Post on 07-Apr-2018
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The chemical context of life
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Key concepts
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure
form and in combinations called compounds
An elements properties depend on the
structure of its atoms
The formation and function of molecules
depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Chemical reactions make and break chemicalbonds
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Matter consists of chemical
elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
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8/6/2019 Bio 1 Chemistry
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Matter consists of chemical
elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space
Matter consists of atoms
8/6/2019 Bio 1 Chemistry
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Matter consists of chemical
elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space
Matter consists of atoms
What are atoms?
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Matter consists of chemical
elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space
Matter consists of atomsAtoms are the fundamental building block of all substances.
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
What is an element?
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Matter consists of chemical
elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space
Matter consists of atomsAtoms are the fundamental building block of all substances.
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
An element is a substance thatcannot be broken down into
other substances by chemical
reaction.
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Matter consists of chemical
elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space
Matter consists of atomsAtoms are the fundamental building block of all substances.
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
An element is a substance thatcannot be broken down into
other substances by chemical
reaction.
Why?
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Matter consists of chemical
elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
Each element iscomposed on a
single type of atom
Compounds aremade of more than
one element in a
fixed ratio
goldhydrogen and oxygen
sodium and chloride
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Matter consists of
chemical elements
in pure form andcombinations
called compounds
Whether they are in compounds or in
pure form, there are relatively few
elements in living organisms
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Matter consists of chemical
elements in pure form and
combinations called compounds
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atoms
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atoms
What do we mean by properties?
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atomsProperties-melting point, bonding, and density are commonexamples.
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atomsAtomic structure
Nucleus
Contains:
Protons
Neutrons
Electron cloud
Contains:
Electrons
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atomsAtomic structure
Nucleus
Contains:
Protons
Neutrons
Electron cloud
Contains:
Electrons
All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)
He2
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8/6/2019 Bio 1 Chemistry
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
Nucleus
Contains:
Protons
Neutrons
Electron cloud
Contains:
Electrons
All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)
The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons
He2
8/6/2019 Bio 1 Chemistry
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
Nucleus
Contains:
Protons
Neutrons
Electron cloud
Contains:
Electrons
All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)
The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons
Mass numberis the number of protons + number of neutrons
He2
4
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8/6/2019 Bio 1 Chemistry
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
Nucleus
Contains:
Protons
Neutrons
Electron cloud
Contains:
Electrons
All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)
The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons
Mass numberis the number of protons + number of neutrons
The number of electrons typically equals the number of protons
He2
4
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What is the atomic number of Aluminum?
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How many protons does Lithium have?
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What is the mass number of Chloride?
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
Nucleus
Contains:
Protons
Neutrons
Electron cloud
Contains:
Electrons
All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)
The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons (not forisotopes)
Mass numberis the number of protons + number of neutrons
The number of electrons typically equals the number of protons
He2
3
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atoms
Atomic structure
Nucleus
Contains:
Protons
Neutrons
Electron cloud
Contains:
Electrons
All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)
The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons (not forisotopes)
Mass numberis the number of protons + number of neutrons
The number of electrons typically equals the number of protons (not forions)
He2
4 +
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atoms
Focusing on electrons-The chemical behavior of an atom isdetermined by the distribution of its electrons
Atomic structure
Hydrogen
1H
Lithium
3LiBeryllium
4BeBoron
5BCarbon
6CNitrogen
7NOxygen
8OFluorine
9FNeon
10Ne
Helium
2He
Firstshell
Secondshell
Thirdshell
Sodium
11NaMagnesium
12MgAluminum
13AlSilicon
14SiPhosphorus
15PSulfur
16SChlorine
17ClArgon
18Ar
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An elements properties depend on
the structure of its atoms
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The formation and function of
molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bondsCovalent bonds (strongest) - involves the sharing of electrons (i.e.
H2)
Electrons may be spread equally across the bond (non-polarbond)
Electrons may not be spread equally across the bond (polar
bond)
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The formation and function of
molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atoms
Naturalendorphin
EndorphinreceptorsBrain cell
Binding to endorphin receptors
Morphine
(b)
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The formation and function of
molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bondsCovalent bonds (strongest) - involves the sharing of electrons
(i.e. H2)
Electrons may be spread equally across the bond (non-polar bond)
Electrons may not be spread equally across the bond
(polar bond)
Ionic bonds- Charge-charge interactions
An interaction between a positive and negative chargeCan form after one atoms strips a valence electron from
another (ie. NaCl)
Forms salts
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The formation and function of
molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atoms
Ionic bond
Electrontransfer
forms ions
Na
Sodium atom
Cl
Chlorine atom
Na+
Sodium ion
(a cation)
Cl
Chloride ion
(an anion)
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Which elements will most likely
form an ionic bond?
a. Li and F
b. C and O
c. N and O
d. Si and Cl
e. H and H
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The formation and function of
molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bonds (weak)
Hydrogen bonds- involve polar covalent bonds,
form when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a moreelectronegative atom
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The formation and function of
molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bonds (weak)
Hydrogen bonds- involve polar covalent bonds,
form when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a moreelectronegative atom
This impacts the properties of water!
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The formation and function of
molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atomsDifferent types of bonds (weak)
Hydrogen bonds- involve polar covalent bonds,
form when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a moreelectronegative atom
Vander Waals interactions- involve non-polar
covalent bonds, occur when an electron
accumulation arises by chance
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The formation and function of
molecules depend on chemical
bonding between atoms
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Chemical reactions make and
break chemical bonds
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Chemical reactions make and
break chemical bonds
Chemical reaction- making a breaking of
chemical bonds leading to changes in the
composition of matter
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Chemical reactions make and
break chemical bonds
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Key concepts
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure
form and in combinations called compounds
An elements properties depend on the
structure of its atoms
The formation and function of molecules
depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Chemical reactions make and break chemicalbonds
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