Post on 04-Jan-2016
9.00 Introduction to Psychology
t.konkle
11 april 2007
Announcements
1) Final exam is May 23rd
- if you can’t make it, email your issues to barbara (bhs@mit.edu) by FRIDAY
2) Review Session for Exam 2- Wednesday 7:30pm
3) Exam 1 Corrections- See me after class and I’ll update
your exam scores
PAPER FEEDBACK
• I’m going to upload the paper grading rubric on stellar
• I want you to use this as your peer editing structure. So, in the email type something like this:
Sample peer editing email
Overall comments: your paper was easy to read. I think you would be most benefited by making sure each paragraph has a clear relationship to your position. [one good thing, one thing that needs the most improvement]
- 1/1 explanation of the topic- it is defined clearly, but the positions could be described more concisely
- 3/4 supporting evidence- you could use more reference to the texts to support your claims, so they are
not based on personal opinions- 1/3 organization
- make sure each paragraph has a clear point. I had a hard time understanding what evidence you were using to support your claim…
- 2/2 grammar- no grammar errors, excellent.
quiz
Agenda
1) mental images
2) deduction vs induction
3) prototypes
4) reasoning errors
5) theories of
intelligence
6) theories of emotions
Mental Images
A Demo of the classical study….
you will see two tetris-like objects
your task: determine whether they are they same shape or not
when you’ve got it: say out-loud “same” or “different”
Mental RotationShepard and Metzler, 1971
Shepherd and Cooper, 1982-different stimuli (letters, polygons), -continuous path of internal representations (not just a longer time to compute a larger transformations)
Bundesen and Larson (1975)- zooming also is continuous
Image Size
Kosslyn, 1975
Imagine: an elephant next to a duckAsk: “is there a beak?”
The Logic: if there is a pictorial representation in your head and you are using the image, than it should take you longer to answer if the part is small vs if it is large.
The result: Reaction times when a goose was with elephant than when goose was with a fly.
Proof of the Logic: Imagine a goose as big as an elephant. The RT effect goes away.
What should you know about mental imagery?
• from the text book:– it has spatial extent– it has limited space
(edges)– it has a grain (or
resolution limit)
• from previous lectures– imagery is perception run
backwards– imagining activates the
same areas as perceiving
Agenda
1) mental images
2) deduction vs induction
3) prototypes
4) reasoning errors
5) theories of
intelligence
6) theories of emotions
What’s the difference between
DEDUCTION and INDUCTION?
DEDUCTION
Socrates is a man
All men are mortal
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Socrates is mortal
INDUCTION
“striped and three borders”
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2 striped circles with 3 borders
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2 striped circles with 3 borders
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2 striped circles with 3 bordersx xx
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2 striped circles with 3 borders
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Striped with 3 borders
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2 striped circles with 3 borders
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Striped with 3 borders
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Striped with 3 borders
let’s do another one…
“black or crosses”
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illustrates:
disjunctions are harder than conjunctions
The objects of planet Gazoob
“tufa”
“tufa”
“tufa”
Induction in everyday reasoning
• Generalizing from examples.
Given: Squirrels can get avian flu.
How likely is it that…
Mice can get avian flu?
Gorillas can get avian flu?
Robins can get avian flu?
Bees can get avian flu?
What’s the difference between
DEDUCTION and INDUCTION?
Using rules of logic and premises to arrive at a conclusion
CANNOT be wrong
Using examples to generalize to a overarching rule
can lead to an improper inference or real
(interested: take 9.660)
Agenda
1) mental images
2) deduction vs induction
3) prototypes
4) reasoning errors
5) theories of
intelligence
6) theories of emotions
Prototypes
“dog” “banana” “tree”
collie?
fruit
pine?
basic level
super ordinate
subordinate
Categories
demo
• http://www.ebaumsworld.com/magic/choosenumber.html
what’s going on?
categories are organized aroundprototypes
(the most typical instance)
Agenda
1) mental images
2) deduction vs induction
3) prototypes
4) reasoning errors
5) theories of
intelligence
6) theories of emotions
Reasoning Errors
There are the reasoning errors we talked about in class and which are discussed in the book:
• Affirming the consequent
• Confirmation bias
• Framing effects
• Representativeness heuristic.– Base rate rule
• Availability heuristic
• “it’s sunny so hector is wearing a hat.”
• if there’s a vowel on the front, there’s a number on the back
• number of deaths / number of lives saved
• prototype effects / stereotype effects
• _ _k* vs. k*
who is subject to reasoning errors?
• children?
• anyone who hasn’t taken statistics?
• people with low IQ’s?
• doctors?
• everyone else but not me?
... everyone.
Agenda
1) mental images
2) deduction vs induction
3) prototypes
4) reasoning errors
5) theories of
intelligence
6) theories of emotions
So taker-of-intro-psych:tell me about IQ…
is it a good measure?”
Do psychologists ‘believe’ in IQ?
What do you say?
well…
there are many different kinds of intelligence…and different theories…
Intelligence
[defn] the ability to solve problems well and to understand and learn complex material
spearman’s
“g”
gardner’s
multiple intelligences
cattell and horn’s
fluid &crystallized
a single intellectual capacitythat underlies the positivecorrelations between manyintelligence tests
8 forms of intelligence:linguistic, spatial, musical, logicalbodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal,interpersonal, naturalist, existential
fluid – solutions to new problemscrystallized – knowing facts and having the ability to combine them
Agenda
1) mental images
2) deduction vs induction
3) prototypes
4) reasoning errors
5) theories of
intelligence
6) theories of emotions
What are emotions?
Moods?Feelings?
TimeSeconds Hours Days
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
Emotionalinvoking Stimuli
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
EmotionalReaction
Theories of emotion
James-Lange Theory
Theories of emotion
James-Lange Theory
Event
Reaction
Interpretphysiological
response
Emotion
Theories of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
Event Reaction
Emotion
Theories of emotion
Cognitive Theory
Theories of emotion
Event
Reaction
Interpretthe context
Emotion
Cognitive Theory
Theories of emotion
The emergent synthesis
Theories of emotion
The emergent synthesis
Event
Reaction
Emotion
Interpretation
Reminders for next week…
mon tues wed thurs
Email your peer editing feedback
(CC me) by MONDAY at 10pm
No Class Tuesday
Study Session for the exam is Wednesday, 7pm, 46-3002, though check stellar for the exact room and time, just in case
Paper 2 due Thursday in SECTION.
We still have section before the exam. I’ll go over emotion and personality.
Exam 2 Thursday in class