Post on 21-Jan-2016
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APHG Unit Four Review
Political Organization of Space
Political Geography Political Geography is the study of the
political organization of the planet Since the beginning of history, humans have
divided the planet into political units, or territories Territoriality: effort to control pieces of the
Earth’s surface for political and social reasons
Political Culture: the collection of political beliefs, values, practices, and institutions that the government is based on
Boundaries
A state is separated from its neighbor by boundaries, or invisible lines that mark the extent of a state’s territory and the control the leaders have
Historically, frontiers separated states Frontier: a geographic zone where no
state exercises power Ex: Antarctica and the Rub al-Khali
Types of Boundaries
Physical Boundary: Rivers, lakes, and oceans are the most common; also include mountains and deserts Law of the Sea: coastal boundaries
extend 12 nautical miles from the coast
Types of Boundaries
Cultural Boundaries: boundary set by ethnic differences such as language and religion Ex: India and Pakistan
Geometric Boundaries: straight, imaginary lines that generally have a reason behind them
Morphology
Territorial Morphology is a term that describes the shapes, sizes, and relative locations of states
Shapes of States
. Compact – The most efficient form.
A state whose territory is nearly circular. Because all places could be reached from the center in a minimal amount of time making it the most efficient for roads, railway lines, other infrastructure.
Examples: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, and
Uganda
Prorupt - A state that is nearly compact but possess one or two narrow extensions of territory, which isolates a portion of the state.
The proruption can be a physical (penninsula) elongation of land or may have economic or strategic significance – access to resources, sea, establishment of a buffer zone, etc…
Examples: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Shape of States
Elongated – A state whose territory is long and narrow. The least efficient shape administratively. It may sacrifice national cohesion to promote eco strength.
Example: Chile, Italy, and Gambia
Shape of States
Shape of States
Fragmented – Entirely made up of islands or territory, separated by another state, or is a state with an offshore island.
- contains isolated parts, separate and discontinuous.
Examples: Indonesia, United States, former
East and West Pakistan
Perforated - A state that completely surrounds a territory that it does not rule.
That area is called an ‘enclave’ and it may be independent or part of another state.
(Enclaves are territories or ‘outliers’ located inside another state.)
Example: Italy or South Africa
Shape of States
Size of States
Microstates: a country with a land size of a few square miles Examples: Vatican City, Monaco
Russia is the largest country in the world, followed by Canada, China, the United States, and Brazil
Relative Location of States
Landlocked State: countries lacking an ocean coastline, and surrounded by other states
Sometimes a landlocked country will try to access a foreign port, or become prorupted Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked
state
Functions of Boundaries
Boundaries serve as symbols of sovereignty, or the ability of the state to carry out actions or policies within its borders
Sovereignty promotes nationalism, or a sense of unity with fellow citizens and loyalty to the state
Internal Boundaries: boundaries within a state Ex: The United States, Canada, China
Boundary Disputes
Almost half of the world’s states have been involved in boundary disputes
Positional Dispute: occurs when states argue about where the boundary actually is Ex: Argentina and Chile
Boundary Disputes
Territorial Disputes: arise over ownership of a region, usually around mutual border
Usually one state claims the other should belong to them due to ethnic and language commonalities Ex: German invasion of Poland
Boundary Disputes
Resource Dispute: dispute involving natural resources that lie in border areas Ex: Iraq and Kuwait
Functional Dispute: arise when neighboring states cannot agree on policies that arise in a border area Ex: US and Mexico border
The Nation-State
State: a territorially organized piece of land, or country
Institution: stable, long-lasting organizations that help to turn political ideas into policies
Nation: a group of people that is bound together by a common political identity
The Nation-State
A nation-state is a state whose territorial extent coincides with a group of people, or nation Examples: Denmark, Iceland, The United States
Binational/Multinational State: a state with more than one nation Ex: The former USSR
Stateless Nation: a group of people without a country Ex: Palestine, the Kurds
Organization of States
Core Area: the heartland of an area; identified by levels of population concentration and transportation networks
Multicore State: a state with more than one core area Example: Nigeria
The Capital City
In most states, the capital is not only the center of government, but also the economic and cultural center
Primate City: the largest city in a nation and one where the second largest city is significantly smaller
Forward Capital: the capital city serves as a model for national objectives Ex: Japan
Electoral Geography Electoral Process: the methods used in a
country for selecting its leaders Electoral Geography: the study of how the
spatial configuration of electoral districts and voting patterns reflect and influence social life
Gerrymandering: the attempt to redraw boundaries to improve chances of winning election
Minority/Majority Districting: rearranging districts to allow a minority representative to be elected Ex: North Carolina
Colonialism and Imperialism
Colonies: Dependent areas given fixed and recorded boundaries where none existed before
Imperialism: empire building
Systems of States
Unitary System: one that concentrates all policymaking powers in one central geographic place (European States)
Confederal System: spreads the power among many sub-units and has a weak federal government (Switzerland)
Federal System: divides power between strong central government and sub-units (US, Canada, Australia)
Supranational Organizations
Cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level for all major decisions and rules
Challenges to the Modern State
Centripetal Forces: bring people together Includes Nationalism, Institutions,
Television, and Transportation Centrifugal Forces: destabilizes the
government and encourages the country to fall apart Includes Multinationalism, Religious
Conflicts, and Separatist Movements
Devolution
Devolution is the tendency to decentralize decision-making to regional governments
Devolution-Ethnic Forces
Ethnic forces that can cause devolution usually occur because of multinationalism; an ethnic group sees itself as a separate unity from the state Examples: Canada and Ireland
Devolution-Economic Forces
Economic forces can devolve a state if the economic activities of the state vary by region; one region of the state does better economically than the rest of the state Examples: Italy and Spain
Devolution-Spatial Forces
Spatial forces cause devolution if a part of the state is separated from the rest of the state due to physical or other barriers Examples: East and West Pakistan and
Puerto Rico
Geopolitics
The study of the spatial and territorial dimensions of power relationships within the political-territorial order
Friedrich Ratzel: developed the study of geopolitics; compared the state to an organism with a predictable rise and fall of power Used by Hitler
Geopolitics
Halford Mackinder was concerned with the power relationship around Britain’s empire; believed Britain’s empire revolved around the sea, but eventually a land-based power would rule the world
Heartland Theory: the “pivot area” of the world (Eurasia), hold the resources to dominate the world Used by Russia after WW II
Geopolitics
Rimland Theory: challenges the Heartland Theory; says the Eurasian Rim holds the power to dominate the world; rim includes land that encircles the Heartland and includes China, Korea, Japan, SE Asia, India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Europe Developed by Nicholas Spykman
Supranational Organizations
The United Nations (UN) 191 Member States Membership is voluntary UN Peacekeeping Forces Security Council (US, Britain, France,
China, and Russia) World Bank and International Court of
Justice Anyone for Model UN next year?
Supranational Organizations
North American Treaty Organization (NATO) 28 Member Nations including the US,
Canada, and Turkey Developed as a political association The combined spending of NATO on
defense is 70% of the world’s defense spending
Supranational Organizations
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 12 Member Countries including
Venezuela, Ecuador, and Nigeria Purpose is to control the worldwide
supply of oil Powerful political force as well
Supranational Organizations
North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Agreement between the United States,
Canada, and Mexico Trade bloc designed to promote
economic prosperity
Supranational Organizations European Union (EU)
27 Member States Economic and Political agreements Three Pillars of the EU:
Trade and other economic matters; including a single currency and European Central Bank
Justice and home affairs; asylum, border crossing, immigration, and international justice
Common foreign and security policy; joint positions and actions, common defense policy
Forces of Change
Democratization Movement toward Market Economies Revival of Ethnic or Cultural Politics
Democratization
The movement of a country’s government towards a democracy First Wave: developed gradually over time Second Wave: occurred after the Allied
victory in WW II Third Wave: began in the 1970’s and is
continuing today; characterized by defeat of dictator or totalitarian rule in South America, Eastern Europe, and Africa; Samuel Huntington
Movement Towards Markets
Many countries are moving from socialism towards capitalism Command Economy: supply determined by the
state Market Economy: demand determined by
consumer Mixed Economy: Government has a say in what is
produced, but competition still exists Ex: Germany
Privatization: the transfer of state-owned property to private ownership
Revival of Ethnic of Cultural Politics
Fragmentation: divisions based on ethnic or cultural identities
Nationalism: identities based on nationhood
Politicization of Religion: the domination of religion in World Politics Samuel Huntington claims our next
worldwide conflict will be based on clashes of civilizations