Post on 30-May-2018
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KBK\RNEC RF
IANHKRJ I@KECJ
NE JKYRJ_E JZ_F\JKEB IJER_KA KYNK
Hkrnkeej Gky, _ki`ja N. Oafim,
keb Dkej Jonecjr,Jbntfrs
N
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RZ_MHJENYRKEZ_MHJENYRKE
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OJAK_ZYJAK_ZY
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_ZYYNKE GJBJ_KRNFEZYYNKE GJBJ_KRNFE
JYRFENKYRFENK
AKRWNKKRWNK
_ZYYNKE GJB.ZYYNKE GJB
ANR@ZKENKNR@ZKENK
HFABFWKFABFWK
OZACK_NKZACK_NK
K_HJENK_HJENK
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KTJ_OKNDKETJ_OKNDKE
@ZECK_^ZECK_^
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OFYENK KEBFYENK KEB
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YAFWKM _J\.AFWKM _J\
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AKRWNK
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ANR@ZKENK
HFABFWK
OZACK_NK
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JZ_F\J KEBIJER_KA KYNK
R` n s hkp wks p r fbuijb oy t `j Hkp Bj s n ce Ze n t f g R`j Sfr a b Okem .
R`j ofuebk r n j s , if a f r s , bjefh n ek t n fes keb key f t `j r n e g f rhk t n fe
s`fwe fe t ` n s hkp bf ef t n hp a y , fe t `j pk r t f g R`j Sfr a b Okem
Cr fup , key d ubchjet fe t `j a j ck a s t k t u s f g key t j r r n t f r y , f r key
jebf r sjhjet f r k iijp t keij f g su i` ofuebk r n j s .
NO_B 92;>0_; YJ\RJHOJ_ ?
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KBK\RNEC RF
IANHKRJ I@KECJ NE
JKYRJ_E JZ_F\J KEB
IJER_KA KYNK
Hkrnkeej Gky
_ki`ja N. Oafim
Dkej Jonecjr,
Jbntfrs
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?
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v
Ifetjets
Kofut t`j Jbntfrs keb Kut`frs xn
Kimefwajbchjets xv
JIK Ifuetrnjs keb Yuorjcnfes xvnn
Jxjiutnvj Yuhhkry xnxKoorjvnktnfes xxn
Fvjrvnjw ;
Ianhktj I`kecjK Hkdfr R`rjkt tf Jkstjre Jurfpj
keb Ijetrka Ksnk 9
Wuaejrkonanty Snaa Oj Bfhnektjb oy Yfinfjifefhni
Gkitfrs keb Ajckiy Nssujs 7
Jvje Ifuetrnjs keb Yjitfrs t`kt Ifuab Ojejgnt grfh
Ianhktj I`kecj Krj \ffray \fsntnfejb Rf Bf Yf 0R`j Ejxt Bjikbj Fggjrs k Snebfw fg Fppfrtuenty
gfr JIK Ifuetrnjs >
Eftjs ;;
;. K Grkhjwfrm gfr Bjvjafpnec Kbkptktnfe \akes ;9
Wuaejrkonanty ks k Gueitnfe fg Jxpfsurj, Yjesntnvnty,
keb Kbkptnvj Ikpkinty ;:
Grfh Wuaejrkonanty tf Kitnfe4 Rkimanec t`j I`kaajecj
fg Kbkptktnfe ??Jggjitnvj Kbkptktnfe _jqunrjs t`j _nc`t
Bjinsnfe-Hkmnec Rffas ?0
Eftjs 92
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Ifetjets vnn
Rrkespfrt4 Rkmnec Fe Keft`jr Neirjhjet fg I`kaajecj ;9:
Eftjs ;93
3. \rftjitnfe keb \rjpkrktnfe4 Bnskstjr _nsm Hkekcjhjet
keb Sjkt`jr Gfrjikstnec ;9>
Yfgtjenec t`j Oafw S`je Bnskstjr Ytrnmjs ;2
;.2 Ke Nebjx fgKbkptnvj Ikpkintytf Ianhktj I`kecj ;>
;.: Ke Nebjx fg Wuaejrkonanty tf Ianhktj I`kecj ?;
;.7 Nhpkit fg Ekturka Bnskstjrs ne Jkstjre Jurfpj
keb Ijetrka Ksnk, ;>>
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xn
Kofut t`j Jbntfrs keb Kut`frs
Rjrjje Kanrjzk,gfrhjray k Sfrab Okem ifesuatket, ns stubynec ne t`jJevnrfehjet, Yfinjty, keb Bjvjafphjet prfcrkh kt Ikhornbcj Zen-
vjrsnty. Y`j `ks ke HYi ne Jevnrfehjetka Yinjeij grfh t`j Zenvjr-
snty fg Yybejy.
_ki`ja N. Oafim `ks wfrmjb ks k ifesuatket ne JIK keb gfr t`j Sfrab
Bjvjafphjet _jpfrt?
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xnn Kofut t`j Jbntfrs keb Kut frs
Dkej Jonecjrns k Yjenfr Jejrcy Ypjinkanst keb R`jhktni Iffrbnek-
tfr fg Jejrcy keb Ianhktj I`kecj kt t`j Sfrab Okem. Y`j `fabs ke
HK ne Hkt`jhktnis keb ke HYi ne Hkt`jhktnika Hfbjanec keb
Euhjrnika Kekaysns grfh Fxgfrb Zenvjrsnty.
Okrokrk Jvkes ns k Yjenfr Ajiturjr kt t`j Yi`ffa fg Jecnejjrnec,
Zenvjrsnty fg Ajjbs, gfaafwnec ejkray ;: yjkrs wfrmnec fe wktjr keb
skentktnfe kt t`j Sfrab Okem. Y`j `fabs k OJec ne Invna Jecnejjrnec
grfh t`j Zenvjrsnty fg Ajjbs keb ke HYi ne Bjvjafphjet Ytubnjs
grfh t`j Afebfe Yi`ffa fg Jifefhnis.
Hkrnkeej Gky,I`njg Jifefhnst fg t`j Sfrab Okems Yustknekoaj
Bjvjafphjet Ejtwfrm, wks gfrhjray k Ajkb Jifefhnst ne JIK keb
t`j Bnrjitfr fg t`j Sfrab Bjvjafphjet _jpfrt ?
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Kofut t`j Jbntfrs keb Kut`frs xnnn
Ketfenf Anhwks ke Fpjrktnfes Fggnijr w`f wfrmjb ne JIK gfr ;:
yjkrs fe jkat`, sfinka skgjty ejts, keb jejrcy. @j bnb crkbuktj stubnjs
ne jifefhnis kt t`j Zenvjrsnty fg t`j \`nanppnejs, t`j Zenvjrsnty fg
Yussjx, keb Khjrnike Zenvjrsnty.
Tnkb Ekmkt,efw ne t`j Hnbbaj Jkst keb Efrt` Kgrnik rjcnfe, ns k
Rrkespfrt Ypjinkanst wnt` t`j Jejrcy keb Rrkespfrt Zent. @j `fabs ke
HK ne Jifefhnis, keb ke HY keb k \`B ne Invna keb Jevnrfehjetka
Jecnejjrnec, grfh t`j Zenvjrsnty fg Ikangfrenk, Ojrmjajy.
Yfedk Enjuwjdkkr ns k ifesuatket keb jxpjrt fe bnskstjr hkekcj-
hjet. Y`j wfrmjb ks k Bjputy Bnrjitfr ne t`j Fggnij fg Netjrek-
tnfeka Kggknrs fg t`j Zentjb Ytktjs Gjbjrka Jhjrcjeiy Hkekcjhjet
Kcjeiy (GJHK). Y`j `fabs ke HK ne Netjrektnfeka _jaktnfes grfh
^kaj Zenvjrsnty.
Kek \ajiks,gfrhjray k ifesuatket wnt` t`j jejrcy tjkh ne JIK, ns wnt`
t`j Yfut` Ksnk trkespfrt tjkh. Y`j fabs ke HK ne Netjrektnfeka Kggknrs
grfh t`j Df`es @fpmnes Yi`ffa fg Kbvkeijb Netjrektnfeka Ytubnjs.
Df`e \faaejrns k Ajkb Gnekeinka Fggnijr ne t`j JIK rjcnfe, spjinka-
nznec ne nesurkeij, bnskstjr rnsm, keb gnekeinka sjitfr hkekcjhjet. @j
`fabs ke HOK grfh t`j Zenvjrsnty fg Ikangfrenk, Ojrmjajy.
Rkhjr _konj ns k Yjenfr @jkat` Ypjinkanst ne JIK. @j `fabs ke
HOOI` grfh Iknrf Zenvjrsnty keb ke HYi ne \uoani @jkat` grfh t`j
Afebfe Yi`ffa fg @ycnjej keb Rrfpnika Hjbninej, w`jrj `j ns pursu-
nec `ns \`B ne Jpnbjhnfafcy.
Cjrkrbf Ykei`jz wfrmjb fe jevnrfehjet, `jkat`, keb sustknekoaj
urokenzktnfe kt t`j Sfrab Okem keb ns efw k Rji`enika Fggnijr ne
Zrokenzktnfe keb Jhjrcjeiy \rjpkrjbejss kt t`j Sfrab @jkat` Frck-enzktnfe. @j `fabs ke H\@ grfh Ofstfe Zenvjrsnty Yi`ffa fg \uoani
@jkat`.
Dntjebrk \. Yrnvkstkvk,efw k ifesuatket, ns ke kcrfefhnst wnt` 9>?, nt efw stkebs ks fej fg t`j gfur pna-
akrs (wnt` hntncktnfe, gnekeij, keb tji`efafcy) fg t`j ejcftnktnfes
uebjrwky wnt`ne t`j Zentjb Ektnfes Grkhjwfrm Ifevjetnfe fe Ian-
hktj I`kecj, w`ni` wnaa iuahnektj kt t`j Ianhktj I`kecj Ifegjr-jeij ne Ifpje`kcje ne Bjijhojr ?
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2 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
prfdjitjb tf sjj nts crjktjst tjhpjrkturj i`kecjs ne wnetjr, w`naj
sfut`jre pkrts fg t`j rjcnfe krj jxpjitjb tf sjj hfrj wkrhnec ne
suhhjr t`ke ne wnetjr. Fvjrkaa ne t`j rjcnfe, t`j euhojr fg grfst bkys
ns prfdjitjb tf bjianej oy ;2 tf 9< bkys fvjr t`j ejxt ?< tf 2< yjkrs
(sjj hkp ?.?), wnt` t`j euhojr fg `ft bkys neirjksnec oy ?? tf 93
bkys fvjr t`j skhj pjrnfb. R`ns wkrhnec trjeb ns sncengniket4 oy hnb-
ijetury, ifuetrnjs sui` ks @ueckry fr \fakeb krj jxpjitjb tf jxpjrn-
jeij t`j skhj euhojr fg `ft bkys (59
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Fvjrvnjw :
Hjbntjrrkejke ifkst, t`j Oakim Yjk, keb t`j Ikspnke) keb t`j _us-
snke Kritni Fijke. Fe t`j Okatni, \fakebs `jkvnay pfpuaktjb afw-
aynec ifkst ns jspjinkaay vuaejrkoaj tf sjk-ajvja rnsj. Kafec t`j Kbrnktni
keb t`j Hjbntjrrkejke, stfrh surcj keb skatwktjr netrusnfe netf
kqungjrs t`rjktje pkrts fg t`j Kaokenke, Irfktnke, keb Rurmns` ifksts.
Yjk-ajvja rnsj `ks ojje `nc`jst ne t`j Oakim Yjk, w`jrj nt ns t`rjktje-
nec t`j euhjrfus pfrts keb tfwes kafec t`j Cjfrcnke, _ussnke, keb
Zmrknenke ifksts. Ne t`j Ikspnke Yjk, wktjr ajvjas krj prfdjitjb tf
brfp oy kpprfxnhktjay snx hjtjrs oy t`j jeb fg t`j twjety-gnrst ije-
tury, buj tf neirjksjb surgkij jvkpfrktnfe. R`ns wnaa nhpjrna gns`
stfims keb kggjit ifkstka negrkstruiturj.
Ke nebjx bjsncejb tf ikpturj t`j strject` fg guturj ianhktj i`kecj
rjaktnvj tf tfbkys ekturka vkrnkonanty (Okjttnc, Snab, keb Nhofbje
?
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7 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
hnbbaj tnjr fg jxpfsurj. @fwjvjr, t`ns frbjrnec ns eft ejijsskrnay
rjgajitjb ne k ifeijre gfr ianhktj i`kecj4 feay 2< pjrijet fg _ussnkes
t`nem ianhktj i`kecj ns k sjrnfus nssuj= ne ifetrkst, 3< pjrijet fg
Rurms bf (\jw Cafoka Kttntubjs \rfdjit ?
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Fvjrvnjw 3
brnjb-up sjk ojb fetf t`j surgkijs fg Ijetrka Ksnke cakinjrs krj kiija-
jrktnec t`j `jkt-nebuijb hjatnec fg t`j cakinjrst`j sfurij fg hfst
fg t`j rjcnfes wktjr. Zzojmnstkes kcrniuaturj keb `ucjay wkstjgua
nrrncktnfe systjh krj jxtrjhjay vuaejrkoaj tf ianhktj i`kecj. R`j
jevnrfehjetka ajckiy fg ijetrka pakeenec ns pkrtniuakray brkhktni gfr
kcrniuaturj keb crjktay neirjksjs t`j sjitfrs vuaejrkonanty tf ianhktj
i`kecj. Zzojmnstke ns eft t`j feay ifuetry tf `kvj spjinkanzjb ne prf-
buinec k shkaa euhojr fg irfps naa-suntjb tf t`j afika jevnrfehjet=
ft`jr ifuetrnjs keb suo-ektnfeka rjcnfes `kvj ks wjaa. \ffr hkekcj-
hjet fg sfna jrfsnfe, wktjr rjsfurijs, pjst ifetrfa, keb eutrnjet ife-
sjrvktnfe hkmjs t`j kcrniuaturka systjh jspjinkaay vuaejrkoaj.
Fvjr t`j ejxt ifupaj fg bjikbjs efe-ianhktni gkitfrs, sui` ks ajc-
kiy nssujs keb ifetneunec uesustknekoaj bjhkeb, wnaa oj t`j hkne
brnvjrs fg wktjr strjss ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk (Wrs-
hkrty jt ka. ?
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0 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
yjkrs fg uebjr-nevjsthjet. \ffr hkekcjhjet fgtje ifhpfuebs t`j
sntuktnfejspjinkaay ne wktjr keb skentktnfe utnantnjs. Cafoka wkrh-
nec `ks `kb ke jspjinkaay ejcktnvj jggjit fe wktjr systjhsjxkijr-
oktjb oy t`j nejggninjeiy fg systjhs fg hfst wktjr utnantnjs, w`ni`
uebjr-prnij keb suggjr sjvjrj p`ysnika afssjs. R`ns trkesaktjs netf `nc`
ifesuhptnfe keb anhntjb guebnec gfr upcrkbjs keb nevjsthjets.
Jasjw`jrj kirfss JIK, t`j pfwjr sjitfr ns `krb prjssjb tf rjspfeb
tf t`j pjkms ne jajitrninty bjhkeb anemjb tf rnsnec suhhjr tjhpjrk-
turjs keb ns okbay ne ejjb fg upcrkbj keb jxpkesnfe. Skrhjr suh-
hjrs, wnt` pjrnfbs fg netjesj `jkt, `kvj strknejb t`j trkeshnssnfe
ejtwfrms fg Kzjrokndke, Mkzkm`stke, keb Rurmjy, ks wjaa ks systjhs
t`rfuc`fut Yfut`jkstjre Jurfpj. Ne kbbntnfe, jxtrjhj wjkt`jr
t`rjktjes t`j konanty fg ejtwfrms tf gueitnfe ks netjebjbjspjinkaay
kcnec keb pffray hknetknejb gkinantnjs.
JIKs trkespfrt negrkstruiturj, wnt` pffray hknetknejb rfkbs keb
struiturjs, ns kasf kt rnsm. Hfrj netjesj prjinpntktnfe wnaa hkmj suo-
crkbj pkvjhjet ajss stkoaj keb wjkmje rjtknenec wkaas. Afec pjrnfbs
fg brfuc`t ike ajkb tf sjttanec fg t`j jkrt` ojejkt` t`j struiturjs.
Hfrj jxtrjhj tjhpjrkturjs wnaa kbb tf rfkb bjtjrnfrktnfe ks `ks
karjkby `kppjejb ne Mkzkm`stke, w`jrj truim trkvja `ks tf oj anhntjb
fe `ft suhhjr bkys w`je t`j ksp`kat sfgtjes.
Nt ns tjhptnect`fuc` neifrrjittf jxpjit crfwt` keb prfspjrnty
tf neirjksj rjsnanjeij tf ianhktj i`kecj. R`ns ns jspjinkaay t`j iksj ne
Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk, w`jrj crfwt` `ks typnikaay
fiiurrjb kt t`j jxpjesj fg t`j jevnrfehjet, t`jrjoy neirjksnec vua-
ejrkonanty. Ne gkit, crfwt` keb jifefhni bjvjafphjet krj ne sfhj
iksjs jxkijroktnec vuaejrkonantysui` ks ifkstka bjvjafphjets
krfueb t`j Oakim Yjk, w`jrj ounabnecs krj ojnec jrjitjb fe sntjs
jxpfsjb tf ifkstka surcj keb stfrhs.
Jvje Ifuetrnjs keb Yjitfrs t`kt Ifuab Ojejgnt grfh IanhktjI`kecj Krj \ffray \fsntnfejb Rf Bf Yf
@nc`jr aktntubjs ifuab ojejgnt grfh nhprfvjb ifebntnfes gfr kcrniua-
turj4 t`j Okatnis, pkrts fg Mkzkm`stke keb Zmrknej, keb hfst fg _us-
snk (jxijpt gfr t`j Efrt` Ikuiksus). @fwjvjr, t`j pftjetnka gfr ckne
ns ueiajkr sneij nt ifuab oj fggsjt oy neirjksjb vkrnkonanty keb jxtrjhj
jvjets. Hfst ifuetrnjs wnaa gkij k hnx fg afssjs keb cknes.
Ejvjrt`jajss, hkey cafoka stubnjs kofut guturj gffb prfbuitnfe
kssuhj JIK ifuetrnjs wnaa `jap fggsjt t`j bjianej ne wfrab gffb prf-
buitnfe rjsuatnec grfh bjirjksnec ynjabs ne afwjr aktntubjs. Ne pkrtni-
uakr, Mkzkm`stke, _ussnk, keb Zmrknej krj fgtje hjetnfejb ks t`j
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Fvjrvnjw >
ifuetrnjs wnt` t`j wfrabs crjktjst uerjkanzjb gffb prfbuitnfe pftje-
tnka. R`j gkit ns t`kt t`j iurrjet ckp ojtwjje pftjetnka keb kituka
ynjabs ne t`jsj ifuetrnjs ns sncengniketay `nc`jr t`ke key pftjetnka
cknes grfh ianhktj i`kecj. Ne pkrtniuakr, t`j iurrjet ynjab ckp gfr t`j
gfrhjr Yfvnjt ifuetrnjs ne Jurfpj (neiaubnec Zmrknej keb Jurfpjke
_ussnk) ns 2.: tnhjs `nc`jr t`ke t`j pftjetnka neirjksj ne prfbuitnvnty
grfh ianhktj i`kecj oy ?
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;< Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
Ianhktj i`kecj jxpfsjs JIKs wjkmejssjs w`naj jxkijroktnec
t`jnr ifsts keb rnsm nhpaniktnfes. Out w`jrj tf stkrt6 Ifesnstjet wnt`
t`j kbvnij fg hkey jxpjrts fe ianhktj i`kecj kbkptktnfe, JIK
s`fuab gfius fe krjks keb sjitfrs karjkby vuaejrkoaj tf tfbkys ian-
hktj ifebntnfes keb fe kitnfes t`kt `kvj nhhjbnktj pfsntnvj nhpkits
gfr t`j pfpuaktnfe. Ne gkit, hui` fg w`kt ns bnsiussjb ne t`ns offm
gkaas netf t`j iktjcfry fg ef-rjcrjt kitnfeskitnfes t`kt krj ojejgn-
inka, w`ktjvjr t`j ianhktj i`kecj sijekrnf.
Out sfhj bjinsnfes kofut afec-tjrh nevjsthjets `kvj tf oj hkbj
efwuebjr ifebntnfes fg ueijrtknety. Gfr jxkhpaj, Kaokenk, w`ni`
iurrjetay bjrnvjs >3 pjrijet fg nts jajitrninty grfh `ybrfjajitrni pakets
out ikeeft rjay fe nt ks k guturj sfurij, hust t`nem t`rfuc` nts afec-
tjrh jajitrninty strktjcy. Ijetrka Jurfpjke ifuetrnjs sui` ks \fakeb,
wnt` fvjr : hnaanfe gakts ne pffr Ifhhuenst-jrk ounabnecs, ejjb rje-
fvktnfe pakes cnvje t`j prjbnitjb neirjksjs ne oft` rknegkaa keb
tjhpjrkturjs.
Zeijrtknety ike oj pkrkayznec. Nt ns fej fg t`j rjksfes t`kt k `nc`
pftjetnka gfr kbkptktnfe bfjs eft cukrketjj kbkptktnfe kitnfe. K
rjijet stuby fg t`j Zentjb Ytktjsfgtje kssuhjb tf `kvj k `nc`
ikpkinty gfr kbkptktnfe cnvje nts wjkat`, tji`enika rjsfurijs, keb
akrcj snzj (w`ni` kaafws gfr oft` bnvjrsngniktnfe keb sprjkbnec fg ian-
hktj rnsm)s`fws t`kt hkey kt-rnsm frckenzktnfes keb nebnvnbukas
krj gknanec tf kbkpt (_jpjttf ?
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Fvjrvnjw ;;
\jr`kps t`j hfst irntnika ajssfe fe `fw tf bjvjafp kbkptktnfe
pakes ns t`j nhpfrtkeij fg nevfavnec stkmj`fabjrs. Ytkmj`fabjrs
uebjrstkeb iurrjet vuaejrkonantnjs, w`ni` krj t`j stkrtnec pfnet gfr
nbjetngynec guturj kbkptktnfe ejjbs, keb fgtje `kvj cffb nbjks fe
`fw tf rjbuij t`jh. Nevfavnec stkmj`fabjrs kasf nhprfvjs t`j i`keij
t`kt t`j kbkptktnfe pake ns nhpajhjetjb keb t`kt kbkptktnfe ife-
ijres krj hknestrjkhjb. R`ns ajssfe ojifhjs jvnbjet grfh t`j iksj
ne Afebfe w`jrj, gnvj yjkrs kgtjr t`j Afebfes Skrhnec rjpfrt, frncn-
eka stkmj`fabjrs krj stnaa nevfavjb ne t`j intys kbkptktnfe strktjcy.
JIK ifuetrnjs ejjb tf kit. R`jy ike ajkre grfh ft`jr ifuetrnjs fe
`fw tf hkekcj ueijrtknety keb kssjhoaj t`j rnc`t negfrhktnfe tf
cunbj ianhktj-rjsnanjet prkitnijs. Out ne JIK, pjr`kps hfrj t`ke ne
key ft`jr rjcnfe, ueijrtknety s`fuab oj k iktkayst gfr kitnfe nestjkb
fg ke jxiusj gfr nekitnfe. Gnxnec t`j rjcnfes iurrjet wjkmejssjs keb
tkimanec nts bnshka jevnrfehjetka ajckiy wnaa `kvj nhhjbnktj keb
suostketnka ojejgnts gfr t`j wjagkrj fg nebnvnbukas keb gfr guturj jif-
efhni crfwt`, rjckrbajss fg ianhktj i`kecj.
Eftjs
;. R`j JIK rjcnfe ifvjrs kaa t`j ifuetrnjs ne t`j gfrhjr Yfvnjt Zenfe, t`j
trkesntnfe ifuetrnjs fg Ijetrka keb Yfut`jkstjre Jurfpj (jxiaubnec Jkst
Cjrhkey), paus Rurmjy.
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;9
I@K\RJ_ ;
Rjhpjrkturj neirjksjs fg ;.7I tf ?.7I krj jxpjitjb ne JkstjreJurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk (JIK) oy ?
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;2 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
khpangnjb oy t`j bjtjrnfrktnfe ne ektnfeka ianhktj sjrvnijs ne k euh-
ojr fg Jkstjre Jurfpjke keb Ijetrka Ksnke ifuetrnjs. R`j pfssnonanty
fg rjbuinec t`j ueijrtknety kofut t`j ekturj keb nhpkit fg ianhktj
i`kecj ns anhntjbpkrtniuakray ne t`j s`frt rue. \faniy wfrm fe ian-
hktj i`kecj hust t`jrjgfrj strnvj tf `jap bjinsnfe hkmjrs hkekcj
ueijrtknety, jvje ks t`j sinjetngni ifhhuenty trnjs tf rjbuij nt.;
Fg ifursj, hkekcnec ueijrtknety ns w`kt hfst ousnejss keb pfaniy
hkmjrs bf fe k rjcuakr oksns.? Hkekcnec ueijrtknety ne t`j kbkptk-
tnfe ifetjxt hjkes rjbuinec t`j vuaejrkonantyfg systjhssfinka, jif-
efhni, keb jifafcnikatf ianhktj i`kecjt`kt ns, rjbuinec t`j
bjcrjj tf w`ni` k systjh ns susijptnoaj tf, keb uekoaj tf ifpj wnt`,
kbvjrsj jggjits fg ianhktj i`kecj, neiaubnec ianhktj vkrnkonanty keb
jxtrjhjs (N\II ?
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K Grkhjwfrm gfr Bjvjafpnec Kbkptktnfe \akes ;:
hktnfe, anmj Gafrnbnke `fhjfwejrs w`f gkna tf nevjst k gjw `uebrjb
bfaakrs ne snhpaj upcrkbjs t`kt wfuab crjktay rjbuij t`jnr `fhjs
vuaejrkonanty tf `urrnikejs (Ajwns ?
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;7 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
wnaa oj t`j rjsuat fg sjvjrka gkitfrs4 Bf pjfpaj anvj ne t`j gaffb pakne6
@kvj tfxni wkstj fr wktjr trjkthjet pakets ojje sntjb ne t`j gaffb
pakne6 Bfjs t`j hueninpkanty `kvj t`j frckenzktnfeka keb gnekeinka
rjsfurijs tf prjvjet t`j sprjkb fg wktjrofrej bnsjksjs, `jap pjfpaj
kiijss s`jatjr, keb qunimay rjounab wks`jb-fut negrkstruiturj, t`jrjoy
rjbuinec pfstbnskstjr afss fg angj keb prfhftnec gkstjr rjifvjry6
Yjesntnvnty bjpjebs fe `fw strjssjb t`j iurrjet systjh ns. K sys-
tjh fr k pfpuaktnfe karjkby iafsj tf nts anhnts wnaa suggjr crjkt bkh-
kcjs jvje grfh shkaa s`fims. Jxkhpajs neiaubj pffr nebnvnbukas
wnt`fut key skvnecs, ifecjstjb keb pffray hknetknejb trkespfrt sys-
tjhs, pfpuaktnfes ne pffr `jkat`, fr wktjr oksnes bjpajtjb fg uebjr-
crfueb wktjr rjsfurijs.
Rfcjt`jr, jxpfsurj keb sjesntnvnty bjtjrhnej t`j pftjetnka nhpkits
ifegrfetnec k ifhhuenty fr k systjht`j nhpkits wnt`fut ifesnb-
jrnec kbkptktnfe. @fwjvjr, vuaejrkonanty kasf bjpjebs fe `fw ikpk-
oaj k systjh ns fg kbkptnec keb ifpnec. Kbkptktnfe ike oj pakeejb fr
kutfefhfus= nt ike oj ketninpktfry fr rjkitnvj. R`j konanty tf kbkpt ns
k gueitnfe fg frckenzktnfeka smnaas, kiijss tf keb konanty tf usj negfr-
hktnfe, keb kiijss tf gnekeinec.
R`j bnstneitnfe ojtwjje sjesntnvnty keb kbkptnvj ikpkinty ike oj
oaurry. Yjesntnvnty ike oj t`j bjcrjj tf w`ni` k systjh ns kggjitjb
(pfsntnvjay fr ejcktnvjay) ne nts iurrjet gfrhoy k ianhktj trjeb, ianhktj
vkrnkonanty, fr k ianhktj s`fim. @fwjvjr, kbkptnvj ikpkinty ns byekhni
keb kggjits guturj sjesntnvnty. Ne prkitnij, t`j skhj gkitfrs t`kt bjtjr-
hnej iurrjet sjesntnvnty hky kasf bjtjrhnej t`j jxtjet fg kbkptnvj
ikpkinty. K pffr `fusj`fab wnaa oj sjesntnvj tf s`fims= nt wnaa kasf
usukaay `kvj ajss kbkptnvj ikpkinty buj tf nts akim fg rjsfurijs tf
gnekeij rjafiktnfe fr prftjitnvj negrkstruiturj sui` ks bymjs, stnats, fr
nrrncktnfe systjhs.
R`j jxpfsurj-sjesntnvnty-kbkptnvj ikpkinty kpprfki` `japs tf nbje-
tngy t`j ifhonektnfe fg gkitfrs t`kt khpangy fr rjbuij t`j nhpkit fg
ianhktj i`kecj keb tf bnstnecuns` jxfcjefus gkitfrs (jxpfsurj) grfh
t`fsj khjekoaj tf afika pfaniy kitnfes (kbkptnvj ikpkinty`jeij,
guturj sjesntnvnty). Nt ike oj kppanjb tf pkrtniuakr rjcnfes fr intnjs fr
sjitfr oy sjitfr, ks naaustrktjb oy t`j Kustrkanke cfvjrehjets kppanik-
tnfe fg t`ns grkhjwfrm tf kcrniuaturj (tkoaj ;.;).
K Wuaejrkonanty Nebjx gfr Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
Sj kppanjb fur vuaejrkonanty kpprfki` ne ke kttjhpt tf bjvjafp k
snhpaj vuaejrkonanty nebjx gfr JIK ifuetrnjs. R`ns ns feay k qunim
suhhkry fggjrjb tf cunbj hfrj ne-bjpt` qujstnfenec. Ne pkrtniuakr,
ifebntnfes wnt`ne ifuetrnjs hky vkry suostketnkaay. Gky keb \ktja
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K Grkhjwfrm gfr Bjvjafpnec Kbkptktnfe \akes ;3
(?
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;0 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
jxtjet, t`j Gfrhjr ^ucfsakv _jpuoani fg Hkijbfenk keb Rkdnmnstke
(gncurj ;.?).
R`j sjifeb suonebjx, k ifuetrys sjesntnvntytf ianhktj i`kecj, ns
oksjb fe nebniktfrs anmjay tf neirjksj t`j nhpkit fg ianhktj s`fims.
R`jsj neiaubj p`ysnika nebniktfrs, sui` ks t`j kvknakoaj rjejwkoaj
wktjr rjsfurijs pjr ikpntk keb t`j jxtjet fg knr pfaautnfe (sneij pkr-
tniuaktj hkttjr ne t`j knr wfrsjes t`j nhpkit fg `jkt wkvjs), keb
jifefhni nebniktfrs ikpturnec t`j nhpfrtkeij fg kcrniuaturj ne t`j
jifefhy (s`krj fg jhpafyhjet keb vkauj fg kssjts) keb t`j s`krjfg jajitrninty bjrnvjb grfh `ybrfjajitrni pakets. Sj kasf neiaubjb k
hjksurj fg t`j fvjrkaa qukanty fg negrkstruiturj sneij negrkstruiturj
ne pffr ifebntnfe ns hfrj anmjay tf gkna burnec ke jxtrjhj jvjet. Akst,
wj neiaubjb t`j s`krj fg pfpuaktnfe fvjr kcj 7:, sneij pjfpaj ne t`ns
crfup tjeb tf oj hfrj sjesntnvj tf ianhktj s`fims. R`j rjsuats suc-
cjst t`kt Ijetrka Ksnke ifuetrnjs krj pkrtniuakray sjesntnvj tf ianhktj
i`kecjkafec wnt` Kaokenk, Krhjenk, keb Cjfrcnk (gncurj ;.9).
R`j t`nrb suonebjx, kbkptnvj ikpkinty, ns jstnhktjb oy ifhonenec
sfinka (neifhj nejqukanty), jifefhni (crfss bfhjstni prfbuit ]CB\Xpjr ikpntk), keb nestntutnfeka hjksurjs.0R`j kbkptnvj ikpkinty nebjx
bnggjrs grfh t`j ft`jr twf ne t`kt `nc`jr vkaujs krj cffbt`kt ns,
t`jy bjeftj `nc`jr kbkptnvj ikpkinty (gncurj ;.2). Ks jxpjitjb, wj
7).;:K rjijet bfiuhjetjb
iksj fg k Ikangfrenk wktjr utnanty gkinec anmjay out ueijrtkne bjirjksjs
ne wktjr kvknakonanty prfvnbjs k prkitnika jxkhpaj fg `fw tf kppay t`ns
kpprfki` (Crfvjs jt ka. ?
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99
OFP ;.2
R`j Sfrab Okems Ianhktj \frtka
R`j Sjo-oksjb Sfrab Okem Ianhktj I`kecj Bktk \frtka prfvnbjs
qunim keb kiijssnoaj cafoka ianhktj keb ianhktj-rjaktjb bktk tf t`j
bjvjafphjet ifhhuenty. R`j sntj ns oksjb fe t`j gkhnankr Cffcaj
Hkps paktgfrh keb kaafws usjrs tf kiijss futputs grfh ianhktj hfb-
jas, `nstfrnika ianhktj fosjrvktnfes, ekturka bnskstjr bktk, irfp ynjab
prfdjitnfes, keb sfinfjifefhni bktk kt key pfnet fe t`j cafoj. R`j
sntj neiaubjs k hkppnec vnsukanzktnfe tffa (wjoCNY) t`kt bnspakys mjy
ianhktj vkrnkoajs keb anems tf Sfrab Okem bktkoksjs keb k spktnkaay
rjgjrjeijb mefwajbcj oksj. R`j pfrtka wnaa kasf sjrvj ks k akuei`nec
pfnet gfr ianhktj i`kecj tffas, keb neiaubjs t`j KBK\R tffa gfr
kssjssnec ianhktj rnsm fg Sfrab Okem prfdjits.
Yfurij4 `ttp4//wfrabokem.frc/ianhktjpfrtka/.
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92 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
_NYM G_KHJSF_M
ZMIN\
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K Grkhjwfrm gfr Bjvjafpnec Kbkptktnfe \akes 9:
?. Zeijrtknety, gfrhkaay spjkmnec, ns bnggjrjet grfh rnsm (w`jrj t`jrj ns k
mefwe prfokonanty bnstrnoutnfe)= fwjvjr, nt wks nhpfssnoaj tf wrntj t`ns
offm wnt`fut usnec t`j wfrb rnsm, sf wj `kvj eft kb`jrjb tf k gfrhka
usj fg t`j twf tjrhs.
9. R`jsj wfrms stkeb ne ifetrkst tf k akrcj kikbjhni antjrkturj fe kbkptk-tnfe t`kt gfiusjs fe grkhjwfrms keb bjgnentnfes. S`naj japgua ne grkh-
nec t`j bnsiussnfe fg w`kt kbkptktnfe ns, t`kt antjrkturj bfjs eft fggjr
hui` ne t`j wky fg prkitnika cunbkeij gfr prjpkrnec keb nhpajhjetnec
ke kbkptktnfe prfcrkh.
2. Hkey strktjcnjs kvj ojje wrnttje up, keb ne sfhj iksjs, kttjhpts `kvj
ojje hkbj tf prfvnbj k irntnika kekaysns fg w`kt kppjkrs tf wfrm. Gfr k
ifhpkrktnvj kekaysns fg t`jsj strktjcnjs, sjj @jnez Ijetjr (?
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97 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
wfrbs, nt ike oj vjry `krb tf bnstnecuns` k i`kecj ne t`j afec-tjrh trjeb
grfh k okb yjkr.
;9. Yfhj krcuj t`kt nebnvnbukas krj naa-jqunppjb tf jstnhktj t`j rnsm fg
afw-prfokonanty, `nc`-nhpkit iktkstrfp`js (Sjntzhke ?
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93
I@K\RJ_ ?
R`j wfrab ns ojifhnec k wkrhjr, wjttjr pakij keb fej w`jrj t`jgrjqujeiy keb hkcentubj fg jxtrjhj jvjets ns neirjksnec. Ks t`j
Gfurt` Kssjsshjet _jpfrt fg t`j Netjrcfvjrehjetka \keja fe Ian-
hktj I`kecj (N\II) stktjs4 Skrhnec fg t`j ianhktj systjh ns
uejqunvfika (N\II ?
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90 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
>7, gfaafwnec jkvy rknes keb gaffbnec ne Rkdnmnstke, k pffray hkne-
tknejb sjwkcj systjh ikhj uebjr kbbntnfeka strjss keb ifetkhnektjb t`j wktjr suppay. Ne
t`j jesunec typ`fnb gjvjr futorjkm, 3,:;7 iksjs wjrj rjpfrtjb ne k hfet s tnhj, fej-t`nrb
fg t`jh ne i`nabrje uebjr kcj ;2. Ks ne Cjfrcnk, snhuatkejfus strjssjs fe nestntutnfes keb
negrkstruiturj grfh t`j gaffbnec keb prnfr wjkmejssjs ifhonejb tf wfrsje t`j `jkat` irnsns.
Kofut :< jkat` ianenis keb si`ffas wjrj bkhkcjb oy t`j gaffbs. R`j tfnajt systjh fg k hkdfr
`fspntka wks neuebktjb, gurt`jr sprjkbnec t`j bkecjrfus okitjrnka ifetkhneket. \rnfr ifebn-
tnfes kbbjb tf t`j pfpuaktnfes vuaejrkonanty feij t`j gaffb ikhj. Khnb invna vnfajeij, puoani
guebnec fg `jkat` gkinantnjs tkpjrjb fgg, ajkvnec t`j systjh s`frt fg bnkcefstni suppanjs keb
brucs gfr trjkthjet fg negjitnfus bnsjksjs. Ne ;>>:, sfkp `kb ojifhj akrcjay uekvknakoaj keb
i`afrnektnfe fg t`j wktjr suppay `kb ojje `katjb buj tf k akim fg hktjrnkas. Ne sfhj pkrts fg
t`j ifuetry, pjfpaj `kb ojcue usnec fpje ikekas gfr t`jnr wktjr suppay, out `uebrjbs fg
t`jsj wjrj runejb ne t`j gaffbs.
Sjst Enaj vnrus,w`ni` ns `nc`ay bkecjrfus gfr t`j jabjray, ns sprjkb prnhkrnay oy hfsquntfjs,
w`fsj akrvkj t`rnvj ne t`j pffas fg stkebnec wktjr ajgt oy gaffbnec. Ke futorjkm fg t`j bnsjksj
gfaafwjb ;>>> gaffbs ne t`j Izji` _jpuoani, w`je Kjbjshfsquntfjs prfangjrktjb ne kggjitjb
krjks. Jurfpjs akrcjst rjifrbjb futorjkm fiiurrjb ne Oui`krjst, _fhkenk, ne ;>>7 keb
s`fwjb t`kt uroke krjks kasf wjrj vuaejrkoaj, wnt` akrvkj huatnpaynec ne t`j gaffbjb oksj-
hjets fg ounabnecs.
Rk`yek,k vnrus t`kt orjjbs ne gaffbjb krjks, wks bjtjitjb ne t`j Izji` _jpuoani gfaafwnec
t`rjj sjpkrktj jpnsfbjs fg gaffbnec.
Ajptfspnrfsns,k feij rkrj negjitnfus bnsjksj ikrrnjb oy rfbjets keb ft`jr kenhkas, sprjkbs
t`rfuc` ifetkit wnt` hfnst sfna, hub, vjcjtktnfe, fr ifetkhnektjb wktjr. R`j Izji` _jpuo-
ani, _ussnk, keb Zmrknej `kvj jxpjrnjeijb futorjkms gfaafwnec gaffbs.
Ft`jr wktjrofrej bnsjksjs, neiaubnec i`fajrk, `jpktntns K, keb skahfejaak, `kvj kasf sur-
gkijb ne t`j rjcnfe gfaafwnec gaffbnec jpnsfbjs.
Yfurij4 _konj jt ka. ?
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@uhke @jkat`4 R`j Hfst Oksni Wuaejrkonanty :>
Ytubnjs ne Irfktnk keb Zzojmnstke `kvj gfueb wjkmjejb pjrgfr-
hkeij fg `jkrt pktnjets burnec tnhjs fg jxtrjhj `jkt.
Ytrjssjb negrkstruiturj ike ifhprfhnsj utnanty sjrvnij bjanvjry keb
t`jrjoy wfrsje `jkat` ifebntnfes= ks i`kptjr 7 jxpaknes, JIKs ne`jr-
ntjb stfim fg Yfvnjt-jrk negrkstruiturj keb pffray vjetnaktjb `fusnec ns
vuaejrkoaj tf ktypnika `jkt. @jkvy usj fg knr ifebntnfenec kaajvnktjs
rnsms gfr pjfpaj w`f ike kiijss fr kggfrb nt, out nt strknes pfwjr suppanjs
keb hky ajkb tf futkcjs. Jajitrninty futkcjs kasf anhnt wktjr kiijss gfr
hkey pjfpaj, pftjetnkaay sjttnec fgg k iksikbj fg ft`jr nhpkits.
Jxtrjhj `jkt ike kasf ajkb pjfpaj tf jeckcj ne rnsmnjr oj`kvnfrs,
sui` ks swnhhnec ne fpje ikekas, rnvjrs, fr akmjs, ajkbnec tf bjkt`s
t`kt wfuab eft fiiur ne ajss jxtrjhj suhhjr wjkt`jr. \faautnfe,
shfc, keb gnrjsw`ni` fgtje netjesngy burnec k `jkt wkvjajkb tf
crjktjr-t`ke-efrhka ikrbnfvksiuakr prfoajhs keb bjkt`s. Ojikusj fg
jxtrjhj `jkt keb k akim fg rknegkaa ne ?
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7< Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
t`j Ikuiksus keb Ijetrka Ksnk, wnt` wjkt`jr-rjaktjb jvjets rknsnec
bnsjksj ajvjas. Gfr jxkhpaj, hubsanbjs ne ;>>3 jajvktjb t`j prjvk-
ajeij fg hkakrnk ne Kzjrokndke, neirjksnec t`j euhojr fg orjjbnec
sntjs ifesnbjrkoay (S@F Jurfpj ?0.
Skrhjr kvjrkcj tjhpjrkturjs wnaa kasf neirjksj pfaaje-rjaktjb
kaajrcnjs, pkrtniuakray ne Ijetrka Jurfpj w`jrj t`j rkcwjjbKhorfsnk
ns hfrj `nc`ay ifeijetrktjb t`ke ne hfst ft`jr rjcnfes fg t`j wfrab.
\faaje ifeijetrktnfe neirjksjs wnt` `nc`jr tjhpjrkturjs keb `nc`jr
khonjet ifeijetrktnfes fg ikrofe bnfxnbj.
I`kecnec kvjrkcjs krj kggjitnec `jkat` ne ft`jr wkys. Skrhjr,
wjttjr wjkt`jr ns i`kecnec ifebntnfes ne t`j Okatni Yjk, wnt` rkhngn-
iktnfes gfr `uhke `jkat`. Fej prfijss uebjr wky ns jutrfp`niktnfe,
nevfavnec ke neirjksj ne eutrnjets (usukaay entrfcje keb p`fsp`frfus)
ne t`j sjk. R`j prfijss trnccjrs kacka oaffhs t`kt ajkb tf k bjcrkbktnfe
fg jevnrfehjetka qukanty (@JAIFH ?
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7;
RKOAJ 9.9
@jkat` Ifesjqujeijs fg k I`kecnec Ianhktj4 Bnrjit keb Nebnrjit
Jxpfsurj
Futifhj
Bnrjit nhpkits Nebnrjit nhpkits
Jxtrjhj wjkt`jr jvjetsI`kecnec
kvjrkcjs Hncrktnfe
Ifkstka
bjcrkbktnfe@jkt wkvjs Gaffbs Brfuc`ts
Hfrtkanty (ikusj-spjingni)
Brfwenec x
\`ysnika trkuhk x
@jkt jx`kustnfe x
Gnrj x x
Yuninbj x
_jspnrktfry bnsjksjs
Kst`hk x
Kiutj afwjr rjspnrktfry trkit negjitnfes x
Hjetka bnsjksjs
Bjprjssnfe x x x
\fst-trkuhktni strjss bnsfrbjr x x x
_jprfbuitnvj bnsjksjs
\jrnektka ifhpaniktnfesk x
Khjefrr`jk x
_fbjet- keb vjitfr-ofrej bnsjksjs
Ajptfspnrfsns x
Sjst Enaj vnrus x
Rk`yek x
Hkakrnk x x x
Bjecuj x
Rnim-ofrej jeijp`kantns x
Ayhj ofrrjanfsns x
Sktjr- keb gffb-ofrej bnsjksjs
I`fajrk x x x x
Bysjetjry x x
@jpktntns K x x
Ykahfejaak x x
Kiutj tfxninty x
Ft`jr
Hkaeutrntnfe x x
@NW/KNBY x
Kaajrcnjs x
Bj`ybrktnfe x
Bjrhktntns x
Ckstrfbufbjeka uaijr bnsjksj x
Yfurij4 _konj jt ka. ?
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7? Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
rjanket fe suosnstjeij gkrhnec tjeb tf rjsfrt tf pjrhkejet ianhktj-
brnvje hncrktnfe, ks ne sntuktnfes w`jrj brfuc`t `ks bjirjksjb t`j
akeb krjk t`kt ike oj iuatnvktjb.
Ks jasjw`jrj, nhpkits fg ianhktj i`kecj ne JIK ifuetrnjs ifhj
fe tfp fg jxnstnec ifebntnfes keb pkttjres fg vuaejrkonanty. Hncrktnfe
anemjb tf ianhktj i`kecj wnaa kbb tf karjkby `nc` ajvjas fg hncrktnfe,
keb rjinpnjet ifuetrnjs hky gneb t`jnr rjsfurijs krj fvjrstrjti`jb,
pkrtniuakray ne t`j bjanvjry fg `jkat` sjrvnijs.
JIK kiifuets gfr fej-t`nrb fg t`j wfrabs tftka hncrktnfe (jxiaub-
nec hfvjhjet fg pjfpaj ojtwjje nebustrnkanzjb ifuetrnjs), pkrtay
ojikusj fg t`j nc` ajvja fg hncrktnfe sneij t j orjkmup fg t`j Yfvnjt
Zenfe. Hncrktnfe ne JIK gfrhs twf hkne strjkhs4 gnrst, grfh Jkstjre
Jurfpj keb t`j gfrhjr Yfvnjt Zenfe tf Sjstjre Jurfpj= keb sjifeb,
wnt`ne t`j stktjs fg t`j gfrhjr Yfvnjt Zenfe (Hkesffr keb [unaane
?< keb ?
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@uhke @jkat`4 R`j Hfst Oksni Wuaejrkonanty 79
pfssnoaj bnsirnhnektnfe, keb fvjrkri`nec nesjiurnty tjeb tf wfrsje
ft`jr `jkat` ifebntnfes.
Yjifeb,`jkat` systjhs hky oj ueprjpkrjb tf bjka wnt` t`j negji-
tnfus bnsjksjs keb ft`jr naaejssjs orfuc`t oy t`j hncrketsjnt`jr
grfh t`jnr `fhj ifuetrnjs fr grfh sfhjw`jrj kafec t`jnr dfurejy.
Negjitnfus bnsjksjs krj k spjinka i`kaajecj gfr `jkat` systjhs, w`ni`
hust trjkt nebnvnbuka pktnjets keb trkij keb ifetkne t`j vjitfrs fg
bnsjksj ne frbjr tf prftjit t`j puoani.
Hncrket pfpuaktnfes krj vuaejrkoaj tf typj ? bnkojtjs, ikrbnfvksiu-
akr bnsjksjs, keb tuojriuafsns. Kiifrbnec tf t`j Jurfpjke Yfinjty gfr
Ianenika Hnirfonfafcy keb Negjitnfus Bnsjksjs, sjvjrka akrcj Jurfpjke
intnjs `kvj karjkby jxpjrnjeijb tuojriuafsns jpnbjhnis rjaktjb tf
neirjksjb hncrktnfe grfh Kgrnik, Ksnk, keb Aktne Khjrnik. K survjy
tkmje ne Kt`jes ne ?
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72 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
wnt` k `jkvnjr bnsjksj ourbje, nhhncrkets wnaa eft rjijnvj prfpjr
ikrj, keb t`j uenegjitjb pfpuaktnfeoft` nhhncrket keb ektnvj
wnaa oj kt rnsm.
R`nrb,nhhncrkets krj fgtje uebjrsjrvjb oy `jkat` systjhs ne t`jnr
bjstnektnfe ifuetrnjs, ojikusj fg pffr ifhhueniktnfe, rjstrnitjb
kiijss, fr bnsirnhnektnfe. Akimnec kiijss tf prnhkry keb prjvjetnvj
ikrj, ks wjaa ks negfrhktnfe kofut kvknakoaj sjrvnijs, nhhncrkets pfst-
pfej trjkthjet, rjsfrtnec gnekaay tf ifstay vnsnts tf t`j jhjrcjeiy
rffh. Kiifrbnec tf jvnbjeij grfh Cjrhkey, t`j crjktjr prjvkajeij
fg ueskgj wfrmnec ifebntnfes keb `nc` gjrtnanty rktjs khfec nhhn-
crkets kasf ajkb tf k `nc` euhojr fg `jkat` ifhpaniktnfes (Ynee jt ka.
?
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@uhke @jkat`4 R`j Hfst Oksni Wuaejrkonanty 7:
Kiijss tf keb konanty tf hkekcj negfrhktnfe4t`j kvknakonanty fg irntnika
nebniktfrs oksni tf uebjrstkebnec `jkat` rnsms, neiaubnec puoani
`jkat` survjnaakeij tffas, jhjrcjeiy ifhhueniktnfes, keb k sys-
tjh gfr hfentfrnec i`kecnec kvjrkcjs
Nestntutnfekanzjb prkitnijs4ianenika cunbjanejs, pjrgfrhkeij kssjss-
hjet prftfifas, keb systjhs gfr jhjrcjeiy prjpkrjbejss
Kttjetnfe tf jqunty4k hjksurj fg `fw jvjeay kiijss tf keb usj fg
`jkat` sjrvnijs krj bnstrnoutjb t`rfuc`fut t`j pfpuaktnfe, keb
`fw jvjeay `jkat` bjgnints krj s`krjb.
Kbkptnec `jkat` systjhs tf t`j rjkantnjs fg ianhktj i`kecj rjqunrjs
k rjankoaj gafw fg negfrhktnfe keb ifaakofrktnfe kirfss frckenzktnfes.
\uoani `jkat` ns kggjitjb oy kitnfes tkmje ne hkey ft`jr sjitfrs. Gfrjxkhpaj, ng k ifuetrys jejrcy sjitfr neirjksjs surcj ikpkinty tf sup-
pfrt iffanec burnec `jkt wkvjs, `jkt-rjaktjb bnstrjss keb bjkt` wnaa
bjianej. _jifcenznec t`j prfokonanty fg gaffbnec keb t`rjkts tf t`j
wktjr systjh, cfvjrehjets ike afwjr `jkat` rnsms oy rjbuinec t`j
vuaejrkonanty fg wktjr gkinantnjs tf gaffbs keb brfuc`ts (sjj i`kptjr 7).
@jkat` kbkptktnfe pfaninjs ike oj crfupjb netf twf iktjcfrnjs4
rjspfesnvj, w`ni` rjbuijs vuaejrkonantnjs krnsnec grfh ianhktj
i`kecjs t`kt `kvj karjkby fiiurrjb= keb ketninpktfry, w`ni`
kbbrjssjs `jkat` futifhjs kssfinktjb wnt` prfdjitjb guturj ianhktji`kecj. Ofx 9.? prfvnbjs k euhojr fg kbkptnfe kitnfes, oft` rjspfe-
snvj keb ketninpktfry, gfr cfvjrehjet `jkat` prfgjssnfekas keb t`j
cjejrka puoani tf usj ne rjspfesj tf gaffbs keb `jkt wkvjs, twf fg t`j
hfst anmjay keb bkhkcnec ianhktj jxtrjhjs.
Ne kbbntnfe tf t`jsj jxtrjhjs, ianhktj i`kecj nevfavjs afec-
tjrh s`ngts ne kvjrkcj tjhpjrkturjs keb prjinpntktnfe ajvjas, w`ni`
ikrry afec-tjrh `jkat` nhpaniktnfes. Cfvjrehjets s`fuab
strject`je hfentfrnec keb survjnaakeij kitnvntnjs ne frbjr tf bjtjit
key ejw jpnbjhnis t`kt hnc`t surgkij. @ycnjej s`fuab oj nhprfvjbkirfss t`j ofkrb (gfr jxkhpaj, ne gffb prjpkrktnfe), keb vkiinek-
tnfe prfcrkhs keb `jkat` jbuiktnfe neirjksjb. K hkp fg `nc`-rnsm
krjks s`fuab oj bjvjafpjb, kafec wnt` pakes gfr vjitfr-ifetrfa
prfcrkhs.
Ketninpktnec ke neirjksj ne hncrktnfe ks k rjsuat fg ianhktj
i`kecj, cfvjrehjets s`fuab jstkoans` sirjjenec gfr tuojriuafsns
keb ft`jr sjrvnijs gfr ueifhhfe bnsjksjs t`kt hnc`t krrnvj wnt`
ejw rjsnbjets. @jkat` gkinantnjs hust negfrh nhhncrkets fg t`j
kvknakoaj `jkat` sjrvnijs keb pjr`kps `nrj hfrj prfgjssnfekas grfhsjebnec ifuetrnjs. R`j cfvjrehjets fg bjstnektnfe keb bjpkrturj
ifuetrnjs ifuab wfrm tfcjt`jr tf iffrbnektj t`jsj kitnfes.
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77 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
OFP 9.?
Kbkptktnfe Ytrktjcnjs gfr Gaffbs keb @jkt Skvjs
Ketninpktfry strktjcnjs gfr gaffbs
Cfvjrehjets4
Jstkoans` systjhs tf ifhhueniktj wnt` t`j puoani, `jkat` prfgjssnfekas, keb jhjrcjeiy
rjspfebjrs.
Bjsnce jbuiktnfe ikhpknces gfr pfpuaktnfes kt rnsm, neiaubnec jvkiuktnfe pakes.
Yjt up huatnanecuka negfrhktnfe systjhs t`kt ike gueitnfe burnec keb kgtjr gaffbs keb pfwjr
futkcjs.
Bnvnbj rjcnfes netf rnsm zfejs oksjb fe nstfrnika keb prfdjitjb trjebs gfr sjttnec nevjsthjet
prnfrntnjs keb negfrhnec t`j puoani fg rnsms.
Anhnt sjttajhjet ne gaffb paknes wnt` upbktnec keb jegfrijhjet fg zfenec akws.
@jkat` nestntutnfes keb prfgjssnfekas4
Neirjksj akofrktfry bnkcefstni ikpkinty, keb strject`je bnsjksj-rjaktjb bktkoksjs.
Neirjksj kwkrjejss kofut vjitfr-ofrej bnsjksjs.
Sktjrprffg gkinantnjs, keb irjktj skgj stfrkcj gfr mjy jqunphjet.
Rrkne stkgg gfr jhjrcjeiy ifebntnfes, neiaubnec fspntka jvkiuktnfes.
Okim up pktnjet gnajs fe ifhputjrs.
Irjktj gaffb-rjsnstket ifhhueniktnfes systjhs.
Irjktj k okim-up suppay fg skgj wktjr gfr fspntkas, keb nevjst ne purngniktnfe jqunphjet.
Cjejrka puoani4
Zebjrstkeb skgjty prfijburjs keb prnfrntnjs ne t`j jvjet fg k gaffb.
\krtninpktj ne nesurkeij si jhjs keb ft`jr hji kenshs gfr sprjkbnec t`j gnekeinka rnsm.
Bjhkeb k vkrnjty fg gaffb-ifetrfa pfaninjs grfh cfvjrehjet.
_jspfesnvj strktjcnjs gfr gaffbs
Cfvjrehjets4
Bjanvjr ejijsskry puoani kwkrjejss hktjrnkas, keb wfrm wnt` hjbnk tf cjt mjy negfrhktnfe
kofut t`j jhjrcjeiy netf inriuaktnfe.
Jesurj puoani `ycnjej ns hknetknejb.
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@uhke @jkat`4 R`j Hfst Oksni Wuaejrkonanty 73
Neirjksj ajvjas fg uhke keb kenhka vkiinektnfe ne yjkr fg gaffbs.
Yurvjy ifetkhnekets keb jevnrfehjetka t`rjkts.
Jesurj kiijss tf gffb, wktjr, keb s`jatjr gfr t`j hfst vuaejrkoaj pjrsfes.
@jkat` nestntutnfes keb prfgjssnfekas4
Jhpafy sfueb survjnaakeij hjt`fbs tf bjtjit keb ifetkne jpnbjhnis.
Ifhhueniktj wnt` cfvjrehjet keb t`j puoani kofut futorjkms fg bnsjksj.
Frckenzj pfst-gaffb jpnbjhnfafcnika hfentfrnec.
Neiaubj psyi fafcnika tjstnec tf pnim up fe strjss-rjaktjb gkitfrs.
\rfvnbj sfinka suppfrt tf vuaejrkoaj crfups.
Cjejrka puoani4
Brnem grfh feay skgj wktjr suppanjs, keb ofna fr i`afrnektj tkp wktjr.
Bnsikrb suspjit gffb, rjhfvj key bjkb kenhkas keb bnsnegjit ifetkhnektjb krjks, keb kawkys
wjkr prftjitnvj cjkr.
Rrjkt gurenturj keb rffhs gfr vjitfr-ofrej bnsjksjs t`kt hnc`t ifhj grfh rfbjets fr nesjits.
Iajke gaffbjb oksjhjets prfhptay tf kvfnb hfsquntfjs keb hfabs.
Zsj nesjit rjpjaajet.
Ketninpktfry strktjcnjs gfr `jkt wkvjs
Cfvjrehjets4
Jesurj t`j pfwjr systjh ks kbjquktj surcj ikpkinty.
\ake guturj `fusnec tf hkxnhnzj ekturka vjetnaktnfe.
Neiaubj spkij gfr trjjs ne uroke bjsnces.
\ake okim-up wktjr suppanjs.
Iffrbnektj gfrjikstnec keb jkray wkrenec systjhs kirfss afika kut`frntnjs.
Irjktj iffa spfts keb kvjes usnec ekturka keb bjsncejb systjhs.
@jkat` nestntutnfes keb prfgjssnfekas4
Negfrh pktnjets fg t`jnr pkrtniuakr vuaejrkonantnjs tf jkt strjss.
Ifeejit `jkat` prfgjssnfekas wnt` gfrjikstnec keb wkrenec systjhs.
Iffrbnektj wnt` cfvjrehjet fe k puoani kwkrjejss pake, wnt` spjinka futrjki` tf vuaejrkoajcrfups.
ifetneujb
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70 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
OFP 9.? Ifetneujb
Jesurj kbjquktj stkggnec gfr jhjrcjeiy pjrnfbs.
Irjktj `jkt wkvj ftanej keb Sjo-oksjb sjrvnijs gfr puoani nequnrnjs.
Bjsnce keb nhpajhjet k ifhhueniktnfe strktjcy krfueb anhntnec t`j jggjits fg shfmj
keb shfc.
Cjejrka puoani4
Ytky kttuejb tf suhhjr wjkt`jr gfrjiksts, keb mefw t`j `jkat` rnsms, neiaubnec fejs fwe
pjrsfeka hjbnika vuaejrkonantnjs kssfinktjb wnt` jxtrjhj `jkt.
Kcrjj ne kbvkeij fe pfssnoaj ajkvj pfaninjs grfh wfrm.
Kbvfiktj gfr pfaniy hkmjrs tf kbfpt jkt wkvj pakes.
_jspfesnvj strktjcnjs gfr `jkt wkvjs
Cfvjrehjets4
\rfvnbj ifetneufus jajitrninty burnec `jkt wkvjs, wnt` prnfrnty gfr jkat` ikrj gkinantnjs.
Cukrketjj k gafw fg puoani negfrhktnfe kofut cfvjrehjet kitnvntnjs, gfrjst gnrjs, keb jhjr-
cjeiy prfcrkhs.
@jkat` nestntutnfes keb prfgjssnfekas4
Hfentfr `jkat` fg pktnjets, neiaubnec futpktnjet crfup, pkrtniuakray jabjray keb i`rfenikaay
naa pjrsfes.
Jesurj t`kt pktnjets uebjrstkeb t`j sjrnfusejss fg jkt-nebuijb ifebntnfes.
Zsj hjbnk tf jxpkeb kwkrjejss fg wkys tf stky jkat`y burnec jxtrjhj jkt.
Cjejrka puoani4
Kvfnb strjeufus kitnvntnjs keb stky nebffrs burnec `furs fg hkxnhuh jkt.
Brnem k aft fg gaunbs, out kvfnb kaif`fa keb ikggjnej.
_jguja ikrs kt enc`t tf ajssje cks vkpfrs, keb rjbuij ikr usj.
Cukrb kcknest gfrjst gnrjs, keb oj rjkby tf jvkiuktj ng ejjbjb.
_jki` fut tf jabjray keb vuaejrkoaj pjrsfes.
Yfurij4 _konj jt ka. ?
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7>
I@K\RJ_ 2
\`ysnika nhpkits wnaa vkry bjpjebnec fe w`jt`jr ianhktj i`kecj
hkengjsts ntsjag t`rfuc` safw i`kecjs ne kvjrkcjs, t`rfuc` hfrj grj-qujet jxtrjhj jvjets, fr t`rfuc` subbje iktkstrfp`ni i`kecjs (sui`
ks k ifaakpsj ne t`j Efrt` Ktaketni iurrjet fr k ifaakpsj fg t`j Crjje-
akeb fr Ketkritni nij s`jjt). Yafway fiiurrnec i`kecjs krj ifetrfaak-
oaj gfr hfst `uhke-hkekcjb systjhskat fuc` eft kawkys gfr
jifafcnika fejs. Jxtrjhjs krj, fg ifursj, hui` `krbjr tf ifpj wnt`
keb hfrj anmjay tf nhpfsj nrrjvjrsnoaj bkhkcjs.
R`ns i`kptjr bjsirnojs t`j nhpkit fg safw-hfvnec kvjrkcjs keb
hfrj prjbnitkoaj jxtrjhj jvjets (fr sf-ikaajb safw-fesjt bnskstjrs
sui` ks brfuc`ts), ifeijetrktnec fe bnrjit p`ysnika nhpkits. R`ji`kptjr affms kt fw ianhktj i`kecj hnc`t ifhpaniktj wktjr rjsfurij
hkekcjhjet, rjvnjws `fw sui` i`kecj ns anmjay tf kggjit ifkstka
krjks fg Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk (JIK), keb bnsiussjs t`j
nhpkit fg k rjijbnec pjrhkgrfst anej.
Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj
Sktjr keb Akeb HkekcjhjetHfrj Ifhpajx
Enifak Ijekii`n keb Hkrnkeej Gky
R`ns i`kptjr ns oksjb fe gfur okimcrfueb pkpjrs prjpkrjb gfr t`ns offm,
Kbkptktnfe tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Ifkstka Krjks fg t`j JIK _jcnfe keb
Onfbnvjrsnty Kbkptktnfe tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne t`j JIK _jcnfe oy Enifak
Ijekii`n= Jxpjitjb Nhpkit fg t`j I`kecnec Ianhktj fe _ussnk keb Ijetrka
Ksnk Ifuetrnjs keb Fecfnec fr \akeejb Kbkptktnfe Jggfrts keb Ytrktjcnjs ne
_ussnk keb Ijetrka Ksnk Ifuetrnjs oy Kajxjy Mfmfrne= keb Ianhktj I`kecj
\rfdjitnfes keb Nhpkits ne _ussnke Gjbjrktnfe keb Ijetrka Ksnk Ytktjs oy
Wakbnhnr Mkttsfv, Wjrfenmk Cfvfrmfvk, Wkajetne Hjajs`mf, Rktykek \kvafvk,
keb Ncfr Y`mfaenm.
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3< Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
Hfrj Bnggniuat Sktjr _jsfurij HkekcjhjetRff Hui` fr Rff Anttaj fg k Cffb R`nec6
Ks sjje ne i`kptjr ?, JIK wnaa gkij oft` hfrj gaffbs keb hfrj
brfuc`ts. _knegkaa ns jxpjitjb tf ojifhj hfrj netjesj keb vkrnkoaj,
rjsuatnec ne neirjksjb gaffb rnsm jvjryw`jrj ne t`j rjcnfepkrtniu-
akray ne Jkstjre keb Ijetrka Jurfpj. Brfuc`ts wnaa oj k sjrnfus nssuj
gfr Ijetrka Ksnk, t`j Ikuiksus, keb Yfut`jkstjre Jurfpj. Sktjr
hkekcjhjet wnaa ojifhj hfrj ifhpajx jvjryw`jrj, outkt ajkst
ne t`j pjrnfb up tf ?
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Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 3;
bjhkeb anemjb tf sfinfjifefhni bjvjafphjets. Ynhnakray, jvnbjeij
succjsts t`kt gaffbs krj fgtje anemjb tf pffr akeb usj keb rnvjr oksne
hkekcjhjet.
Cjejrkaay, ianhktj-rjaktjb i`kecjs tf grjs`wktjr systjhs `kvj
ojje shkaa, ifhpkrjb wnt` sui` efeianhktni brnvjrs ks pfaautnfe,
rjcuaktnfe fg rnvjr gafws, wjtakeb brknekcj, rjbuitnfe ne strjkhgafw,
keb afwjrnec fg t`j crfuebwktjr tkoaj (hkneay buj tf jxtrkitnfe gfr
nrrncktnfe). R`ns hfskni fg strjssjs ikaas gfr k s`ngt tfwkrb hfrj sus-
tknekoaj prkitnijs ojgfrj t`j nhpkits fg ianhktj i`kecj krj hfrj
strfecay gjat fvjr t`j ejxt ?< yjkrs.
K Wkrynec _jcnfeka \niturj, out Hfrj Gaffbnec
Ks bnsiussjb ne i`kptjr ?, Ijetrka keb Yfut`jkstjre Jurfpj, Ijetrka
Ksnk, keb t`j Ikuiksus wnaa jxpjrnjeij rjbuijb prjinpntktnfe, w`naj
t`j rjst fg t`j rjcnfe (Efrt`jre Jurfpj= _ussnk, jxijpt gfr t`j Efrt`-
jre Ikuiksus= keb Mkzkm`stke) wnaa hfstay sjj neirjksjb rknegkaa.
Keeuka ruefggt`j wktjr t`kt rues fvjr akeb, keb k hjksurj fg
wktjr kvknakonantyns prfdjitjb tf bjirjksj ne Ijetrka keb Yfut`jkst-
jre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk out neirjksj gfr hfst fg _ussnk keb t`j
Okatnis (hkps ?.2 keb 2.;). Snetjr ruefgg ns prfdjitjb tf neirjksj,
jspjinkaay ne Jurfpjke _ussnk, wnt` t`j hfst prfefueijb i`kecjs
prfdjitjb gfr t`j sprnec gfr t`j rjst fg JIK (Mkttsfv jt ka. ?
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Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 39
_jpuoani ns kasf sjjnec k trfuoanec bjianej, pkrtay kttrnoutkoaj tf ianhktj
i`kecj, fg t`j wktjr ajvja fg Akmj Nssym-Mua, w`ni` ns nhpfrtket tf t`j
ifuetrys jifefhy keb jifsystjhs.
R`j wktjr sntuktnfe ne Rurmhjenstke keb Zzojmnstke ns brkhktni,
out nt wfuab oj sf jvje wnt`fut ianhktj i`kecj. Zzojmnstke ns t`j
hkne wktjr ifesuhjr fg t`j rjcnfent ns t`j hfst pfpuaktjb ifuetry
wnt` ke jifefhy akrcjay oksjb fe nrrncktjb gkrhnec. Kahfst kaa (>.2 hnaanhjtjrs
pjr yjkr ne t`j efrt`jre pkrt (@JAIFH ?
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37 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
rnsj wnaa bjpjeb hfstay fe akeb upangt keb cafoka sjk-ajvja rnsj, wnt`
t`j akttjr kpt tf okakeij t`j gfrhjr ne t`j efrt`jre krjks. R`j ojst
stubnjs fe ifkstka vuaejrkonanty ne t`j Okatni `kvj ojje ifebuitjb ne
Jstfenk keb \fakeb, bnsiussjb ojafw.
Rf bktj, ef fovnfus trjeb fg sjk-ajvja rnsj `ks ojje rjifrbjb ne
Jstfenk, w`fsj ifkst ns feay hfbjrktjay vuaejrkoaj. K ; h sjk-ajvja
rnsj, gfr jxkhpaj, wfuab t`rjktje nhpfrtket jifafcnika sntjs out gjw
sjttajhjets (Mfet jt ka. ?,
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Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 33
Neirjksjb ifkstka bjvjafphjetpkrtay gfr tfurnshwfuab neirjksj
vuaejrkonanty.
\fakebs ifkst sjjhs hfrj vuaejrkoaj. Cjejrka inriuaktnfe hfb-
jas prfdjit neirjksjb grjqujeiy keb strject` fg stfrh ifebntnfes
kafec wnt` k ifetneujb rnsj ne sjk ajvja t`kt ifuab rjki` 2:7: ije-
tnhjtjrs oy ?;
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30 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
fiiupy ejway kvknakoaj akeb, jxpfsnec t`j pfpuaktnfe tf pftjetnkaay
bkecjrfus suostkeijs, sui` ks pjstninbjs, krsjeni, keb ft`jr `jkvy
hjtkas, afimjb ne ifkstka sjbnhjets.
Hjbntjrrkejke Yjk (Jkst Kbrnktni keb
Rurmjys Hjbntjrrkejke Ifkst)
R`j Hjbntjrrkejke ns k bnggniuat pakij tf ckt`jr bktk fe sjk-ajvja gfrj-
iksts. Rjitfeni kitnvnty, i`kecjs ne bjesnty fg bjjp wktjrs, keb afika
i`kecjs ne knr prjssurj systjhs ifhpaniktj hjksurjhjet kitnvntnjs
(Mkrkik keb Eni`faas ?
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Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 3>
fg t`j sfinfjifefhni systjh tf sjk-ajvja rnsj. Nstkeoua ns pkrtniuakray
jxpfsjb, ks ;< pjrijet fg t`j pfpuaktnfe anvjs wnt`ne ; mh fg t`j
s`frj, keb t`j inty oy ntsjag kiifuets gfr ?; pjrijet fg ektnfeka CB\.
R`j onccjst ifeijres nevfavj skatwktjr netrusnfe, pkrtniuakray ne twf
ifkstka akcffes keb ne Akmj Rjrmfs, w`ni` suppay grjs` wktjr gfr t`j
inty (Mkrkik keb Eni`faas ?
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0< Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk
Bjianenec Kritni Nij, Ruebrk, keb \jrhkgrfst0
Ianhktj nhpkit ns gkstjst keb hfst vnsnoaj ne t`j Kritni rjcnfe. \rfdji-
tnfes fg Kritni Fijke nij s`fw bjirjksjs ne krjk keb hkss t`rfuc`fut
t`j twjety-gnrst ijetury, wnt` t`j bjirjksjs hfrj prfefueijb ne t`j
sjksfeka hnenhk (Yjptjhojr) t`ke ne t`j sjksfeka hkxnhk (Hkri`)
(Mkttsfv jt ka. ?
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Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 0;
Kobuane ?
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Rjhpjrktjorfkbajkg& hnxjbgfrjsts
Rjhpjrktjifengjrfus
gfrjstsOfrjka gfrjsts/tnkck
Rjhpjrktjcrkssakebs,skvkeeks& s`ruoakebs
Gaffbjbcrkssakebs
& skvkeeks
Hfetkejcrkssakebs& s`ruoakebs
Rjrrjstrnka hkdfronfhjRjhpjrktj orfkbajkg & hnxjb gfrjsts
Rjhpjrktj ifengjrfus gfrjsts
Ikuiksus hnxjb gfrjstsIrnhjke Yuohjbntjrrkejke gfrjst ifhpajxJuxnej-Ifai`ni orfkbajkg gfrjsts
Zssurn orfkbajkg keb hnxjb gfrjsts
Katkn hfetkej gfrjst keb gfrjst stjppj
Ikrpkt`nke hfetkej gfrjstsEfrt`jre Kektfanke ifengjr keb bjinbufus gfrjstsYkyke hfetkej ifengjr gfrjsts
Rnke Y`ke hfetkej ifengjr gfrjsts
;?9
2
:
730
>
Ofrjka gfrjsts/tknck
Ruebrk
Jkst Ynojrnke tknckMkhi`ktmk-Murnaj hjkbfws keb spkrsj gfrjstsMkhi`ktmk-Murnaj tknck
Zrka hfetkej gfrjsts keb tuebrk
I`umi`n \jenesuak tuebrkMkhi`ktmk Hfuetkne tuebrk keb gfrjst tuebrk
Mfak \jenesuak tuebrkEfrt`jkst Ynojrnke ifkstka tuebrk
;?
9 >
;0
;0;0
?