Ancient Rome

Italy

Ancient Rome

Etruscan Tomb Painting

The Apian Way

The Founding of Rome

The city of Rome was founded by twin The city of Rome was founded by twin brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C.E.brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C.E.

According to legend they were from a According to legend they were from a wealthy family and were abandoned by wealthy family and were abandoned by their uncle. their uncle.

A She-wolf took them in and raised them.A She-wolf took them in and raised them. Romulus killed his brother Remus and took Romulus killed his brother Remus and took

control as leader of Rome.control as leader of Rome.

The She-Wolf

Social and Political Order

C la im ed to b e th ed escen d en ts o f th e

orig in a l sen a to rsap p o in ted b y th e K in g s

A ris toc ra tic G overn in gC lass

O n ly th ey cou ld b eC on su ls , o th er M ag is tra tes

an d S en ato rs

P atric ian s(In c lu d ed )

Social and Political Order

Although both groups were Roman citizens, Although both groups were Roman citizens, their rights were different.their rights were different.

Both Patricians and Plebians could vote.Both Patricians and Plebians could vote. Both had the right to make legal contracts, Both had the right to make legal contracts,

and marry, but intermarriage between the and marry, but intermarriage between the classes was not allowed.classes was not allowed.

Patricians were the only ones allowed to Patricians were the only ones allowed to hold office.hold office.

Social and Political Order

n on -P a tric ianla rg e lan d ow n ers

less w ea lth ylan d ow n ers

A rtisan s , M erch an tsan d sm all fa rm ers

P leb ian s(In c lu d ed )

Social and Political Order

In the later years of the Republic the In the later years of the Republic the Plebians became more powerful.Plebians became more powerful.

They created a new assembly (Council of They created a new assembly (Council of Plebs) in 471. New leaders called Tribunes Plebs) in 471. New leaders called Tribunes protected the Plebians. A new law allowed protected the Plebians. A new law allowed intermarriage.intermarriage.

In 278 B.C.E. the Council received the right In 278 B.C.E. the Council received the right to pass laws for all Romans.to pass laws for all Romans.

City of Rome During the Republic Period

The Roman Conquest of Italy

In 509 the last Etruscan monarch was In 509 the last Etruscan monarch was overthrown as ruler of Rome and a overthrown as ruler of Rome and a Republican system of government was Republican system of government was initiated.initiated.

Carthage

The Punic Wars

Punic is the Latin word for Phoencian. The Punic is the Latin word for Phoencian. The Phoencians controlled Carthage in earlier Phoencians controlled Carthage in earlier times.times.

The Romans sent an army to Sicily in order The Romans sent an army to Sicily in order to intervene in a local dispute. The to intervene in a local dispute. The Carthaginians considered this an invasion of Carthaginians considered this an invasion of their territory.their territory.

The Punic Wars

241 Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily due to 241 Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily due to Roman dominance in naval strength.Roman dominance in naval strength.

Hanibal (a Carthaginian) began the second Punic Hanibal (a Carthaginian) began the second Punic War when he retaliated against Roman attempts to War when he retaliated against Roman attempts to get Spain to invade Carthage.get Spain to invade Carthage.

Hanibal led an army of 30,000- 40,000 men, 6,000 Hanibal led an army of 30,000- 40,000 men, 6,000 horses and elephants across the Alps and defeated horses and elephants across the Alps and defeated the Romans.the Romans.

The Punic Wars

The Carthaginians, under Hannibal were not The Carthaginians, under Hannibal were not successful in maintaining control over Roman successful in maintaining control over Roman cities.cities.

Rome invade Carthage and beat Hannibal and his Rome invade Carthage and beat Hannibal and his men. A peace treaty was signed in 201 B.C.E. men. A peace treaty was signed in 201 B.C.E. Carthage lost Spain.Carthage lost Spain.

50 years later Rome went to war again and this 50 years later Rome went to war again and this time Rome destroyed the Carthage in 146 B.C.E. time Rome destroyed the Carthage in 146 B.C.E. and claimed it as a Roman province called Africa.and claimed it as a Roman province called Africa.

Roman Conquests in the Mediterranean

M aced on ia b ecom esa R om an P rovin ce

1 4 8 B .C .E .

Th e Th ird P u n ic W ar1 4 9 - 1 4 6 B .C .E .

Th e S econ d P u n ic W ar2 1 8 - 2 0 1 B .C .E .

Th e F irs t P u n ic W ar2 6 4 - 2 4 1 B .C .E .

C rea tion o f th eR om an C on fed era tion

3 3 8 B .C .E .

From Republic to Empire

Tiberius Gracchus represented interests of Tiberius Gracchus represented interests of Rome’s lower class. He served as Tribune.Rome’s lower class. He served as Tribune.

He wanted to limit the amount of land He wanted to limit the amount of land controlled by the Patricians. controlled by the Patricians.

He was assassinated in 132 B.C.E.He was assassinated in 132 B.C.E. His brother Gaius Gracchus continued his His brother Gaius Gracchus continued his

brother’s reforms.brother’s reforms.

Gaius Marius

General in the Roman army. He was General in the Roman army. He was prominent in the late 2prominent in the late 2ndnd century B.C.E. century B.C.E.

Civil War breaks out in Rome and Marius Civil War breaks out in Rome and Marius seizes Rome in 87 B.C.E. He recruited a seizes Rome in 87 B.C.E. He recruited a private army to support him from landless private army to support him from landless residents.residents.

Sulla

After Marius dies in 87 B.C.E., Sulla seized After Marius dies in 87 B.C.E., Sulla seized control of Rome. He institutes a reign of control of Rome. He institutes a reign of terror that lasts about five years.terror that lasts about five years.

Julius Caesar, Marius’ nephew, came to Julius Caesar, Marius’ nephew, came to power and instituted liberal policies and power and instituted liberal policies and social reform.social reform.

Julius Caesar Conquers Gaul

Roman Fort

Roman Britain

City of Bath- England

Roman North Africa- Lepcis Magna

Hadrian’s Wall

Roman Empire 117 A.D.

Octavian a.k.a. Augustus Caesar

Octavian became the Octavian became the first Roman Emperor first Roman Emperor in 27 B.C.E. in 27 B.C.E.

The Senate gave him The Senate gave him the title of Augustus the title of Augustus which meant revered which meant revered one.one.

Julius Caesar

In 47 B.C.E. he seized power in Rome and was In 47 B.C.E. he seized power in Rome and was made dictator. A short time later, in 44 B.C.E. he made dictator. A short time later, in 44 B.C.E. he was given the title dictator for life. was given the title dictator for life.

He made land reforms and gave land to the poor.He made land reforms and gave land to the poor.

He increased the Senate to 900 members and then He increased the Senate to 900 members and then packed it with supporters of his reforms.packed it with supporters of his reforms.

Julius Caesar

He gave people in the provinces who had He gave people in the provinces who had helped him, the status of Roman citizen. helped him, the status of Roman citizen.

He began a number of public works He began a number of public works projects and military campaigns in the east.projects and military campaigns in the east.

He was assassinated by a group of senators He was assassinated by a group of senators in 44 B.C.E.in 44 B.C.E.

Augustus (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)

He created a standing army of 150,000 men split He created a standing army of 150,000 men split into legions of around 5,000 men each. into legions of around 5,000 men each.

Only Roman citizens could be legionaries. Only Roman citizens could be legionaries. Subject peoples in the provinces and else where Subject peoples in the provinces and else where could serve under the legionaries.could serve under the legionaries.

Augustus also created the Praetorian guard Augustus also created the Praetorian guard which were his own personal guards. They which were his own personal guards. They numbered about 9,000 men.numbered about 9,000 men.

The Pax Romana

This is a period of peace and prosperity which This is a period of peace and prosperity which begins with Augustus and continues for 200 years.begins with Augustus and continues for 200 years.

Augustus begins the Julio-Claudian line which Augustus begins the Julio-Claudian line which ends with Nero.ends with Nero.

After Nero there is a civil war and Vespasian After Nero there is a civil war and Vespasian becomes emperor.becomes emperor.

Vespasian (69-79 C.E. or A.D.)

He begins the Flavian line. He orders the He begins the Flavian line. He orders the construction of the Colosseum for gladiatorial construction of the Colosseum for gladiatorial games. games.

He puts down revolts in Gaul and Judea.He puts down revolts in Gaul and Judea.

He rotates the army in the provinces which He rotates the army in the provinces which discourages mutiny. He also makes sure that discourages mutiny. He also makes sure that troops are stationed far from their homelands.troops are stationed far from their homelands.

The Five Good Emperors

Nerva ( 96-98 C.E.)- Introduced the practice of Nerva ( 96-98 C.E.)- Introduced the practice of naming an heir/successor before his death.naming an heir/successor before his death.

Trajan (98-117 C.E.)- Trajan eased taxes, Trajan (98-117 C.E.)- Trajan eased taxes, provided public services to the poor, and provided public services to the poor, and conquered Dacia (parts of modern Romania and conquered Dacia (parts of modern Romania and Hungary). Trajan’s Column depicts his military Hungary). Trajan’s Column depicts his military victories. victories.

The Five Good Emperors

Hadrian (117-138 C.E.)- He strengthened the Hadrian (117-138 C.E.)- He strengthened the borders of Britain. Hadrian’s Wall. Fought a borders of Britain. Hadrian’s Wall. Fought a number of Jewish revolts. Much of the Jewish number of Jewish revolts. Much of the Jewish population forced out of Palestine.population forced out of Palestine.

Many Jews were sold into slavery. The Romans Many Jews were sold into slavery. The Romans encouraged non-Jews to settle in Palestine.encouraged non-Jews to settle in Palestine.

The Five Good Emperors

Antonius Pius (138-161 C.E.)- He Antonius Pius (138-161 C.E.)- He introduced laws that required humane introduced laws that required humane treatment of slaves. He also introduces the treatment of slaves. He also introduces the legal principle of innocent until proven legal principle of innocent until proven guilty.guilty.

The Five Good Emperors Marcus Aurelius ( 161-180 C.E.)- He is the Marcus Aurelius ( 161-180 C.E.)- He is the

philosopher Emperor. He writes the Meditations. philosopher Emperor. He writes the Meditations. He is a Stoic. He wages war in Germania and He is a Stoic. He wages war in Germania and successfully brings barbarian groups under Roman successfully brings barbarian groups under Roman control. control.

He also re-introduces the idea of a co-emperor. He also re-introduces the idea of a co-emperor. Aurelius names his brother as co-emperor. After Aurelius names his brother as co-emperor. After his brother’s death, he names his 17 year old son his brother’s death, he names his 17 year old son Commodus as co-emperor.Commodus as co-emperor.

Roman Family Life

Family Life in the Roman Empire The family included all household members The family included all household members

who lived together.who lived together. Father of the family ruled the householdFather of the family ruled the household Women had considerable power in their Women had considerable power in their

own families and many ran businesses and own families and many ran businesses and managed estates.managed estates.

Ancestor worship was extremely important Ancestor worship was extremely important to the family.to the family.

Urban Life- Insula (everyday home)

Slavery

Slaves made up 1/3 of the Roman Slaves made up 1/3 of the Roman population.population.

Working conditions for slaves in the cities Working conditions for slaves in the cities were somewhat better.were somewhat better.

Laborers would often be chained together Laborers would often be chained together while working in the fields.while working in the fields.

Spartacus’ uprising in 73 B.C.E. was the Spartacus’ uprising in 73 B.C.E. was the largest slave revolt, but not the only one.largest slave revolt, but not the only one.

The Coliseum

Temple of Jupiter (Lebanon)

Pompeii Ruins

Villa of the Mysteries- Pompeii

Pompeii

Etruscan town that Etruscan town that was conquered by was conquered by Rome.Rome.

At the time of its At the time of its destruction it had a destruction it had a population of 20,000population of 20,000

A favorite resort of A favorite resort of wealthy Romans and wealthy Romans and Emperors.Emperors.

Pompeii

Bath House

Basillica of Maxentius

The Pantheon 128 A.D.

Commissioned by Commissioned by Emperor HadrinEmperor Hadrin

Started in 118 A.D.Started in 118 A.D. It is a clock of sorts. It It is a clock of sorts. It

tells the time by rays tells the time by rays of light hitting the of light hitting the sculptures inside.sculptures inside.