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Transcript of Falck zepeda boston aaas 2017
Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Global policy and economic issues associated with the development and use of genetically engineering crops
José Falck ZepedaSenior Research Fellow
International Food Policy Research Institute – Program for Biosafety Systems (IFPRI - PBS)
Presented at the AAAS Annual Meeting in Boston, February 19, 2017.
The “New” Evolving Global Food System
• Global agricultural growth driven by changes in productivity– But unequal changes in productivity
• Facing long term vulnerability and short term productivity shocks– Climate change– Population growth, urbanization, income inequality and conflict– Increasing environmental and biodiversity protection challenges– Declining investments in R&D and science and technology in
some countries
• Challenging context that requires embracing complexity and broader approaches to address new development landscape
A new, knowledge-based global food system focused on ensuring equity
• Departing from a focus on a narrow set of objectives – think innovation convergence
• Advancing scientific frontiers—investing in R&D
• Designing better policies—evidence-based decision-making
• Integrating gender and ensuring equity—in both policy and technology design
• Linking to health and nutrition—yield gain is not enough
• Ensuring sustainability—synergies in agriculture and environment
Genetically Engineering: A story of contrast and a cautionary tale about
the future
Science and Technology Achievement• An elegant and ingenious
innovation that solved specific agricultural production and productivity problems
• Rapid uptake leading to 187 million hectares adopted, roughly 13% of total area planted
• Four crops (maize, soybeans, cotton and canola) and two traits (insect resistance and herbicide tolerance) but situation changing…
Consumer Acceptance and Social Context Issues• “Frankenfoods”• Unsafe products• Imposed by developed countries• Need to be subjected to
regulatory scrutiny• Questions about corporate
control of agriculture, access to seeds by smallholder farmers
• Competing with “more acceptable” agricultural production systems or technologies such as organics or fair trade or biologics….
Genetic Engineering is product of innovative convergence
• Convergence at different levels
– Knowledge /disciplinary
– Organizational /collaboration
– Product
• Along value chains
– Input side
– Market
– Industry (Input + Market)
Source: Brӧring, 2010; Allarakhia, 2011
Genetic Engineering as a convergent innovation – knowledge/input side
Biology
Information science
Plant breeding
Molecular engineering
• Social
• Economic
• Legal
• Regulatory
• Ethical
Development context
GE technology transfer: Insect resistant / Herbicide tolerant maize in Honduras
Seed innovator
Breeding/Agronomy
Capacity and R&D
Asgrow / Dekalb A5753
Gene innovator
Biotechnology Capacity and
R&D
Monsanto
MON810 & NK 603
Biosafety
analysis
Bt / RR maize hybrid
A5753BT/RR
Intellectual
Property
Farmers /
Households
+
Socio-Economic
Impact
Assessment?
Dir
ect
seed
tra
nsf
erUSA, South
Africa, Chile
Honduras
Seed SystemSustainable
livelihoods and
gender analysis
Public Private
Partnerships and
strategic alliances
Innovation System
Five takeaways from the NAS GE crops report
1. The best evidence suggests current GM crops are just as safe to eat as regular crops
2. Current GM crops have proven valuable to many farmers — but context matters
3. Beware of simplistic arguments over whether GM crops can "feed the world“
4. Some GM crops have had positive environmental effects — but watch out for unintended effects
5. Genetic engineering is changing radically — and regulations need to adjust
Source:
based on
Broad Portfolio of Technologies in the Regulatory Pipeline
“The Global Pipeline of GM Crops to 2020” Parisi, Tillie and Rodriguez-Cerezo (2016) published in Nature Biotechnology shows:
• Doubling of GM events at advanced regulatory to commercialization stages has doubled from 2008-2014
• Still relatively few crops and traits but this is changing rapidly especially number of stacked traits
• Increase in number of traits will represent an issue for international trade – adventitious and low level presence
Not only GE approaches in the pipeline, but also upcoming New Plant Breeding
TechniquesTechniques Examples Applications
Nuclear genome transformation
Agrobacterium mediated Gene gun mediated
Most commercially available technologies
Plastome transformation Not widely usedGene silencing techniques Antisense silencing FLAVR SAVR tomato delayed fruit ripening and enhanced fruit quality
RNA Interference(RNAi) Yellow/Golden mosaic virus resistant bean produced by EMBRAPA
Transformation methods that do not rely on tissue culture
Floral dip For example, certain members of the Brassicaceae family such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa can be transformed using the floral dip method (Clough and Bent, 1998; Liu et al., 2012) in which Agrobacterium tumefaciens delivers the transgene directly into the genome of egg cells, thereby permitting production of transgenic plants directly from seed. Used to avoid somaclonal variation
Genome editing Meganucleases Not widely usedZinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) Not used yet for commercial application
transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)
Not used yet for commercial application
Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 nuclease system
Release approvals for waxy corn and disease resistant mushrooms in the US
Artificial and synthethic chromosomes
Not used yet for commercial application
Targeted epigenetic modifications
Not used yet for commercial application
Source: Based on data presented in the NAS Report 2016
Regulatory and the innovation policy environment related to GE crops development and delivery
• R&D investments• Public-private, public-public, private-private
collaborations and the challenges especially in developing countries to deliver technology to farmers
• Intellectual Property• Biosafety• Seed registration• Trade• Policy and regulatory environment outside agriculture
having an impact on agriculture – CO2 mitigation…• Consumer acceptance
Timeline and estimated R&D and regulatory costs for a GE crop
Year Early
Discovery
Late
Discovery
Construct
optimisati
on
Commercial event
production &
selection
Introgression
breeding & wide
area testing
Regulatory
science
Registration
& Regulatory
affairs
R&D Total Regulatory science
+ Registration and
Regulatory Affairs
Total
1 15.9 0.0
2 13.9 0.0
3 8.8 0.0
4 10.4 0.0
5 14.4 4.2
6 8.8 4.6
7 12.8 4.6
8 8.0 6.0
9 8.0 3.2
10 0.0 3.2
11 0.0 3.2
12 0.0 3.2
13 0.0 3.2
Total 17.6 13.4 28.3 13.6 28.0 17.9 17.2 100.9 35.1
Source: Based upon Phillips McDougal 2011
The future
• Technology change with a focus on equity and equity access
• Focusing on a knowledge based food production system – smart agriculture with respect to climate change, energy and fossil fuel use, sustainable and stronger connection with changes in consumer demand
• Need for increased convergence and intensification
Main messages
• Need to resolve regulatory, policy and legal issues which are currently hurdles for deployment
• Need to consider science, technology and innovation within the broader social, economic and ethical context
• Otherwise… innovation flows will decrease to unacceptable levels that will not keep up with human development needs
José Benjamin Falck-Zepeda
Senior Research FellowIFPRI
2033 K Street NWWashington, DC 20006-1002
Brief bio/pubs: http://www.ifpri.org/staffprofile/jose-falck-zepeda
Blog: http://socioeconomicbiosafety.wordpress.com/
Follow me on Twitter: @josefalck