BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OVERVIEW IN INDIA

Overviewof

Bio-Medical Waste Treatment & Disposal

Manoj Chaurasia

Assistant Environment Engineer

U P POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

Think before you throw!

Water Pollution Air Pollution

Hazardous waste

Municipal solid waste

Noise Pollution

Bio-medical waste

E-Waste

ENVIRONMENT and POLLUTION

Rivers, ground water Ambient air quality

Open dumps in cities

Infectious waste

D.G. sets, Crackers

Toxic chemicals, Contamination

Discarded TV, Comp. parts

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF),

Government of India

Establishes environmental policies, sets goals andfacilitate the implementation of such policies.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

To set environmental standards for all parts of thecountry.

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) andPollution Control Committees (PCCs)

Regulatory bodies set up for the implementation of thenorms to bring pollution under control in therespective states and union territories.

Governing Bodies in India

Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

…………

........... Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998

…………..

…….

Functions and responsibilities of CPCB, SPCBs &

PCCs are assigned under these Acts and Rules.

Environmental Acts and Rules

“Anything which is not intended for further use is termed as

waste”.

All our daily activities can give rise to a variety of wastes

arising from different sources. e.g., household rubbish,

sewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities,

packaging items, discarded cars, old televisions, garden

waste, old paint containers and many more.

Nature finds its way of managing waste by natural recycling

processes (e.g. leaves in a forest decomposing into soil).

Other wastes may become problematic.

Almost all manufactured products are destined to become

waste at some point in time.

Improper disposal of this waste leads to spread of

communicable diseases, causes obnoxious conditions and spoils

biosphere as a whole.

Waste : Introduction

Hospital waste or Health care waste includes garbage, refuse,

rubbish and Bio-medical waste.

80% - Non-Hazardous(Gen. waste)

Hospital waste 15% - Infectious BMW

5% - Non -infectious

but hazardous

Bio-Medical Waste: during diagnosis, treatment or immunization

of human beings or animal or in research activities pertaining

there to or in the production or testing of biologicals.

Hazardous: any waste which is due to toxic, flammable,

explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or likely to

cause danger to health or environment .

Bio-Medical Waste : Introduction

Health care establishments are located within the municipal area.

Hospital waste naturally has close linkage with the

municipal waste generated in the area.

About 80% of the total hospital waste is not hazardous/infected.

Waste generated at the hospital kitchen or garden, the

office or packaging material from the store, etc. can be

disposed as same as municipal solid waste.

Cost of treatment of BMW (Bio-medical waste)

is much higher than the treatment expenses of

MSW (Municipal solid waste).

Linkage with Municipal Solid Waste

Various communicable diseases, which spread through

contaminated cotton, bandage, syringes, blood, body fluids &

contaminated organs, are important to be prevented.

Bio-medical waste scattered in and around the hospitals

invites flies, insects, rodents, cats and dogs that are

responsible for the spread of communicable disease like

plague and rabies.

Rag pickers in the hospital, sorting out the garbage are at a

risk of getting tetanus and HIV infections.

Recycling of disposable syringes, needles & other article like

glass bottles without proper sterilization may be responsible

for Hepatitis, HIV, and other viral diseases.

Need to dispose infected & hazardous waste in most safe &

eco-friendly manner.

Need for bio-medical waste treatment

Out patient department(OPD): emergency unit.

Investigative facility area: OT, x-ray, ultra sound,

ECG, pathology, etc.

In-patient department: wards.

Utility areas: office, kitchen, store, laundry,

chemist’s counter, etc.

Emergency unit, investigative area & the wards are the

main generators of infected & hazardous waste in the

hospitals

Health Care Establishments : Introduction

Hospital Waste

20% 80%

Infectious Non Infectious

(Kitchen waste, card Board Boxes)

0.5%

Sharps Non Sharps

(Glass + Metal)

80% 15% 5%

Plastic Non Plastic Laboratory Waste

Sharp Plastic Cotton Specimen

Needles PVC Gauge Body fluid

Scalpel PE Linen Tissue (Path)

Blades PET Animal Carcass

Blood Bags

IV Catheter

Respiratory Equipment

PPC RED BAGS YELLOW

COMMON FACILITY

Waste Category No. Waste Category Type Treatment and Disposal Option+

Category No. IHuman Anatomical Waste(human tissues, organs, body parts)

incineration@/deep burial*

Category No. 2

Animal Waste(animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid,blood and experimental animals used in research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal houses)

incineration@/deep burial*

Category No 3

Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste(wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of micro-organisms live or attenuated vaccines, human and animal cell culture used in research and infectious agents from research and industrial laboratories, wastes from production of biologicals, toxins, dishes and devices used for transfer of cultures)

local autoclaving/micro-waving/incineration@

Category No 4

Waste sharps(needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps)

disinfection (chemical treatment@/auto claving/micro-waving and mutilation/shredding

Category No 5Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs(wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines)

incineration@/destruction and drugs disposal in secured landfills

Category No 6

Soiled Waste

(Items contaminated with blood, and body fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines, beddings, other material contaminated with blood)

incineration@autoclaving/microwaving

Category No. 7

Solid Waste(wastes generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps such as tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc).

disinfection by chemical treatment@@ autoclaving/microwaving and mutilation/shredding##

Category No. 8

Liquid Waste(waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning, house-keeping and disinfecting activities)

disinfection by chemical treatment@@ and discharge into drains.

Category No. 9Incineration Ash

(ash from incineration of any bio-medical waste)

disposal in municipal landfill

Category No. 10

Chemical Waste(chemicals used in production of biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection, as insecticides, etc.)

chemical treatment@@ and discharge into drains for liquids and secured landfill for solids

+ Options given above are based on available technologies. Occupier/operator wishing to use other State-of-the-art technologies shall approach

the Central Pollution Control Board to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorisation

@@ Chemicals treatment using at least 1% hypochlorite solution or any other equivalent chemical reagent. It must be ensured that chemical

treatment ensures disinfection.

## Mutilation/shredding must be such so as to prevent unauthorised reuse.

@ There will be no chemical pretreatment before incineration. Chlorinated plastics shall not be incinerated.

* Deep burial shall be an option available only in towns with population less than five lakhs and in rural areas.

Category wise BMW collection in bins

Category Wise

Bio-Medical Waste

Treatment Options

Category 1( Human Anatomical Waste)

Category 2 (Animal Waste)

Category 3( Microbiology & Biotechnological Waste)

Category 4 ( Waste Sharps)

Category 5 (Discarded drugs & Medicines)

Category 6 (Soiled Waste)

Category 7 (Solid Waste)

Category 9 (Incineration Ash)

BMW Treatment: Available technologies

Incineration

Autoclave Treatment

Hydroclave Treatment

Microwave Treatment

Chemical Disinfection

Sanitary & Secured Landfilling

Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Technologies

INCINERATION

Incinerators can be oil fired or electrically powered or both.

Solid phase combustion( primary chamber) & Gas phasecombustion( secondary chamber).

Volatiles are liberated in the first chamber whereas they aredestroyed in the second one.

Primary chamber operates with temperature range of about800 (+/-) 50 deg. C while secondary chamber operates underexcess air conditions at about 1050 (+/-) 50 deg. C.

APCD & chimney is attached with the incinerators tocontrol the flue gases.

Incinerators: multiple hearth type, rotary kiln, controlled airtype.

Incineration has been recommended for human anatomical waste, animal waste & soiled waste.


Charging in Primary Chamber

Primary & Secondary Chamber

Incinerators


AUTOCLAVE TREATMENT

Low heat process where steam is brought into directcontact with the waste material for sufficient duration todisinfect the waste.

System operates in the temp. range 101-150 deg. C for 30-90 minutes duration.

Disinfected waste is finally landfilled.

Three types: Gravity type, Pre-vacuum type & Retort type.

Recommended for microbiology & biotechnology waste, waste sharps, soiled & solid wastes

Autoclaves



HYDROCLAVE TREATMENT

Steam sterilisation process, having double walled container in which the steam is injected into the outer jacket & waste is inside.

Moisture contained in the waste evapourates & builds up the requisite steam pressure (35-36 psi).

Total time for cycle is about 50 minutes, which includes start-up, heat-up, sterilisation, venting, depressurisation & dehydration.

Certain benefits, such as absence of liquid discharges, no air emissions, no requirement of chemicals, reduced volume & weight of waste.

Recommended for the same categories of waste as the autoclave.


MICROWAVE TREATMENT

Disinfection technology, which heat the waste material from inside out, provides a high level of disinfection.

Shredded material is moistened with high temp. steam prior to put through series of microwave generators.

Microwave generators heat the material to 95-100 deg. C. and disinfect the waste during min. residence time of 30 minutes.

Process is computerised & automatic hoisting arrangement for smooth & effective control.

Category nos. 3, 4, 6, 7 wastes are permitted to be microwaved.


CHEMICAL DISINFECTION

Mainly use of at least 1% hypochlorite solution with minimum contact period of 30 minutes.

Equivalent chemical reagents are phenolic compounds, iodine, formaldehyde-alcohol or iodine-alcohol combination.

Treated solid waste material is landfilled & treated liquid waste is drained.

Recommended for waste sharps, solid & liquid wastes as well as chemical wastes.


SANITARY & SECURED LANDFILLING

Secured deep burial when facility of incineration is not available(for towns having < 5 lakh population & rural areas) - Humananatomical waste.

Secured landfill – Animal waste.

Sanitary landfill – Autoclaved/hydroclaved/microwaved waste.

Sanitary landfill – Incineration ash.

Concrete lined pit of abt. 1 m (l*b*d) covered with a heavyconcrete slab having 1-1.5 m high steel pipe of 50 mm dia. –Waste sharps.

Disposal of bio-medical waste in secured landfill till proper treatment & disposal facility is in place.

Overview

of

Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment

Facility (CBWTF)

General Facilities at CBWTF

Incinerator

Autoclave

Chemical treatment

Shredder

Needle destroyer and disposal pit

Effluent treatment plant

Temporary Ash storage area

Vehicles for collection of BMW

CBWTF

Storage area

Incinerator chambers

Incineration Operation

Having a PLC(programmable logic control) based

control system to prevent

• Waste charging until the required temperatures are attained.

• Waste charging in case of unsafe conditions such as very

high temperature in the chambers, failure of the combustion

air fan, ID fan, high temp. at the outlet of apcd.

Computer recording device which can continuously

monitor no. of batch, temperature, CO, CO2 and O2 in

gaseous emission.

CBMWTF

Venturi scrubber

Incinerator Attachments

Air pollution control system

Air Pollution Control System (A.P.C.S.)

Duct – interconnecting pipes

Air pollution control device – to separate the

PM from the gas stream

Fan – provides sufficient energy for the gas

stream

Stack – to disperse the gas stream &

provides samples for continuous monitoring

Air Pollution Control Device (A.P.C.D.)

Venturi scrubber offers high performance collection of

fine particles usually smaller than 2 to 3 microns.

Venturi scrubber is followed by centrifugal type

droplet separator to remove liquid droplets from flue

gas.

Lime solution is used to control the acid gases too.

Waste water generated is neutralised before

discharging.

CBMWTF

INCINERATOR THERMOCLAVE (HI-TECH AUTOCLAVE)

Shredding

CBWTF

CBWTF

Different units

Incineration Ash Disposal

Disposed in sanitary landfill.

VOC’s in the ash shall not be

more than 0.01 %.

Toxic metals in incineration ash

shall be limited within the

regulatory quantities as defined

under the hazardous waste (mgt.

& hnd.) rules, 1989. Temporary ash storage

area at CBWTF

Status of BMW in Allahabad

Total Health Care Facility – 267 Nos.

Quantity of BMW Generated – 993 Kg/D

Quantity of BMW Treated – 900 Kg/D

A Common Bio-medical treatment & disposal

facility is established by M/s FERRO Build

Hard (I) Pvt. Ltd at Naini

(Ref: July 2013, UPPCB report)

Present Scenario ! Problems in segregation.

Present Scenario !Frequency of waste collection from small hospitals.

Present Scenario !BMW is dumped with general health care

waste.

Knowledge Gaps in

Bio-Medical Waste Treatment

Training & Motivation in Health Care Establishments.

At Hospital Administration & Management Staff Level.

Para-Medical Personnel Level, e.g., Nurses, Ward Boys

etc.

Shredded followed by autoclaved plastic waste have problems

in reuse.(Category 07 waste)

Adoption of non-burnt technologies in place of conventional

bio-medical Incinerators.

Treatment of Mercury waste?

Lack of awareness among masses.

Need to Find Solution

Appointment of “Waste Management Officer”(help to organize, supervise the bio-medical waste

disposal policy in hospital.)

Need of future

Thank You

DEEP BURIAL FOR RURAL AREA

BLACK

PLASTICFILM

100mm (4”) Mud & Lime Film

Medical waste

BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OVERVIEW IN INDIA

Environment

Transcript of BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OVERVIEW IN INDIA