Post on 01-Feb-2016
description
Arctic Ecosystem Risk and RemediationAAAS Meeting, St. Louis, MO 18 Feb 2006
An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Management of Arctic LMEs:
Experience of the Global Environment Facility
Andrew HudsonPrincipal Technical Advisor,
International WatersUnited Nations Development Programme –
Global Environment Facility
What is the Global Environment Facility
(GEF)? Financial mechanism for major MEAs:
UNFCC, CBD, UNCCD, Stockholm, Montreal Protocol, Focal areas: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
International Waters, ODS; New: POPs, Land Degradation
Partnership between UN agencies and Int’l. Financial Institutions UNDP, UNEP, WB = Implementing Agencies EBRD, IADB, ADB, AfDB, IFAD, FAO, UNIDO =
Expanded Executing Agencies GEF Secretariat
~$8 billion in grants since 1991 ~40% CC, ~35% BD, ~12% IW, ~5% ODS, ~5% LD,
~3% POPs
GEF - Threats to International GEF - Threats to International Waters & People, Ecosystems, Waters & People, Ecosystems,
and Developmentand Development Pollution: Water unusable, ecosystem impacts, human
health Inefficient Water Use & lack of integrated water
resources management: Inter-state conflicts, loss of livelihoods, ecosystem impacts, climate change imprint
Overfishing/Depleted Oceans: Ecosystem disruption, species extinction, livelihoods & $ 60 billion/year in trade in jeopardy
Aquatic Habitat & Species Loss: Loss of spawning & nursery areas, storm surge protection, livelihoods, carbon sinks, etc.
Invasive Aquatic Species: Global economic damage est’d. $100 billion/year; ship ballast water a key vector
Challenge to meet MDGs & WSSD targets because of fresh water and marine resource mismanagement/conflicts
Peace, stability, security, economic development at risk
Why Transboundary Waters?
261 large river/lake basins cross boundaries of two or more countries
145 countries have territory within one or more of these international basins
~85% of world’s 64 LMEs shared by two or more countries
E.g. transboundary the ‘norm’, not the exception, for world’s waters
Weak or non-existent regional governance arrangements (institutions, policies, legal frameworks) for most shared waterbodies
GEF International Waters GEF International Waters Operational Strategy (1995)Operational Strategy (1995)
“International waters” includes the oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed seas and estuaries as well as rivers, lakes, groundwater systems, and wetlands with transboundary drainage basins or common borders
GEF Strategy:
Assist groups of countries to better understand the environmental concerns of their international waters and work collaboratively to address them;
Build the capacity of existing institutions (or, if appropriate, developing the capacity through new institutional arrangements) to utilize a more comprehensive and integrated approach for addressing transboundary water-related environmental concerns
Implementing measures that address the priority transboundary environmental and water resources concerns, utilizing full range of technical, economic, financial, regulatory, and institutional measures needed to operationalize sustainable development strategies for international waters.
GEF International Waters Portfolio
~$275 m. to 15 LME programmes
LME/GEF Project Associated Regional Seas Convention/Action Plan
GEF Implementing
Agency
Executing Agency & Partner(s)
GEF Grant(s) (~ = in prep)
Baltic Sea Helsinki WB HELCOM $18 m.
Red Sea Jeddah WB, UNDP,UNEP PERSGA $19 m.
South China Sea Action Plan for Seas of East Asia
UNEP EAS/RCU $19 m.
Canary Current LME Abidjan UNEP FAO TBD
Benguela Current LME Abidjan UNDP UNOPS, BENEFIT
$15 m.
Agulhas/Somali Current LMEs Nairobi UNDP UNOPS, WB, UNEP
$12.2 m.
Yellow Sea NW Pacific Action Plan UNDP UNOPS $14.4 m.
Humboldt Current LME Lima UNDP UNIDO ~$5 m.
Gulf of Mexico Cartagena UNDP UNIDO ~$8 m.
Partnerships for Environmental Management of Seas of E. Asia - PEMSEA (5 LMEs)
Action Plan for Seas of East Asia & SDS/SEA
UNDP IMO, UNOPS $24.2 m.~$11 m.
Caribbean Sea Cartagena UNDP IOC/UNESCO ~$9 m.
Mediterranean Sea Barcelona UNEP MEDU-MAP $6 m.+
Black Sea Bucharest UNDP, WB,UNEP UNOPS, BSC $91 m.
Bay of Bengal Action Plan for S. Asian Seas & BOBP
WB FAO $12.1 m.
Innovative Approaches to Regional Cooperation in
Transboundary Waters Management Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA)
Prioritize transboundary environmental and water resource issues, environmental & socioeconomic impacts, root causes
~25 completed Strategic Action Programme (SAP)
Policy, legal, institutional reforms & investments to address priority issues in TDA
~25 completed Strong consonance with 5 LME Modules
Productivity, Fish & Fisheries, Pollution & Ecosystem Health, Socioeconomics, Governance
TDA/SAP course prepared by GEF agencies to codify experience and best practice; now available for global delivery
Linkages between TDA/SAP & 5 LME Modules
LME Module
TDA SAP
1. Productivity TB issue, threats, root cause analysis
Regional & national reforms to maintain productivity
2. Fish resources and fisheries
TB issue, threats, root cause analysis
Regional & national reforms to sustain fisheries
3. Pollution & Ecosystem Health
TB issue, threats, root cause analysis
Regional & national reforms to reduce pollution and sustain ecosystem
4. Socioeconomics Socioeconomic impact analysis, incl. prioritization of issues
Economic instruments, investments, etc. as tools for SAP implementation
5. Governance Governance analysis; stakeholder analysis
Legal, policy & institutional reforms; stakeholder involvement (PS & civil society)
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TDA
Initial identification and prioritization of transboundary environmental and water resources problems
Socioeconomic analysis of impacts/consequences of agreed transboundary problems
Final prioritization of transboundary problems
Identify immediate, underlying and root causes of problems (Causal Chain Analysis – CCA)
Undertake a governance analysisDraft the TDA
THE STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAMME
The Strategic Action Programme is a process of reaching political consensus on the policy, legal and institutional reforms, investments and capacity building requirements needed to address the priority transboundary issues identified in the TDA.
It requires the best possible technical advice and is based on the principle of collaborative problem solving
Requires broad intersectoral participation (IMCs) to facilitate addressing sectoral issues at root cause level
STEPS FOR DEVELOPING THE SAPDevelop a long term vision for the shared
waterbody including Ecosystem/Water Resource Quality Objectives
Brainstorm ways to attain the Eco/WR QOsAssess the acceptability of the options,
including: technical feasibility, as well as economic and political
Set short-term targets and priority actionsDevelop M & E indicatorsDraft the SAP
SAP IMPLEMENTATION Adoption of the SAP – Ministerial Conference Donors Conference & other SAP resource
mobilization Development of SAP implementation
interventions by GEF & other donors Monitoring of SAP implementation –
adoption and monitoring of GEF Process, Stress Reduction and Environmental Status Indicators
Adaptive Management Strategic Partnerships between GEF
agencies and donor partners
GEF LMEs - Regional Ocean Governance progress
SAPs/equiv completed/advanced (11) Black Sea, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea,
Pacific Warm Pool LME, South China Sea LME, Yellow Sea LME, East Asian Seas (SDS/SEA), Benguela Current LME, Guinea Current LME, Baltic Sea, Caspian Sea
SAPs in preparation (6) Bay of Bengal LME, Agulhas/Somali Current
LMEs, Caribbean LME, Gulf of Mexico LME, Humboldt Current LME, Canary Current LME
UNDP, UNEP, World Bank, EU 17 basin countries $70 million Investment Fund
(WB) already approved by GEF Council in 3 tranches, ~12 investments
2 UNDP-UNEP regional projects (Danube, Black Sea): Technical assistance, policy/legal reform & institutional strengthening
Comparative advantages each IA Black Sea ecosystem recovering:
$3.3 billion in nutrient reduction investments
N, P loads reduced by 6, 33% resp. relative to 2000 baseline
70s & 80s NW shelf benthic hypoxia virtually eliminated
Benthic species diversity doubled from 1980s levels; Phyllophora returning
The Danube - Black Sea The Danube - Black Sea
Basin Basin
Strategic Partnership forStrategic Partnership for
Nutrient Pollution Nutrient Pollution
ReductionReduction
SAP Example
GEF Benguela Current LME Programme
Countries: Angola, Namibia and South Africa
Duration: 2002 - 2007 Implementing agency:
UNDP Executing agency: UNOPS GEF: US$ 15,000,000.00 Co-finance: US$
18,000,000.00
BCLME SAP: Sustainable Management & Utilization of
LMR Regional institutional structure established Joint surveys and assessments of shared
stocks Harmonizing management of shared stocks Assessment of non-exploited species Development of regional mariculture policy Socioeconomic analysis Harmonization of national protected area
policies Regional commitment to FAO Code of
Conduct for Responsible Fishing
BCLME SAP: Management of Mining &
Drilling Regional consultation framework
including Code of Conduct for Responsible Mining
Harmonization of mining policies Cumulative impact assessment
w/industry involvement Coordination of offshore oil and gas
exploration and production actions
BCLME SAP: Assessment of Environmental Variability,
Ecosystem Impacts & Improvement of Predictability
Development of early warning system for monitoring major environmental events
Establishment of environmental baseline against which to measure future variability/change
Improve predictability of extreme events to strengthen resource management
Establish Harmful Algal Bloom reporting network Collaborate with the international community to
assess the CO2 source/sink status of the BCLME
BCLME SAP: Management of Pollution
Harmonizing environmental quality objectives (incl. pollution control, monitoring, enforcement)
Harmonization of oil pollution contingency plans and regional policy
Common regional strategy for implementation of MARPOL 73/78 in BCLME region
Regional harmonization of marine litter legislation and enforcement
BCLME SAP: Maintenance of Ecosystem Health and Protection
of BiodiversityRegional assessment of most
vulnerable species and habitatsRegional policy on ballast water
managementDevelopment of regional marine
biodiversity conservation management plan
BENGUELA CURRENT COMMISSION (BCC)
Ministerial ConferenceMinisterial ConferenceMinisterial ConferenceMinisterial Conference
Joint Management CommitteesJoint Management CommitteesJoint Management CommitteesJoint Management Committees
SecretariatSecretariatSecretariatSecretariat
Living Marine Living Marine
ResourcesResources
Living Marine Living Marine
ResourcesResources
Joint Management BoardJoint Management BoardJoint Management BoardJoint Management Board
Environmental Environmental VariabilityVariability
Environmental Environmental VariabilityVariability
Ecosystem Health andEcosystem Health and
PollutionPollution
Ecosystem Health andEcosystem Health and
PollutionPollution
WORKING GROUPS
GEF in Arctic LMEs - Options
E/W Bering Sea LMEs (GEF-4: UNDP) Chukchi Sea Barents Sea Oyashio Current Sea of Okhotsk E. Siberian Sea Laptev Sea Kara Sea
(All involve Russian Federation as GEF-eligible country)
Thank you!