Air Quality Planning for Ozone and PM 2.5
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Transcript of Air Quality Planning for Ozone and PM 2.5
Air Quality Planning for Ozone and PM 2.5
May 4, 2006
Georgia Air Quality Summit
Policy Development Identify menu of control options
to be considered
Consider regulatory and practical implications along with costs, benefits, & sensitivities
Develop and implement regulations and policies
Air Quality Modeling Meteorology, emissions &
photochemistry for base & future
Sensitivity analysis of responses to various controls
by location and species
Impact (relative reduction factor) of overall strategy
Cost Assessment Evaluate cost-effectiveness ($/ton) of each control option
Benefit Assessment Evaluate health and other benefits of control strategy
Individual measures, overall strategy to model
Sensitivity to controls; Impact & attainment (Y/N)
of overall strategy
Iterative search for additional measures
Control measures
to be evaluated
Estimated $/ton of each measure
Modeled base & controlled pollutant concentrationsMorbidity/mortality
averted, visibility improved, etc. due to control strategy
Integrated Approach to Air Quality Attainment
Policy Development Identify menu of control options
to be considered
Consider regulatory and practical implications along with costs, benefits, & sensitivities
Develop and implement regulations and policies
Air Quality Modeling Meteorology, emissions &
photochemistry for base & future
Sensitivity analysis of responses to various controls
by location and species
Impact (relative reduction factor) of overall strategy
Cost Assessment Evaluate cost-effectiveness ($/ton) of each control option
Benefit Assessment Evaluate health and other benefits of control strategy
Individual measures, overall strategy to model
Sensitivity to controls; Impact & attainment (Y/N)
of overall strategy
Iterative search for additional measures
Control measures
to be evaluated
Estimated $/ton of each measure
Modeled base & controlled pollutant concentrationsMorbidity/mortality
averted, visibility improved, etc. due to control strategy
Integrated Approach to Air Quality Attainment
The focus of this presentation
Multi-pollutant Attainment Planning
How can we objectively evaluate disparate control options, impacting different precursors, sectors, and locations?
NOx
SO2
PM2.5
Ozone
Acid deposition
N deposition
Human health
Visibility
Ecosystemsand cropsPM
VOC
NH3
Source EmissionSource Emission Ambient Impact Societal Impact Ambient Impact Societal Impact
AttainmentHg
Ozone (O3)
• Major component of photochemical smog
• Secondary Pollutant• NOx + VOCs + sunlight Ozone• Formed during the daytime• Chemistry is well known
• Highest concentrations in the Summer• High temperatures• Stagnant Winds
8-hr Non-attainment areas
Emission SectorsCoal-Fired Power Plants
7 GA Power Plants: Bowen in Cartersville, Branch in Putnam Co., Hammond in Rome, McDonough in Smyrna, Scherer in Monroe Co., Wansley in Heard Co., Yates in Newnan
Other Point Sources
72 Industrial and Institutional Facilities with Emissions Over the Major Source Threshold.
Biggest NOx Sources: Natural Gas Transmission, Cement, Glass, Fiberglass Insulation, Recycled Paper, Brewery, Vegetable Oil, Airline Maintenance, Bricks, Universities
Area Sources Smaller Industrial & Institutional Facilities, Residential Furnaces & Hot Water Heaters, Office Buildings (furnaces, boilers, generators), Restaurants. Etc.
Non-Road Mobile
Fuel Burning Equipment not on the Road:
Examples: tractors, planes, portable commercial generators, construction equipment, lawn mowers, trains, off-road recreational vehicles, boats
On-Road Mobile Cars & Trucks that Drive on the Road
NOx Emissions by Sector20 counties + power plants (tons per year)
94,390
6446
17,475
40,928
152,124
Coal Fired PowerPlants
Other Point Sources
Area Sources
Non-Road Mobile
On-Road Mobile
2002 CERR data, except Coal Fired Power Plants which is 2003 CEMS data
Current Ozone Controls
• Georgia Gas• Inspection 7 Maintenance/ Enhanced I&M• Open Burning Ban• NOx & VOC RACT/Expanded RACT• Stationary Source NOx & VOC rules• Stationary Source NOx & VOC SIP permit conditions• Partnership for a Smog Free Georgia• NSR/Expanded NSR• Power Plant Controls• New Equipment Rules
Effectiveness of New Controls
• Sensitivity is the modeled effect on an ambient monitor from specific source of emissions
• Sensitivities determined for:– New control equipment for Electric Generating
Units (EGUs) – NOx reductions from all sources except EGUs– Inspection & Maintenance
• Results can be scaled
Sensitivity Avg response (ppb)
ppt/TPD
reduction
10% Atlanta NOx (20 counties) 1.36 35.7
10% Atlanta NOx (5 counties) 0.95 41.1
Atlanta I&M NOx (7 new counties) 0.05 16.9
10% Atlanta VOC (20 counties) 0.08 1.5
10% Atlanta VOC (5 counties) 0.07 2.2
2 SCRs at Plant McDonough 0.42 60.4
4 SCRs at Plant Scherer 0.41 13.7
2 SCRs at Plant Branch 0.07 4.6
3 SCRs at Plant Hammond 0.03 2.2
2 SCRs at Plant Yates 0.11 9.9
Ozone at Confederate Avenue
*Days where base case (2002) above 85 ppb
**10% reduction from 2009 levels
Sensitivity Avg response (ppb)*
ppt/TPD reduction
10% Atlanta NOx (20 counties)** 2.12 55.9
10% Atlanta NOx (5 counties)** 1.40 60.2
Atlanta I&M NOx (7 new counties) 0.15 48.610% Atlanta VOC (20 counties)** 0.02 0.410% Atlanta VOC (5 counties)** 0.02 0.6Plant McDonough (2 SCRs) 0.42 58.4
Plant Scherer (4 SCRs) 0.35 11.6
Plant Branch (2 SCRs) 0.05 3.1
Plant Hammond (3 SCRs) 0.07 6.4
Plant Yates (2 SCRs) 0.03 2.7
Ozone at Douglasville
Clean Air Interstate Rule CAIR
• Federal Rule for the abatement of the regional transport of Ozone and PM 2.5 in 28 Eastern States
• 70% reduction in SO2 and 60% reduction in NOx when fully implemented (from 2003 levels)
• Cap and Trade program for NOx and SO2 emissions per ton
• Only Electrical Generating Units Subject to Rule• Responsible for reducing the SO2 contribution of PM
2.5• Georgia is only subject to the PM 2.5 provisions of
CAIR (i.e. no summer NOx budget)
NOx RACT
• Reasonably Available Control Technology for Stationary Sources
• 16 Facilities in 20 County area with a NOx PTE over 100 TPY (excluding Hartsfield)
• 6 have Actual emission over 100 TPY– Four have previously undergone RACT– The remaining two are NG fueled and have several small
sources • 3 Facilities (largest) have potential for reasonable reductions
– Caraustar - 364 tpy (1999 1-hr Ozone SIP)– Ownens Brockway - 710 tpy (previous RACT)– Transcontinental Station 120 – 2,374 tpy (1999 1-hr Ozone
SIP)
Inspection & Maintenance –I&M
• Assessed for 7 new Atlanta Area non-attainment counties (Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Hall, Newton, Spalding & Walton)
• NOx Reduction of 3.17 tons per summer day across all 7 counties
• Initiate 2008• Actual benefits realized in 2009
Railyards/Locomotives
• Most Feasible Control Options – Potential Reductions– Idling Control/APU – 1,610 tpy NOx– Switcher replacements – 584 tpy NOx– SCR retrofits – 210 tpy NOx
• Data based on AHDVEIES study by GA Tech– Atlanta Heavy Duty Vehicle and Equipment Inventory and Emissions Study
Truck Stop Electrification TSE
• 17 Truck Stops in the Atlanta NAA• Over 1,500 parking spaces• Each space has NOx potential of 7.14 lb-
NOx/day• PTE = 5.4 tpd, 1,955 tpy• Example Rule requiring 20% electrification
could result in potential 1.1 tpd reduction in NOx
Additional Possible NOx Controls
• Mobile on-road and non-road diesel controls
• Traffic Management• Mass Transit• Additional Open Burning Restrictions• Extend stationary source controls
outside of Non-Attainment area
Particulate Matter
• Microscopic and submicroscopic particles (solid or liquid) that exist in the atmosphere• PM2.5 refers to particulate matter with an
aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 mm
• PM consists of multiple pollutants• Primary and Secondary
– Precursors include SO2, NOx, NH3, VOC
• PM chemistry and dynamics is a developing science
PM 2.5 Nonattainment areas
Organic Carbon
41%
Elemental Carbon
6%
Nitrate6%
Sulfate31%
Other2%Ammonium
Ion10%
Crustal4%
PM 2.5 Speciation - Atlanta
PM Emission Sectors of Concern
• Coal/Oil fired Stationary Sources– Electric Generating Units (EGU) – Subject to CAIR– Non-EGUs – Subject to RACT
• Diesel Burning Mobile Sources– On-road – trucks, buses– Off-road – construction, agriculture, airports, rail
• Open Burning• Commercial Cooking
Possible Mobile Diesel Control Measures
• Incentive Programs – Grant/Loan program for clean equipment purchases & retrofits
• Clean Contracting – State contracts that require use of clean equipment
• School Bus Retrofits• State-wide anti-idling regulation• Traffic Management – Truck only lanes,
reduced speed limits, rerouting, managed lanes
Atlanta-Hartsfield Airport
• 2002 NOx Emissions– Aircraft 5,151 tpy– Auxiliary Power Units (APU) 137 tpy– Ground Support Equipment (GSE) 589 tpy
• Possible Controls– Mandatory Electrification of APUs– Electrification, Alt fuels for GSE– Various Aircraft/Air traffic management strategies
• Emissions impact of ground access transportation not assessed– Studies show that this contribution can equal over 60% of all other
emissions– Alt fuels, anit-idling, congestion mitigation are possible approaches
• Caveat – Newer, “Cleaner,” more fuel-efficient aircraft engines actually produce higher levels of NOx
Regional Haze Rule – BART
• Federal Rule for Visibility Improvement in Class I Areas
• BART – Best Achievable Retrofit Technology• Major sources >250 tons per year
• Built between 1962 and 1977• 26 source categories, including EGUs & industrial
boilers, kraft pulp mills, and refineries
• Must include a Smoke Management Plan
BART Review Factors
1. Technology available2. The costs of compliance3. The energy and non-air quality
environmental impacts of compliance4. Any pollution control equipment
already in use or existence at the source.
5. The remaining useful life of the source
Additional Possible PM Controls
• Agriculture• Construction• Fuels• Fireplaces & Woodstoves
In addition to benefits from Ozone control strategies