Transcript of Apartheid in South Africa 1948 - 1994. Native Tribes of South Africa Prior to European colonization...
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- Apartheid in South Africa 1948 - 1994
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- Native Tribes of South Africa Prior to European colonization of
southern Africa there were hundreds of native tribes with distinct
cultures and languages. These people groups had been present in
southern Africa for hundreds of thousands of years.
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- The Dutch in South Africa The Dutch are people from the
Netherlands. In the 1600s, the Dutch East Indian Company colonized
the very southern areas of Africa in order to control trade routes
to the East Indies. Cape Town was established.
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- Great Britain takes South Africa In 1795, the British took over
Cape Town and began to push further inland, impacting the native
peoples. Diamonds were discovered during the 19 th century which
sparked wars, violence and oppression against the native peoples of
southern Africa. Boers, colonists of Dutch decent, left Cape Town
to establish their own free colony and fought with native groups
and the British.
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- South Africa as a British Colony During the early part of the
20 th century, the British colonial government began to pass
legislation (laws) that oppressed non-whites. Some examples of
these laws were: 1.Voting eligibility laws (voters had to own a
home worth 75 ($120 in U.S. dollars) 2.Pass Laws (required all
non-whites to register and carry a pass in order to be in public)
3.Colour Bar Act (did not allow non-whites to hold skilled jobs)
4.Native Lands Act (restricted natives from owning land)
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- The Republic of South Africa In 1931, the Republic of South
Africa was granted independence from the British. However, the
minority white government continued to oppress the non-whites
through segregation, violence and a variety of other unjust
legislation (laws).
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- Apartheid Definition of Apartheid: a system of racial
segregation enforced by the National Party governments of South
Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the
majority non- white inhabitants of South Africa were limited and
white supremacy and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained.
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- Apartheid Policy: Division of Races One of the first pieces of
legislation that was passed by the National Party when they took
control in 1948 was a division of the races. This new law forced
all people to register with the government in one of the 4
categories. 1.Native (73%) (African) 2.White (15%) (full European
descent) 3.Coloured (9%) (Mixed Blood) 4.Asian (3%) (Mostly
Indian)
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- Apartheid Policy: Bantustan Also known as black African
homeland or simply homeland South Africa was divided into 20
different ethnic Bantustans or homelands. Native Africans were then
forced to move onto these homelands The total percentage of land
based on the size of South Africa was only 13%. While the
percentage of non-whites in South Africa was closer to 85%.
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- Apartheid Policy: Bantustan
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- This policy created institutionalized economic racism and
injustice. These Bantus became slums, cut off from any
resources.
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- Apartheid Policy: Bantustan
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- Other Apartheid Policies Mixed marriages or sexual relations
Kept blacks from owning homes or living in certain all-white urban
areas. Required all blacks over the age of 16 to carry pass books
while in white areas of the country. If blacks were found without
their pass book, they were arrested on the spot.
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- Other Apartheid Policies Eliminated the right for citizens to
protest or gather. Made it illegal to strike (Whom do you think
made the least amount in wages?) Laws were passed that eliminated
funding for black schools. Segregated all public facilities.
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- Other Apartheid Policies Gave the police and government
officials the right to remove any black from land near white
settlements. Eliminated the rights of blacks in court (blacks could
not bring these laws into question). Eventually passed laws that
eliminated the citizenship of blacks.
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- Other Apartheid Policies One law allowed for the arrest of any
person who might endanger the maintenance of law and order and
charge them with terrorism. The names of these people did not have
to be released, so many of them disappeared.
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- Nelson Mandela Mandela was the son of a tribal leader in South
Africa. After the death of his mother and father, Mandela was able
to achieve an education and eventually became a lawyer. Mandela
operated a law firm providing low-fee or free legal counsel for
blacks who needed a lawyer. Was an anti-apartheid activist. Gained
many of his ideas about resistance from Mahatma Gandhi.
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- Mandelas Turn from Non-Violence After the Sharpeville Massacre
where white police officers opened fire killing 69 protestors,
Mandela moved towards a more violent approach. Mandela took over
the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the nation; or just MK) which he
co-founded. The MK was a violent resistance wing of the African
National Congress (ANC). The ANC had been banned by the Nationalist
Party.
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- The MK Mandela coordinated sabotage attacks on symbolic
government locations (pass stations, police stations, court houses,
post offices). His plans were designed so that nobody would be
killed but he was not opposed to killing people. His hopes were to
convince the South African government to end apartheid, and
believed that armed revolt was a last option.
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- MK Manifesto The MK manifesto reads: "Our men are armed and
trained freedom fighters not terrorists." "We are fighting for
democracymajority rule the right of the Africans to rule Africa. We
are fighting for a South Africa in which there will be peace and
harmony and equal rights for all people." "We are not racialists,
as the white oppressors are. The African National Congress has a
message of freedom for all who live in our country."
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- Imprisonment and Robben island With the help of the CIA, South
African forces were able to track down Mandela who had been on the
run for 17 months. He was found guilty of terrorist acts and
sentences to life in prison. Mandela was imprisoned for most of the
27 years at Robben Island, where he was given limited rations and
forced to do hard labor breaking apart limestone.
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- Robben Island In prison, Mandelas reputation grew and he became
widely known as the most significant black leader in South Africa.
On several occasions, Mandela was offered his freedom if he would
'unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon. In which
he refused. Mandela was only allowed a visitor once every 6 months
as well as one letter out and one letter received. There were
actual plots to allow him to escape so that prison guards could
shoot him in the recapture.
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- Freedom In 1990, after intense international pressure, South
African President F.W. de Klerk reversed the ban on the ANC and
freed Mandela from prison. Mandela resumed his role as leader of
the ANC and began to work towards reconciliation with the white
oppressors.
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- The End of Apartheid On the day of his release, Mandela made a
speech to the nation. He declared his commitment to peace and
reconciliation with the country's white minority, but made it clear
that the ANC's armed struggle was not yet over when he said: "our
resort to the armed struggle in 1960 with the formation of the
military wing of the ANC (Umkhonto we Sizwe) was a purely defensive
action against the violence of apartheid. The factors which
necessitated the armed struggle still exist today. We have no
option but to continue. We express the hope that a climate
conducive to a negotiated settlement would be created soon, so that
there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle."
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- The End of Apartheid From 1990 to 1994, Mandela worked to
create equality in the election process as well as to put an end to
Apartheid policies throughout the country. In the first free
multi-racial elections in South Africas history, Mandela was
elected president in 1994.
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- The End of Apartheid From his release from prison in 1990
through his presidency (1994- 1999), Mandela and the South African
government gradually eliminated the Apartheid laws that had been in
place for over 50 years.