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Baghdad A300 Incident DiscussionDHL flight hit by missile in BAGHDAD
TRIBUTE TO ERIC, STEEVE AND MARIO
.
Presented by
Capt. Jacques ROSAYAirbus Chief Test Pilot
20
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RIBUTE TO ERIC, STEEVE AND MARIO
• The facts
• How could it fly ?
Flight mechanics with thrust only
– pitch control
– roll control
• Bringing the A/C back to the ground
• Conclusion
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HE FACTS
• November 22nd
, 2003. An A300-B4 cargo-transformed, S/N094, operated by DHL, takes off from Baghdad to Bahrain.
• Crew : Capt ERIC, F/O STEEVE, FE MARIO.
• Trip is short, payload is light (Mail) and TOW : 100t (to be
compared to 165.9t MTOW)
• A special Take Off procedure is applied to minimize ground
proximity time and threat exposure duration :Take off with slats only and maximum thrust
Early retraction of slats
Climb at optimum climb speed (215kts)
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HE FACTS (continue)
• Passing 8000ft, a strong impact shakes the structure.
• Immediately, Mario announces the loss of two hydraulic
circuits (green and yellow).
• Twenty seconds later, Eric feels the controls stiffening asthe last hydraulic circuit (blue) is lost.
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HE FACTS (continue)
A/C configuration is then the following :
• All hydraulics lost
Ailerons, rudder and elevators are « floating » in the wind (zerohinge moment)
THS is frozen
Spoilers are inoperative and prevented to deflect (sucked by the
airflow) by a non return valve. But one of them is slightly leaking.
Slats and flaps configuration are retracted and frozen
• Left wing in fire and associated fuel tank is emptying
• A significative amount of the left wing surface is missing
• BUT:
BOTH ENGINES ARE STILL RUNNING
C S ( )
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HE FACTS (continue)
HE FACTS ( ti )
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HE FACTS (continue)
• Eric, Steeve and Mario had then to learn how to fly andland an asymmetric aircraft using the only thrust control
• Let’s do the same
H ld it fl ?
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How could it fly ?
• Flight mechanics with thrust only : pitchFrom a trimmed position, an A/C like the A300 (with underwing
engine) will react to a step change of thrust with :
– An immediate pitch change (increase of thrust induces a nose up motion) – An immediate speed change along with the thrust change (but it will not
last !)
H ld it fl ?
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How could it fly ?
• This is followed by a so called « phugoid » (long period lightly dampedoscillation at constant angle of attack, exchanging altitude and speedaround the stabilised condition)
Pitch , Vc
Pitch , Vc
Pitch , Vc
Pitch , Vc
H ld it fl ?
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How could it fly ?
•When the controls froze, A/C was stabilized at a certain speed, with a
given thrust and a given THS position
•This pitch down motion will continue until :
•The thrust is restored at the adequate level, or
•The speed has increased sufficiently so that the down lift of thetailplane compensates the pitch down moment created by the
reduction of thrust.
•A thrust variation (decrease) will create a pitch (down) moment
How could it fly ?
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How could it fly ?
•To sum up :
• THE THRUST BECOMES A PITCH CONTRO
• Speed becomes a consequence of the chosen
combination of pitch and thrust.
• Note that against intuition (and initial reaction),
a thrust reduction will finally induce a speedincrease and vice versa.
How could it fly ?
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How could it fly ?
•Flight mechanics with thrust only : roll
•The only way to control the lateral axis is the use of assymetric thrust
•In normal flight with no sideslip, lift is symmetrical.
How could it fly ?
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How could it fly ?
•Increasing the thrust on one engine, will first generate sideslip
How could it fly ?
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How could it fly ?
• The sideslip will induce asymmetric lift; this asymmetric liftwill allow to generate some bank, but with a delayed
response of the A/C
With left sideslip (morethrust on left engine), the
airplane yaws, then rolls to
the right.
How could it fly ?
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How could it fly ?
• On top of it, in their case, the aircraft was in an evolutive
assymetry (Surface missing, airfoil modified, massive fuel leak
on the left wing). It then had a permanent tendancy to roll,
evolving as the fuel leaks and probably wing parts fly away.
• Globally, the roll remained contained during two minutes,without any roll-specific crew action, between 12° right and
22° left, final stabilized state.
• Two minutes after the explosion, the
crew had to cope with the final assymetrywith some permanent sideslip.
How does it fly ?
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How does it fly ?
• Summary:
Symmetrical change of thrust on both engines will allow to controlpitch and then vertical speed. But pitch control will be loose due to
the phugoïd, making slope visualisation very difficult.Thrust being used for pitch control cannot then be used for speed
control. Speed must be accepted as an uncontrolled result of thedesired slope.
When controlling the flight path, the crew will then have to acceptthe resulting speed and to control the slope through an activecontrol of the pitch via the thrust .
Assymetrical thrust application will allow to control the roll, but witha delayed response of the aircraft.
Therefore, A/C control is achievable, but (at the least) demanding…
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Bring the A/C to the ground
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Bring the A/C to the ground
• Having learned to manage the flight path, the crew
decided to attempt the landing.
• Additionally the left wing was on fire and there was a fuel
leak!… It was time to come back and land.
HE FACTS (continue)
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HE FACTS (continue)
Bring the A/C to the ground
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Bring the A/C to the ground
• They elected runway 33R, the longest of the 2 runways.
• The wind was 290° at 20kt with turbulent conditions !
• After some kind of downwind leg, they came back for long
final in a right turn (although the aircraft was tending to roll
left by itself).
• In addition to the flight path, they closely monitored the left
tank, ready to open the crossfeed, despite the leak and the
fire. It was vital for the engine to stay alive !
Bring the aircraft to the ground
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Bring the aircraft to the ground
Approximate trajectory
Missile hit
Basic principles
understood
Bring the A/C to the ground
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Bring the A/C to the ground
• Finally the 33L was closer at the end of the approach
• The crew flew the A/C down to the flare, coping with the
phugoïd, the asymmetry in roll and the Xwind• 25 min after missile impact, the A/C was landed (NOT
crashed):
On the runway 33L,with a controlled touch down (Vz below 10ft/s),
a positive pitch
With some divergent heading (8°) and some bank to the
right (10°)
uccessful landing on 33L
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uccess u a d g o 33
Runway exit
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y
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Bring the A/C to the ground
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g g
• A/C exited the runway rapidely; reversers associated to rolling in the sand
provided a good substitute to poor brake efficiency. The A/C stopped after 1000mroll out.
Bring the A/C to the ground
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g g
No injuries for the crew or
people on ground
• Disregarding some light damage on the landing gear (deflatedtyres), aircraft was intact (but for the wing !)
onclusion
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• Adaptation and tasks prioritization were the key of thesuccess.
• The basic tasks distribution were still applied:
• FLY
•NAVIGATE
• COMMUNICATE
• MONITOR THE SYSTEMS
onclusion
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• Each such situation is unique and cannot be trained for inadvance.
• In this particular case, the following basic principles apply:
• Pitch is controlled by thrust
• Speed MUST be DISREGARDED (provided vertical speed is
controlled)
• Roll is controlled by differential thrust with considerable time
response
• DO NOT RETARD thrust at flare
onclusion
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In terms of airmanship, Eric, Steeve & Mario had done amarkable job
hey managed the priorities
hey worked as a Team
hey shared properly the work :
• FLY
• NAVIGATE
• COMMUNICATE
• MONITOR
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Well doneWell done Mario,Mario, EricEric,,SteeveSteeve!! You really did writ You really did writ
aa nicenice page of aviationpage of aviation
historyhistory!!
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