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LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School
1966
Aspects of Early Allegheny DepositionalEnvironments in Eastern Ohio.Ronald K. ZimmermanLouisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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Recommended CitationZimmerman, Ronald K., "Aspects of Early Allegheny Depositional Environments in Eastern Ohio." (1966). LSU HistoricalDissertations and Theses. 1175.https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1175
This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 6 6 -1 0 ,9 2 5
ZIM M ERM AN, R onald K „ 1 9 3 5 - A S P E C T S O F E A R L Y A L L E G H E N Y D EPO SITIO N A L EN V IR O N M EN TS IN E A S T E R N OHIO.
L o u is ia n a State U n iv e r s ity , P h .D ., 1966 G eo lo g y
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
ASPECTS OF EARLY ALLEGHENY DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTSIN EASTERN OHIO
A Dissertation
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and
Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophyin
The Department of Geology
byRonald K. Zimmerman
B.S., University of Illinois, 1960 M.S., Louisiana State University, 196 3
May, 1966
ACKNOWLEDGMENT S
The writer wishes to express his gratitude to the
various members of the faculty who reviewed the manuscript. Particular notes of gratitude are due Dr. John C. Ferm,
Associate Professor of Geology/ for introducing the author to the problem, critically guiding the study to completion and providing funds for field study under NSF grant G-18816
Dr. J. Keith Rigby, Visiting Professor of Geology (1964-65),
for assisting with identification of fossils in the carbonates; Dr. Frank Iddings, of the LSU Nuclear Science Center,
for assisting with the neutron activation analyses of the ironstones; Mr. Lewis G. Nicols, for assistance with photomicrographs; Mr. Philip B. Larimore, for assistance in
drafting the illustrations; the Ohio Geological Survey for making available unpublished descriptions of stratigraphic sections; and to numerous persons in the field area for
permitting access to their property. Notes of appreciation are also expressed to fellow graduate students; Romeo M.
Flores, Victor V. Cavaroc, Jr., and Harry H. Roberts, all of whom have completed or are' presently engaged in work on
ii
the Allegheny rocks, for the many critical discussions and arguments concerning the study; and John B. Echols and others, too numerous to mention, who acted as sounding boards for my ideas concerning the study.
Finally, I owe a special expression of gratitude to my wife, Mary Lou Camp Zimmerman, and family for their encouragement and forbearance during the course of this study.
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i iLIST OF PLATES, FIGURES, AND TABLES....................... vii
ABSTRACT.................................................. X
ChapterI . INTRODUCTION.................................... 1
Scope of Study................................ 1
General Geology ............... 2II. LITHOSTRATIGRARHY OF THE LOWER ALLEGHENY. . . 5
General Description of Lithic Types . . . . 6
Detrital Rocks............................. 9Sandstone ................................ 9Siltstone and Silty Shale . . . . . . . 10Claystone . . . . . 11
Chemical Rocks...................... 12
Coal...................................... 12Seat R o c k ................................ 13C h e r t ............... 13
Ironstone................................ 14Limestone . . . . .......................
iv
Chapter PageSpatial Distribution of Lithic Types. . . . 16
Stratigraphic Components of Clarion Formation.................................. 16Summary and Working Hypotheses........... 19
III. DETAILED STUDY OF SOME LOWER ALLEGHENYCHEMICAL R O C K S . ........................... 22
Introduction.................................. 22Ironstones........... 22
Silicon Content and Paleogeographic Inferences. . ........................... 28
Limestones.................................... 30
Petrographic Analysis .................. 32Micrite ......................... 34
Microspar ............................. 41Spar....................................... 41Bioclasts................................ 42Other Components......................... 44
Petrographic Summary and Paleogeographic Inferences.................................. 46
IV. RECONSTRUCTION OF DEPOSITIONALENVIRONMENTS.................................... 49
Introduction.................................. 49Sedimentary Development of the LowerAllegheny ......................... 54
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS............... 66
v
PageREFERENCES C I T E D ........................ 69A P P E N D I X ...................................... 73
V I T A .......................................... 123
vi
LIST OF PLATES
Plate Page
I. Location of stratigraphic control" . . . in envelope
II. Cross section A - B .........................in envelopeIII. Cross section C - D .............. in envelopeIV. Cross section E-F & G - J in envelope
V. Cross section I-J-H & K - H - M .............. in envelopeVI. Cross section C-L . .................... in envelope
LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page
1. Allegheny outcrop area on flanks ofAllegheny Synclinorium. . . . . .............. 3
2. Schematic cross section of lower Alleghenyrocks in eastern O h i o ......................... 7
3. Outcrop of the Clarion Formation in northeastern Ohio .............................. 8
4. Depositional models applicable to thegenesis of lower Allegheny rocks.............. 21
5. Index map of 15 minute quadrangles showing chemical rock sampling localities . .......... 23
6 . Ironstones in the upper Clarion at the Newcastle no. 2 s e c t i o n ........... ........... 25
vii
Figure Page7. Schematic cross section of lower Allegheny
marine-brackish-freshwater zones ineastern Ohio.............................. 29
8 . Photomicrograph of section 2397 .............. 379. Photomicrograph of section 2 4 1 4 .............. 37
10. Photomicrograph of section 2403 .............. 38
11. Photomicrograph of section 2 4 1 5 .............. 3812. Photomicrograph of section 2 4 1 1 .............. 3913. Photomicrograph of section 2 4 1 6 ........... . 39
14. Photomicrograph of section 2393 .............. 4015. Photomicrograph of section 2399 .............. 4016. Schematic cross section showing major
phases of progradation in eastern Ohio. . . . 50
17. Early Allegheny paleogeography;phases 1 & 2.............................. 52
18. Early Allegheny paleogeography? phase 2A. . . 5519. Early Allegheny paleogeography; phase 3 . . . 5820. Early Allegheny paleogeography; phase 4 . . . 6121. Early Allegheny paleogeography; phase 5 . . . 63
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I. Silicon content in ironstone concretions. . . 26II. Index to limestone samples. . ............. 31
viii
Table PageIII. Limestone nomenclature......................... 33
IV. Limestone thin section point countestimates............... 35
ix
ABSTRACT
Lower Allegheny rocks of Middle Pennsylvanian age in eastern Ohio comprise a variety of chemical and detrital
rock types each presumably reflecting a particular environment of deposition. Temporally and spatially these environments had a complex albeit systematic chronological arrangement, the reconstruction of which was achieved by
collecting, analyzing, and integrating the data from both field study of the spatial relationships of rock types and
detailed study of some of the chemical components (iron
stones and limestones). Results from these lines of evi
dence were interpreted in light of information from similar studies in southern Ohio and western Pennyslvania. Deposition of the lower Allegheny rocks was apparently in and around a complex set of prograding deltaic wedges. The direction of progradation was generally northward against a
relatively static shoreline. Loci of deposition shifted
constantly in a seaward direction with each wedge of detrital sediments passing through a cycle of subsidence, stagnation, and transgression during which chemical deposition dominated.
Each "dying" phase was followed by a new episode of active
sedimentation.
INTRODUCTION
Scope of Study
One of the goals of sedimentary petrology is decipher
ing the history of sedimentary portions of the earth's crust. One facet of this problem, and the subject of this study, is reconstruction of depositional environments for a particular
assemblage of Middle Pennsylvanian (lower Allegheny) sedimentary rocks in eastern Ohio. The basic approaches to the study of this thin but highly complex rock unit are analysis
of the spatial relationships of rock types in the field and
detailed study of some of the chemical components (ironstones and limestones). Both approaches lead to a recon
struction of depositional environments of early Allegheny time. The chronological evolution of these environments is integrated and coordinated with the development of litho- facies of comparable age in southeastern Ohio and north
western Pennsylvania.
1
2General Geology
Lower Allegheny strata in eastern Ohio crop out along the west flank of the Allegheny Synclinorium (figure 1).
Allegheny rocks in the southern part of the area dip about 100 feet per mile to the east and in the northern part about 50 feet per mile to the south. Lower Allegheny beds vary in thickness from 50 to 125 feet and consist of a great variety of thin, often discontinuous sandstones, siltstones, shales, coals, "underclays," and limestones which are not grossly
dissimilar to those of the underlying Pottsville and over- lying Allegheny strata. Among detrital rocks, sandstones are more abundant in the south whereas shales and siltstones
are more abundant in the northern part of the area. Marine limestones and other zones bearing marine fossils are more
prevalent in the north than in the south and coal beds seem to be about equally distributed throughout the area.
Published information on the early Allegheny consists
of numerous early reconnaissance, regional, county, economic and general geologic reports. Most of these (Stout, 1916, 1918, 1944; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945; White and Lamborn, 1949; Lamborn, 1951, 1954, 1956; Brandt, 1954, 1956; and
Delong and White, 1963) are purely descriptive and do not
3
79'
O H IO
Pittsburgh PENN.
POST-TALLEGHENY
39-W. VA_
ALLEGHENYOUTCROPAREA30
Figure 1. Allegheny Outcrop Area on Flanks of Allegheny Synclinoriura. Area of study indicated by dashed lines.
deal directly with petrogenesis. More recent investigations
on the Allegheny of western Pennsylvania (Perm, 1962, 1964; Williams and Perm, 1964; and Bergenback, 1964) deal with the genesis of the rocks in that area and an unpublished disser
tation by Webb (1963) and unpublished, field data by Flores
deal with aspects of the Allegheny sedimentary development of southern Ohio. Also, the Ohio Geological Survey files contain a considerable volume of descriptive data on lower Allegheny strata of eastern Ohio. All of these sources of information were heavily drawn upon in providing the strati-
graphic synthesis given in the following pages.
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE LOWER ALLEGHENY
The spatial distribution of the various rock types of
the lower Allegheny was determined by field investigation and by collection of written records and literature study.
In addition to stratigraphic sections taken from published and unpublished sources, 58 sections were measured in the
field and previously measured sections were re-examined and modified when necessary. Most newly measured sections (see appendix) are located in northern Ohio where stratigraphic control was inadequate. All sections were plotted on stan
dard log strips at a vertical scale of 1 inch equals 10 feet and indexed by 15 minute topographic quadrangles (Plate I).
Correlation and spatial distribution of rock types were
illustrated by stratigraphic cross sections constructed from
the log strips spaced horizontally at the scale of 1 inch
equals 4 miles, then photo-reduced to vertical and horizontal scales of 1 inch equals 20 feet and 1 inch equals 2 miles, respectively (Plates II through VI).
A generalized description of lithic types, stratigraphic names, and geographic location of lower Allegheny strata is
shown on figure 2. The stratigraphic names used in this report are applied only to rock units of at least subregion
al lateral continuity and conform to the current nomenclature of the area. Modification of existing terminology or
creation of new stratigraphic names are not regarded as pertinent to this study. The terms upper and lower Clarion are in accord with Williams' (1959) designation of this unit
as the clarion Formation in western Pennsylvania and with Stout's (1916) reference to this unit as the Clarion shale. The base of the Vanport limestone of northeastern Ohio is
used herein as a convenient stratigraphic position for dividing the Clarion Formation into lower and"upper parts (figure 3). Because of some ambiguity in correlation in
southern Ohio and northeastern Kentucky, Webb's (1963) terms, "lower Allegheny" and "Allegheny" are retained.
General Description of Lithic Types
Krynine (1954) subdivided sedimentary rocks into two
litho-genetic groups— detrital and chemical. The Clarion
Formation of eastern Ohio contains several members of both
basic groups. Detrital rocks are composed primarily of
clastic silicates which were carried into the basin of
O H I OFIGURE 2
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION O f B s o c k s i n mm o h k
SOCKS O f A llEG HENY AGE
O W ER K IT TA N N IN G COALALLEGHENY SAN D5T0N ES SILISFONES, AND SHALES
ooiriflo rrom r r e o o . 1
UPPER CCL A RIO NSA N D S ICOAL
A N D
VANPORT LIMESTONELOWER CLAR O NCOALLOWER ALLEGHENYFLINT SA N D S TO N ES, SILTSTONES
SA N D STO N ES, SILTSTONES A N D SHALESA N D SHALES ZALESKO G A
M FLINCOAL
6ROOKVILLE COAL
ROCKS O r POTTSVILLE AGE
MILES
O H I O PA.FIGURE 2
SC HEM ATIC C R O S S S E C T IO N O f LOWER ALLEGHENY R O C K S IN EASTERN O H IO
R O C K S O F ALLEGHENY AGE
LOWER KITTANNING COAL
LOWER K I llA N N lN G IINDERCLAY* 1
miE C O A L TTr~H
FEET r75
S A N D S T O N E S , S IL T S T O N E S , A N D SH A L E S
L O W E R C L A R IO N S A N D S T O N E S , S IL T S T O N E S
A N D SH A L E S
W IN T E R SC O A L
Z A L ESK I T
P U T N A M HILL L IM E S T O N E B R O O K V IL LE C O A L
• 5 0
■25
LO
R O C K S O F POTTSVILLE AGE
o 2 0 4 0i— — jM ILES
8
I- i• i
!
Figure 3. Outcrop of the Clarion Formation in northeastern Ohio (TJhrichsville no. 14 section) . a - Brookville coal; b - Putnam Hill limestone; c - lower Clarion; d - upper Clarion; e - Vanport limestone.
deposition as solid particles derived from a distant source. Size classes represented range from coarse sand to clay. Chemical rocks are composed of materials generated chemi
cally by inorganic or biogenetic processes within the area of deposition. Clarion chemical rocks which are composed of primary organic and chemical components are coal, some chert, ironstone, and limestone whereas those of secondary origin (altered from other rocks) are residual chert and some
"seat rock" (commonly referred to as underclay).
Detrital Rocks
The major detrital rocks are sandstone, siltstone, and
claystone, each size class presumably reflecting decreasingo
hydraulic energy.
Sandstones
Most sandstones are composed of very fine to fine
grained sand and occur in solid units less than ten feet in thickness. Sandstone units with thicknesses on the order of tens of feet commonly have coarser grain sizes at the base and become finer upward.
Most of the sandstones are low rank graywackes containing about 50 percent quartz, 30 to 40 percent micaceous rock
10fragments, and minor amounts of clay minerals and other con
stituents (Webb, 1963). Orthoquartzitic lenses occur within some of the thicker sandstone beds.
Freshly exposed sandstones are commonly light to medium
gray presumably reflecting the unaltered color of the mineral components whereas weathered exposures are generally light tan or buff, probably due to oxidation of iron bearing minerals.
Siltstone and Silty Shale:Siltstone and silty shale make up the largest propor
tion of lower Allegheny detrital rocks. Nearly all silt
stones contain a considerable quantity (20-50 percent) of
clay size material and where the clay size fraction exceeds
that of silt, siltstone grades into silty shale. Within the lower Allegheny most siltstones occur beneath or are laterally equivalent to sandstone and contact relationships
are commonly gradational.
In terms of mineral composition most of the siltstones are low rank graywackes. The silt size fraction is mostly
quartz whereas the clay fraction is predominantly hydromica (mostly illite). In many outcrops ironstone (siderite)
nodules and layers, generally less than 4 inches thick, are
11dispersed throughout the silty shales and, to a lesser
extent, in the siltstones.Fresh exposures of siltstone and silty shale are usually
various shades of gray. Particle size and bedding charac
teristics are important factors controlling color. Dark grays seem to indicate an abundance of very fine grained clay mineral particles whereas lighter grays commonly reflect
coarser sizes. Weathered siltstones are generally light gray or buff due to oxidation of iron bearing mineral com
ponents.
Claystone:Claystone refers to very fine grained rocks composed
mainly of clay-size constituents. In this report the term
clay shale is used synonomously with claystone since it is
a more descriptive term referring not only to grain size but
also to degree of cleavage and/or bedding. The majority of
lower Allegheny clay shales contain between 20 and 50 per
cent silt-size material and commonly grade upward or laterally into silty shale.
Hydro-micas and kaolinite make up most of the clay-size
minerals but small amounts of quartz and other detrital
minerals are also present. Ironstones, which are common in
. 12silty shales, are also abundant in clay shales. Marine and
brackish fossil debris contributes calcareous material to
the shales, especially in zones directly overlying coal beds or limestones.
Clay shales.are usually darker than silty shales and, where finely divided plant debris is abundant, the rock is
often very dark gray or nearly black. The unweathered out
crops of some sparsely fossiliferous clay shales are green
and usually become gray with continued *exposure.
Chemical Rocks
The chemical rocks of the lower Allegheny can be sub
divided on the basis of mineral composition and among limestones grain and/or crystal size is a suitable criterion for
further subdivision.
Coal;
Lower Allegheny coals are composed of bright vitranous bands (presumably resulting from large woody plant tissues) and dull layers of finely macerated plant material, pyritized plant debris, or shaly partings. The coal is of bituminous
rank and occurs in-beds ranging in thickness from less than
1 inch to 6 feet. Stratigraphic positions of these coals
are indicated on figure 2 .
Seat Rock;
Lower Allegheny seat rock (underclay) is composed of clay minerals as well as some carbonaceous matter and quartz.
The principal clay minerals are probably similar to those of Pennsylvanian underclays in Illinois which are composed of illite, mixed-layer illite-montmorillonite, and illite-
montmorillonite-chlorite (Schultz, 1958). Most of the
clayey seat rock is plastic, with colors of light gray or
cream mottled with dark shades of gray, brown, or purple.
Much of the carbonaceous material is in the form of root
fossils, indicating that seat rock is probably ancient soil.
Root penetration has destroyed stratification and dark organic pigments common to other fine grained rocks seem to have been destroyed by leaching.
ChertsLower Allegheny cherts appear to have diverse origins;
some .probably formed from solidified amorphous silica gel, whereas others appear to be definitely the result of concentrations of organic spicules. A small quantity are secon
dary, replacing some limestones and filling vugs in others.
14Chert occurs in three stratigraphic positions. The
lower two— Kilgore and Zaleski (figure 2)— are composed pri
marily of siliceous sponge spicules matted together in a silica-cemented quartz silt matrix (Webb# 1963). The third stratigraphic occurrence of chert is the Vanport limestone of northeastern Ohio (see figure 2). Most of this chert in the ''northern" Vanport seems to be composed of chalcedony and small amounts of micro-crystalline quartz. Stout and
Schoenlaub (1945) report that one sample from this unit was composed of 99 percent silica.
Ironstone;
Ironstones are common minor components of lower Alle
gheny clay shales, silty shales, and siltstones. They are
composed primarily of siderite and clay minerals and most
occur in bands or layers less than 6 inches thick. A few
occur as discoidal, ellipsoidal, and globular forms (verti
cal thickness usually ranges from 0.5 to 6 inches) randomly distributed throughout the host rock. Most nodular forms
are enclosed in strata that drape over and under the concretions without disturbance of the individual laminae.Other forms commonly have laminae that continue through the
nodule without any major change. In the latter type laminae
15adjacent to the nodule are in some instances more compacted
than those within the nodule. Such an arrangement of mor
phological features with respect to host rock suggests that ironstones became relatively non-compactable before the
surrounding rock.
Limestone;Fossiliferous marine limestone occurs at two strati
graphic positions in the lower Allegheny. The lower of the two is the Putnam Hill, the basal marine unit of the Allegheny throughout most of Ohio (figure 3). The Vanport
limestone of northern Ohio occurs about 15-50 feet above the Putnam Hill or approximately midway between the Brookville and lower Kittanning coal beds. The Vanport of southern Ohio occurs about 20-40 feet above the Brookville coal bed
and directly above the "Clarion11 coal bed (figure 2) .The Putnam Hill limestone is very dark gray, clayey,
and usually has a constant thickness of about 2 feet. The
Vanport limestone of both southern and northern Ohio is
light to dark gray, commonly siliceous, and more variable
in thickness (20 feet or less) and is laterally less persist
ent than the Putnam Hill.
16Spatial Distribution of Lithic Types
The various rock types of the lower Allegheny in Ohio have a systematic albeit complex spatial arrangement. In
southern Ohio (south of 39° 30' N. latitude) Webb (1963) has
described two offset wedge-shaped sedimentary units overlain
by a third which overlaps both subjacent wedges (see figure
2). Webb has ascribed the offset and overlap relationships
to deltaic progradation and shifting. The northernmost of
Webb's two lower deltaic wedges expands greatly in northern
Ohio and Pennsylvania where they represent the Clarion
rocks of this study. Variation in thickness of this unit and its components is shown on cross sections (Plate II through VI) and figure 2. Clarion rocks are thin (about 20 feet) along the northwest outcrop and have the greatest thickness (about 100 feet) along the east and southeast edge
of the outcrop. Most of this variation is due to thickening and thinning of the detrital members.
Stratigraphic Components of the Clarion Formation
North of 39° 30' N. latitude the Brookville coal, the
basal Allegheny unit of northeastern Ohio, is apparently
ubiquitous, seldom exceeding 4 feet in thickness and
17generally averaging 1.5 to 2 feet. The Brookville is either
directly overlain by the Putnam Hill limestone or separated from it by a few inches of fossiliferous shale. The Putnam Hill is a sheet-like, clayey, fossiliferous, limestone averaging approximately 1.5 to 2 feet in thickness. Thicker
limestone occurs at a few localities around the outer peri
phery of the outcrop, especially around the northwest edge
of the arcuate outcrop in northern Ohio.The detrital rocks which overlie the Putnam Hill
generally contain marine-brackish fossils (chonetids and pro
duct id brachiopods are.abundant) at the base and show a verti
cal decrease in fossil abundance accompanied by a correspond
ing increase in finely disseminated plant debris. These
rocks generally contain abundant ironstones and commonly grade upward from clay shale at the base to silty shale or
siltstone at the top.The Vanport limestone overlies the lower Clarion detri
tal rocks. Though much less laterally persistent and litho-
logically consistent than the Putnam Hill, it is in most places a fossiliferous marine limestone or chert. It is
relatively thick (5 to 15 feet) and predominantly pure lime
stone around the northwest and northern part of the area.
18Toward the southeast edge of the outcrop belt (structurally
down dip) it occurs as erratic pod-like bodies from a few inches to 18 feet thick and contains quartz and chert impurities. In some sections, e.g., Uhrichsville no. 14 and Conesville no. 18 (see Plate II) siliceous mineral components comprise a minor, but important, portion of the rock; still further south in the Frazeysburg quadrangle the Vanport is
predominantly chert.Upper Clarion detrital1 rocks are quite similar in
lithology to the detrital rocks of the lower Clarion. Most of these rocks contain abundant ironstones but rarely have
marine fossils. Vertical and/or lateral gradation of clay• r
shale or silty shale to siltstone is common. The upper
Clarion stratigraphic interval apparently thickens to the
east with an accompanying increase of detrital components.The Lower Kittanning underclay forms the upper boundary
for the upper Clarion detrital rocks. Although variable in thickness,"the underclay is usually present and in some
cases occupies most of the interval between the Vanport and the lower Kittanning coal (see Frazeysburg sections on Plate
II) .
19Summary and Working Hypotheses
The spatial arrangement of lower Allegheny rocks in
eastern Ohio illustrates relatively thick units of detrital rocks bounded by relatively thin units of chemical rocks (Plates IX through VI). Within the detrital units there is
a general gradation from fine-grain size at the bottom to coarse at the top. These characteristics are similar to
those of Allegheny rocks in northwestern Pennsylvania which Williams and Ferm (1964) ascribed to detrital wedge-shaped units typical of deltaic deposition. Similar lithic
sequences in the modern Mississippi River Delta (Coleman and Gagliano, 1964) further substantiate deltaic origin of
lower Allegheny sediments."Active" and "passive" processes of early Allegheny
deposition are reflected by detrital and chemical rocks, respectively. Presumably, detrital rocks reflect the effect
of active delta progradation whereas limestones, coals and seat rocks reflect less dynamic sedimentation during delta
stagnation and decay. Two combinations of these gross environments of deposition are sufficient to explain the mode of accumulation for the bulk of lower Allegheny rocks. These are (1) a prograding detrital wedge coupled with a
20regressive shoreline— the chemical rocks (limestones) of this
environment were deposited basinward away from the influence
of the prograding wedge (figure 4); and (2) a static detrital
wedge coupled with a transgressive shoreline— limestone, chert, seat rock, and coal of this environment were deposited
on the flanks and/or upper surfaces of the static wedge (figure 4). The lateral shifting of prograding wedges, a trait common to delta deposition the world over, appears to have been followed by stagnation, decay, and transgression
of each preceding wedge.Although the "depositional models11 of figure 4 depict
the probable environments in which lower Allegheny rocks
were deposited, additional data of a more specific type is needed to supplement and support these general contentions.
Two lines of evidence have already been applied on the
equivalent rock unit in northwestern Pennsylvania, chemical content and petrography of carbonate components (Weber and
Williams, 1965) (Bergenback, 1964). The following sections
of this report deal with similar evidence from the lower
Allegheny rocks of eastern Ohio.
21
DEPOSITIONAL MODELS
EX PLA N A TIO N
M SANDSTONE H SILTSTO N E m SHALE EHPUNDERCLAY' E 3 CHERT r a LIMESTONE ■ COAL
PROGRADING DETRITAL WEDGEREGRESSIVE SH O RELIN E■ >
DETRITAL W E D G E S
STATIC DETRITAL WEDGE TRANSGRESSIVE SH O R E L IN E
DETRITAL W E D G
Figure 4. Depositional models applicable to the genesis of lower Allegheny rocks.
DETAILED STUDY OP SOME LOWER ALLEGHENY CHEMICAL ROCKS
Introduction
Among the most conspicuous chemical rocks of the lower
Allegheny are ironstones, disseminated in shales and silt- stones, and the two limestone units, Putnam Hill and Vanport. Analysis of these two rock types comprise an independent test of hypotheses based mainly on general lithology. Ironstones were treated mostly by spectrochemical technique whereas limestones were studied petrographically.
Ironstones
Using spectrochemical techniques, Weber and Williams
(1965) have shown that the Si02 content of Allegheny iron
stones is greater in freshwater than in marine nodules
whereas vanadium is relatively more abundant in marine than
in freshwater nodules. In order to determine whether these
criteria are in accord with general lithostratigraphic data,
samples were collected and analyzed from 16 stratigraphic
sections representing the spectrum of geographic and litho- logic variation. Specific locations of samples are shown on
23figures 5 and 7 and a typical sampling locality is shown on figure 6.
A record was made of the physical characteristics ("size," shape, lime contents, included fossils,’*' and the
type of enclosing rock) for each sample. Preparation of ironstone samples for chemical analysis consisted of remov
ing the external "weathered" portion of each nodule, col
lecting about 3 grams of fresh core material, and pulveri
zing it in a commercial high frequency vibrator-grinder to a
particle size less than 300 mesh. Elemental silicon content
was determined by neutron activation analysis at the
Louisiana State University Nuclear Science Center, but
mechanical limitations of the analyzing equipment did not permit a vanadium analysis. Results of the silicon analysis are shown on table I .
Limits for salinity categories based on silicon content
are modified from Weber and Williams as follows: (1) freshwater— greater than 14.8 percent silicon; (2) marine— less than 2.6 percent silicon and (3) brackish— 2.6 - 14.8 percent
T}
■*-In addition to fossils within ironstones, H. H. Roberts made a complete census of the fossils found in seven of the stratigraphic sections and presented the results in a M.S. thesis at Louisiana State University (Roberts, 1966).
24
• 70 Stratigraphic Section & Number (see appendix for description) • 2
o 1219
H O
HOM
W
OHIO
Figure 5 Index map of 15 minute quadrangles showing chemical rocksampling localities.
25
FEB •
Figure 6. Ironstones in the upper Clarion at the Newcastle no. 2 section. a -ironstone concretions; b - silty shale.
26Table I. Silicon content in ironstone concretions.
Stratigraphic section no.*
Sampleno.**
Siliconcontent
Zaleski 44 1 8.822 15.473 discarded4 6.005 3.366 5.88
Zaleski 70 1 7.802 14.04
New Lexington 17 2 8.193 9.454 10.855 11.13
New Lexington 25 1 11.272 8.723 11.554 7.025 3.666 4.207 9.598 11.55
Conesville 18 2 9.663 9.154 21.915 6.506 3.507 8.88
11 10.9812 31.64
Newcomerstown 14 2 13.583 discarded4 4.925 12.007 6.15
Newcomerstown 2a 2 5.813 5.604 6.725 discarded
Uhrichsville 14 2 7.56
27Table X. ContinuedStratigraphic section no.*
Sampleno.**
Siliconcontent
Uhrichsville 14 (continued) 3 10.014 5.465 7.026 9.107 14.968 6.00
19 - 16.6820 13.7221 19.5022 33.34
Navarre 24 2 8.053 17.644 22.645 8.88
Dover 19 2 5.303 13.164 6.36
Canton 8 4 8.825 12.176 6.54
10 6.78Alliance 15 2 2.60
4 1.76Newcastle 2 5 4.40
6 11.287 5.308 7.65
Beaver 7 1 6.662 5.464 4.985 8.106 14.847 11.64
Beaver 12 2 5.813 9.594 11.76
Beaver 2 4 6.72*Location of section shown in figure 5. See the appendix for stratigraphic description.
**Samples numbered from bottom to top of stratigraphic section.
28
silicon. Figure 7 shows the interpretation of environments,
based on silicon analysis, along a line of lower Allegheny section extending across eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania.
Silicon Content and Paleogeographic Inferences
At least two depositional factors probably contribute
to the variation in silicon content of ironstones: (1) the proportion of freshwater entering the depositional site; and
(2) the average grain size of the sediment being deposited. The silicon content of freshwater exceeds that of marine
water, therefore, ironstones from a freshwater environment probably would contain more chemically precipitated silicon than those deposited in a marine environment. In addition most ironstones contain some detrital material and where
this detritus is coarse grained, quartz is a dominant com
ponent. Thus ironstones which occur in coarser grained detrital rocks may be expected to have a somewhat higher
silicon content than those associated with finer grained sediments.
The largest portion of samples fall within the brackish
category (see table I and figure 7). Such results are in
* * * *
%\i % % .%
HU wM
a w »SI
< mterttltttt" %
m
W >
5£i**2
l < \ W
OkmwA
« u
»
VpP
HW
30accord with- anticipated brackish environments with fluctua
ting salinity conditions accompanying prograding deltaic sequences. The depositional environments for the detrital rocks were probably comparable to those depicted by the
"prograding detrital wedge model" of figure 4. This result of predominantly brackish environments is supported by a
study of fauna variation of the lower Allegheny (Roberts, •
1966). However, certain ironstone silicon data indicate a
marine depositional environment for lower Clarion detrital
rocks along the northern outcrop area (see Canton no. 8 and Alliance no. 15 sections on figure 7).
Limestones
The Putnam Hill and Vanport limestones of the north
eastern part of the study area were examined petrographically
in order to characterize and compare the two limestones in terms of probable mode of deposition.
Limestone samples were collected at 14 stratigraphic
sections (table II and figure 5) which, like the ironstone sections, represent a wide variety of rock type and broad '
geographic distribution. The Putnam Hill and Vanport both
were sampled at 4 outcrop sections whereas 6 sections were
31Table II. Index to limestone samples.
15 minute cuadr ancile
Stratigraphic section and sample number*
Limestonesampled
LSU thin section no.
New Lexington 17-1 Putnam Hill 2387Zanesville 31-1 Putnam Hill 2388Conesville 18-1 Putnam Hill 2389Conesvilie 18-9 Vanport 2391Uhrichsville 14-1 Putnam Hill 2393Uhrichsville 14-16 Vanport 2397Dover 19-1 Putnam Hill 2398Navarre 24-1 Putnam Hill 2399Newcomer stown 14-1 Putnam Hill 2400Newcomer stown 2A-1 Putnam Hill 2401Canton 8-1 Putnam Hill 2402Canton 8-3 Putnam Hill 2403Canton 8-7 Vanport 2404Canton 8-8 Vanport 2405Canton 8-9 Vanport 2406Alliance 15-1 Putnam Hill 2407Alliance 15-5 Vanport 2408Beaver 2-2 Vanport 2410Beaver 2-3 Vanport 2411Beaver 12-1 Vanport 2412Beaver 7-3 Vanport 2413Newcastle 2-1 Vanport 2414Newcastle 2-2 Vanport 2415Newcastle 2-3 Vanport 2416Newcastle 2-4 Vanport • 2417
*Location of section shown in figure 5. See the appendix for stratigraphic description.
sampled only for the Putnam Hill and 4 were sampled only for the Vanport (table II). In order to evaluate small scale horizontal and vertical variation, samples were col
lected in pairs, separated horizontally by at least 3 feet
and vertically by not more than 3 feet. This sampling
32procedure yielded 60 samples— 24 from the Putnam Hill, the
remainder from the Vanport.
Acetate peels were made of all samples and examined
under a binocular biological microscope. Prom this examination, 25 representative samples were selected for thin-
sectioning (11 from the Putnam Hill and 14 from the Vanport).
Petrographic Analysis
The classification of limestones used in this study is
basically the same as that proposed by Polk (1959) with the
exception that limits of size categories are slightly modi
fied. Four lithic limestone components and three other
components (generally detrital or authigenic non-limestone material) were differentiated. The limestone components
are micrite, microspar, spar, and bioclasts. The first three members of this series are differentiated on the basis
of particle size and the fourth, bioclasts, are as the term
indicates, clastic particles of known organic origin. Some
attributes of the petrographic components are shown on table ill.
33Table III. Limestone nomenclature
Calcium Carbonate ComponentsBasic Elements Subdivisions
Micrite (microcrystalline carbonate 4 microns or less in diameter) micrite aggregates intraclasts
pellets■Su4Js
reorganized or recrystallized micrite
Microspar (spar between 4 and 10 microns in diameter)
microsparaggregatesfilling hollow fossils, fissures, and interstitial areas
intraclastspellets
may be in mosaic form
u
reorganized or recrystallized microspar
Spar(spar 10 microns or more in diameter)
filling hollow fossils, fissures, and interstitial areasovergrowths on fossils and components of reorganization (recrystallization of bioclastic material and microspar
may be in mosaic form
«e•ritdCD
Bioclasts
algae, echinoderm, fora- minifers (fusulinids & encrusting forms), pelecy- pod, bryozoan, brachiopod, gastropod, ostracod, coral, unknown (unidentifiable bioclastic material)
Other ComponentsBasic Elements Subdivisions
"Silicates" allogenic or auth.igenic quartz, chert, clay
"Iron Minerals" authigenic pyrite, siderite, limonite
Carbonaceous allogenic "woody" plant material
34Folk (1959) referred to micrite and spar as analogs to
matrix and cement, respectively, in detrital rocks but microspar was not ejqplained in comparable terms. Bioclasts are
comparable to grains in detrital rocks and they, along with
micritic matrix, appear to hold the key to interpreting primary depositional environments whereas sparry cement seems
to be primarily a result of diagenesis.In this study microspar was subdivided into matrix and
cement categories. That part functioning as matrix is slightly recrystallized or reorganized micrite distributed
fortuitously without any suggestion of void or fissure fill
ing whereas that part functioning as cement appears to be
localized along the outer edges of fissures and voids.Table IV shows the quantitative proportions estimated
from 25 thin sections. Estimates resulted from 100 point
counts (5 traverses of 20 points) on each thin section. Figures 8 through 15 are photomicrographs showing various
components of several limestone thin sections about which
observations are discussed below.
Micrite;
There was no apparent difference in amount of micrite
in the two limestones. Pellets of micrite were present in
Table IV. Limestone thin section point count estimates.
Micrite Microspar Spar Bioclasts - 0thers
Limestone
Unit
*Sample Nu
mber
Matr
ixPe
llet
Intr
acla
st
tHctf•u0H
i-ij-i•UaS Ce
ment
Pell
etTo
tal
Echi
node
rmBr
achi
opod
Pele
cypo
dGa
stro
pod
Fora
mini
fer
Ostr
acod
Bryo
zoan
Cora
lAl
gae
Unknown
1To
tal
Quar
tzCh
ert
Clay
Pyri
teSi
deri
teLi
moni
teUn
know
n"Woody Ma
teri
al"
Tota
l
P 2387 67 67 7 7 7 3 1 1 2 2 8 17 1 1 2P 2388 74 74 8 8 14 1 1 1 3 1 1P 2389 76 76 1 5 6 11 1 1 1 3' 6 1 1P 2393 25 2 27 3 1 4 2 1 5 3 3 1 1 28 44 20 5 25P 2398 77 77 2 2 4 1 2 4 1 1 3 ‘2. 14 2 1 3P 2399 83 83 7 7 2 2 1 1 2 8 2 2P 2400 58 58 4 2 6 8 5 4 1 9 7 26 2 2P 2401 62 1 63 6 1 7 3 3 1 1 . 9 1 4 2 4 25 2 2P 2402 87 87 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 7 7P 2403 67 67 10 10 15 8 8 0P 2407 64 3 67 5 2 7 2 1 1 1 4 6 13 2 9 11V 2391 62 1 63 6 6 4 16 9 1 1 27V 2397 66 1 7 74 1 1 17 1 4 3 25V 2404 67 4 71 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 7 12 5 3 1 9V 2405 82 1 83 9 9 2 4 4 2 2V 2406 64 1 65 26 1 27 1 3 1 3 7V 2408 76 11 87 1 1 1 1 1 7 3 11
Putnam Hill;
V = Vanport
A A A < A A A A Limestone Unit*IO to top- p» p» toP-
to to to to p- p- p- p» Sample Numberm m Ui P* CO to H O
7677 59 00CO
75737267 MatrixI-1 1—1 to to Pellet KH*O
Intraclast Hrift)
7677 66 00
4>OV “O 'O ■o OO P W M • Total
P* to 111 MatrixCO C\ Ot 00 I-* Cement sH*O . H
Pellet O CO . ^
00 Ov VO I-*o I-* to -o Total (0H
MH O' H to 1-*p* I—1 1—1 t—1
Spar
m c \ to CO to to to Echinodermto to t-» BrachiopodCO CO t—* Pelecypod
t-* Gastropodto I-* Foraminifer td
t->-l-> Ostracod oo
Bryozoan pcorrCoral co
COtoo Algae
1-* t-1 t-»
106 Unknownt-*on vo co p-
I—* toO "O H P Total
t-» t-» Quartzt—1 Chert
t-»co to Cn Clayi—1 h-* t—* I—* Pyrite Oft
P> t-1 Siderite Ct*(Dn
t—1 Limonite CO
Unknown’ t-* to t-J 'Woody Material1
t-»P t O H o 1388 Total^ 9E
Table IV.
Continued
37
Figure 8. Photomicrograph of section 2397. a - "micrite" intraclast; b - ostracod; c - quartz in micrite matrix.
Figure 9. Photomicrograph of section 2414. a — "micrite" pellets; b — microspar cement surrounded by micrite matrix.
38
Figure 10. Photomicrograph of section 2403. a - spar cement; b - bryozoan fragment; c - "encrusting" foraminifer.
Figure 11. Photomicrograph of section 2415. Nicols crossed, a — siderite replacing sparry calcite; b — microspar; c - micrite.
39
Figure 12. Photomicrograph of section 2411. a - algal fragment (note the microstructure) y b - tan spar mosaic; c - tan microspar mosaic.
Figure 13. Photomicrograph of section 2416. a - echinoderm fragment replaced by quartz; b - authigenic quartz; c — "brachiopod"? spines.
40
Figure 14. Photomicrograph of section 2393. a - echinoderm fragment; b - pelecypod fragment; c - brachiopod? fragment; d - "microspar" pellets susrounded by pyrite.
Figure 15. Photomicrograpli of section 2399. a — bryozoan fragment; b - "encrustirig" foraminifer; c - gastropod fragment; d - coral? fragment.
413 Putnam Hill and 10 Vanport samples and micrite intraclasts
occurred exclusively in two Vanport samples (sample nos.
2397 and 2408). In the latter two samples, pellets and bio
clasts are very scarce.
Microspar sMuch of the Putnam Hill and Vanport microspar appears
to be cement but some is probably slightly recrystallized
matrix (e.g., sample no. 2406). Pellets of microspar are
minor constituents in both limestones. Some pellets with cores of microspar surrounded by pyrite (figure 13) may be
fecal with the core material representing reorganized or recrystallized micrite and the encasing pyrite represent
ing remains of undigestable organic material.
Spar:Sparry calcite seems to be about equally distributed in
both of the limestones. It occurs as void filling in
fossils, fissures, and interstitial areas, as overgrowths on
fossils, and as recrystallization products of microspar and
bioclastic material. Some spar mosaics, comparable to those reported by Bergenback (1964) in the Vanport of western Pennsylvania, were identified as algal fragments. Most
42bioclasts, however, when recognized as such, were differen
tiated on the basis of taxonomic grouping rather than particle size.
Bioclasts:
Fossil fragments are distributed throughout the Putnam
Hill and Vanport limestones; however, proportions of indi- -
vidual taxa are not large enough to bring the estimates
under statistical control. Identifications were made on several levels; echinoderms (mostly crinoid columnal segments) , brachiopods, bryozoans, coelenterates (corals),
and algae are classified at the Phylum level. Pelecypods, gastropods, and ostracods are classified at the Class level.
Foraminifers, including fusilinids and encrusting forms, are grouped at the Order level.
Alcrae appears to be the most abundant bioclastic material
(table IV) in the two limestones, and very probably the "unknown" category contains many unidentifiable algal fragments. Some of the algal material is in the form of spar
mosaics in elongate, curvilinear stringers, some appears to
be in a growth position in the manner of encrusting forms, and still others ('blades') appear to have been fragmented
and deposited in ooze and bioclastic debris. Nearly all
43isamples of the Putnam Hill of Ohio have some algal fragments
whereas such material is not found in the Vanport. Two samples (2411 and 2417) of the Vanport in western Pennsyl
vania, however, do contain algal material.Echinoderm fragments are generally the second most abun
dant fossil element (table IV), but in most of the Putnam Hill samples foraminifers (mostly encrusting forms) are more
abundant than echinoderms. Fusilinids are relatively abun
dant in many of the Vanport samples, but are less conceft-
trated in the Putnam Hill. Greatest abundance of Vanport
fusilinids is usually associated with intraclastic material and such material often occurs near the top of the limestone unit. Next to echinoderms pelecypod fragments are the most
abundant bioclasts. ' Most pelecypod shells were disarticulated when the organisms expired, and subsequent fragmenta
tion was more severe than for the brachiopods. Thus in hand specimens brachiopods seem more abundant than pelecy-
pods.Brvozoan fragments (figures 9 and 14) are apparently
more abundant in the Putnam Hill than in the Vanport (table IV). Complete or unbroken bryozoan fronds rarely occur in
either of the limestones, and most fragments are brown-
colored or replaced by pyrite.
44Brachiopods. gastropods. ostracods, and corals are all
sparsely and about equally distributed in the Putnam Hill and
Vanport. Corals, especiallyoccur in such small amounts that they are relatively insignificant contributors to the
total bulk of the carbonates. Unknowns (unidentified material) comprise a large quantity of the bioclasts (table
IV). Subjectively, most of this material was ranked as algae, brachiopods, and pelecypods.
Other Components;Quartz, chert, and clay are the silica minerals in the
Putnam Hill and Vanport. No quartz nor chert was recorded for any of the Putnam Hill samples although a considerable
amount of silt-size quartz (16-17 percent) is present in some
Vanport samples (nos. 2391 and 2397). Very little quartz or chert occurs in Vanport samples from western Pennsylvania, however some authigenic quartz replaces carbonate (micrite and bioclasts) in one sample (see figure 13). Minor amounts of chert, some detrital and some in mosaics filling pores,
were found in a few of the Vanport samples.Clay minerals are present in a few samples. Though
lime mud and clay, when mixed, are difficult to differentiate, field observations, and to lesser extent petrographic
45data, indicate a considerable quantity is present in most
of the Putnam Hill limestone.Authigenic pyrite. siderite, and limonite comprise the
"iron minerals'* which occur in small quantities in the two limestones (table IV). Pyrite, the most abundant, is dis
seminated as separate small (less than 10 microns) crystals and clusters of crystals throughout micrite and it appears
to reach maximum proportions when woody plant debris is
also present. Occasionally bioclasts are replaced by pyrite, and in some instances the spar filling of intrastital
voids is replaced.Siderite is present in several of the thin sections.
Though quite rare, it appears as the replacement product
of individual crystals of calcite (figure 10). Tan-colored
microspar and spar comprising algae in several samples also may be siderite. Limonite appears in small insignificant
quantities as a replacement or alteration product of both
pyrite and siderite.Organic woody plant material is widely disseminated
throughout much of the two limestones. However, the fine grained nature of the material and its association with pyrite in "muddy'* limestone makes unequivocal identification
46difficult.
Petrographic Summary and Paleogeographic Inferences
In a petrographic sense, the Putnam Hill and Vanport
limestones are biomicrites according to Folk's (1959) class
ifications and both limestones apparently contain comparable
amounts of micrite. The source of the micrite is uncertain, but if the estimates of algae and echinoderms are correct these may have provided a sizeable biologic source. Mechan
ical abrasion of other organic debris along with chemical
precipitation probably added to the supply. The major petrographic difference between the two limestones is the presence of intraclasts, detrital quartz, and chert in the Vanport and its absence in the Putnam Hill. Furthermore within the Vanport the amount of detrital silica diminishes
from about 15-20 percent in the southern part of the out
crop to 5 percent or less in northern Ohio and western Pennsylvania.
Although both the Putnam Hill and the Vanport are
obviously of marine origin, certain differences in gross
lithic relationships are apparent. Over most of the out
crop in northeastern Ohio the Putnam Hill directly overlies a nonmarine deposit (Brookville coal) whereas the Vanport
47overlies brackish or brackish-marine rocks. The Putnam Hill
is in turn overlain by marine to brackish marine rocks whereas the Vanport is overlain by brackish or brackish- nonmarine (freshwater?) rocks. These stratigraphic relationships indicate two different transgressive situations; the
Putnam Hill analogous to the lower limestone of the "static detrital wedge model" (figure 4), and the Vanport analogous
to the upper limestone of the same figure.
The Putnam Hill limestone probably was deposited in a
shallow marine sea which was relatively free from the influx
of coarse detritus. Static conditions of deposition are suggested by the conspicuous absence of quartz and the abundance of clay, especially in outcrop sections where clay
partings in the limestone are frequent (see stratigraphic descriptions in the appendix); and the widespread uniformity of lithic character and constant thickness over a large
area.The Vanport limestone was probably deposited in a shal
low marine embayment which had a more irregular outline, pronounced bottom topography, and higher energy conditions
than those of the Putnam Hill. Very rapid thickening and
thinning (e.g., see Uhrichsville no. 14 and Dover no. 1 in
Plate 2), unrelated to erosion, is suggestive of irregular
bottom topography and/or irregularity of the basin margin.
Higher energy conditions for the Vanport are suggested by the general lack of orientation of bioclasts in contrast to the very well developed bedding in the Putnam Hill limestone.
Finally, that these conditions of greater energy were associated with minor detrital influx from the south is indicated by the increase of coarse-grained silica detritus from north to south. Over all, most of the Vanport in eastern Ohio was deposited as isolated patches of bioclastic material
partially mixed with detritus from waning distributaries on the static portion of a detrital wedge. Vanport deposits
along the northern rim of the outcrop in Ohio and western
Pennsylvania reflect deposition further off shore in a
relatively shallow shelf zone with bottom irregularities.The minor anomalies of the seafloor topography, though probably reflecting earlier Allegheny and/or Pottsville deposi- tional patterns, may have been bottom features upon which
marine invertebrates and algae could grow and contribute
to the bulk of carbonate deposition.
RECONSTRUCTION OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
Introduction
Previous chapters have dealt with the kind and amount of lower Allegheny data and certain interpretations and inferences drawn from the different types of data. .In
this chapter this information is synthesized and an interpretation is made of the lower Allegheny sedimentary history of eastern Ohio. In this interpretation the previous works of Williams and Ferm (1964) in western Pennsylvania; Ferm
(1964), Zimmerman and Ferm (1965) in Ohio; and Webb (1963)
in southern Ohio are drawn upon in order to achieve a
regional synthesis.The evolution of the lower Allegheny sedimentary pat
terns is illustrated by a series of paleogeographic maps
(figures 17 through 21) depicting geographic location of
major progradational phases and associated environments.The vertical dimension of the sediments deposited in these
environments is illustrated schematically by an accompanying stratigraphic cross section (figure 16).
Figure 16. Schematic cross section showing major phases of progradation in eastern Ohio.
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTIONOHIO
LOWER KITTANNING COAL
VANP6RfMMEWNE
w m .WM A PHASE 2 PHA$EPHASE 1%9pAP H A S E RN W W W S N N N 'XXU.TNAM2HJLL LIMESTONE
BROOKVILLE COAL BROOKVILLE COAL
H COAL & 'UNDERCLAY' BRACKISH-NON-MARINE£ Y
MILES
ISHALE, SILTSTONE & SANDSTONE
LOWER ALLEGHENY EASTERN OHIO
MARINE BRACKISH SHALE
H MARINE SHALE & LIMESTONE
□ CHERT
V
Figure 17. Early Allegheny paleogeography? phases 1 and 2.
S tag n an t N o n -M a r in e Deposition
N o n - M a r in eDeposit ion
Static W edge
Slowly P ro g rad in g W e d g eRapidly Prograd ing W ed g e
S tag n an t M a r i n e - Brackish Deposit ion
M ar ine-Brack ish Silt and Clay
M ar in e Limestone
H E R
▼ A
EARLY ALLEGHENY PALEOGEOGRAPHY
PHASES 1 & 2
30I
MILES
44889
Sedimentary Development of the Lower Allegheny
54
Initial Allegheny deposition in southern Ohio was in
the ’'Brookville” peat swamp. Figures 16 and 17 illustrate
this swamp and its western Pennsylvania equivalent, the lower Clarion, which developed on older (Pottsville?) subsiding deltaic wedges, one of which is shown on figure 17 as the Kilgore wedge of phase 1. This swamp was transgressed in southern Ohio by Clarion marine sediments which form the basal rocks of the prograding brackish-nonmarine wedge. This detrital wedge (phase 2) gradually prograded
and shifted northward partially overlapping transgressive
deposits (Putnam Hill limestone) that were laid down over the Brookville and lower Clarion peat swamps. Near the Ohio-
Pennsylvania line a small detrital wedge prograded southward.
The prograding system of phase 2A on figure 18, now
represented by lower Clarion rocks in south central Ohio,
apparently had loci of deposition farther north than the previous wedges. The maximum outcrop thickness of this
wedge exceeds 60 feet. Two lobes of the detrital wedge developed the northern one probably resulted from a shift of the prograding system. The area to the south was
static and topographically high. During the early part of
Figure 18. Early Allegheny paleogeography? phase 2A.
m
N on-M ar ineDeposit ion
Sta tic W e d g e
Slowly Prograding WedgeRapidly Prog rad ing W e d g eMarine-Braclcish Silt and Clay
M ar ine Limestone
EARLY ALLEGHENY PALEOGEOGRAPHY
PHASE 2A
57
phase 2A, the Putnam Hill carbonate sediments continued to accumulate, fringing the northwest shoreline. Farther to
the east, in Pennsylvania, the detrital wedge from the
north was the site of increased southward progradation.During phase 3 (figure 19) active progradation shifted
farther northward depositing a marine-brackish wedge of lower Clarion sediment in northeastern Ohio that has a maximum outcrop thickness of over 40 feet. Sedimentary patterns of this phase are very complex. The prograding wedge fed from a distant southern source and covered a large area. This is reflected in the apron-like distribution of the marine-brackish shale. Only minor sandstone channel deposits are found in the sequence.
Contemporaneous with the gradual shift to the north
east and northward growth, the older southern wedges gradually stagnated and the oldest wedges became sites of peat
swamps. These swamps, now represented by the clarion coal
of southern Ohio developed as far north as the south side of
the wedge of phase 2 (see figure 16). Subsequently the
area subsided and the "southern" Vanport, a transgressive limestone, was deposited. This marine limestone grades
laterally toward the north, east, and south into brackish shale and chert which probably indicates the landward edge
Figure 19. Early Allegheny paleogeography; phase 3.
m
A A ▼ A
Stagnan t N o n -M ar in e Deposition
Non-MarineDeposit ion
Static W edge
Slowly Prograd ing W edge
Rapidly P ro g rad in g W e d g e
Stagnan t M a r in e - Brackish Deposit ion
Marine-Brackish Silt and Clay
Marine Limestone
© m i l ®
\..a ARI
VANjPORlf S r '
EARLY ALLEGHENY PALEOGEOGRAPHY
PHASE 3
30
MILES
60of the transgression. In western Pennsylvania, the detrital
wedge of phase 2A became static and it too was covered around
the fringes by peat swamp.During phase 4 (figure 20) coarse detritus was shunted
into the detritus-free area over which the "southern" Van
port sea had previously transgressed. This region with its
reduced base-level and close proximity to the avenue of
transport, probably made an ideal site for the accumulation
of detritus in an area extending from the southern part of Ohio northward to the center of the detrital wedge deposited during phase 2 (see figure 16).
The northern areas, sites of deltaic advance during
phases 2A and 3, probably began subsiding and were trans
gressed by the "northern" Vanport sea. Transgressive Vanport limestone was deposited around the northern edge of
the basin and into western Pennsylvania where it attains a
thickness of 20 feet.Phase 5, the last major progradational episode of the
early Allegheny is illustrated on figure 21. During this phase, now represented by upper Clarion rocks, progradation continued northward across the area previously covered during
phase 3. In some places more than 70 feet of upper Clarion
shale was deposited during this phase. Some of this material
Figure 20. Early Allegheny paleogeography; phase 4.
Static W edge
Slowly Prograding Wedge
Rapidly Prograding W e d g e
Chert Where PresentSiliceous Limestone Where Present Limestone Where Present
M ar ine-Brack ish Silt and Clay
Limestone Nodules
m
* ▼ A A
© S O U ®
/'\_-
\
K T «
VANIPOgTSi j ^ p ^1 ‘1'1'
EARLY ALLEGHENY PALEOGEOGRAPHY
PHASE 4
30MILES
Figure 21. Early Allegheny paleogeography; phase 5.
m
N on-M ar ine Deposition
Static W e d g e
Slowly Prograd ing W ed g e
Rapidly Prograding W e d g e
Marine-Brackish Silt and Clay
351?.
■A
/
■ A /.(LOWER KITTANNING
- - 7
w . m
EARLY ALLEGHENY PALEOGEOGRAPHY
PHASE 5
0Uadi 30■JMILES
65was also derived from at least two wedges advancing from the
north. One such wedge prograded south in the vicinity of the Ohio-Pennsylvania line; another farther to the east.
As these wedges finally prograded across the relatively
narrow areas of open water, their upper surfaces merged with
the already inactive wedges farther to the south forming a single soil zone now represented by the lower Kittanning
underclay.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS\
Lower Allegheny rocks in eastern Ohio and western Penn
sylvania reflect a broad spectrum of paralic depositionalenvironments. Underclays and coals presumably indicate
*
sites of terrestrial soil formation and swampy peat accumu
lations, respectively. Data collected from limestones indicate definite shallow-water marine loci and others (siliceous
limestones) indicate somewhat brackish conditions. Faunas
and data from ironstones included in some clay shales, silty shales, and siltstones, suggest marine or brackish condi
tions whereas other detrital rocks (e.g., most sandstones) seem to be mainly nonmarine. In general, the evidence from these detrital rocks suggests that within thin vertical
rock sequences there are upward gradations from marine to
nonmarine and from fine to coarse size materials, perhaps
indicative of prodelta, shallow bay, and other paralic
sedimentary environments.Rock types resulting from the various depositional
environments may be grouped into sedimentary units composed
of various lithic types. Each lithic type represents a
66
67
certain group of depositional phases. Two sedimentary units
are distinguishable in northeastern Ohio, the lower, and upper Clarion. Additional or comparable units to the south
have been reported by Webb (1963). The lower and upper Clarion units may be referred to the Clarion sedimentary complex where the two cannot be differentiated. Neither
the lithic types, nor the sedimentary units are continuous
over very large distances, and local or sub-regional causes must be responsible for most of the lithologic variation.
Spatial arrangement of the various rock types of
differing lateral continuity suggest a complex set of deltaic wedges, flanked by areas of stagnant sediments, prograded
northward against essentially static shorelines. Detritus
carried by generally northward flowing streams was distributed in a pattern that suggests gradient decreases due to
alluviation, which resulted in constantly shifting depositional loci. Each locus was slightly further seaward of the preceding one. Detrital sedimentation and active chemical
rock deposition appear, in most cases, to have been separated by considerable geographic distance. Active progradation appears to h^ve followed a general shifting pattern
with the major advance toward the north. After major pro
gradation, the clastic wedges commonly went through a cycle
of subsidence, stagnation and transgression all of which was followed by a new episode of detrital influx. Causes of subsidence and transgression were undoubtedly due to a
number of factors, among which compaction of sediments and tectonic forces (perhaps isostatic adjustment) are probably
the most important.
REFERENCES CITED
Bergenback, Richard Edward, 1964, The geochemistry and petrology of the Vanport limestone, western Pennsylvania: PhD Thesis, Pennsylvania State University.
Brant, Russell A., 1954, The Lower Kittanning no. 5 coal bed in Ohio; Ohio Geol. Survey, Report of Investigation No. 21, 59 p.
_________ ., 1956, Coal resources of the upper part of theAllegheny Formation in Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey,Report of Investigations No. 29, 68 p.
Carozzi, Albert V., 1960, Microscopic sedimentary petrography: New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 485 p.
Cayeaux, M. Lucien, 1916, Introduction a 1'etude petro- graphique des roches sedimentaires: Reprinted inParis, France, 1931, 524 p. 56 plates.
Coleman, James M., and Gagliano, Sherwood M. , 1964, Sedimentary Structures: Mississippi River deltaic plainAbs.: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., V. 76,Ho . 9.
Croneis, Carey and Toomey, Donald F., 1965, Gunsight (Vir- gilian) wewokellid sponges and their depositional environment: Journal of Paleontology, v. 39, no. 1,p. 1-17.
Delong, Richard, M. and White, George W . , 1963, Geology of Stark County: Ohio Geol. Survey, Bull. 61, 209 p.
Ferm, John C., 1962, Petrology of some Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 32, no. 1,p. 104-123.
69
70_________, 1964, Allegheny stratigraphy in the Appalachian
Plateau Abs.: Geological Society of America, Program1964 Annual Meetings, p. 60.
Flores, R. M. , 1966, Middle Allegheny Paleogeography inEastern Ohio: (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), Department of Geology, Louisiana State University,Baton Rouge, La.
Folk, Robert L., 1959, Practical petrographic classification of limestones: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull.,v. 43, no. 1, p. 1-37.
Ham, William E., Ed., 1962, Memoir 1, Classification of carbonate rocks; a symposium: Tulsa Oklahoma, TheAmerican Association of Petroleum Geologists, 279 p.
Huddle, John W. and Patteson, Sam H . , 1961, Origin of Pennsylvanian underclay and related seat rocks: Geol. Soc.America Bull., v. 72, no. 11, p. 1643-1660.
Krynine, P. D., 1954, The megascopic study and field classification of sedimentary rocks: Pa. State Univ., Min.Industries, tech. paper 130, also in Jour. Geology, v. 56, no. 2, p. 130-165, 1948.
Lamborn, Raymond E., 1951, Limestones of Eastern Ohio: OhioGeol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 49, 377 p.
_________, 1954, Geology of Coshocton County: Ohio Geol.Survey, Bull. 53, 245 p.
_________, 1956, Geology of Tuscarawas County: Ohio Geol.Survey, Bull. 55, 269 p.
LeBlanc, Rufus J. and Breeding, Julia G., Editors, 1957,Regional aspects of Carbonate deposition, a symposium •sponsored by the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists special publication no. 5, p. 178.
Miller, T. H. and Jeffords, R. M., 1962, Some properties of acetate films used in peels: Jour, of Paleontology,vol. 36, no. 6, p. 182-183.
71Moore/ Raymond C., Lalicker, Cecil G., and Fischer, Alfred
G., 1952, Invertebrate fossils: New York, McGraw-HillBook Company, Inc., 766 p.
Ohio Geological Survey, (no date), Files on stratigraphic sections: Columbus, Ohio.
Pettijohn, F. J., 1957, Sedimentary rocks: New York, Harper& Brothers, 718 p.
Roberts, Harry H., 1966, A Frequency Variation of Major Fossil Groups in the Clarion Shale (Pennsylvanian), Ohio and Pennsylvania: (unpublished M.S. thesis), Departmentof Geology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.
Schultz, L. G., 1958, Petrology of underclays: Geol. Soc.America Bull., v. 69, p. 363-402.
Stout, Wilber, 1916, Geology of Southern Ohio: Ohio Geol.Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 20, 723 p.
_________, 1918, Geology of Muskingum County: Ohio Geol.Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 21, 351 p.
_________, 1944, The iron ore bearing formations of Ohio:Ohio Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 45, 230 p.
_________, and Schoenlaub, R. A., 1945, The Occurrence ofFlint in Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 46,110 p.
Webb, James E., 1963, Sedimentary geology of Allegheny rocks in the vicinity of Ashland, Kentucky: (unpublisheddissertation), Department of Geology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.
Weber, Jon N. and Williams, Eugene G., 1965, Chemical composition of siderite nodules in the environmental classification of shales Abs.: Am. Assoc. Petroleum GeologistsBull., v. 49, no. 3, p. 362.
Weber, J. N., Williams, E. G., and Keith, M. L., 1964,Paleoenvironmental significance of carbon isotopic composition of siderite nodules in some shales of Pennsylvanian age: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 34,no. 4, p. 814-818.
72White, George W. and Lamborn, Raymond E., 1949, Geology of
Holmes County: Ohio Geol. Survey, 4th ser., Bull. 47,373 p.
Williams, E. G . , 1959, Guidebook for field trips. Geological Society of America, annual meeting, Pittsburgh, Penn- . sylvania.
j_________ , and Ferm,J. C., 1964, Sedimentary facies in thelower Allegheny rocks of western Pennsylvania: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 34, no. 3, p. 610- 614.
Zimmerman, R. K., and Ferm, J. C., 1965, Early Allegheny paralic environments in eastern Ohio, Abs.: Southeastern section of the Geological Society of America meeting, Nashville, Tennessee.
APPENDIX
Stratigraphic Sections
73
74OHIO
ALLIANCE 15' QUADRANGLE
SOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section N o . Source
1 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 135062 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 149123 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 149084 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 148975 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 5168,
contained in GSA Guidebook, 1961, p. 184
6 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 149577 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 149548 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 150589 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 6901
10 Measured and contained in this appendix11 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 689712 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1351013 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 215214 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1512815 Ohio Geological Survey file (no number)
Brandt16 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1495517 to 28 Measured and contained in this appendix
75ALLIANCE #10
Locations Mahoning County, Smith Township, Section 29, SW%,1.5 miles east of Stark County in strip mine along Highway 173.
Top of Section:1 2 .0 ' Sandstone, thickness estimated3.0 Shale, silty, grading laterally into sandstone0.5 Shale, black, fissle, broken fossils3.0 , Coal, #6 ?6.0 Clay, ironstone concretions
10.0 Shale, sandy, grading upward into siltstone neartop
6.0 Shale0.2 Clay, green0.5 Shale, clayey, black4.0 Coal, #5?
ALLIANCE #17
Location: Stark County, Lexington Township, Section 13, NW%, 0.7 miles southeast of Lexington in stripmine.
Top of Section:
00 • o Sandstone, buff, interbedded discontinuous silt- stone layers, cross-bedded
.6 .0 Sandstone, interbedded thin discontinuous layers of siltstone
4.5 Shale, silty, grading upward into siltstone with limestone concretions
8.0 Shale, black, fossils at base3.0 Coal, #5?
76ALLIANCE #18
Location: Stark County, Marlboro Township, Section 22, SW%and SE%, 1.6 miles southwest of Marlboro in Portland Cement Company's limestone strip pit.
Top of Section:11.3' Shale, iron stain, silty, thin bedded10.7 Shale, silty, thin bedded11.0 Shale, grey, slightly silty, sparsely fossili-
ferous, ironstone concretions5.0 Limestone, grey, dense, fossiliferous0.5 Coal
ALLIANCE #19
Location: Mahoning County, T.19N, R.5W, Section 33, 1.3miles southwest of Sebring in strip mine.
Top of Section:18.0' Sandstone, interbedded siltstone, thickness
estimated2.0 Coal
10.0 Concealed interval, clay exposed at topWater level in strip mine
ALLIANCE #20
Location: Stark County, Lexington Township, Section 36,SE% of SEhi, 0.8 mile east of Mt. Union in clay pit.
Top of Section:34.0' Siltstone and sandstone, interbedded3.0 Concealed interval5.5 Siltstone, thin bedded0.1 Shale, clayey2.0 Coal
Concealed interval, clay exposed at top
77ALLIANCE #21
Location: Mahoning County, Smith Township, Section 19, SE%of NE%, 2.5 miles southeast of Lexington (junction of Courtney and Martin Rds.) in limestone quarry.
Top of Section:
10.0' Till14-16' Limestone
ALLIANCE #22
Location: Mahoning County, Smith Township, Section 18, SE%of NW%, about 0.75 mile southwest of junction of Martin and Middletown Roads in limestone quarry.
Top of Section:
TillLimestone, fossiliferous
ALLIANCE #23
Stark County, Paris Township, Section 12, NE% of NW%, 0.5 mile west of New Franklin in strip mine.
Top of Section:4.0' Shale, silty, buff3.0 Shale, silty, black, sparsely fossiliferous at
top, large 1-2 ' in diameter, limestone concretions
9.7 Shale, silty, grading upward to siltstone, 1 footlayer of sandstone at top
3.0 Shale, black
10.0 '14.3
Location:
78ALLIANCE #24
Locations Stark County, Paris Township, Section 1, NW% of NW%, 0.5 mile west of Georgetown Street and Route 88 junction in strip mine.
Top of Sections15.0' Siltstone and sandstone interbedded, grading up
ward into sandstone, thin bedded, thickness estimated
3.0 Shale, gray, abundant ironstone layers0.5 Shale, black5.5 Coal5.0 Clay1.0 Limestone2.0 Clay0.5 Limestone6.7 Clay, exposed thickness
ALLIANCE #25
Locations Stark County, Paris Township, Section 11, NE% ofSE%, 1 mile southwest of New Franklin in strip mine.
Top of Sections6.0' Siltstone1.0 Sandstone6.0 Siltstone and sandstone, interbedded, abundant
ironstone concretions2.0 Shale, silty0.3 Shale, black2.5 Coal
79ALLIANCE #26
Location: Stark County, Paris Township, Section 23, NW%of NW%, 0.75 mile northeast of Myers in strip mine.
Top of Section:20.0' Siltstone and shale, interbedded, abundant iron
stone concretions, estimated thickness2.6 Coal (reported by farmer to be under silt and
shale)
ALLIANCE #27
Location: Stark County, Paris Township, Section 9, NE% ofSE% and NE% of NW%, about 1 mile southeast of Paris in strip mine and about 0.5 mile east of Paris in road cut.
Top of Section:10.0' Covered interval (probably sandstone), thickness
estimated20.0 Sandstone, buff, cross-bedded, channeled, thick
ness estimated 0-5' Shale, silty1.0 Coal, #6a?4.0 Underclay, partially covered0-2' Limestone, fresh water
33.6 Shale, clayey, dark gray, ironstone concretions,fossils at base, grading upward into shale, brownish yellow, very silty and in turn into siltstone
2.5 Coal, #68.0 Underclay7.0 Sandstone, fine to medium, gray7.0 Siltstone, thinly laminated, thin bedded, mica
ceous, grading upward into fine to medium sandstone
10.0 Shale, clayey, black, calcareous, fossiliferous(7") grading upward into shale, gray, slightly
80silty, and in turn to shaj.e, very silty
2.0 Coal, #5(Interval below drawn from driller's recollection of core drilled at same location)
12.5 Underclay15.5 Shale, silty ("sandy clay")34.0 Shale, "blue"14-16' Sandstone, "reddish"12.0 Limestone (Vanport?)7.0 Shale2.3 Limestone (Putnam Hill?)2.2 Shale, black, bony.1.8 Shale.5.2 Coal, (#4?)
ALLIANCE #28
Location: Stark County, Paris Township, Section 25, SE% of NW%, about 0.5 mile west of Highway 183 in Pennsylvania Railroad cut.
Top of Section:15.0 Sandstone, massive, thickness estimated9.7 Shale, very silty, abundant ironstone concre
tions, coal stringers near base
81OHIO
CANTON 15' QUADRANGLE SOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 28, p. 1322 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 49, p. 3143 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 149474 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 149075 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 134846 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 149397 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 149468 Measured and contained in this appendix
82
CANTON #8
Location: Stark County, Lake Township, Section 21, SE%of SW%, about 0.5 mile east of Market Avenue on Midway Street in East Ohio Limestone Company's quarry.
Top of Section:? Till cover
10.0' Siltstone, sandy, thin bedded, laminated0-5' Limestone, pinkish gray, clastic (?) , fossili
ferous, directly overlying limestone below6.0 Limestone, gray, dense, fossiliferous
20.0 Shale, gray, very silty, limestone concretions,(concretions become irony at top of zone)
5.5 Limestone, light gray, dense, fossiliferous2.6 Coal1.5 Coal, bony, slightly pyritiferous
Underclay (unknown thickness)
83OHIO
CARROLLTON 15' QUADRANGLE SOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section N o . Source
1 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 147002 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 135193 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 28, p. 1314 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 28, p. 1315 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 146666 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 149497 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 49038 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 48949 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 4878
10 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 487211 Ohio Geological Survey file (no number)12 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 488213 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 500614 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 493415 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 527516 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 485217 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 485418 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1511419 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1511720 Measured and contained in this appendix21 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1491422 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1491323 to 28 Measured and contained in this appendix
J
84CARROLLTON #20
Location: Carroll County, Brown Township, Section 2, SW%of SW%,in abandoned strip mine on east side of road.To fill in above Carrollton #5
Top of Section:
25.0' Covered interval, towards top silty and sandy,about 2/3 up shaly carbonaceous horizon, towards bottom shaly siltstone with occasional 6 "-8 " siltstone lenses
11.5 Shale, silty, argillaceous0.7 Limestone, discontinuous, sandy light gray,
weathers buff29.0 Shale, silty, argillaceous1.5 Limestone, sandy
CARROLLTON #23
Location: Columbiana County, West Township, Section 26,SE% of SE%, about 0.5 mile east of Lynchburg on Highway 30 in strip mine.
Top of Section:S
23.0' Sandstone9.7 Shale, grading upward into siltstone, ironstone
at top2.5 Coal
CARROLLTON #24
Location: Carroll County, Brown Township, Section 18, SW%of SW%, about 1.1 miles west of Malvern on Highway 183 in strip mine.
85Top of Section:23.0' Siltstone, gray, sparse ironstone concretions26.0 Shale, gray, abundant ironstone layers, grading
up to silty shale with abundant ironstone layers
1.0 Shale, gray0.5 Clay shale, fossiliferous3.0 Coal
CARROLLTON #25
Location: Carroll County, Brown Township, Section 24, NW% of NE%, about 2 miles southwest of Malvern in strip mine in Turkey Hollow.
Top of Section:30' Shale, abundant ironstone layers, grading upward
into silty shale and siltstone at the top 0.5 Shale, black, poorly bedded, fossiliferous2' Coal
CARROLLTON #26
Location: Stark County, Paris Township, Section 34, NW%of SW%, in abandoned strip mine on west side of road.
Top of Section:? Covered interval8 ' Shale, very silty, interbedded siltstone, shaly
14' Shale, clayey, slightly silty, ironstone, fossiliferous
Coal, #6 ?, covered
86CARROLLTON #27
Locations Carroll County, Monroe Township, Section 3, SE%, Section 2, NE%, Section 32, NW% of NW%, on southeast of Ridge Road in abandoned strip mine.
.Top of Section:
Covered IntervalSandstone, channel, interbedded with shale, very
siltyShale, gray, clay-silty, ironstone layers, plant
fragments CoalUnderclay exposed at top of covered interval
CARROLLTON #28
Stark County, Monroe Township, Section 24, NW% of SW%, on east side of road in strip mine.
Top of Section:Covered Interval
12' Sandstone, channeled-in3-5' Shale, clay, sandstone lenses, ironstone concre
tions , plant fragments3.0 Coal, #7?, variable thickness? Underclay exposed at top of concealed interval
0- 20 '
0- 8 '
4'
Location:
87OHIO
DOVER 15' QUADRANGLE SOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section N o . Source
1 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 113462 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 623 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 1314 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 1325 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 49966 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 1127 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p . 92
, 8 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 134128A Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 649 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 11340
10 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1134111 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1464912 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 14651
12A Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1465013 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1468214 Ohio Geological Survey file (no number)15 Ohio Geological Survey file (no number)16 Ohio Geological Survey file no . 1350417 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1469718 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1487419 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1506520 Ohio Geological Survey file no . 1485921 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1481622 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1488823 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 499724 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 28, p. 13125 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 5226 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1469927 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1468728 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 147 0429 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1470230 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 501031 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 525732 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1468833 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 14869
88Section No. Source
34 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 147 0335 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1469136 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1467737 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1470138 Ohio Geological Survey file norf 1467939 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1466040 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1465841 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1508442 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1094243 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1508544 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1511345 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1512046 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1510747 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1509948 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1509849 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1509650 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1510351 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1509452 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1507653 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1509154 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 15089t55 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 499556 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 913957 to 60 Measured and contained in thi s appendix61 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1491962 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1992363 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1488964 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1487265 Ohio Geological S,urvey file no. 1298966 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1346267 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1345768 to 7 0 Measured and contained in this appendix
89DOVER #57
Location: Stark County/ T.9N./ R.8W., Section 20, NE% of NE%, in strip mine on north side of road on hilltop.
Top of SectionsIndefinite covered interval Sandstone, thin bedded, buff, very fine Shale, weathered, light gray to buff, alternat
ing with clay-silt layers .Shale, coarse silt, micaceous, thin limonitic
partingsShale, clayey silt, dark gray-brown, limonitic,
iron (siderite?) concretions Shale, black, clayey, scattered iron (siderite?)
concretions CoalUnderclay, dark gray occasional coal stringer Shale, indurated micaceous silt, dark-black clay Shale, dark-gray, limestone concretions Shale, clayey, dark-brown-black, carbonaceous
DOVER #58
Stark County, T.9N., R.8W., Section 27, SW% of NW%, in clay pit on west side of road
Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval
10' Shale, brown-gray, fine silty shale, medium bedded, ironstone concretions
12.5 Shale, gray, fissile, thin bedded, occasionalsmall ironstone concretions
2' Limestone, dark gray, dense, fossiliferous0.3 Shale, black1.2 Coal, Brookville6.5 Shale, clayey, dark gray, grading to underclay
beneath coal1' Shale, light gray, very silty, thin bedded
1.5 3'5'5'
11 '
1.5 0.5 1.0 5' 2 ’
Location:
905* Sandstone, buff, fine, medium to thick bedded4' Shale, sandy6 ' Sandstone, gray, weathers buff, fine to medium,
cross bedded
DOVER #59
Location: Stark County, T.9N., R.8W., Section 20, SE% ofSW%, on north side of road in strip mine.
Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval
30' Shale, dark-gray, clay at base of unit gradingupward into silt
0-2' Limestone, fossiliferous0-1' Shale0-2' Limestone, fossiliferous0-1' Shale0-2’ Limestone, fossiliferous0-1' Shale, ironstone concretions2.5' Limestone, dark gray, dense, fossiliferous
(Putnam Hill)0.5' Shale, clayey, black, carbonaceous2' Coal
DOVER #60
Location: Tuscarawas County, Fairfield Township, Section 8 ,NW% of NE% of NW^, about 0.75 mile west of Somer- dale and 1.5 miles north of Johnston in abandoned strip mine.
Top of Section:151 Sandstone0.5' Coal blossom5 1 Clay0-3' Limestone
28.5' Sandstone, and shale, silty, bedded-51' Shale, clay at bottom becoming silty towards top,
fossiliferous (Washingtonville), (marine zone
91extends 6-7' above coal) limestone concretions and stringers
0.5' Clay? Coal, (Middle Kittanning)
DOVER #68
Location: Stark County, Osnaburg Township, Section 33, SW%of NE%, on north side of road in abandoned strip mine.
Top of Section:?. . Indefinite covered interval
14' Shale, silty0.5' Clay, fossiliferous1.5' Coal, #6 a4.5' Clay, silty1.5' Limestone, (freshwater)5' Shale, clayey3' Shale, clayey, kaolinitic4' Sandstone, fine grained, argillaceous3* Clay1.5' Limestone, freshwater, yellow4.5' Siltstone, shaly
12' Sandstone, silty21' Siltstone, thin bedded12.7' Shale, silty, gray, ironstone concretions0.2* Clay1.5' Coal, #6 ?3.5' Underclay, silty
12' Clay, silty, grading to siltstone at top of interval
1.5' Coal, #5a?, exposed at top of concealed interval
DOVER #69
Location: Stark County, Pike Township, Section 7, NW%, about0.5 mile southwest of Guest School in abandoned strip mine.
92Top of Sections? Covered interval
15' Sandstone3.5' Coal, #62' Underclay5' Sandstone, thin bedded, shaly
20' Shale, clayey, grading upward to shale, silty,ironstone concretions
1.5' Coal13’ Shale, silty, ironstone concretions? Coal, #5, (exposed at top of concealed interval)
DOVER #70
Locations Stark County, Pike Township, Section 8 , Central West of SE%, in ditch along road.
Top of Sections3* Coal #5?
261 Covered interval2' Limestone, Putnam Hill1 ’ Coal? Covered interval
93OHIO
NAVARRE 15' QUADRANGLE
SOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source
1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P* 2882 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P* 2883 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P- 2894 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P« 292
4A Ohio Geological Survey file no. 114285 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P- 3196 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P. 3217 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P- 3228 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P* 3239 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P- 324
10 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P- 32411 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P- 32512 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P- 32613 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P. 7314 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 9615 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P. 6316 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P. 13617 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 7418 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 14319 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P* 14520 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1333121 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 13322 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1450423 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1450324 to 31 Measured and contained in this appendix32 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1449733 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1429034 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1425135 Measured and contained in this appendix
94NAVARRE #24
Location: Tuscarawas County,. T.10N., R.9W., Section 16, oneast and west side of road leading to strip mine.
Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval7' Shale, black, fissile, ironstone concretions3' Covered interval2 1 Coal
25' Covered interval with shale at base and clay attop
35' Shale, gray, silty (towards top), ironstone concretions
0-0.5' Shale, black2' Limestone dark gray, dense, fossiliferous (pro
gressively lower concentrations up through shale)
2' Coal, Brookville? Indefinite covered interval
NAVARRE #25
Location: Tuscarawas County, Wayne Township, 0.2 mile southof German School in strip mine.
Top of Section:
5' Shale, sandy, buff19' Shale, gray, fissile, clayey, grading upwards
into silty shale, limestone concretions 7.5' Shale, clayey, dark gray to black, fossiliferous,
limestone concretions 0.2' Clay, pyritiferous1.5' Coal, Lower Kittanning
95NAVARRE #26
Locations Stark County, Sugar Creek Township, Section 33, SW and SE%, about 0.75 mile southeast of Wilmot in strip mine.
Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval1 1 Clay1* Coal, #6 ?1 1 Clay4' Sandstone, yellowish-brown iron stain, thin-
bedded, cross-bedded 29' Shale, very silty, buff, bedded, becoming gray
with deep iron stain on cleavage planes and sideritic bands, toward the base.
1.5' Coal, #5a?23.5' Clay, slightly silty, light greenish gray, iron
stain becoming grayer toward base and finally dark gray to black and shaly above coal
3.0’ Coal, #5
NAVARRE #27
Location: Tuscarawas County, Franklin Township, about 0.75mile north of School No. 2 in southwest corner of township in strip mine on south side of road.
Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval2' Coal, 5a?
0.4' Clay, dark gray26' Shale, clayey, grading upward from shale, dark
purplish gray, fissile with iron stain in cleavage planes, and ironstone concretions, to shale, silty clay, with large concentration of ironstone stringers
3.5' Coal, 5?? Covered interval with clay exposed at top
96NAVARRE #28
Locations Stark County, Sugar Creek Township, Section 26, East Central and Section 25, West Central, about1.0 mile north-northeast of Beach City in abandoned strip mine.
Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval8 ' Sandstone, buff, thin bedded4' Shale, very silty
12' Shale, clayey, grading upward into silty shale,with ironstone concretions
0.5' Clay, gray, yellow mottled, slightly shaly2' Coal
38' Shale grading upward from shale, dark gray, clayfossiliferous, with ironstone concretions, to shale, light gray, clayey ironstone concretions, iron stain on cleavage planes, slightly silty, to shale, greenish yellow, clayey, large ironstone concretions iron stained cleavage planes, slightly silty
2 1 Coal1' Underclay
23' Shale, grading upward from shale, dark gray,clayey, ironstone concretions, fissile, iron stain on cleavage planes, to shale, light gray, very silty, iron stain on cleavage planes
5.5' Covered interval, approximate thickness2' Limestone, fossiliferous, no continuous zone of
limestone was found directly overlying coal, but this position tentatively selected because of greatest number of large loose blocks present at approximately this level in section
? Coal, #4?, exposed at top of covered interval
NAVARRE #29
Location: Tuscarawas County, Dover Township, Section 1, SE%,about 0.75 mile south-southeast of Brandywine School in strip mine.
97Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval
20' Sandstone, cross-bedded, buff, (erosional contactwith shale below), exposed thickness measured
15' Shale, silty, clayey3' Coal #62 1 Underclay
36' Shale, clayey, black, ironstones, grading upwardto shale, gray, slightly silty, and overlain by sandstone, light gray, silty, thin bedded
0-1' Limestone, fossiliferous, varying laterally into-shaly limestone
3' Coal, #544.5' Covered interval6 ' Limestone, shaly, dark gray, fossiliferous, dense
1 7 ' Shale, clayey, dark gray, with ironstone concretions, fossiliferous, grading upward to shale, slightly silty, calcareous
1.2' Limestone, dark gray, somewhat shaly, fossiliferous
0.5' Limestone, shaly0.5' Clay1' Coal, #4? Covered interval exposing clay at top
NAVARRE #30
Location: Tuscarawas County, Dover Township, Section 19,SW% of SE%, about 1.25 miles southwest of School No. 12 in strip mine.
Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval
35* Sandstone, buff, cross-bedded, (erosional contactwith underlying shale)
15' Shale, silty, clayey, fossiliferous3' Coal, #6
21' Clay, shaly, dark gray-green, grading upward toclay, light grayish green, siltier, thin bedded, to clay, light gray, silty, thin bedded
982.5' Coal, #5a
21' Shale, clayey, with ironstone concretions, gray,fossiliferous
3 ' Coal, #5? Covered interval exposing clay at top
NAVARRE #31
Locations Tuscarawas County, Franklin Township, Section 10,NE% of SW%, about 0.15 mile south of PleasantHill School in strip mine.
Top of Section:? Shale, silty, buff, exposed at bottom of indefi
nite covered interval2.0' Coal, #5a
22.5' Shale, grading upward from shale, clayey, gray,fossiliferous with ironstone concretions to shale, siltier, light gray, and in turn into clay
3.0' Coal, #5? Underclay, exposed on floor of pit
NAVARRE #35
Location: Wayne County, Paint Township, Section 12, SW% ofSE%, and Section 13, NE% of NE%, in abandoned strip mine.
Top of Section:o Covered interval8 ' Sandstone, buff, thin bedded
15' Shale, silty, thin limestone layers0 .2 * Clay, slightly shaly, black1 ' Coal, #5a?1 ' Underclay, 1' exposed4.5' Covered interval
21.5' Clay, light greenish gray, fissile, limy clay concretions
CO 0-*
i—I rvi
t—l
995.6' Shale, clayey, black, ironstone concretions,
grading upward into interval above .51 Covered interval
Coal, #5?1 Covered interval' Limestone, Putnam Hill' Coal, Brookville
3' Clay, exposed at top of covered interval
100OHIO
MILLERSBURG 15' QUADRANGLESOURCE OP PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source
1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 2932 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 3053 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 3094 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 3125 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 3166 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 3187 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 3218 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 3289 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 336
OHIOLOUDONVILLE 15' QUADRANGLE
SOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source
1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, p. 298
OHIOSCIO 15' QUADRANGLE
SOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONSSection No. Source
1 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 3952 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 3923 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 2844 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 2855 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 2776 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 10976
101OHIO
UHRICHSVILLE 15' QUADRANGLESOURCE OP PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, pp. 57
& 1012 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 1203 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 1204 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 2145 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 1776 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 1767 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 2108 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 1809 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 183
10 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 18511 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, p. 19412 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 39113 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 86914 to 18 Measured and contained in this appendix
102UHRX CHSVXLLE #14
Location: Tuscarawas County, Goshen Township, in road cutsouth of bend in Tuscarawas River just south of New Philadelphia.
Top of Section:? Covered interval above to top of hill
38' Sandstone, fine to coarse, buff, thin to mediumbedded, large mica flakes along the bedding planes, all beds cross-bedded (channel sand?) or (levee?), occasional 2-5' shale, silty, clayey, dark gray
23' Siltstone, argillaceous, gray, ("churned"), grading upward after 16 feet to bedded (medium to massive) siltstone, fine to medium grain size
3-4' Coal, Middle Kittanning10' Clay, shaly, dark gray, grading upward into a good
plastic light gray to yellowish underclay 37' Sandstone, fine to very coarse, buff, cross
bedded, (channel sandstone?) in places channeled into underlying coal, (about 5 feet above the bottom is an irregularly channeled- out 0-1 foot coal zone, occasionally with underclay)
0-1' Shale, clayey, black, slightly silty0-1' Coal, Lower Kittanning
31’ Clay, shaly, silty, zone near bottom has coarse,well-rounded sand grains or oolites? in clay matrix, green to dark gray, clay becoming thoroughly bored and mixed towards top (bay clay?), upper 2 feet very plastic, light gray clayey, bored
16’ Limestone, Vanport, slightly silty and argillaceous in thin zones becoming sandy near top and grading into shale above, fossiliferous
23' Shale, dark gray to black, slightly silty but.mostly of clay size, thin zones of limestone concretions, lower 12 feet fossiliferous
2' Limestone, Putnam Hill, dark gray, dense, fossiliferous
0.5-1.O' Shale, dark gray, carbonaceous, grading upward into shaly limestone
1032'-3' Coal, Brookville0.2' Clay, light gray0.5-1.O' CoalO'-l' Underclay, gray, carbonaceous, shaly
10' Shale, sandy and silty, grey, some thin beddingplanes, grading upward into a light gray siltstone which is argillaceous
19' Sandstone, light gray on fresh surface, fine tomedium grain size, micaceous, laminated, crossbedded (channel sandstone?), medium to thick bedding planes, limonite along bedding planes and also large mica flakes
2.0' Coal, variable thickness, sandstone above channeled into coal with occasional thin less than 2 feet of clay directly above coal, the clay (shale) is dark gray with few, less than 6 inches diameter, chert nodules in clay
0-1' Clay, black, carbonaceous, few thin coal layers7' Clay, very silty, dark gray, carbonaceous,
micaceous
UHRICHSVILLE #15
Location: Tuscarawas County, T.7N., R.2W., approximately1 mile northwest of highway 16 and 2 miles northwest of Gnadenhutten in strip mine on west side of road
*
Top of Section:12' Indefinite covered interval comprised of silty
shale, estimated thickness 2' Shale, black, carbonaceous2.5' Coal, very shaly4' Underclay, light gray9* Shale, clayey, light greenish gray, limonitic
stain, iron concretions 0.2' Coal, very shaly
57' Shale, black, becoming silty after about 40 feetup, marine fossils (?), ironstone concretions
1' Coal, shaly, grading laterally into calcareousshale, fossiliferous
1043.5’ Coal
10' Clay, light gray to yellow, grading into underclay6 ' Clay, shaly, light gray, limonitic stain2-3' Limestone, light gray, dense, shaly in spots,
limonitic stains, slightly fossiliferous0-3' Clay, carbonaceous, light-dark gray2.5' Coal, Lower Kittanning? Underclay, partly exposed, light gray, yellow
streaks, plastic
UHRICHSVILLE #16
Location: Tuscarawas County, Mill Township, 1 mile northwest of cemetery in Newport in a coal auger pit.
Top of Section:40' Sandstone, buff, lower portion cross-bedded, top
thin bedded5* Shale, Washingtonville, clayey, fossiliferous3' Coal
Underclay
UHRICHSVILLE #17
Location: Tuscarawas County, Rush Township, Section 31,N W % of NEhi in strip mine.
Top of Section:35' Shale, clayey at bottom grading upward into silty
shale, replaced, in part, laterally by sandstone, cross-bedded (0- 2 0 ')
6 ' Coal, #7?? Underclay
105UHRICHSVILLE #18
Location: Tuscarawas County, Mill Township, about 1 mile■ northwest of Eastport.
Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval8 ' Sandstone, buff, fine to medium grained, bedded,
bedding planes 2-4 inches apart 8.7' Siltstone, sandy, buff, very thin-bedded2' Siltstone, clayey, very fine grained0.5' Shale, very carbonaceous, sparsely fossiliferous2' Coal #6 a, very shaly, bony8 ' Underclay, ironstone concretions.3* Siltstone, poorly stratified2' Sandstone, silty0.5' Siltstone1.5' Limestone, silty, freshwater1' Siltstone0.7' Sandstone, calcareous, silty
11.3' Covered interval2 ' Sandstone
22' Covered interval, exposing sandstone at base,weathered buff, medium grained, cross-bedded, erosional contact with interval directly below
20' Shale, slightly silty, ironstone concretions,grading upward into very silty shale
2' Shale, clayey, ironstone concretions, fossiliferous? Covered interval, Coal exposed at top, #6 ?
106OHIO
NEWCOMERSTOWN 15' QUADRANGLESOURCE OP PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P- 3272 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P- 334
2A Measured and contained in this appendix3 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 714 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P. 1025 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1056 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1297 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1448 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1069 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 5978
10 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 598510A Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 14511 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P* 5112 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 8613 Geological Survey, of Ohio Bull. 55, P* 12814 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P. 5915 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 10216 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 6117 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 7218 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 8219 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 1512620 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 6021 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 55, P- 14122 to 24 Measured and contained in this appendix
107NEWCOMERSTOWN #2a
Location: Holmes County, Clark Township, Section 25 NE% of SW%, 1 mile north of Baltic in clay pit.
Top of Section:Shale, silty, brown with clayey siltstone layers
near the topShale, silty at top, blueish-gray, ironstone con
cretions in thin bands, lower 3 feet fossiliferous
Covered interval of clay shale, becoming silty at top
Limestone, Putnam Hill, fossiliferous Clay, shaly, fossiliferous Coal, underclay beneath
NEWCOMERSTOWN #22
Tuscarawas County, T.8N., R.3W., Section 16, NE% of NE%, in strip mine on north side of road.
Top of Section:22.8' Covered interval, probably shaly sandstone40' Shale, clayey, light gray at top, dark gray at
bottom, middle of section upward progressively siltier and also thin bedded
8 ' Shale, clayey, slightly silty, dark gray, limestone nodules and thin limestone band, fossiliferous
2' Coal, Middle Kittanning
NEWCOMERSTOWN #23
25'6 '
12 '
1.5'0.5'1 '
Location:
Location: Coshocton County, White Eyes Township, along roadabout one mile north of Bowman School and in abandoned strip mine north of the road.
Top of Sections7' Shale, silty", clayey0.5' Clay, sparsely fossiliferous2.7' Coal, Middle Kittanning6.5' Clay, plastic, light gray to yellowish7' Siltstone, shaly, buff, to yellowish
1 1 .5 • Covered interval (probably shale, clayey)1.5' Coal, shaly
25' Covered interval8.5' Limestone, dirty gray, dense, sparsely
fossiliferous
NEWCOMERSTOWN #24
Location: Tuscarawas County, Salem Township, Section 11SW% of NE%, in strip mine 0.75 mile from High ways 36 and 16 at the end of Standard Port Washington town road.
Top of Section:
Siltstone, shaly Shale, siltyShale, clayey, fossiliferous, sideritic con
cretions CoalUnderclay, creamyShale, silty, light buff to yellow Shale, clayeyLimestone, shaly, fossiliferous Shale, clayey black, fossiliferous CoalUnderclay
10 '
15'23*
2 '5.5'
10.5'11.5'1 ’0.5’2.5'
109OHIO
COSHOCTON 15' QUADRANGLESOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source
1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 47, P. 3282 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1503 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P. 734 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1145 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1716 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1067 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1138 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 1879 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 112
10 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 10811 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 12312 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 15513 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 15914 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 18915 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 28, P- 13016 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, P- 15417 to 21 Measured and contained in this appendix
110COSHOCTON #17
Location: Coshocton County, Jackson Township, center ofSection 20, in abandoned strip mine.
Top of Section:15' Sandstone, buff, cross-bedded1' Coal, Lower Freeport?
20' Shale, clayey, grading upward into silty shaleand in turn into underclay
15' Shale, silty35' Shale, clayey, dark gray, silty towards top? Covered interval presumably concealing shale,
(Washingtonville?), fossiliferous, overlying coal (Middle Kittanning?)
COSHOCTON #18
Location: Coshocton County, Jackson Township, Section 4, NW%of S W a l o n g north trending road.
Top of Section: .8 ' Shale, silty, siltstone beds up to 1 foot in
thickness27' Shale, Washingtonville?, black, fossiliferous,
grading upward into silty shale 1' Clay2' Coal, approximate thickness, bottom covered
COSHOCTON #19
Location: Coshocton County, Clark Township, Section 23,SE% of SW% and SW% of SE%, along northwest- southwest trending road.
Top of Sections6 ' Sandstone, partially covered, approximate thick-
ness25’ Shale, clayey, grading upward to silty shale,
partially covered1 ' Coal, shaly1 ' Coal, Middle Kittanning?
30' Covered interval1.5' Coal3' Covered, shale and underclay
19' Sandstone, cross-bedded, coal stringers at base1.5' Shale, clayey, grading upward to silty shale1 ' Limestone, sideritic0.5' Coal, shaly1 ' Underclay
46' Sandstone3' Limestone, cherty, dark gray, fossiliferous,
minimum thickness
COSHOCTON #20
Location; Coshocton County, Jackson Township, about 1 mile southwest of junction of roads 271 and 16, in strip mine and ravine east and west sides of road, respectively.
Top of Section:10 ‘
1.5*8 *4 ’2 '
20 '
36'
Sandstone, buff, medium to coarse grained, lying disconformably over coal, occasional clay lenses between it and coal, clay lenses have dwarfed brachiopods
CoalClay, silty, light greenish to yellow, gray mot
tled, bored and reworked Sandstone, fine grained, very micaceous Shale, sandySandstone and sandy shale, alternating
below it is clayey, slightly silty, has sideritic concretions and occasional limestone stringers
1120.5' Clay, Washingtonville, black, fossiliferous2.5' Coal6 ' Underclay
34' Covered interval, probably sandstone171 Covered interval at top coal (3 inches exposed)
underlain by clay (at least 3 feet) silty sandstone at base
5.5' Clay, silty34' Covered interval45' Sandstone
COSHOCTON #21
Location: Coshocton County, Jackson Township, in road cutwest of Route 16, 0.25 mile south of junction of Routes 271 and 16.
Top of Section:3' Limestone, very cherty, fossiliferous, chert in
solid bands and nodular 1.5' Limestone, shaly, dark gray, fossiliferous0.5' Shale, very calcareous, fossiliferous1' Shale, black, very carbonaceous
15.5' Covered interval probably clay3.5' Limestone, dark g:ray to brown, very fossili
ferous
H cm
m
in
113OHIO
BRINKHAVEN 15' QUADRANGLE
Source of Plotted Sections
Section N o . SourceGeological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, p. 121 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, p. 149 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 13018 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 4692 Measured and contained in this appendix
114BRINKHAVEN #5
Location: Coshocton County, Bedford Township, Section 7,NE%, along road trending northeast to southwest.
Top of Section:45.5' Covered interval, probably underlain by coal18' Covered interval, clay exposed at top2' Limestone, gray, dense, sparsely fossiliferous4' Covered interval2' Limestone, sandy, fossiliferous6 ’ Covered interval, limestone, sandy, with fossils
in ironstone, exposed at base 931 Covered interval1' Limestone, dark gray, dense, fossiliferous
OHIOCONESVILLE 15' QUADRANGLESOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, p. 702 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, p. 1933 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, p. 1614 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 16535 Ohio Geological Survey file no^ 5096 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 5217 to 13 Measured by R. M. Flores
14 to 18 Measured and contained in this appendix
116CONESVILLE #14
Locations Muskingum County, T.2N., R.6W., Section 6 , SW% of SW%, extending from abandoned strip mine to the west along the hill.
Top of Sections ,7 Covered interval, shaly at base, very silty,
grading upward into siltstone23' Shale, slightly silty, gray0.5* Shale, clayey, black, fossiliferous2 * Coal, Middle Kittanning?7 Underclay, partly exposed
CONESVILLE #15
Locations Coshocton County, Virginia Township, about 1 mile west-northwest of Willowbrook along left bank of road and in abandoned strip mine.
Top of Sections11' Covered interval, probably sandstone63' Sandstone, buff, occasional silty clay layer,
cross-bedded1-2' Ironstone conglomerate lying discomformably with
shale below7.5' Shale, black, carbonaceous, ironstone concre
tions, fossiliferous just above coal 54' Covered interval at top of which is a coal
(2'?) Middle Kittanning 17' Limestone, cherty
CONESVILLE #16
Locations Muskingum County, Muskingum Township, about 0.7 mile south of Rock Cut in the road cut.
117Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval concealing uppermost
part of limestone bed below 1.5' Limestone, cherty, dark gray, dense, fossiliferous1' Clay0.3' Coal stringer
10' Clay3.5' Sandstone
28.51 Covered interval containing black flint zone andconcealing bottom part of sandstone above and uppermost part of the light gray, plastic, clay below
2.5' Coal17' Covered interval with partially exposed shale,
silty, grading into siltstone and sandstone and in turn into underclay
2' Shale, clayey, gray, fossiliferous2.5' Limestone, Putnam Hill?, gray, very fossiliferous0.5' Shale, calcareous black, fossiliferous1 1 Coal? Uriderclay, poorly exposed
CONESVILLE #17
Location: Coshocton County, Virginia Township, Section 8 ,NW% of NE%, scraped hill for road cut on north , side of road.
Top of Section:? Indefinite covered interval, sandstone1' Shale, clayey5 1 Covered interval5.5' Limestone, fossiliferous5* Clay6 ' Limestone, very fossiliferous, thin black flint
(?) zone near top of the underlying clay 13.5' Clay4' Limestone, cherty, fossiliferous1' Clay, very light gray5.5' Limestone, cherty
1181 1 ' Clay, olive drab11.5' Shale, silty, clayey1 ' Limestone, cherty, black, dense, fossiliferous1 ' Clay3.5' Limestone, cherty, black, dense, fossiliferous0.5' Clay, gray3' Coal2 ' Clay, gray0.7' Coal0.5’ Clay, parting0.7' Coal5< Siltstone, light gray
CONESVILLE #18
Location: Coshocton County, Virginia Township, Section 8 ,SW% of SE j, about 1 mile southwest of church in Willowbrook in Peabody Coal Company's strip mine.
Top of Section:Covered interval Sandstone Siltstone ClayIronstone SandstoneShale, Washingtonville, clay, very fossiliferous,
increasing silt content upward Coal, #6 Underclay Sandstone Siltstone, shaly Coal, #5a?ClayIronstoneLimestone, cherty, ironstone concretions Siltstone, kaolinitic Clay, Lower Kittanning, dark gray ClayClay, dark gray
?21 '
5'2.5'0.5'
17'20 '
3'1.5'3 ’4'0.2 ’5.5'0.7'2 '6 '1 '4'
to to
119
11' Clay4' Limestone, Vanport, cherty?
38', Siltstone' Limestone, Putnam Hill' Coal
1 2 0
OHIOFRAZEYSBURG 15' QUADRANGLESOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source
1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, p. 1372 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, p. 1843 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 53, p. 1534 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 132115 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 7706 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 7627 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 7658 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 7549 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 740
10 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 71011 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 21, p. 15512 >r Ohio Geological Survey file no. 74713 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 40914 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 40715 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 46116 to 18 Measured by R. M. Flores
OHIOPHILO 15' QUADRANGLE
SOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section No. Source
1 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 8262 Ohio Geological Survey file no . 8393 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 5744 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 4755 • Ohio Geological Survey file no. 4816 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 2327 to 12 Measured by R. M. Flores
1 2 1
OHIOZANESVILLE 15' QUADRANGLE
SOURCE OF PLOTTED SECTIONS
Section N o . _ Source
1 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 2 1 , p. 1712 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 48, p. 1743 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 48, p. 1754 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 48, p. 2095 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 48, p. 2116 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 48, p. 2137 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 48, p. 2148 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 48, p. 2169 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 28, p. 129 .
10 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 2 1 , p. 14411 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 42012 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 41013 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 46714 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 78815 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 2 1 , p. 13116 Geological Survey of Ohio Bull. 2 1 , p. 14017 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 34818 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 38219 Ohio Geological Survey file ho. 1095520 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 850821 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 77222 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 76923 Ohio Geological Survey file no. 77324 to 36 Measured by R. M. Flores37 Measured and contained in this appendix
1 2 2
ZANESVILLE #37
Location: Muskingum County, T.1N., R.8W., in Zanesvillealong road cut 100 yards east of Licking River on north side of road.
Top of Section:8 ' Covered interval, probably shaly siltstone8 ' Covered interval with silty shale2.5' Limestone, Putnam Hill, fossiliferous0.7' Shale
35' Sandstone7' Siltstone8 ' Shale, black1.5' Sandstone5' Shale, clayey0.6' Flint1' Coal
10' Siltstone, dark gray, shaly1' Shale, black1.5' Coal
VITA
Ronald K. Zimmerman was born in Wabash County, Illinois
on January 6 # 1935. He attended public primary and secondary schools in that county, graduating from Mt. Carmel High
School in the spring of 1952. He completed a tour of duty
with the United States Army in December of 1956. In September, 1957 he entered Augustana College at Rock Island, Illinois, transferred to the University of Illinois in
September, 1958, and was granted a Bachelor of Science degree
from that institution in August of 1960.He entered the graduate school at Louisiana State Uni
versity in September, 1960 and received a Master of Science degree in geology in June, 1963. While studying at Louisi
ana State University, he held an industrial fellowship with
Coastal Studies Institute from February, 1961 to June,1962, a graduate assistantship in the Department of Geology
during the academic years of 1962-63 and 1963-64, and the Socony Mobil Oil Company Fellowship in geology during the academic year 1964-65.
123
He is a member of the Society of Sigma Xi and American
Association of Petroleum Geologists. He has been employed as a geologist in the exploration department of Humble Oil
and Refining Company since August 1965.
EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT
Candidate:
Major Field:
Title of Thesis:
Ronald K. Zimmerman
Geology
Aspects of Early Allegheny Depositional Environments in Eastern Ohio
Approved:
Professor ana Chairman
Dean of the Graduate School
EXAMINING COMMITTEE:
Date of Examination:
May 5, 1966
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EXPLANATION
15’ QUADRANGLE IDENTIFICATION
A Alliance • LV LoudonvilleAT Athens M MillersburgBV Beaver N NavarreB Bri'nkhaven NL New LexingtonCZ Cadiz - NW NewcastleCN Canton NC NewcomerstownCT Carrollton P PhiloC Columbiana SL SalinevilleCV Conesville SC ScioCS ; Coshocton SB SteubenvilleD Dover U UhrichsvilleF Frazeysburg w We11svilieJ Jackson WK WilkesvilleLR Laurelville Z ZaleskiL Lisbon ZV ZanesvilleLG Logan
N 12 Location of plotted section by quadrangle
40°00'
is Location of cross sections shown in
39°30'
39°00'
iO£ol8 i00o38
N 151 QUADRANGLE IDENTIFICATION
A Alliance LV LoudonvilieAT Athens M MillersburgBV Beaver N NavarreB Brinkhaven NL New LexingtonCZ Cadiz NW NewcastleCN Canton NC NewcomerstownCT Carrollton P ..PhiloC Columbiana SL SalinevilleCV Conesville SC ScioCS Coshocton SB SteubenvilleD Dover U UhrichsvilleF Frazeysburg W We11svilieJ Jackson WK WilkesvilleLR Laurelville Z ZaleskiL Lisbon ZV ZanesvilleLG Logan
. 12 Location of plotted section by quadrangle
8 Location of cross sections shown in 10 15............................. ...■ ■ ■ K = = ) ** •ILES plates II through VI.
6 - F R E E P O R T SEDIMENTARY COMPLEX
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EXPLANATI
CHEMICAL ROCKS DEJ -X- | It<3>
MARINE - BRACKISH LIMESTONE, BEDS, LENSES, a NODULES
FRESH-WATER LIMESTONE LENSES
M A U G H
CANTON
M
S E D / M E N T A R >Y
A 12
D I2A
D 6 8
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VLOWER F R E E P O R T
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LE KITTANNING (LOWER F R E E P O R T SEDIMENTARY I SEDIMENTARY
U NIT UNIT
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sn ml?CD
EXPLANATION
CHEMICAL ROCKS DETRITAL ROCKS, 1,1,1,. M A R I N E - B R A C K I S H L IM E S T O N E ,
B E D S, L E N S E S , a N O D U L E S•••••. * • •'
n r *F R E S H - W A T E R LIM E ST O N E L E N S E S
• — * — * *
S A N D S T O N E
S I L T S T O N E f t S IL T Y
CLARION SEDIMENTARY COMPLEX KITTANNING - FREEI
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UNIT SEDIMENTARY UNIT /UNIT j
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SYMBOLS
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MARINE - BRACKISH F O S S IL S
BRACKISH F O S S I L S
CONTACT, A B R U PT 8 GRADATIONAL
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9 /» O >f /•
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CHEMICAL ROCKSM ARIN E-BRA CK ISH L L E N S E S , A NODULE
F WFR E SH -W A T E R LIME:
EXPLANATION
MICAL ROCKSH M A R IN E -B R A C K IS H L IM E S T O N E , BEDS, J L E N S E S , a N O D U LES
]> F R E S H -W A T E R LIM ESTO N E L E N S E S
DETRITAL ROCKS
SA N D STO N E
SILTSTONE & SILTY SHALE
A
CS9
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f cU3T >DC
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CHERT, BEDS a NODULES
IRONSTONE, LAYERS 6 NODULES
COAL
"SEATROCK"(UNDERCLAY)
SILTSTONE 8 SILTY SHALE
CLAY SHALE
F E E T
-80
— 60
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— 2 0
SYMBOLS
D 3 3
MARINE - BRACKISH FOSSILS
BRACKISH FOSSILS
CONTACT, ABRUPT a GRADATIONAL
STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION 8 NUMBER
COVERED INTERVAL
CROSS SECTION C -DSEE PLATE I FOR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
NAVARR. DOVER
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EXPLANATION
CHEMICAL ROCKS DETRITAL ROCKSMARINE - BRACKISH LIM ESTONE, BEDS, SANDSTONEL E N S E S , 8 NODULES ::l\;hv=;
FR E SH -W A T E R LIM ESTONE L E N S E S s il t s t o n e a
28 n 32* * *•
M ID D L E K IT T A N N IN G
¥STRASBURG 5 a
LOW ER KITTANNING 5
N 16
COLUM BIANA
r x * PU TN A M
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B R O O K V IL L E 4
V A N P O R T
TUSCARAWAS
I 18M IO O LE K IT T A N N IN G 6
N 31 yS T R A S B U R G * 5 a
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L O W E R K ITTA N N IN G 5
VAN P O R T
M H IL L
TUSCARAWAS
FW
18M IDDLE K ITTA N N IN G 6
N 31- - / S T R A S B U R G - 5 a
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LOWER KITTANNING 5
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Isl'iiUil*.:! SANDSTONE
SILTSTO N E 8 SILTY SHALE
CLAY SH ALE
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COAL o
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SYMBOLS
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£
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MARINE - BRACKISH FO SSILS
BRACKISH FO SSILS
CONTACT, ABRUPT 8 GRADATIONAL
STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION 8 NUMBER
COVERED INTERVAL
CROSS SECTION E -F 8 G-JSEE P L A T E I FOR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
MILLERSBURG NAVARRE
N 12
LOWER
COSHOCTON
K.
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L O W E R F R E E P O R T
COSHOCTON
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EXPLANATION
CHEMICAL ROCKS DETRITAL ROCKSMARINE - BRACKISH L I M E S T O N E , BEDS,L E N S E S , a N O D U L E S , . * •* St *#
<r'r iTS F R E S H - W A T E R 1T T -1 .
S A N D S T O N E
S I L T S T O N E a SILTY S H A L E
"MIDDLE KITTANNING 6
, WASHINGTONVILLE
COLUMBIANA
N 14
LOWER KITTA N N IN G *!
N 13
*
V
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' - 'BROOKVILLE * 4
N 29
I ING ^ 5
n
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* 4
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/
0 3 ON
ak*6 SO
V j$ T :6 ON1—1|
\£i-tL
NC 14
BROOKVILLE 4
LOWER KITTANNING 5
- - - \
^WASHINGTON VILLE
MIDDLE KITTANNING ^ 6
‘Stt ^ -C O L U M B IA N A
i
PUTNAM HILL
N 6 T 0 N V I L L E
K I T T A N N I N G 6
L U M B IA N A
ING * 5
NC 14
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PUTNAM HILL
Ul
|<& l e n s e s , a NODUL
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IRONSTONE, LAYEf
COAL
"SEATROCK" (UNDEI
F E E T SYIVr-80
*€5
h -60
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L - O
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F R E S H - W A T E R
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I R O N S T O N E , L A Y E R S 8 NO DULES
COAL
" S E A T R O C K " (U N D E R C L A Y )
K I SANDSTONE I: 1
SILTSTONE 8 SILTY SHALE
CLAY SHALE
FEET — 80
— 60
— 40
— 2 0
*— 0
SYMBOLS
" O ’
D 3 3
V
MARINE - BRACKISH F O S S I L S
BRACKISH FOSSILS
CONTACT, A B R U P T 8 GRADATIONAL
STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION 8 NUMBER
COVERED INTERVAL
CROSS SECTION l-J -H 8 K-H-MS E E P L A T E I FOR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
2 0 2 4 6
COSHOCTON
MIDDLE KITTANNING * 6
jNEVVCOjVJERSTo w n
L.
NC 23 NC 3
EXPLANATION
CHEMICAL ROCKS DE‘r*.i±iJLi M ARINE-BRACKISH LIMESTONE,
BEDS, LENSES, a NODULES. u .»•’ l*.» •*
nr* FRESH-WATER LIMESTONE LENSES . —JJ.
E X P L A N A T I O N
ICAL ROCKS DETRITAL ROCKSM A R IN E -B R A C K IS H L IM E ST O N E , BEDS, L E N S E S , a NODULES
|.l. L. 1.1. TP..a
•• l* • ' SANDSTONE
F R E S H -W A T E R LIMESTONE LENSES I v - f l SILTSTONE a SILTY SHALE
CS 3
MIDDLE KITTANNING 6
LOWER KITTANNING 5
- — *
PUTNAM HILL
BROOKVILLE
|€> ^ I BEDS, LENSES, 8 NODULES li” *i ~ v I -i
'sr.sr.
333CC ® 9
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FR ESH-W ATER LIMESTONE LENSES
CHERT, BEDS 8 N O D U L E S
IRONSTONE, LAYERS 8 NODULES
COAL
"SEATROCK"(UNDERCLAY)
SI
F E E T
r-80
60
— 40
— 2 0
^ - 0
SYMBOLS
D 3 3
V
MARINE-BRACKISH FOSSIL!
BRACKISH FOSSILS
CONTACT, ABRUPT 8 GRAI
STRATI GRAPHIC SECTION
COVERED INTERVAL
CROSS SECTION (SEE P L A T E I FOR GEOGRAPHIC
2 O 2 4
BEDS, LENSES, a NODULES F“,v I li”*i ~ v i -I
FRESH-W ATER LIMESTONE LENSES
CHERT, BEDS 8 N O D U L E S
SILTSTONE 8 SILTY SHALE
CLAY SHALE
«T IRONSTONE, LAYERS 8 NODULES
COAL
V f "SEATROCK"(UNDERCLAY)
SYMBOLS
D 3 3
VA
MARINE-BRACKISH FOSSILS
BRACKISH FOSSILS
CONTACT, ABRUPT 8 GRADATIONAL
STRATI GRAPHIC SECTION 8 NUMBER
COVERED INTERVAL
CROSS SECTION C -LSEE P L A T E I FOR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
2 O 2 4 6