Post on 16-Jul-2015
Overviewof
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment & Disposal
Manoj Chaurasia
Assistant Environment Engineer
U P POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Think before you throw!
Water Pollution Air Pollution
Hazardous waste
Municipal solid waste
Noise Pollution
Bio-medical waste
E-Waste
ENVIRONMENT and POLLUTION
Rivers, ground water Ambient air quality
Open dumps in cities
Infectious waste
D.G. sets, Crackers
Toxic chemicals, Contamination
Discarded TV, Comp. parts
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF),
Government of India
Establishes environmental policies, sets goals andfacilitate the implementation of such policies.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
To set environmental standards for all parts of thecountry.
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) andPollution Control Committees (PCCs)
Regulatory bodies set up for the implementation of thenorms to bring pollution under control in therespective states and union territories.
Governing Bodies in India
Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
…………
........... Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998
…………..
…….
Functions and responsibilities of CPCB, SPCBs &
PCCs are assigned under these Acts and Rules.
Environmental Acts and Rules
“Anything which is not intended for further use is termed as
waste”.
All our daily activities can give rise to a variety of wastes
arising from different sources. e.g., household rubbish,
sewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities,
packaging items, discarded cars, old televisions, garden
waste, old paint containers and many more.
Nature finds its way of managing waste by natural recycling
processes (e.g. leaves in a forest decomposing into soil).
Other wastes may become problematic.
Almost all manufactured products are destined to become
waste at some point in time.
Improper disposal of this waste leads to spread of
communicable diseases, causes obnoxious conditions and spoils
biosphere as a whole.
Waste : Introduction
Hospital waste or Health care waste includes garbage, refuse,
rubbish and Bio-medical waste.
80% - Non-Hazardous(Gen. waste)
Hospital waste 15% - Infectious BMW
5% - Non -infectious
but hazardous
Bio-Medical Waste: during diagnosis, treatment or immunization
of human beings or animal or in research activities pertaining
there to or in the production or testing of biologicals.
Hazardous: any waste which is due to toxic, flammable,
explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or likely to
cause danger to health or environment .
Bio-Medical Waste : Introduction
Health care establishments are located within the municipal area.
Hospital waste naturally has close linkage with the
municipal waste generated in the area.
About 80% of the total hospital waste is not hazardous/infected.
Waste generated at the hospital kitchen or garden, the
office or packaging material from the store, etc. can be
disposed as same as municipal solid waste.
Cost of treatment of BMW (Bio-medical waste)
is much higher than the treatment expenses of
MSW (Municipal solid waste).
Linkage with Municipal Solid Waste
Various communicable diseases, which spread through
contaminated cotton, bandage, syringes, blood, body fluids &
contaminated organs, are important to be prevented.
Bio-medical waste scattered in and around the hospitals
invites flies, insects, rodents, cats and dogs that are
responsible for the spread of communicable disease like
plague and rabies.
Rag pickers in the hospital, sorting out the garbage are at a
risk of getting tetanus and HIV infections.
Recycling of disposable syringes, needles & other article like
glass bottles without proper sterilization may be responsible
for Hepatitis, HIV, and other viral diseases.
Need to dispose infected & hazardous waste in most safe &
eco-friendly manner.
Need for bio-medical waste treatment
Out patient department(OPD): emergency unit.
Investigative facility area: OT, x-ray, ultra sound,
ECG, pathology, etc.
In-patient department: wards.
Utility areas: office, kitchen, store, laundry,
chemist’s counter, etc.
Emergency unit, investigative area & the wards are the
main generators of infected & hazardous waste in the
hospitals
Health Care Establishments : Introduction
Hospital Waste
20% 80%
Infectious Non Infectious
(Kitchen waste, card Board Boxes)
0.5%
Sharps Non Sharps
(Glass + Metal)
80% 15% 5%
Plastic Non Plastic Laboratory Waste
Sharp Plastic Cotton Specimen
Needles PVC Gauge Body fluid
Scalpel PE Linen Tissue (Path)
Blades PET Animal Carcass
Blood Bags
IV Catheter
Respiratory Equipment
PPC RED BAGS YELLOW
COMMON FACILITY
Waste Category No. Waste Category Type Treatment and Disposal Option+
Category No. IHuman Anatomical Waste(human tissues, organs, body parts)
incineration@/deep burial*
Category No. 2
Animal Waste(animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid,blood and experimental animals used in research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal houses)
incineration@/deep burial*
Category No 3
Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste(wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of micro-organisms live or attenuated vaccines, human and animal cell culture used in research and infectious agents from research and industrial laboratories, wastes from production of biologicals, toxins, dishes and devices used for transfer of cultures)
local autoclaving/micro-waving/incineration@
Category No 4
Waste sharps(needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps)
disinfection (chemical treatment@/auto claving/micro-waving and mutilation/shredding
Category No 5Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs(wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines)
incineration@/destruction and drugs disposal in secured landfills
Category No 6
Soiled Waste
(Items contaminated with blood, and body fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines, beddings, other material contaminated with blood)
incineration@autoclaving/microwaving
Category No. 7
Solid Waste(wastes generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps such as tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc).
disinfection by chemical treatment@@ autoclaving/microwaving and mutilation/shredding##
Category No. 8
Liquid Waste(waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning, house-keeping and disinfecting activities)
disinfection by chemical treatment@@ and discharge into drains.
Category No. 9Incineration Ash
(ash from incineration of any bio-medical waste)
disposal in municipal landfill
Category No. 10
Chemical Waste(chemicals used in production of biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection, as insecticides, etc.)
chemical treatment@@ and discharge into drains for liquids and secured landfill for solids
+ Options given above are based on available technologies. Occupier/operator wishing to use other State-of-the-art technologies shall approach
the Central Pollution Control Board to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorisation
@@ Chemicals treatment using at least 1% hypochlorite solution or any other equivalent chemical reagent. It must be ensured that chemical
treatment ensures disinfection.
## Mutilation/shredding must be such so as to prevent unauthorised reuse.
@ There will be no chemical pretreatment before incineration. Chlorinated plastics shall not be incinerated.
* Deep burial shall be an option available only in towns with population less than five lakhs and in rural areas.
Category wise BMW collection in bins
Category wise BMW collection in bins
Category wise BMW collection in bins
Category Wise
Bio-Medical Waste
Treatment Options
Category 1( Human Anatomical Waste)
Category 2 (Animal Waste)
Category 3( Microbiology & Biotechnological Waste)
Category 4 ( Waste Sharps)
Category 5 (Discarded drugs & Medicines)
Category 6 (Soiled Waste)
Category 7 (Solid Waste)
Category 9 (Incineration Ash)
BMW Treatment: Available technologies
Incineration
Autoclave Treatment
Hydroclave Treatment
Microwave Treatment
Chemical Disinfection
Sanitary & Secured Landfilling
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Technologies
INCINERATION
Incinerators can be oil fired or electrically powered or both.
Solid phase combustion( primary chamber) & Gas phasecombustion( secondary chamber).
Volatiles are liberated in the first chamber whereas they aredestroyed in the second one.
Primary chamber operates with temperature range of about800 (+/-) 50 deg. C while secondary chamber operates underexcess air conditions at about 1050 (+/-) 50 deg. C.
APCD & chimney is attached with the incinerators tocontrol the flue gases.
Incinerators: multiple hearth type, rotary kiln, controlled airtype.
Incineration has been recommended for human anatomical waste, animal waste & soiled waste.
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Technologies
Charging in Primary Chamber
Primary & Secondary Chamber
Incinerators
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Technologies
AUTOCLAVE TREATMENT
Low heat process where steam is brought into directcontact with the waste material for sufficient duration todisinfect the waste.
System operates in the temp. range 101-150 deg. C for 30-90 minutes duration.
Disinfected waste is finally landfilled.
Three types: Gravity type, Pre-vacuum type & Retort type.
Recommended for microbiology & biotechnology waste, waste sharps, soiled & solid wastes
Autoclaves
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Technologies
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Technologies
HYDROCLAVE TREATMENT
Steam sterilisation process, having double walled container in which the steam is injected into the outer jacket & waste is inside.
Moisture contained in the waste evapourates & builds up the requisite steam pressure (35-36 psi).
Total time for cycle is about 50 minutes, which includes start-up, heat-up, sterilisation, venting, depressurisation & dehydration.
Certain benefits, such as absence of liquid discharges, no air emissions, no requirement of chemicals, reduced volume & weight of waste.
Recommended for the same categories of waste as the autoclave.
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Technologies
MICROWAVE TREATMENT
Disinfection technology, which heat the waste material from inside out, provides a high level of disinfection.
Shredded material is moistened with high temp. steam prior to put through series of microwave generators.
Microwave generators heat the material to 95-100 deg. C. and disinfect the waste during min. residence time of 30 minutes.
Process is computerised & automatic hoisting arrangement for smooth & effective control.
Category nos. 3, 4, 6, 7 wastes are permitted to be microwaved.
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Technologies
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
Mainly use of at least 1% hypochlorite solution with minimum contact period of 30 minutes.
Equivalent chemical reagents are phenolic compounds, iodine, formaldehyde-alcohol or iodine-alcohol combination.
Treated solid waste material is landfilled & treated liquid waste is drained.
Recommended for waste sharps, solid & liquid wastes as well as chemical wastes.
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Technologies
SANITARY & SECURED LANDFILLING
Secured deep burial when facility of incineration is not available(for towns having < 5 lakh population & rural areas) - Humananatomical waste.
Secured landfill – Animal waste.
Sanitary landfill – Autoclaved/hydroclaved/microwaved waste.
Sanitary landfill – Incineration ash.
Concrete lined pit of abt. 1 m (l*b*d) covered with a heavyconcrete slab having 1-1.5 m high steel pipe of 50 mm dia. –Waste sharps.
Disposal of bio-medical waste in secured landfill till proper treatment & disposal facility is in place.
Overview
of
Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment
Facility (CBWTF)
General Facilities at CBWTF
Incinerator
Autoclave
Chemical treatment
Shredder
Needle destroyer and disposal pit
Effluent treatment plant
Temporary Ash storage area
Vehicles for collection of BMW
CBWTF
Storage area
Incinerator chambers
Incineration Operation
Having a PLC(programmable logic control) based
control system to prevent
• Waste charging until the required temperatures are attained.
• Waste charging in case of unsafe conditions such as very
high temperature in the chambers, failure of the combustion
air fan, ID fan, high temp. at the outlet of apcd.
Computer recording device which can continuously
monitor no. of batch, temperature, CO, CO2 and O2 in
gaseous emission.
CBMWTF
Venturi scrubber
Incinerator Attachments
Air pollution control system
Air Pollution Control System (A.P.C.S.)
Duct – interconnecting pipes
Air pollution control device – to separate the
PM from the gas stream
Fan – provides sufficient energy for the gas
stream
Stack – to disperse the gas stream &
provides samples for continuous monitoring
Air Pollution Control Device (A.P.C.D.)
Venturi scrubber offers high performance collection of
fine particles usually smaller than 2 to 3 microns.
Venturi scrubber is followed by centrifugal type
droplet separator to remove liquid droplets from flue
gas.
Lime solution is used to control the acid gases too.
Waste water generated is neutralised before
discharging.
CBMWTF
INCINERATOR THERMOCLAVE (HI-TECH AUTOCLAVE)
Shredding
CBWTF
CBWTF
Different units
Incineration Ash Disposal
Disposed in sanitary landfill.
VOC’s in the ash shall not be
more than 0.01 %.
Toxic metals in incineration ash
shall be limited within the
regulatory quantities as defined
under the hazardous waste (mgt.
& hnd.) rules, 1989. Temporary ash storage
area at CBWTF
Status of BMW in Allahabad
Total Health Care Facility – 267 Nos.
Quantity of BMW Generated – 993 Kg/D
Quantity of BMW Treated – 900 Kg/D
A Common Bio-medical treatment & disposal
facility is established by M/s FERRO Build
Hard (I) Pvt. Ltd at Naini
(Ref: July 2013, UPPCB report)
Present Scenario ! Problems in segregation.
Present Scenario !Frequency of waste collection from small hospitals.
Present Scenario !BMW is dumped with general health care
waste.
Knowledge Gaps in
Bio-Medical Waste Treatment
Training & Motivation in Health Care Establishments.
At Hospital Administration & Management Staff Level.
Para-Medical Personnel Level, e.g., Nurses, Ward Boys
etc.
Shredded followed by autoclaved plastic waste have problems
in reuse.(Category 07 waste)
Adoption of non-burnt technologies in place of conventional
bio-medical Incinerators.
Treatment of Mercury waste?
Lack of awareness among masses.
Need to Find Solution
Appointment of “Waste Management Officer”(help to organize, supervise the bio-medical waste
disposal policy in hospital.)
Need of future
Thank You
DEEP BURIAL FOR RURAL AREA
BLACK
PLASTICFILM
100mm (4”) Mud & Lime Film
Medical waste