Air Quality Planning for Ozone and PM 2.5

May 4, 2006

Georgia Air Quality Summit

Policy Development Identify menu of control options

to be considered

Consider regulatory and practical implications along with costs, benefits, & sensitivities

Develop and implement regulations and policies

Air Quality Modeling Meteorology, emissions &

photochemistry for base & future

Sensitivity analysis of responses to various controls

by location and species

Impact (relative reduction factor) of overall strategy

Cost Assessment Evaluate cost-effectiveness ($/ton) of each control option

Benefit Assessment Evaluate health and other benefits of control strategy

Individual measures, overall strategy to model

Sensitivity to controls; Impact & attainment (Y/N)

of overall strategy

Iterative search for additional measures

Control measures

to be evaluated

Estimated $/ton of each measure

Modeled base & controlled pollutant concentrationsMorbidity/mortality

averted, visibility improved, etc. due to control strategy

Integrated Approach to Air Quality Attainment

Policy Development Identify menu of control options

to be considered

Consider regulatory and practical implications along with costs, benefits, & sensitivities

Develop and implement regulations and policies

Air Quality Modeling Meteorology, emissions &

photochemistry for base & future

Sensitivity analysis of responses to various controls

by location and species

Impact (relative reduction factor) of overall strategy

Cost Assessment Evaluate cost-effectiveness ($/ton) of each control option

Benefit Assessment Evaluate health and other benefits of control strategy

Individual measures, overall strategy to model

Sensitivity to controls; Impact & attainment (Y/N)

of overall strategy

Iterative search for additional measures

Control measures

to be evaluated

Estimated $/ton of each measure

Modeled base & controlled pollutant concentrationsMorbidity/mortality

averted, visibility improved, etc. due to control strategy

Integrated Approach to Air Quality Attainment

The focus of this presentation

Multi-pollutant Attainment Planning

How can we objectively evaluate disparate control options, impacting different precursors, sectors, and locations?

NOx

SO2

PM2.5

Ozone

Acid deposition

N deposition

Human health

Visibility

Ecosystemsand cropsPM

VOC

NH3

Source EmissionSource Emission Ambient Impact Societal Impact Ambient Impact Societal Impact

AttainmentHg

Ozone (O3)

• Major component of photochemical smog

• Secondary Pollutant• NOx + VOCs + sunlight Ozone• Formed during the daytime• Chemistry is well known

• Highest concentrations in the Summer• High temperatures• Stagnant Winds

8-hr Non-attainment areas

Emission SectorsCoal-Fired Power Plants

7 GA Power Plants: Bowen in Cartersville, Branch in Putnam Co., Hammond in Rome, McDonough in Smyrna, Scherer in Monroe Co., Wansley in Heard Co., Yates in Newnan

Other Point Sources

72 Industrial and Institutional Facilities with Emissions Over the Major Source Threshold.

Biggest NOx Sources: Natural Gas Transmission, Cement, Glass, Fiberglass Insulation, Recycled Paper, Brewery, Vegetable Oil, Airline Maintenance, Bricks, Universities

Area Sources Smaller Industrial & Institutional Facilities, Residential Furnaces & Hot Water Heaters, Office Buildings (furnaces, boilers, generators), Restaurants. Etc.

Non-Road Mobile

Fuel Burning Equipment not on the Road:

Examples: tractors, planes, portable commercial generators, construction equipment, lawn mowers, trains, off-road recreational vehicles, boats

On-Road Mobile Cars & Trucks that Drive on the Road

NOx Emissions by Sector20 counties + power plants (tons per year)

94,390

6446

17,475

40,928

152,124

Coal Fired PowerPlants

Other Point Sources

Area Sources

Non-Road Mobile

On-Road Mobile

2002 CERR data, except Coal Fired Power Plants which is 2003 CEMS data

Current Ozone Controls

• Georgia Gas• Inspection 7 Maintenance/ Enhanced I&M• Open Burning Ban• NOx & VOC RACT/Expanded RACT• Stationary Source NOx & VOC rules• Stationary Source NOx & VOC SIP permit conditions• Partnership for a Smog Free Georgia• NSR/Expanded NSR• Power Plant Controls• New Equipment Rules

Effectiveness of New Controls

• Sensitivity is the modeled effect on an ambient monitor from specific source of emissions

• Sensitivities determined for:– New control equipment for Electric Generating

Units (EGUs) – NOx reductions from all sources except EGUs– Inspection & Maintenance

• Results can be scaled

Sensitivity Avg response (ppb)

ppt/TPD

reduction

10% Atlanta NOx (20 counties) 1.36 35.7

10% Atlanta NOx (5 counties) 0.95 41.1

Atlanta I&M NOx (7 new counties) 0.05 16.9

10% Atlanta VOC (20 counties) 0.08 1.5

10% Atlanta VOC (5 counties) 0.07 2.2

2 SCRs at Plant McDonough 0.42 60.4

4 SCRs at Plant Scherer 0.41 13.7

2 SCRs at Plant Branch 0.07 4.6

3 SCRs at Plant Hammond 0.03 2.2

2 SCRs at Plant Yates 0.11 9.9

Ozone at Confederate Avenue

*Days where base case (2002) above 85 ppb

**10% reduction from 2009 levels

Sensitivity Avg response (ppb)*

ppt/TPD reduction

10% Atlanta NOx (20 counties)** 2.12 55.9

10% Atlanta NOx (5 counties)** 1.40 60.2

Atlanta I&M NOx (7 new counties) 0.15 48.610% Atlanta VOC (20 counties)** 0.02 0.410% Atlanta VOC (5 counties)** 0.02 0.6Plant McDonough (2 SCRs) 0.42 58.4

Plant Scherer (4 SCRs) 0.35 11.6

Plant Branch (2 SCRs) 0.05 3.1

Plant Hammond (3 SCRs) 0.07 6.4

Plant Yates (2 SCRs) 0.03 2.7

Ozone at Douglasville

Clean Air Interstate Rule CAIR

• Federal Rule for the abatement of the regional transport of Ozone and PM 2.5 in 28 Eastern States

• 70% reduction in SO2 and 60% reduction in NOx when fully implemented (from 2003 levels)

• Cap and Trade program for NOx and SO2 emissions per ton

• Only Electrical Generating Units Subject to Rule• Responsible for reducing the SO2 contribution of PM

2.5• Georgia is only subject to the PM 2.5 provisions of

CAIR (i.e. no summer NOx budget)

NOx RACT

• Reasonably Available Control Technology for Stationary Sources

• 16 Facilities in 20 County area with a NOx PTE over 100 TPY (excluding Hartsfield)

• 6 have Actual emission over 100 TPY– Four have previously undergone RACT– The remaining two are NG fueled and have several small

sources • 3 Facilities (largest) have potential for reasonable reductions

– Caraustar - 364 tpy (1999 1-hr Ozone SIP)– Ownens Brockway - 710 tpy (previous RACT)– Transcontinental Station 120 – 2,374 tpy (1999 1-hr Ozone

SIP)

Inspection & Maintenance –I&M

• Assessed for 7 new Atlanta Area non-attainment counties (Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Hall, Newton, Spalding & Walton)

• NOx Reduction of 3.17 tons per summer day across all 7 counties

• Initiate 2008• Actual benefits realized in 2009

Railyards/Locomotives

• Most Feasible Control Options – Potential Reductions– Idling Control/APU – 1,610 tpy NOx– Switcher replacements – 584 tpy NOx– SCR retrofits – 210 tpy NOx

• Data based on AHDVEIES study by GA Tech– Atlanta Heavy Duty Vehicle and Equipment Inventory and Emissions Study

Truck Stop Electrification TSE

• 17 Truck Stops in the Atlanta NAA• Over 1,500 parking spaces• Each space has NOx potential of 7.14 lb-

NOx/day• PTE = 5.4 tpd, 1,955 tpy• Example Rule requiring 20% electrification

could result in potential 1.1 tpd reduction in NOx

Additional Possible NOx Controls

• Mobile on-road and non-road diesel controls

• Traffic Management• Mass Transit• Additional Open Burning Restrictions• Extend stationary source controls

outside of Non-Attainment area

Particulate Matter

• Microscopic and submicroscopic particles (solid or liquid) that exist in the atmosphere• PM2.5 refers to particulate matter with an

aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 mm

• PM consists of multiple pollutants• Primary and Secondary

– Precursors include SO2, NOx, NH3, VOC

• PM chemistry and dynamics is a developing science

PM 2.5 Nonattainment areas

Organic Carbon

41%

Elemental Carbon

6%

Nitrate6%

Sulfate31%

Other2%Ammonium

Ion10%

Crustal4%

PM 2.5 Speciation - Atlanta

PM Emission Sectors of Concern

• Coal/Oil fired Stationary Sources– Electric Generating Units (EGU) – Subject to CAIR– Non-EGUs – Subject to RACT

• Diesel Burning Mobile Sources– On-road – trucks, buses– Off-road – construction, agriculture, airports, rail

• Open Burning• Commercial Cooking

Possible Mobile Diesel Control Measures

• Incentive Programs – Grant/Loan program for clean equipment purchases & retrofits

• Clean Contracting – State contracts that require use of clean equipment

• School Bus Retrofits• State-wide anti-idling regulation• Traffic Management – Truck only lanes,

reduced speed limits, rerouting, managed lanes

Atlanta-Hartsfield Airport

• 2002 NOx Emissions– Aircraft 5,151 tpy– Auxiliary Power Units (APU) 137 tpy– Ground Support Equipment (GSE) 589 tpy

• Possible Controls– Mandatory Electrification of APUs– Electrification, Alt fuels for GSE– Various Aircraft/Air traffic management strategies

• Emissions impact of ground access transportation not assessed– Studies show that this contribution can equal over 60% of all other

emissions– Alt fuels, anit-idling, congestion mitigation are possible approaches

• Caveat – Newer, “Cleaner,” more fuel-efficient aircraft engines actually produce higher levels of NOx

Regional Haze Rule – BART

• Federal Rule for Visibility Improvement in Class I Areas

• BART – Best Achievable Retrofit Technology• Major sources >250 tons per year

• Built between 1962 and 1977• 26 source categories, including EGUs & industrial

boilers, kraft pulp mills, and refineries

• Must include a Smoke Management Plan

BART Review Factors

1. Technology available2. The costs of compliance3. The energy and non-air quality

environmental impacts of compliance4. Any pollution control equipment

already in use or existence at the source.

5. The remaining useful life of the source

Additional Possible PM Controls

• Agriculture• Construction• Fuels• Fireplaces & Woodstoves

In addition to benefits from Ozone control strategies

Questions??

Jim KellyGA EPD Air Protection BranchJames_Kelly@dnr.state.ga.us(404) 363 7131

Georgiaair.org