
purposes.purposes.
NASA is one suchNASA is one such
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Mainframe +/-Mainframe +/-
++
EnormousEnormous
memorymemory
Vast processingVast processingpowerpower
Extremely fastExtremely fast
--
Hugely expensiveHugely expensive
IncreasingIncreasing
dependencydependency
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PC and LaptopsPC and Laptops
Home, Office orHome, Office ormobile computersmobile computers
Now haveNow have
Notebooks andNotebooks andPalmtopsPalmtops Have hingedHave hinged
screenscreen
LCD displayLCD display Battery poweredBattery powered Trackpad insteadTrackpad instead
of mouseof mouse
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PC and Laptops +/-PC and Laptops +/-
++
Good value forGood value for
moneymoney
Ever increasingEver increasingcapacity andcapacity and
processing powerprocessing power
--
Short shelf lifeShort shelf life
Prone to virusesProne to viruses
and breakdownsand breakdowns
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NetworksNetworks
LANs (Local AreaLANs (Local AreaNetworks) areNetworks) arelinked to alinked to ageographicallygeographicallyclose server.close server.
WANs (Wide AreaWANs (Wide Area
Networks) useNetworks) usetelecommunicatiotelecommunications such as cablens such as cableand satellite toand satellite tolink up acrosslink up acrosscontinentscontinents
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Networks +/-Networks +/-
++
Employees linkedEmployees linked
togethertogether
Share data andShare data andfilesfiles
--
ServerServer
breakdownsbreakdowns
Prone to virusesProne to viruses
Reliance onReliance on
backupsbackups
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a)a) List at least 3 examples ofList at least 3 examples of
information technology in useinformation technology in usetodaytoday
b)b) What is a mainframe computerWhat is a mainframe computer
and why is its use in modernand why is its use in modernbusiness less widespread than inbusiness less widespread than in
the 1970s?the 1970s?
c)c) What is a LAN? What is a WAN?What is a LAN? What is a WAN?How are they different?How are they different?
d)d) How might a modern businessHow might a modern business
make use of different types ofmake use of different types of
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E-mailE-mail
Transfer of text,Transfer of text,
graphics andgraphics and
other informationother information
betweenbetweencomputer userscomputer users
via telephonevia telephone
lines.lines.
Requires internetRequires internet
access and validaccess and valid
email addressemail address
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E-mail +/-E-mail +/-
++
InstantInstant
communicationcommunication
Same messageSame messagecan be sent tocan be sent to
many peoplemany people
Cost-effectiveCost-effective
--
Junk mailJunk mail
Staff may abuseStaff may abuse
useuse VirusesViruses
E-mail has sameE-mail has same
legal liability aslegal liability aswritten materialwritten material
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a)a) What does ICT stand for and whatWhat does ICT stand for and what
does it mean?does it mean?b)b) Give 3 examples of modernGive 3 examples of modern
telecommunications networkstelecommunications networks
c)c) Explain how they workExplain how they workd)d) Give 2 advantages and 2Give 2 advantages and 2
disadvantages of emaildisadvantages of email
e)e) How might a business use ICT toHow might a business use ICT toexpand its operations?expand its operations?
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VideoconferencingVideoconferencing
Sound and visionSound and vision
linking of peoplelinking of people
at differentat different
locationslocations
Enables a virtualEnables a virtual
meeting betweenmeeting between
people withoutpeople without
having to travelhaving to travel
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Videoconferencing +/-Videoconferencing +/-
++
SavesSaves
accommodationaccommodation
and traveland travel Saves travellingSaves travelling
timetime
RelativelyRelativelyinexpensiveinexpensive
--
Poor connectionsPoor connections
Time lagsTime lags
Hard to pick upHard to pick up
body languagebody language
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InternetInternet
InternationalInternational
network ofnetwork of
computerscomputers
In existence sinceIn existence since1969!1969!
Main uses:Main uses: E-mailE-mail
NewsgroupsNewsgroups
Sharing InformationSharing Information
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InternetInternet
++
Access to vastAccess to vast
amounts ofamounts of
informationinformation Access to widerAccess to wider
global marketglobal market
--
Check reliabilityCheck reliability
of informationof information
VirusesViruses Staff may abuseStaff may abuse
accessaccess
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Interactive CD or DVD +/-Interactive CD or DVD +/-
++
Cheaper thanCheaper than
using consultantsusing consultants
One-on-one -One-on-one -More involving forMore involving for
staffstaff
--
EmployeesEmployees
unsupervisedunsupervised
Finite questionsFinite questions No human contactNo human contact
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Computer AidedComputer Aided
ManufactureManufacture Computers andComputers and
robots used torobots used to
control machinescontrol machines
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CAM +/-CAM +/-
++
Saves labourSaves labour
costscosts
Consistent qualityConsistent quality TwentyfoursevenTwentyfourseven
productionproduction
--
CostlyCostly
breakdownsbreakdowns
Cant think forCant think forthemselvesthemselves
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EPOSEPOS
Electronic Point ofElectronic Point of
SaleSale
Allows an electronicAllows an electronicrecord kept of allrecord kept of all
purchases andpurchases and
returnsreturns
EFTPOS is whenEFTPOS is when
Switch and Delta areSwitch and Delta are
used. (Electronicused. (Electronic
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EPOS +/-EPOS +/-
++
RecordsRecords
purchases &purchases &
returnsreturns Aids stock controlAids stock control
Can be used forCan be used for
market researchmarket research
--
Barcodes may beBarcodes may be
faultyfaulty
Information has toInformation has tobe enteredbe entered
correctly oncorrectly on
BarcodeBarcode
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Recap Types of ITRecap Types of IT
MainframeMainframe PC and LaptopsPC and Laptops NetworksNetworks
EmailEmail VideoconferencingVideoconferencing InternetInternet
CAMCAM CD/DVDCD/DVD EPOSEPOS
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TodayToday
DatabaseDatabase SpreadsheetSpreadsheet
Word ProcessingWord Processing
Desktop PublishingDesktop Publishing
Presentation PackagesPresentation Packages
Computer-aided designComputer-aided design
Decision-making packagesDecision-making packages
Project Mangement PackagesProject Mangement Packages
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DatabaseDatabase
DatabaseDatabase data datasaved andsaved andorganised in anorganised in anelectronic filingelectronic filingsystemsystem
Keeping andKeeping andsorting recordssorting records
Searching forSearching forinformationinformation Filing reportsFiling reports Mail mergeMail merge
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SpreadsheetSpreadsheet
SpreadsheetSpreadsheet --an electronican electronicworksheet used toworksheet used tomanage numbersmanage numbersand carry outand carry outcalculations.calculations.
Produces chartsProduces chartsand graphsand graphs
What if scenariosWhat if scenarios Budgets, wages,Budgets, wages,
sales figures,sales figures,
estimatesestimates
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Word ProcessingWord Processing
WordWord
ProcessingProcessing an an
electronicelectronic
typewritertypewriter Prepare letters,Prepare letters,
memos, reportsmemos, reports
Edit textEdit text
Graphics andGraphics and
imagesimages
Mail mergeMail merge
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Desktop PublishingDesktop Publishing
Desktop PublishingDesktop Publishing
package that allowspackage that allows
professional documentsprofessional documents
to be createdto be created Text, graphics, andText, graphics, and
imagesimages
High quality documentsHigh quality documents
Magazines, newsletters,Magazines, newsletters,
price lists, posters,price lists, posters,
forms, booklets,forms, booklets,
manuals, catalogues,manuals, catalogues,
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Presentation PackagesPresentation Packages
PresentationPresentationPackagesPackages projects an imageprojects an imageonto large screenonto large screen
Used forUsed forpresentationspresentations
Can use audioCan use audio
and movie clipsand movie clips Easily availableEasily available
handouts andhandouts andnotesnotes
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Computer-aided DesignComputer-aided Design
Computer-aidedComputer-aidedDesign (CAD)Design (CAD)
computerised processcomputerised process
for creating new partsfor creating new parts
or products or alteringor products or altering
existing onesexisting ones
Mainly used byMainly used by
architects, designersarchitects, designersand engineersand engineers
Also used in animationAlso used in animation
and in simulationsand in simulations
Alterations can beAlterations can be
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Decision-Making PackagesDecision-Making Packages
Decision-Decision-
MakingMaking
PackagesPackages
analytical toolsanalytical toolsfor managersfor managers
ProducesProduces
statistics andstatistics and
graphsgraphs Helps managersHelps managers
evaluateevaluate
informationinformation
P j t M tP j t M t
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Project ManagementProject Management
PackagesPackages ProjectProject
ManagementManagement
PackagesPackages enables enables
project teams to co-project teams to co-ordinate activitiesordinate activities
Details budgetsDetails budgets
Team member tasksTeam member tasks
Records resourcesRecords resources
used or allocatedused or allocated
Time deadlinesTime deadlines
Progress reportsProgress reports
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a)a) List 5 types of business softwareList 5 types of business software
b)b) Identify 3 facilities provided by aIdentify 3 facilities provided by a
word processing programword processing programc)c) Identify 3 facilities provided by aIdentify 3 facilities provided by a
spreadsheet programspreadsheet program
d)d) Identify 3 facilities provided by aIdentify 3 facilities provided by adatabase programdatabase program
e)e) Identify 3 facilities provided by a deskIdentify 3 facilities provided by a desk
top publishing programtop publishing programf)f) What kind of organisation might useWhat kind of organisation might use
a decision making package?a decision making package?
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RecapRecap
DatabaseDatabase SpreadsheetSpreadsheet
Word ProcessingWord Processing
Desktop PublishingDesktop Publishing
Presentation PackagesPresentation Packages
Computer-aided designComputer-aided design
Decision-making packagesDecision-making packages
Project Mangement PackagesProject Mangement Packages
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TodayToday
Benefits of ITBenefits of IT Costs of ITCosts of IT
Benefits of SoftwareBenefits of Software
Costs of SoftwareCosts of Software
Uses of ITUses of IT
Effects of IT on employeesEffects of IT on employees
Effects of IT on organisationsEffects of IT on organisations
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Benefits of ITBenefits of IT
Increases productivityIncreases productivity Reduces wasteReduces waste Increases speed of workIncreases speed of work Improves accuracy and qualityImproves accuracy and quality Increases access to informationIncreases access to information Improves communication &Improves communication &
decision-makingdecision-making Saves floor spaceSaves floor space
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Costs of ITCosts of IT
Costly to develop, install and maintainCostly to develop, install and maintain
Training staff is costly and timelyTraining staff is costly and timely
Introduction may not be easyIntroduction may not be easy
Requires new skillsRequires new skills
Breakdowns very costly andBreakdowns very costly and
inconvenientinconvenient Deskilled workers leads to lowDeskilled workers leads to low
motivationmotivation
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Benefits of SoftwareBenefits of Software
Information can be handled veryInformation can be handled very
quicklyquickly
Speed and quality of decision-Speed and quality of decision-
making improvedmaking improved
Fewer errors made makingFewer errors made making
calculationscalculations
Improved accuracy and qualityImproved accuracy and quality
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Costs of SoftwareCosts of Software
Expensive to buyExpensive to buy
Staff training required and costlyStaff training required and costly
Staff learning curve can be costlyStaff learning curve can be costlyTime can be lost due to glitchesTime can be lost due to glitches
External threats - virusesExternal threats - viruses
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Uses of ITUses of IT
Assists decision-makingAssists decision-making
Assists with providing informationAssists with providing informationfor stafffor staff
Helps maintain complete andHelps maintain complete and
accurate business recordsaccurate business records
Aids effective communicationAids effective communication
within an organisationwithin an organisation
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Effects of IT on EmployeesEffects of IT on Employees
Greater productivityGreater productivity
Retraining requiredRetraining required Changes in customer relations Changes in customer relations
more impersonal yet quickermore impersonal yet quicker
responseresponse
Less personal contactLess personal contact
Effects of IT onEffects of IT on
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Effects of IT onEffects of IT on
OrganisationOrganisation Decentralisation possibleDecentralisation possible
Additional departments/jobs mayAdditional departments/jobs may
be createdbe created
Fewer staff requiredFewer staff required
Changes to span of control Changes to span of control
narrower due to less staff or widernarrower due to less staff or wider
due to autonomy of staffdue to autonomy of staff
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a)a) List 2 ways in which usingList 2 ways in which usingInternet banking servicesInternet banking services
benefits an organisationbenefits an organisation
b)b) How does the use if internetHow does the use if internet
banking facilities help firmsbanking facilities help firms
operate globally?operate globally?
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RecapRecap
Benefits of ITBenefits of IT Costs of ITCosts of IT
Benefits of SoftwareBenefits of Software
Costs of SoftwareCosts of Software Uses of ITUses of IT
Effects of IT on employeesEffects of IT on employees
Effects of IT on organisationsEffects of IT on organisations
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
- A new Data Protection Act was- A new Data Protection Act was
passed in 1998 which supersedespassed in 1998 which supersedes
the 1984 Act, which will bethe 1984 Act, which will be
repealed.repealed.
There are eight Data ProtectionThere are eight Data Protection
Principles in the Act. However, thePrinciples in the Act. However, thenew Principles are not exactly thenew Principles are not exactly the
same as those in the 1984 Act.same as those in the 1984 Act.
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1. FIRST PRINCIPLE1. FIRST PRINCIPLE
"Personal data shall be processed fairly"Personal data shall be processed fairly
and lawfully."and lawfully." 2. SECOND PRINCIPLE2. SECOND PRINCIPLE
"Personal data shall be obtained only for"Personal data shall be obtained only for
specified and lawful purposes, and shallspecified and lawful purposes, and shallbe processed only in a mannerbe processed only in a manner
compatible with those purposes."compatible with those purposes."
3. THIRD PRINCIPLE3. THIRD PRINCIPLE
"Personal data shall be adequate,"Personal data shall be adequate,relevant and not excessive in relation torelevant and not excessive in relation to
the purposes for which they arethe purposes for which they are
processed."processed."
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4. FOURTH PRINCIPLE4. FOURTH PRINCIPLE "Personal data shall be accurate"Personal data shall be accurate
and, where necessary, kept up toand, where necessary, kept up todate".date".
5. FIFTH PRINCIPLE5. FIFTH PRINCIPLE
"Personal data processed for any"Personal data processed for anypurposes shall not be kept forpurposes shall not be kept forlonger than is necessary for thoselonger than is necessary for thosepurposes".purposes".
6. SIXTH PRINCIPLE6. SIXTH PRINCIPLE "Personal data shall be processed"Personal data shall be processed
in accordance with the rights ofin accordance with the rights of
data subjects under this Act."data subjects under this Act."
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7. SEVENTH PRINCIPLE7. SEVENTH PRINCIPLE "Appropriate technical and"Appropriate technical and
organisational measures shall be takenorganisational measures shall be takenagainst unauthorised or unlawfulagainst unauthorised or unlawfulprocessing of personal data and againstprocessing of personal data and againstaccidental loss or destruction of, oraccidental loss or destruction of, ordamage to, personal data."damage to, personal data."
8. EIGHTH PRINCIPLE8. EIGHTH PRINCIPLE "Personal data shall not be transferred"Personal data shall not be transferred
to a country or territory outside theto a country or territory outside the
European Economic Area, unless thatEuropean Economic Area, unless thatcountry or territory ensures ancountry or territory ensures anadequate level of protection for theadequate level of protection for therights and freedoms of data subjects inrights and freedoms of data subjects inrelation to the processing of personalrelation to the processing of personaldata."data."
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a)a) What is the scope of the DataWhat is the scope of the Data
Protection Act 1998?Protection Act 1998?
b)b) List at least 5 Data ProtectionList at least 5 Data Protection
PrinciplesPrinciples
c)c) What is the maximum time limitWhat is the maximum time limit
that an organisation has tothat an organisation has to
respond to a request forrespond to a request for
information?information?
d)d) List at least two circumstancesList at least two circumstances
where an individual could bewhere an individual could be
refused access to informationrefused access to information