Post on 23-Apr-2018
By:
H. Karimian
1
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 1 Word Synonym Antonym
abandon رها کردن desert, quit, give up, leave keep, retain, continue keen حساس sharp, eager, intense, sensitive blunt, dull, apathetic jealous حسود wanting what someone else has
tact کارداني ability to say the right thing tactlessness, indiscretion oath قسم a promise that something is true, a curse
vacant خالي empty, not filled full, occupied hardship سختي difficulty, something that is hard to bear ease, comfort, prosperity gallant شجاع brave, showing respect for women cowardly, rude data اطالعات facts, information
unaccustomed نامأنوس not used to something
bachelor مجرد a man who has not married
qualify نشان دادن توانايي become fit, show that you are able
Lesson 2 Word Synonym Antonym
corpse جنازه a dead body, usually of a person
conceal پنهان کردن hide, disguise reveal
dismal تاريک و گرفته dark and depressing cheerful, bright frigid خيلي سرد very cold hot, passionate inhabit زندگي کردن live in
numb حسبي without power of feeling, deadened sensitive, responsive peril خطر danger safety, security recline تکيه کردن lie down, stretch out, lean back
shriek فرياد scream
sinister شرور evil, wicked, dishonest, frightening good, innocent temp اغفال کردن try to get someone to do something
wager طشر bet
2
Lessons 1-2
Word Synonym Antonym anecdote حكايت tale, story battle دنبر fight, conflict break in وارد شدن get in breed نسل،نژاد type, kind buddy رفيق،دوست friend butler آبدارچي cemetery قبرستان graveyard cheat ول زدن گ،تقلب deceive, defraud chorus گروه کر singing group cloak پوشاندن‘خرقه cover, coat reveal closet گنجه secret, private open coffin تابوت sarcophagus, tomb contest مسابقه،نزاع competition, fight contraband, bandit راهزن،قاچاق thief, outlaw cot برانكار crib, cradle couch تخت ،نيمكت settee court دادگاه disobey سرپيچي کردن defy, challenge obey fire کنار گذاشتن let off flee فرار کردن run away, escape flirt الس زدن generous بخشنده،سخي big-hearted tight-fisted grave گور tomb hire اجير کردن rent, employ hunter شکارچي seeker, huntsman janitor سرايدار،دربان gatekeeper, caretaker landlord مالک owner, proprietor tenant lean تکيه کردن incline, bend lot ناحيه،بخش batch, set maid دوشيزه يا زن جوان marched out ه سرعت خارج شدنب offer پيشنهاد proposal, suggestion puddle چاله revenge انتقام vengeance slum محله کثيف spirit روح soul, ghost split شکافتن separate, break up unite spotlight تمرکز‘توجه attention, focus on stair پله step swear وردنقسم خ promise, curse teller تحويلدار cashier, bank clerk territory قلمرو region, terrain terror ترس fear, dread security tombstone سنگ قبر gravestone, headstone trick فريب ‘حقه deception, cheat trouble زحمت problem, difficulty ease upbringing پرورش ،تربيت education, rearing widow زن بيوه witness شاهد observer, spectator
jealous of take an oath let out an oath build on give up qualify for put on/over treat in recline in/on/by bet on
Abandon: "To put under another's control", "to give up" Sinister: "On the left" (in Latin)
3
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 3 Word Synonym Antonym
typical معمول usual, of a kind exceptional minimum کمترين the lowest amount maximum scarce کمياب hard to get, rare plentiful, abundant, frequent annual ساالنه once a year
persuade متقاعد کردن win over, convince, make willing dissuade, discourage essential ضروري necessary, very important unnecessary, non-essential blend مخلوط mix together thoroughly, a mixture visible قابل رؤيت able to be seen invisible, hidden expensive گرانقيمت costly, high-priced cheap, economical talent استعداد natural ability
devise طرح think out, plan, invent
wholesale عمده in large quantity, less than retail in price partial, selective
Lesson 4 Word Synonym Antonym
vapor بخار fog, mist
eliminate حذف کردن get ride of, remove, omit
villain شرور a very wicked person
dense متراکم closely packed together, thick sparse, thin, light, clever utilize به کار گرفتن make use of
humid مرطوب moist, damp dry, arid theory نظريه hypothesis, thesis
descend پايين آمدن come down ascend, climb circulate چرخش go around
enormous عظيم extremely large, huge minute, tiny predict بيني کردنپيش anticipate, foretell, tell beforehand
vanish ناپديد شدن disappear appear, materialize
4
Lessons 3-4
Word Synonym Antonym aggravate بدتر کردن make worse, exaggerate alleviate altitude ارتفاع height, elevation anger عصباني کردن rage, irritation calm, pacify batter ضربه زدن beat, hit beau خاطرخواه breeze وزش باد gentle wind, puff of air burglar دزد thief, robber cellar زيرزمين basement complain شکايت کردن make a complaint praise contrary بر خالف opposite similar convention همايش meeting, conference crab خرچنگ crumble خرد کردن fall to pieces, crush, grind deserve سزاوار بودن merit, be worthy of dine شام خوردن eat dinner dispute نزاع quarrel, clash executive اجرائي administrative, managerial extravagant نامعقول exaggerated restrained foretell پيشگويي predict, forecast germ ميکروب microbe giant عظيم huge, gigantic miniature gossip شايعه rumour grant اعطا کردن gift, give labor کارگر leftover پسمانده residual, enduring, lasting quarrel نزاع dispute, fight agreement rainbow کمانرنگين reputation شهرت fame rid پاک کردن از roam سفر‘گردش travel, journey row پارو زدن shack کلبه کوچک slaughter قتل kill, massacre, murder sleet برفابه frozen rain, hail somehow به طريقي in some way, by some means strange عجيب odd, bizarre, extraordinary normal, familiar strike اعتصاب work stoppage string طناب cord, filament, rope, twine swamp باتالق tie کراوات track مسير path, roadway, trail trail دنباله path, trajectory trial محاکمه‘قضاوت judgment, court case, tribunal vacate تخليه کردن leave, check out of, evacuate take up wage دستمزد salary, earnings weapon سالح missile, warhead wand عصا baton, stick, rod weed علف هرزه wild plant, wild flower wipe out محو کردن eliminate, remove witch ساحره withheld مضايقه کردن withdrawn, pending ongoing
set a wage put out look on
Expensive: "Costly, dear, valuable, precious, invaluable, priceless, exorbitant, excessive, immoderate" Villain: "A person who lives on a farm, evil"
5
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 5 Word Synonym Antonym
tradition رسوم beliefs, opinions, customs
rural حومه شهر in the country urban, city, town burden بار load, what is carried
campus محوطه دانشگاه grounds of a college, university or school
majority اکثريت greater part, more than half minority assemble گردآوري get together, bring together disperse, demolish explore تحقيق کردن go over carefully, examine
topic موضوع subject that people think, write…
debate مناظره controversy, discussion
evade طفره رفتن get away from by trickery or cleverness face, confront probe تحقيق کردن investigate, search into
reform بهتر کردن improve, make better worsen
Lesson 6 Word Synonym Antonym
approach ديک شدنزن come near or nearer to leave, avoid detect پيدا کردن find out, discover, perceive
defect نقص fault, that which is wrong
employee کارگر wage-earner, member of staff
neglect صرفنظر کردن give too little care or attention to care for, attend to deceive گمراه کردن mislead
undoubtedly ًمطمئنا certainly, beyond doubt
popular مردمي liked by most people unpopular, unknown thorough کامل complete, deep superficial client مشتري customer
comprehensive جامع including much, covering completely
defraud تقلب کردن cheat, take money,… away by cheating
6
Lessons 5-6
Word Synonym Antonym accused متهم appliance وسيله machine, device appreciate دير کردنتق be grateful for bay خليج کوچک beard ريش bracelet النگو،دستبند armlet brake ترمز brake pedal bureau اداره office career دوره زندگي livelihood catch شدن(دستگير کردن( clerk کارمند convict مجرم criminal, villain council شورا committee county استان region, province customer مشتري client, consumer custom رسم‘گمرک trade, business decent آراسته،نجيب polite, moral discourteous, decadent deprive محروم کردن take away provide distract اغفال کردن sidetrack, divert doubt ترديد،شک hesitation, uncertainty dragnet دام entitle نام نهادن،مستحق بودن give the right, name debar expel بيرون انداختن drive out, eject favoritism پارتي بازي partiality, preference impartiality finery لباس زرق و برق دار‘زيور gang گروه‘دسته team, squad hint اشاره کردن clue, intimate, imply innocent گناهبي blameless, guiltless guilty inspection بازرسي check, assessment limp لنگيدن walk lamely, hobble merchandise جنس،کاال goods, commodities mercy بخشش forgiveness, pity cruelty messy کثيف و بهم ريخته chaotic, disordered neat miniskirt دامن کوتاه sarong, kilt nobleman زادهنجيب polite, gallant pilgrim مسافر praise تحسين admiration, tribute criticism pretend وانمود کردن make believe, feign reckless دقتبي careless, hasty, rash cautious rescuer دهندهنجات savior, liberator rioter آشوبگر rebel, protester ruin خراب کردن destroy, wreck sarcasm ريشخند irony, ridicule respect serious خطير،جدي severe, important funny, trivial silent بيصدا،ساکت quiet, still, hushed noisy, talkative slight مقدار ناچيز small, trivial considerable spade بيل shovel spine ستون فقرات backbone steering فرمان direction-finding suspect مظنون شدن doubt, mistrust trust thanksgiving شکرگذاري blessing trial محاکمه judgment trickery گريحيله deception, fraud honesty
take on set rules get up stay up look into
Silent majority: "Dead people" Defect: "Fault; to quit a country, a political party, or a cause"
Double Duty Words 1. abandon (v., n.) 2. hardship (n., adj.) 3. wager (n., v.) 4. annual (n., adj.) 5. blend (n., v.) 6. burden (n., v.) 7. debate (n., v.) 8. probe (n., v.) 9. reform (v., adj.) 10. neglect (n., v.) 11. gallant (n., adj.)
Opposites 1. approach ≠ leave 2. expensive ≠ cheap 3. visible ≠ unseen 4. popular ≠ hated 5. vacant ≠ filled 6. keen ≠ dull 7. descend ≠ climb 8. humid ≠ dry 9. vanish ≠ be seen 10. essential ≠ not needed
7
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 7 Word Synonym Antonym
postpone تأخير delay, put off a later time bring forward, advance consent موافقت agree to, accept dissent, disagree , refusal massive حجيم bulky, immense tiny, minute, compact capsule کپسول a small case or covering
preserve محفظت کردن keep safe, protect, continue destroy, end denounce محکوم کردن express strong disapproval of, condemn support unique يکتا rare, having no like or equal ordinary, common, usual torrent سيل any violent, rushing stream, flood trickle resent رنجيدن feel injured and angered at (something) accept, like molest مزاحمت disturb, interfere with and trouble, bother
gloomy غمگين dark, dim, in low spirits bright, happy, cheerful unforeseen بيني نشدهپيش unexpected, not known beforehand
Lesson 8 Word Synonym Antonym
exaggerate اغراق کردن overstate understate amateur آماتور not professional professional, expert mediocre متوسط ordinary, average
variety گوناگون lack of sameness, a number of different things
valid درست sound, true, supported by facts or authority invalid, null, illegal survive زنده ماندن live longer than, remain alive after
weird مرموز mysterious, unearthly, very strange ordinary, conventional prominent مشهور well-known, celebrated, renowned inconspicuous, obscure security امن freedom from danger, care or fear
bulky حجيم taking up much space, large
reluctant نااميد unwilling, hesitant eager, willing, ready obvious واضح easily seen or understood, plain
8
Lessons 7-8
Word Synonym Antonym attic اتاق زير شيرواني upper floor attorney وکيل lawyer, advocate clue مدرک،سرنخ evidence, sign condemn محکوم کردن denounce commend conqueror پيروز،فاتح defeater, victorious constitution قانون اساسي instrument of government couple وصل کردن‘زوج pair, combine separate cousin دايي و عمويا دختر پسر crew خدمه team, squad, troop district ناحيه،بخش region, area entertainment سرگرمي diversion, hobby, amusement feature لحاظ،هجنب aspect, characteristic flu آنفوالنزا influenza foreman سرکارگر give up از دست دادن، کردنرها quit, abandon continue grand باشکوه impressive, excellent poor haunted زدهجن ghostly, worried horrible مهيب،مخوف dreadful, terrible pleasant illness بيماري sickness, disease good health incurable ناپذيرعالج not curable, untreatable journey سفر trip, voyage, travel lumberjack برچوب measures اقدامات miss خطا کردن،از دست دادن lose take pleasure خوشي،لذت enjoyment, delight displeasure quit رها کردن give up take up rush يورش،حرکت شديد slaughter کشتار‘قتل kill, murder sound درست،سالم unfailing, good unsound spy جاسوس secret agent, emissary, mole squad تيم‘دسته group, team stamp نقش،مهر stomp strict اکيد، محکم،سخت severe, rigorous lenient truck واگن wagon, articulated vehicle violent صبعانه‘ شديد،سخت brutal, vicious friendly, peaceful violet بنفش bluish-purple
put off take on
Preserve: "In ancient times: man preserved woman from slaughter in order to work for the conqueror" Obvious: "Something that met you on the way"
9
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 9 Word Synonym Antonym
vicinity همسايگي neighborhood, region near a place
century 100 قرن years
rage عصبانيت شديد violent anger
document پرونده text, manuscript
conclude پايان end, finish, decide start, commence, extend undeniable بدون شک not to be denied
resist نمقاومت کرد act against, strive against, oppose lack کمبود have not enough abundance, sufficiency ignore توجه نکردن pay no attention to, disregard pay attention to challenge چالش call to fight, dare
miniature مينياتور small scale gigantic, enormous source عمنب place from which something comes
Lesson 10 Word Synonym Antonym
excel بهتر بودن be better than, do better than
feminine زنانه of women or girls mannish, manly mount باال رفتن get up on descend compete رقابت کردن be a rival or contestant
dread ترسيدن fear greatly, causing great fear
masculine مردانه of man, male feminine menace تهديد threat, warning
tendency تمايل leaning, movement in a certain direction
underestimate دست کم گرفتن misjudge, miscalculate, see too low
victorious پيروز conquering unsuccessful, losing numerous متعدد very many, several few flexible منعطف easily bent, willing to yield rigid, stiff, inflexible
10
Lessons 9-10
Word Synonym Antonym antic مسخره،مضحک arouse برانگيختن،تحريک کردن stimulate, rouse dampen attitude نگرش approach, manner banish تبعيد کردن deport, send away beat شکست دادن overcome, get the better of behave رفتار کردن act, perform, work boredom مالل،خستگي monotony, tediousness bother دردسر دادن go to the trouble of crisis بحران disaster, catastrophe critic منتقد detractor, evaluator crop برداشت محصول harvest, gather debater مذاکره کننده debtor بدهکار nonpayer, defaulter decree فرمان،حکم command, rule deserted متروک isolated, uninhabited doll وسکعر toy dungaree شلوار بند دار enthusiasm اشتياق eagerness, interest apathy eventually عاقبت finally, ultimately fair منصفانه،نمايشگاه کاال exhibition, just fake تقلبي‘نادرست false, phony genuine flabby شل،سست unfit, out of condition firm, fit frame هيکل body, physique giant الجثهعظيم enormous, gigantic, monster miniature guilty گناهکار blameworthy, at fault innocent honestly صادقانه truthfully, frankly, sincerely untruthfully interrupt قطع کردن break up, break off jockeys ايسوارکار حرفه juggling حرکت سريع‘تردستي jury هيات منصفه adjudicators, judges legend داستان،افسانه myth, fairy tale mayor شهردار mustache سبيل nephew پسر برادر،پسر خواهر onlooker ناظر viewer, observer opportunity مجال‘فرصت chance, occasion pastime سرگرمي amusement, hobby, diversion phony تقلبي trick, hoax genuine poke هل دادن push, thrust pony اسب کوتوله horse poodle سگ پشمالو quack شياد pretender, fraud, impostor remedy راه حل‘ عالج،دارو cure, solution residential مسکوني housing, inhabited, suburban business rival رقيب opponent, adversary sergeant گروهبان shy خجالتي،کمرو introvert extrovert slang عاميانه strive کوشيدن struggle, try hard stubborn شق کله،سرسخت immovable, tenacious flexible sundae ايبستني ميوه wise زيرک astute, clever foolish worthless ارزشبي valueless valuable
sent into a rage count on cry at
Century: "C-note stands for $100. fin ($5), sawbuck ($10) and grand ($1,000)" Mountebank: "Quack or fake"
11
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 11 Word Synonym Antonym
evidence مدرک proof, affirmation
solitary تنها alone, single, only sociable, busy vision بينايي power of seeing, sense of sight
frequent مکرر easily broken, delicate sturdy glimpse نگاه گذرا a short, quick view; glance
recent حاضر current, new, latest old, former decade 10 دهه years
hesitate مردد بودن be doubtful, fail to act quickly
absurd مزخرف ridiculous, foolish
conflict نبرد disagreement, direct opposition agreement, peace, harmony minority اقليت less than half, smaller part majority fiction افسانه legend fact, truth
Lesson 12 Word Synonym Antonym
ignite آتش زدن set on fire extinguish abolish تمام کردن put an end to keep, retain, maintain urban شهري city, town rural
population جمعيت people of a city or country
frank رک truthful, not hiding what’s in one’s mind evasive pollute آلوده کردن make dirty clean, purify reveal نشان دادن make known, show, display hide
prohibit منع کردن forbid by law or authority, ban allow, authorize, facilitate urgent مهم important, necessary causal, trivial, unimportant adequate کافي sufficient, enough inadequate, insufficient decrease کاهش دادن make or become less increase audible قابل شنيدن heard, hearable inaudible, faint, indistinct
12
Lessons 11-12
Word Synonym Antonym alien بيگانه unfamiliar, foreign barely به سختي‘به ندرت hardly, scarcely easily binoculars دوربين شکاري blaze نور يا رنگ درخشان shine, flash comet دارستاره دنباله command دستور،فرمان decree convict مقصر دانستن condemn acquit deaf ناشنوا،کر unable to hear hearing diet رژيم غذايي regime elderly سالخورده،مسن old, aged, mature fiery آتشين blazing, burning fume بخار،دود fund سرمايه finance, account gear لباس‘وسيله device, clothes harbor پناهگاه shelter, protect harsh خشن،سخت cruel, severe gentle, mild heal درمان کردن cure, make well worsen heaven آسمان،بهشت paradise hell igneous آتشين،آذرين inference نتيجه‘استنباط deduction juror عضو هيات منصفه knot متصل کردن‘بستن join, tie untie loaf ولگردي کردن،قرص نان be unoccupied luminous درخشان shining, brilliant dull mediation گريميانجي intervention provocation medieval قرون وسطايي merely ًفقط،صرفا just, only meteor سنگشهاب mitten انگشتدستکش بي monster هيوال huge, fiend small nearsighted بيننزديک short-sighted penalty مجازات،تنبيه punishment pill حب،قرص tablet, medication plainly ًصريحا clearly, evidently principal مدير chief, major property ملک،دارايي possessions proverb المثلضرب maxim, adage reliance اعتماد confidence, trust rent کرايه،اجاره hire, payment rough خشن،سخت coarse, uneven smooth, gentle scuba وسيله غواصي shelter حفاظ،پناهگاه harbor, protect shoreline خط ساحلي beach, seashore shrub بوته plant silly ابله،نادان stupid, ridiculous sensible spectacularly تماشايي amazingly, wonderfully mildly sublime بلندپايه magnificent, uplifting ridiculous swap مبادله،عوض کردن exchange, change tale افسانه،داستان story, legend treasurer مسئول امور مالي vote راي گرفتن ballot, poll whisper درگوشي ،نجوا soft voice, undertone
go into a rage cheat on like …better than … go on a diet hardly ever rather than turn out
Absurd: "Quite deaf", "silly or senseless" Double Duty Words 1. consent (v., n.) 2. security (n., adj.) 3. preserve (n., v.) 4. rage (v., n.) 5. document (v., n.) 6. challenge (v., n.) 7. menace (v., n.) 8. frequent (v., adj.) 9. conflict (v., n.) 10. dread (v., adj.)
Opposites 1. consent ≠ refuse 2. valid ≠ untrue 3. ignite ≠ get off 4. reveal ≠ hide 5. urgent ≠ not important 6. victorious ≠ beaten 7. survive ≠ die 8. mount ≠ put out 9. prohibit ≠ allow 10. miniature ≠ large
13
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 13 Word Synonym Antonym
journalist نگارروزنامه newspaperman
famine قحطي starvation, great shortage
revive احيا کردن bring back or come back to life
commence شروع begin, start finish, end, conclude observant هوشيار‘تيزبين quick to notice, watchful inattentive, dreamy identify تشخيص دادن recognize, distinguish
migrate مهاجرت کردن emigrate, relocate
vessel رگ‘کشتي a ship, vein
persist پافشاري continue firmly, preserve give up, desist, stop hazy آلودمه misty, fogy, unclear clear gleam بارقه a flash or beam of light
editor سردبير Lesson 14
Word Synonym Antonym unruly شکنقانون lawless well-behaved rival رقيب opponent, contestant
violent خشن done with strong, rough force
brutal وحشي savage, cruel gentle, human, civilized opponent رقيب rival, contestant ally, partner, colleague brawl درگيري a noisy quarrel or fight
duplicate کپي کردن an exact copy, repeat exactly
vicious شرور evil, wicked, savage gentle, kindly whirling چرخان spinning
underdog ستمديده loser
thrust فرو کردن push with force
bewildered مبهوت confused completely, puzzled
14
Lessons 13-14
Word Synonym Antonym adaptation اصالح کردن alteration, modification affairs کارها،امور dealings, associations audience گان و بينندگاندشنون listeners and viewers bank ساحل،کنار side, shore banked track پيست مسابقه bill صورتحساب demand for payment bitter آميز طعنه،تلخ sour, resentful sweet, resigned brute صفتحيوان beast, animal burst از هم پاشيدن،قطع کردن rupture, fracture coarse درشت،خشن rough, stiff smooth completion اتمام conclusion, end consciousness آگاهي،هوشياري awareness, perception unconsciousness crime جنايت offence, sin cruel رحمبي unkind, brutal, vicious kind dozen دوازده عدد،دو جين elbowing هل دادن push fingernail ناخن ghost روح spirit, phantom graduation التحصيليفارغ handy قابل استفاده useful, usable hollow پوک،تهيميان void, empty solid manuscript نوشته document, text pit جنگ fight proud سربلند،مغرور overconfident humble, modest quarrel نبرد،نزاع dispute, fight ram قوچ،گوسفند نر rumour شايعه gossip fact saucer بشقاب کوچک plate, bowl savage وحشي skinny, slim پوست و استخوان،الغر thin, skeletal fat so-called به اصطالح،کذايي alleged spoil خراب شدن‘فاسد شدن ruin, destroy improve starvation گرسنگي hunger, malnourishment struggle تقال کردن make a great effort, strive swing نوسان کردن،چرخيدن fluctuate, oscillate thief سارق،دزد burglar, robber though اگرچه although, even if turf گيهمساي neighborhood twin دوقلو double, look-alike victim قرباني fatality, wounded wondered زدهشگفت surprised
come in interest in throw out get into thrust into
Commence: "Begin, start" Rival: "Probably comes from the Latin rivus (stream), who lives across the river"
15
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 15 Word Synonym Antonym
expand گسترش دادن increase in size, enlarge, swell contract, condense alter اصالح کردن make different, change, vary
mature بالغ ripe, grown-up young, immature sacred مقدس holy, blessed, worthy of respect secular, temporal, profane revise تجديد نظر change, alter, bring up to date
pledge قول دادن promise
casual تصادفي happening by chance, not planned
pursue تعقيب کردن follow, proceed along flee, avoid unanimous موافق in complete agreement, consent
fortunate شانسخوش lucky, having good luck
pioneer پيشرو developer, innovator innovative خالق fresh, clever, having new idea
Lesson 16 Word Synonym Antonym
slender الغر long and thin, slim fat
surpass بهتر بودن do better than, go beyond follow vast عظيم enormous, huge small
doubt شک hesitation, uncertainty certainty
capacity ظرفيت volume, ability
penetrate نفوذ کردن pierce, go through
pierce رسوخ کردن penetrate, go through
accurate دقيق precise, exact inaccurate microscope ميکروسکوپ
grateful قدردان feeling gratitude, thankful ungrateful
cautious محتاط careful, wary reckless confident مئنمط certain, sure of oneself unsure
16
Lessons 15-16
Word Synonym Antonym ad آگهي تبليغاتي advertisement, trailer
aboveboard درست‘رک و پوست کنده correct shady
bartender کافه(متصدي بار(
bleeding خونريزي blood loss
blind کور sightless, unsighted
confidentially محرمانه in secret, in private openly
dig up آشکار کردن reveal, find hide
eardrum پرده گوش
faithful وفادار loyal, reliable
gratitude قدرداني thanks, appreciation hall راهرو passageway
honor احترام respect, admiration dishonor inquiry تحقيق investigation invade حمله کردن attack, enter by force
lead سرب
loyalty صداقت faithfulness disloyalty
pound ضربه زدن hit, strike
quiet خاموش،ساکت calm, silent loud
quite ًکامال completely slightly
retina چشمشبکيه
ripe بالغ‘رسيده mature, fully grown unripe
salute درود،سالم greeting, acknowledgment
scar اثر زخم‘نشان mark, wound
slight اندک،کم small, unimportant considerable
strip نوار باريک،برهنه narrow piece, ribbon
tame اهلي‘رام domestic wild
tear down متالشي کردن و از هم دريدن demolish, destroy
temple شقيقه،معبد shrine, place of worship
usher راهنما يا کنترل سينما guide, attendant vex ناخوشايند کردن trouble, displease pacify, placate
dig up walk away come out so far move out clear up write on
Pioneer: "Origin: French word for a foot soldier, peonier" Confident: "Route: Fidere meant "trust" in
17
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 17 Word Synonym Antonym
appeal جاذبه attraction, interest, to urge repel
addict معتاد devotee
wary محتاط cautious, careful unwary, careless
aware آگاه knowing, realizing unconscious
misfortune بدشانسي bad luck luck
avoid جلوگيري کردن keep away from, avert encourage
wretched بيچاره miserable happy
keg سطل barrel
nourish تغذيه کردن feed, nurture
harsh شديد‘سخت cruel, severe gentle
quantity مقدار amount
opt انتخاب کردن choose or favor, select
Lesson 18 Word Synonym Antonym
tragedy تراژدي disaster, a sad play joy
pedestrian پياده walker, person on foot
glance نگاه اجمالي glimpse, a quick look perusal
budget بودجه financial plan
nimble چاالک agile, quick awkward
manipulate مديريت کردن direct, control
reckless دقتبي careless, hasty, rash cautious, careful
horrid ترسناک horrible, terrible, frightful pleasant
rave وار حرف زدنديوانه talk wildly
economical اقتصادي not wasting time or money wasteful
lubricate کاريروغن oil, grease
ingenious باهوش clever, inventive
18
Lessons 17-18
Word Synonym Antonym
agent دار يک مسئوليت خاصعهده manager aware آگاه conscious unaware bakery نانوايي bitten گزيدگي sink its teeth into brawl درگيري ‘نزاع fight, clash brilliant درخشان‘باهوش luminous, talented dull, mediocre career دوره زندگي livelihood carpenter نجار carve قسمت کردن slice, cut in slices commonplace معمولي ordinary, usual extraordinary complementary تکميلي harmonizing convenience راحتي ease inconvenience counselor مشاور deduce استنتاج کردن infer denounce متهم کردن condemn, accuse support dull کودن stupid bright essay مقاله‘رساله thesis, treatise gambling قمار making a bet greedy حريص hungry, stingy generous heedless دقت بي‘فکربي neglectful, careless careful inhale دم ‘تنفس کردن breathe in exhale junk آشغال rubbish, garbage leap پريدن jump, rise drop lunge حمله کردن attack neat مرتب tidy, in order untidy, disorganized ought بايد must, should pedantic نظرانهکوته pep زاانرژي energy, activeness pledge قسم خوردن‘قول دادن promise, oath puppet دست نشانده‘ عروسک doll, marionette relieve آسان کردن‘آزاد کردن ease exacerbate revive احيا کردن revitalize, renew kill skinny, slim الغر thin, skeletal fat stare خيره شدن‘زل زدن look intently, gaze glance stranger غريبه unfamiliar person, alien strike برخورد کردن ‘تصادف attack suffering مشقت ‘رنج pain, torment, misery swift سريع fast, quick slow utensil ابزار ‘وسيله tool, appliance wary محتاط cautious unwary, careless wounded مصدوم‘مجروح injured, hurt wretched بيچاره‘بدبخت miserable, despondent happy
break away keep away/out get into opt for draw up set aside take off
Keg: "Came from the Icelandic word: kaggi" Pedestrian: "When it is use as adjective means very dull and commonplace"
Double Duty Words 1. brawl (v., n.) 2. rival (n., adj.) 3. thrust (v., n.) 4. duplicate (v., n.) 5. pledge (v., n.) 6. appeal (v., n.) 7. budget (v., n.) 8. rave (v., adj.) 9. mature (v., adj.) 10. pedestrian (n., adj.)
Opposites 1. ingenious ≠ stupid 2. nourish ≠ starve 3. commence ≠ finish 4. hazy ≠ clear 5. slender ≠ thick 6. expand ≠ make smaller 7. misfortune ≠ good luck 8. harsh ≠ smooth 9. migrate ≠ stay at home 10. pedestrian ≠ driver
19
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 19 Word Synonym Antonym
harvest آوري محصولجمع gather, collect
abundant اضافي very plentiful scarce
uneasy نگران‘احتنار restless, anxious untroubled
calculate حساب کردن estimate, figure
absorb جذب کردن take in or suck up, interest greatly exude
estimate تخمين زدن guess, estimation
morsel لقمه a small bite, mouthful chunk
quota سهم share
threat تهديد menace
ban منع کردن forbid, prohibit allow
panic آشفتگي unreasoning fear, dread calm
appropriate مناسب fit, proper inappropriate
Lesson 20 Word Synonym Antonym
emerge بيرون آمدن come out
jagged داردندانه uneven, toothed smooth
linger طول کشيدن stay on, delay leaving leave
ambush دام trap
crafty گرحيله trickery, sly
defiant مقاوم‘جسور open resisting, challenging
vigor قوي active strength or force
perish مردن die, be destroyed survive
fragile شکننده easily broken, frail sturdy, strong
captive زنداني prisoner free
prosper موفق be successful
devour با حرص خوردن eat greedily
20
Lessons 19-20
Word Synonym Antonym abacus چرتکه
anxious مشتاق‘نگران nervous, eager unconcerned appeal جذب کردن‘درخواست petition, request, attract repel
arrest دستگير کردن seize, capture release
barn انبار علوفه‘طويله storage place, hangar
bison دارگاو کوهان
bite لقمه mouthful, morsel
bug ساس insect
charge جرم‘هزينه cost, accuse
commence شروع کردن begin, initiate terminate
complaint شکايت کردن criticism praise
conflict مبارزه clash, dispute, fight peace
crowd جمعيت group, assembly
deem تصور کردن think, believe, regard
evasive آميزطفره elusive, vague direct
exclude خارج کردن leave out include
foul ناخوشايند ‘ کثيف‘آلوده polluted, unpleasant clean, pleasant
hunt شکار کردن
indeed مطمئناً ‘گمانبي certainly, undeniably
lamb بره red meat, beef
lawn چمن grass
lobster چرخنگ دريايي
mystical عرفاني spiritual, supernatural
obey پيروي کردن follow disobey
odor بو
peach هلو
pebble شن stone, small rock
pesticide کشآفت insect killer
rancher گاوچران
reliable موثق‘قابل اطمينان loyal, trustworthy unreliable
reluctant نااميد unwilling, unenthusiastic eager
revive احيا کردن revitalize, renew kill
roam گردش journey, travel settle
ruin نابود کردن destroy, devastate
shrewd زيرک astute, crafty naive
sly گرحيله crafty, tricky, furtive honest
strive تقال کردن struggle, effort
sturdy نيرومند strong, powerful frail, weak
tax ماليات duty, tariff
terrier نوعي سگ کوچک
treasurer دارخزانه
vulgar بداخالق‘زشت bad, bad-mannered decent, polite
wither شدنخشک dry up
suck up take in grow up come up/out/into stay on linger on
Calculate: "Charge customers by figuring out" Ambush: "A place for protect a person made out of bushes or woods"
21
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 21 Word Synonym Antonym
plea درخواست request, appeal
weary خسته tired refreshed collide برخورد کردن crash, come together with force
confirm تاييد کردن make certain, prove refute verify تاييد کردن confirm, prove to be true disprove anticipate بيني کردنپيش predict, expect
dilemma مشکل حاد problem, a difficult choice
detour راه فرعي a roundabout way
merit شايستگي goodness, worth, value disadvantage
transmit فرستادن send over, pass on
relieve آسان کردن make less, release, ease, replace exacerbate
baffle پيچيده puzzle, confuse
Lesson 22 Word Synonym Antonym
warden نگهبان keeper, guard
acknowledge اقرار کردن admit to be true deny
justice عادالنه fair dealing, impartiality injustice
delinquent مجرم an offender, criminal law-abiding
reject رد کردن refuse accept
deprive محروم کردن take away from by force
spouse زن يا شوهر wife or husband
vocation حرفه occupation, profession
unstable ناپايدار not firmly fixed steady
homicide قتل murder, slaughter
penalize تنبيه کردن punish, set a penalty for
beneficiary ذينفع recipient benefactor
22
Lessons 21-22
Word Synonym Antonym abound به وفور داشتن be plentiful, thrive beneath زير under, below above benevolent بخشنده‘مهربان generous, kind malevolent benign خوش قلب‘مهربان benevolent, kind malignant bewildered مبهوت‘گيج confused, baffled brand دار کردنلکه ‘ گونه‘نوع kind, type bull گاو نر burglar سارق‘دزد thief, robber clerk کارمند collision برخورد‘تصادف crash, accident commit مرتکب شدن‘انجام دادن perform, carry out consent موافقت کردن approval, permit refusal defiant مقاوم‘جسور disobedient, rebellious obedient emerge بيرون آمدن come out face روبرو شدن stand in front of fair dealing رفتار منصفانه just conduct biased fright هراس‘ترس fear, terror, panic bravery guilty کناهکار blameworthy, at fault innocent harshly با خشونت unkindly, strictly gently horn شاخ inmate زنداني prisoner, convict insurance بيمه assurance jail زندان prison just conducting عادالنه رفتار کردن fair dealing liberty آزادي freedom, autonomy suppression mayor شهردار multitude تعداد زياد large number nephew پسر خواهر يا برادر niece دختر خواهر يا برادر policy استراتژي‘خط مشي plan, strategy promotion پشتيباني‘حمايت endorsement, help pursue دنبال کردن follow rural حومه شهر country, rustic urban sentence تعيين مجازات judgment, punishment strange غريب ‘عجيب odd, bizarre, peculiar normal thorough کامل‘عميق complete, deep partial unpleasant ناخوشايند unlikable pleasant villain شرور criminal, outlaw vivid ملون‘رنگارنگ colorful dull weird مرموز strange normal wound جراحت‘آسيب injury, cut yell فرياد زدن shout, shriek
turn in weary of take off pass on/along deprive of set up
Dilemma: "Facing with two choices, each equally unpleasant" Beneficiary: "All words beginning with bene speak only of good, for that is what this prefix means"
23
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 23 Word Synonym Antonym
reptile خزنده snakes, lizards, turtles, alligators,…
rarely به ندرت hardly ever, seldom, not often not often forbid منع کردن prohibit, ban, make a rule against allow logical منطقي reasonable, rational illogical exhibit نشان دادن show, display
proceed پيش رفتن go on, move forward, progress recede precaution اقدامات حفاظتي preventative measure, foresight
extract استخراج کردن pull out, elicit, draw out
prior مقدم earlier, former
embrace در آغوش گرفتن hug, hold in your arms
valiant شجاع brave, courageous cowardly partial جزئي incomplete, fractional complete
Lesson 24 Word Synonym Antonym
fierce وحشي savage, wild gentle detest نفرت داشتن hate, dislike intensely love sneer مسخره کردن scorn, contempt admiration scowl اخم کردن frown, look angry by lowering eyebrows frown
encourage تشويق کردن give confidence, inspire
consider در نظر گرفتن think about, regard as, take into account
vermin حشرات موذي small animal such as rats, bugs,…
wail گريه کردن با صداي بلند cry loud and long because of pain or grief
symbol نشانه‘سمبل sign, icon
authority قدرت power, right powerlessness neutral طرفبي unbiased, impartial, not taking sides biased trifle ناچيز‘کم little bit
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Lessons 23-24
Word Synonym Antonym afford قدرت مالي داشتن‘دادن give, have the funds for agile فرز و چاالک nimble, swift clumsy arise رخ دادن occur, take place attend حضور يافتن be present at miss audacious شجاع brave cowardly bargain چانه زدن‘معامله good buy beef شکايت کردن‘گوشت گاو complain chivalrous شجاع gallant boorish claw چنگ زدن scratch, tear contempt اهانت scorn, dislike admiration crawl خزيدن creep cuddle بغل کردن embrace curious کنجکاو probing apathetic dauntless باکبي fearless timid delegate وکالت دادن‘نماينده representative, entrust retain delinquent مجرم criminal, offending law-abiding deprive محروم کردن take away provide dime سکه ده سنتي drab دلگير‘روحبي dull, uninteresting interesting dweller ساکن inhabitant, resident entrust واگذار کردن hand over, delegate fang نيش مار flea کک fond مايل tender, caring uncaring frown اخم کردن scowl smile grief غصه sorrow, misery joy groom داماد hug بغل کردن embrace, cuddle indomitable قوي strong, stubborn feeble intrepid باک بي‘شجاع fearless, brave cowardly invasion تهاجم attack muddle نظمبي disorder, chaos order objection مخالفت opposition, protestation approval obedience پيروي ‘اطاعت agreement disobedience olive زيتون owe بدهکار be in debt repay perplex پيچيده puzzle, baffle poisonous سمي toxic, fatal slip out خارج شدن exit, leave stay spitting اختنتف اند splinter تکه ‘ذره particle, piece statue مجسمه figurine supreme عالي highest, top worst surpass جا گذاشتن go beyond follow thread ريسمان filament, yarn, strand tip انعام toil فعاليت‘کار work turtle پشتالک
Valliant: "Refers to famous Prince Valiant who appeared in the comics for many years as the ideal knight" Symbol: "Symbols are used in language, writing, logic, mathematics, science, religion, trade and sports"
Double Duty Words 1. exhibit (v., n.) 2. harvest (v., n.) 3. panic (v., n.) 4. ambush (v., n.) 5. plea (v., n.) 6. delinquent (n., adj.) 7. reject (v., n.) 8. detour (v., n.) 9. sneer (v., n.) 10. scowl (v., n.)
Opposites 1. detest ≠ be fond of 2. perish ≠ live 3. valiant ≠ afraid 4. emerge ≠ hide 5. unstable ≠ steady 6. weary ≠ wide awake 7. scowl ≠ smile 8. prior ≠ afterwards 9. morsel ≠ huge piece 10. rarely ≠ often
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504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 25 Word Synonym Antonym
architect معمار designer, a maker, creator matrimony زندگي زناشويي marriage life baggage چمدان bags, suitcases, gear squander ولخرجي waste, spend foolishly save
abroad خارج از کشور overseas, out of the country
fugitive فراري a runaway, escapee
calamity بال و بدبختي a great misfortune, serious trouble
pauper فقير a very poor person rich
envy حسادت jealousy, be jealous of collapse فرو ريختن fall down, breakdown, ruin prosecute کردنتعقيب bring to court, follow up, carry on bigamy داشتن دو همسر having two wives or two husbands at same time
Lesson 26 Word Synonym Antonym
possible ممکن able to be, be done, or happen, feasible impossible compel مجبور کردن force, get by force, oblige
awkward نامطلوب clumsy, embarrassing, not easily managed graceful, relaxed venture خطر کردن dare, undertake, expose to risk
awesome انگيزشگفت astounding, amazing, breath-taking
guide راهنمايي کردن direct, manage
quench پايان دادن put an end to, drawn or put out
betray تسليم کردن give up, deceive, mislead, show protect, withhold utter کامل ‘گفتن say, speak, make known; complete partial pacify آرام کردن calm down, placate aggravate respond پاسخ دادن react, answer, take action ignore beckon اشاره کردن signal, make a gesture, attract dismiss
26
Lessons 25-26
Word Synonym Antonym acquaintances آشنايان friends befall رخ دادن happen, occur blink چشمک زدن open and close the eye compartment کوپه‘قسمت section, partition embarrassing نامطلوب awkward, uncomfortable relaxed fate سرنوشت destiny, fortune fine جريمه کردن penalize, punish fold گردآوري gather fort قلعه نظامي‘دژ castle fur پوست‘خز glazier برشيشه graceful دوست داشتني‘جذاب attractive, lovely awkward heel پاشنه ignorant جاهل‘مودب impolite, unaware polite infant نوزاد baby, newborn inheritance ميراث heritage jaywalking مباالتعابر بي lather تراشکار mason سنگتراش medic دانشجوي پزشکي mob جمعيت crowd
needy نيازمند poor, in need rich plasterer اندودگر plumber کشلوله realm کشور‘قلمرو territory, country serpent خزنده reptile sigh نفس عميق exhale noisily sour ترش resentful sweet suspicious بدگمان‘شکاک dubious, suspect trustworthy thirst تشنگي need for liquids trunk چمدان بزرگ box tyranny ستمگري cruelty, totalitarianism wealth ثروت possessions, funds poverty will نامهوصيت
give up slow up catch up in favor of turn out
27
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 27
Word Synonym Antonym despite رغمعلي in spite of, regardless of
disrupt گسيختن upset, cause to break down, disturb
rash شتابزده‘جوش hasty, careless careful
rapid سريع very quick, swift slow
exhaust کامالً خالي empty completely, use up, tire out refresh
severity وضوح‘سختي strictness, plainness, violence gentleness, warmth
feeble ضعيف weak, frail strong
unite متحد شدن join together, become one separate
cease متوقف کردن stop, end, finish commence
thrifty جوصرفه economical, saving, thriving spendthrift
miserly خسيس stingy, like a miser generous
monarch اهملکه يا پادش king, queen, ruler
Lesson 28 Word Synonym Antonym
outlaw ياغي‘منع کردن an exile, an outcast, a criminal, to declare unlawful promote ترقي دادن help to grow and develop, advance
undernourished داراي سوء تغذيه not sufficiently fed, starved healthy illustrate نشان دادن show, demonstrate hide, conceal
disclose نشان دادن reveal, uncover, make known conceal
excessive خيلي زياد too much, extreme moderate
disaster بدبختي‘بال calamity, great misfortune, tragedy success
censor سانسور edit culprit مجرم offender, criminal, delinquent innocent juvenile نابالغ‘جوان young, youthful mature, adult bait طعمه temptation insist پافشاري کردن be resolute, be firm
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Lessons 27-28
Word Synonym Antonym annoy at stake در خطر at risk, in danger bother آزار دادن annoy cereal حبوبات‘غله clown دلقک joker, comic coastal ساحلي common مشترک shared private curtain پرده decay از بين رفتن decompose, perish delivery فرستادن‘توزيع distribution, sending descendant نسل‘وارث heir, inheritor exhausted خسته و وامانده tired refreshed exile تبعيدي banishment, deportation frugal جوصرفه thrifty spendthrift good will حسن نيت kindness malice greedy حريص stingy generous harshness خشونت severity gentleness hasty شتابزده speedy, swift fast ivy پيچک miserly خرجکم miserable, stingy generous ought بايستي have to, must outcast مطرود exile, pariah Plague طاعون plainness وضوح nakedness principal مدير chief, major regret اظهار تاسف کردن be sorry retreat يعقب نشين back away advance ruler حکمران monarch take for granted مسلم و بديهي دانستن presuppose, assume appreciate torment عذاب pain, suffering pleasure trait کيفيت‘ روال‘شيوه mannerism, quality trifles گرفتنبازي به ‘کم little, bit
use up tire out
Disaster: "Under the influence of an evil star (dis-aster)"
29
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 29
Word Synonym Antonym toil به سختي حرکت کردن‘کار سخت hard work, move with difficulty relaxation
blunder تلوتلو خوران رفتن‘اشتباه احمقانه stupid mistake, stumble, say clumsily
daze مغشوش کردن ‘گيج کردن confuse
mourn اظهار تأسف کردن grieve, feel or show sorrow for rejoice
subside فروکش کردن become less, decrease build up
maim ناتوان‘معلول disable, cripple heal
comprehend درک کردن understand, know
commend تشويق و توصيه کردن praise, acclaim, hand over for safekeeping denigrate
final پاياني coming last, deciding first
exempt آزاد کردن make free from, freed from
vain غرور بيجا‘ناموفق unsuccessful successful
repetition تکرار reiteration, doing or saying again
Lesson 30 Word Synonym Antonym
depict ان دادننش portray, show, describe mortal مردني ‘فاني deadly, earthly immortal
novel رمان‘جديد new, long story occupant مالک tenant, dweller
appoint منصوب کردن choose for a position, equip or furnish reject
quarter ناحيه‘بخش district, region
site مکان position, location
quote گذاريقيمت ‘روخواني کردن repeat, quotation verse قطعه شعر poems prose morality خوبي‘اخالق goodness, honesty wickedness roam گردش بدون برنامه wander, go about with no special plan settle attract جذب کردن draw to oneself, magnetize repel
30
Lessons 29-30
Word Synonym Antonym ape ميمون monkey beckon اشاره کردن signal dismiss bill پشنهاد proposed law blow ضربه knock campaign مبارزه fight, struggle clumsy زشت و شلخته awkward conscience شعور‘وجدان sense of right and wrong cram پر کردن‘جا دادن fill up cripple معلول maim defeat مغلوب conquest, loss victory depositor گذارسرمايه saver, investor drown مردن die estate ملک ‘زمين land ethnic فرهنگي‘ملي national, cultural fever تب foe دشمن enemy friend freed آزاد free secure Grapes of Wrath هاي خشمخوشه grief غصه sorrow, sadness joy hill بلندي mount valley hunger گرسنگي starvation ladder پله steps lodge خانه کوچک small house monument بناي يادبود memorial, tribute mugger سارق robber mutilate مجروح کردن maim penniless فقير impoverished rich pertain مربوط بودن relate, be relevant ponderous سنگين heavy light
portray نشان دادن show, depict hide pride غرور self-respect rash دقتبي careless careful razor تيغ اصالح shaver sink غرق شدن be submerged float sorrow تاسف grief joy stumble تلوتلو خوردن slip testament مدرک evidence, verification thrill هيجان excitement bore thyself خودت yourself virtue حسن good feature vice volley رگبار torrent, shower wander تاخت و تاز‘گردانيسر lose concentration
Double Duty Words 1. outlaw (v., n.) 2. venture (v., n.) 3. guide (v., n.) 4. censor (v., n.) 5. bait (v., n.) 6. toil (v., n.) 7. blunder (v., n.) 8. rash (n., adj.) 9. novel (n., adj.) 10. quarter (v., n.)
Opposites 1. roam ≠ stay at home 2. undernourished ≠ well-fed 3. disclose ≠ hide 4. rapid ≠ slow 5. pauper ≠ rich person 6. possible ≠ could not happen 7. feeble ≠ strong 8. cease ≠ start 9. excessive ≠ not enough 10. rash ≠ careful
Maim: "Suggests the loss or destruction of an arm or leg or both" Mortal: "mort comes from Latin and means "to die" "
31
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 31 Word Synonym Antonym
commuter مسافر traveler, person along for the ride confine محبوس کردن keep in, hold in release
idle اساس بي‘غيرفعال inactive, lazy, without any good reason working, diligent
idol قهرمان‘بت statue, hero
jest خنداندن‘مضحک joke, fun
patriotic پرستميهن loyal, loving one's country disloyal
dispute مقاومت کردن‘ نزاع‘مخالفت disagreement, quarrel agreement
valor شجاعت bravery, courage
lunatic ديوانه crazy, foolish, insane sensible
vein رگه‘ سياهرگ‘حالت روحي mood, blood vessel
uneventful بدون اتفاق برجسته و مهم without important or striking happening eventful
fertile غني productive, rich, fruitful infertile Lesson 32
Word Synonym Antonym refer ارجاع دادن hand over, direct for information, help or action distress موقعيت خطرناک‘بدشانسي misfortune, dangerous or difficult situation fortune
diminish يافتنکاهش reduce, decrease increase maximum بيشينه greatest possible or amount minimum
flee فرار کردن run away, go quickly, escape
vulnerable پذيرآسيب capable of being injured impervious
signify با اهميت‘معني کردن mean, be a sign of, have importance
mythology شناسياسطوره myths, folklore, tradition colleague همکار co-worker, associate torment عذاب cause very great pain to, annoy pleasure, comfort provide فراهم کردن supply, give withhold loyalty وفاداري‘صداقت faithfulness, honesty disloyalty, dishonesty
32
Lessons 31-32
Word Synonym Antonym alibi دفاعيه‘ توضيح‘دليل reason, explanation, defense argue دليل آوردن reason, make a case attendance حضور presence, attending attitude نگرش viewpoint bleed خونريزي blood loss bunk آشغال rubbish bury دفن کردن inter commendation تحسين‘تشويق praise, recommendation
contest مخالفت کردن‘رقابت competition, accept cooperate همکاري کردن collaborate curriculum برنامه درسي syllabus, set of courses dean رييس defendant مدعي عليه‘خوانده deserve سزاوار بودن merit, be worthy of dull تاريک‘هگرفت dark, dim bright fate سرنوشت destiny frontier مرز border generation نسل age group hatch بيرون آمدن ‘توليد کردن produce, emerge mockery استهزا‘ريشخند ridicule, scorn respect outing تور day trip, tour pitch زمين بازي playing field primitive نخستين‘باستاني prehistoric, ancient modern rescue نجات دادن free, liberate abandon rumor شايعه gossip rush يورش schedule برنامه timetable seam اليه‘رگه layer, vein soil خاک earth spot جا‘نقطه place, site striking برجسته noticeable inconspicuous veteran ايحرفه experienced, expert novice warrior جنگجو‘سرباز soldier, fighter willingly داوطلبانه voluntarily reluctantly worship عبادت کردن adoration, veneration wrap بندي کردنبسته package unwrap wrist مچ دست
Lunatic: "The Romans believed that our minds are affected by the moon- luna means "moon" in Latin- and that lunatics grew more crazy as the moon become fuller"
33
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 33
Word Synonym Antonym volunteer داوطلب unpaid helper
prejudice لطمه زدن‘داوريپيش bias, prejudgment, to harm or injure impartiality
shrill نافذ‘صداي بلند piercing, high and sharp in sound low
jolly سرخوش merry, full of fun sad
witty گو بذله‘شوخ amusing, humorous dull
hinder ممانعت کردن hold back, obstruct
lecture سخنراني speech, scold
abuse سوء استفاده misuse
mumble من من کردن speak unclearly (indistinctly)
mute الل‘خاموش silent, unable to speak
wad جرم کوچک و نرم small and soft mass
retain استخدام کردن‘نگهداشتن keep, employ let go
Lesson 34 Word Synonym Antonym
candidate کانديدا applicant precede پيشي گرفتن head, go before, come first follow
adolescent نوجوان youthful, between 13 to 22 years of age adult coeducational مدرسه مختلط educating both sexes in the same school
radical بنيادي‘اساسي fundamental, extreme minor, conservative
spontaneous اختيار بي‘خود به خود unplanned, natural
skim سر چيزي را گرفتن‘ نگاه سرسري و سطحي
remove from the top, read quickly, glide along
vaccinate واکسينه کردن inoculate, immunize untidy نامرتب messy, not neat, not in order neat utensil ابزار‘وسيله instrument, appliance sensitive حساس easily affected or influenced indifferent temperate دلمعت moderate intemperate
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Lessons 33-34
Word Synonym Antonym banquet مهماني feast, formal meal burst منفجر شدن erupt campaign مبارزه‘جنبش movement, fight
chimney لوله دودکش vent, smokestack chuckle با دهان بسته خنديدن laugh quietly consent رضايت داشتن agree refuse cruel رحمبي brutal kind desperate خطير ‘مايوس hopeless, serious hopeful, harmless distinct مشخص clear unclear fierce وحشي savage, wild gentle hazy مبهم unclear distinct horror ترس terror inoculate دنواکسينه کر vaccinate insult فحش‘توهين mayor شهرداري merry شاد happy, cheery miserable mud گل sludge, dirt on the spur of the moment
suddenly deliberately ناگهاني‘بدون مقدمه
orphanage پرورشگاه يتيمان pan انتقاد کردن‘ماهي تاوه pot, criticize praise, applaud pirate دزد دريايي bandit, thief pitch صدا sound polio فلج اطفال privilege امتياز ويژه right rehearsal تمرين practice performance resign واگذار کردن‘استعفا دادن leave your job scold ايراد گرفتن‘انتقاد tell off praise soothe ام کردنآر calm, pacify excite stuff چپاندن‘پر کردن fill tune لحن melody, song twinkle برق نگاه‘چشمک زدن gleam, shine vicious شرور cruel good-natured whistle فرياد‘سوت shriek
linger on grow up
Prejudice: "A person who decides before thinking-out a problem is prejudiced"
35
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 35 Word Synonym Antonym
vague مبهم ambiguous definite
elevate باال بردن raise, lift up
lottery آزماييبخت gamble, game of chance certainty
finance سرمايه money
obtain مورد استفاده بودن‘بدست آوردن gain, attain, be in use lose
cinema سينما moving picture
event رخداد happening, result or outcome
discard دور ريختن throw away, shed keep
soar اوج گرفتن aspire, fly upward or at a great height drop
subsequent بعدي following, later preceding
relate ربط داشتن‘نقل کردن tell, connect in thought or meaning
stationary ثابت motionless, still moving
Lesson 36 Word Synonym Antonym
prompt وادار کردن ‘ سريع ‘به موقع quick, on time slow, late hasty شتابزدهسريع و quick, hurried slow
scorch سطح چيزي را سوزاندن burn slightly, dry up, criticize sharply tempest مزاحمت‘طوفان storm, disturbance serenity
soothe آرام کردن calm, pacify excite
sympathetic دلسوز‘همدرد kind, kind-hearted unfeeling
redeem بازخريد‘ انجام شدن‘آزاد کردن release, carry out, pay off
resume دوباره آغاز کردن recommence, take up again stop harmony هماهنگي synchronization discord refrain خودداري کردن hold back persist illegal غير قانوني unlawful, against the law legal narcotic مخدر tranquillizer
36
Lessons 35-36
Word Synonym Antonym ache درد pain acquisition خريد‘بدست آوردن attainment, purchase loss ambition بلندپروازي‘هدف goal, aspiration avail فايده benefit boast ادعا کردن‘الف زدن claim brew آماده کردن prepare curse آزار و اذيت annoyance, bother discount تخفيف money off drowse چرت زدن be sleepy wake embrace در آغوش گرفتن hug erosion سايش corrosion, wearing down
excuse بهانه‘عذر reason firearm اسلحه gun, weapon frustration بدتر کردن aggravation satisfaction hum صداي زير low sound hurried سريع و شتابزده hasty leisurely incident تصادف‘درگيري fight, clash insane ديوانه lunatic intermission استراحت‘وقفه rest jest شوخي joke lessen کم کردن diminish, reduce increase mercy بخشش forgiveness mortgage سرمايه‘گرو finance opium ترياک platform سکو stage precious با ارزش valuable worthless prescribe تجويز کردن recommend prompting اصرار‘پافشاري property دارايي‘ملک land, belongings resort راه چاره‘انتخاب option, remedy sentence محکوم کردن‘حکم condemn, decree shed دور انداختن discard vain فايده بي‘غيرمؤثر ineffective successful wheat گندم
Double Duty Words 1. jest (v., n.) 2. volunteer (v., n.) 3. refrain (v., n.) 4. finance (v., n.) 5. mute (v., n.) 6. torment (v., n.) 7. abuse (v., n.) 8. idle (n., adj., v.) 9. lunatic (n., adj.) 10. prompt (v., adj.)
Opposites 1. hasty ≠ slow 2. idle ≠ busy 3. flee ≠ remain 4. mumble ≠ speak clearly 5. jolly ≠ sad 6. elevate ≠ lower 7. discard ≠ keep 8. mute ≠ talkative 9. diminish ≠ grow larger 10. untidy ≠ neat
37
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 37 Word Synonym Antonym
heir وارث inheritor
majestic با شکوه grand, noble, dignified, kingly humble
dwindle کوچک يا کم شدن decrease, shrink increase
surplus اضافي excess, extra
traitor سازشکار betrayer loyalist
deliberate هدفمند intentional, to consider carefully accidental
vandal خرابکار delinquent
drought خشکسالي lack of rain, dryness wetness
abide وفادار ماندن‘قبول کردن accept, remain faithful to, dwell, endure
unify متحد و يکي کردن unite, make or form into one separate
summit جلسه ‘باالترين نقطه apex, zenith, meeting bottom
heed توجه دقيق attention, notice disregard
Lesson 38 Word Synonym Antonym
biography بيوگرافي life story drench خيس شدن soak, wet thoroughly dry out
swarm تعداد زياد crowd or great number wobble تلوتلو خوردن move unsteadily from side to side
tumult نويز‘صداي بلند uproar, noise, violent disturbance or disorder
kneel تعظيم کردن go down on your knees
dejected غمگين in low spirit, sad cheerful
obedient مطيع willing to obey disobedient recede عقب رفتن go back, withdraw advance tyrant ستمگرحاکم cruel ruler charity موسسه خيريه aid organization verdict قضاوت کردن judgment, decision of a jury
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Lessons 37-38
Word Synonym Antonym accuse متهم کردن blame, charge appoint منصوب کردن assign, choose dismiss, reject arsonist افروزآتش betray خيانت کردن be disloyal to, give up protect charge هزينه‘جريمه cost, accusation chin چانه clown دلقک joker comment انتقاد criticism courteous مؤدب polite rude dignified شاخص distinguished undignified downpour بارندگي زياد heavy shower dwell سکني گزيدن reside, inhabit flag پرچم mark fleet ناوگان navy fraternity برادري furious آتشين‘سخت و شديد irate calm generous بخشنده kind, giving tight-fisted grumble مخالفت‘شکايت complaint, protest hand کارگر worker handful چندتا‘مشت howl فرياد‘گريه wail, scream, cry ignorant نا آگاه unaware, uninformed informer خبررسان informant intend داشتنقصد aim, mean knee زانو lenient با مدارا easy-going, moderate severe march into هجوم آوردن attack, invade miser اندوز مال‘خسيس stingy, collector generous overlook اغماض‘پوشيچشم ignore, neglect parachute چتر نجات peg وصل کردن‘ميخ nail, attach detach precious ارزشمند valuable worthless reassure دلگرم کردن encourage rebel ياغي radical recruit کارگر‘استخدام کردن employ, employee lay off regiment لشکر troop reminder يادداشت remembrance rip پاره کردن tear
shrink شدنترکوچک get smaller grow summon احضار‘دعوت کردن call dismiss surrender واگذاري‘تسليم کردن give up retain swamp باتالق throne سرير‘تخت uproar آشوب‘غوغا chaos, tumult peace
get on go on pay off make up
39
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 39
Word Synonym Antonym unearth کشف کردن dig up, discover, find out cover up, bury
depart تغيير دادن ‘ترک کردن leave, go away, change, die arrive
coincide منطبق شدن ‘موافقت کردن agree, correspond exactly, overlap
cancel کنسل کردن call off, withdraw, wipe out
debtor کاربده person who owes something to another
legible واضح و شفاف‘خوانا able to be read, plain and clear illegible
placard پالکارد poster, advertisement
contagious واگيردار‘مسري infectious, transmittable
clergy روحاني‘مبلغان مذهبي persons prepared for religious work
customary معمول usual exceptional
transparent واضح‘شفاف see-through, clear opaque, unclear
scald سوختن با آب ‘شتشو با آب گرم burn with hot liquid or steam داغ‘جوش يا بخار
Lesson 40 Word Synonym Antonym
epidemic گيرهمه widespread obesity چاقي بيش از حد extreme fatness slenderness
magnify بزرگنمايي کردن cause to make larger than it really is, enlarge shrink chiropractor ماساژور massager
obstacle مانع obstruction, impediment
ventilate برمال کردن‘تهويه کردن change the air in, discuss openly
jeopardize به خطر انداختن risk, endanger
negative منفي saying no, minus, showing the lights and shadows reversed
pension حقوق بازنشستگي retirement fund vital مهلک‘ بسيار مهم‘حياتي very important, necessary to life unimportant municipal شهري of a city or state, urban country, rural oral شفاهي spoken, by word of mouth, verbal written
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Lessons 39-40
Word Synonym Antonym absenteeism غيبت absence attendance applicant متقاضي candidate, interviewee arthritis آرتروز assassinate ترور kill, murder assist کمک کردن help hinder barbed مضر‘خاردار pointed, hurtful blindfold چشم بستن borrow قرض کردن have a loan of lend buried مخفي hidden, concealed overt chubby چاق fat slim convention انجمن meeting corpulent چاق fat slim ditch کانال‘گودال channel drowning غرق شده going under floating embarrassment ناراحتي unease calm envoy نماينده representative execution اعدام killing fate سرنوشت destiny fever تب ignorance نا آگاهي unawareness knowledge interview مصاحبه put questions to ladder نردبان land بدست آوردن gain, acquire lose lava گدازه molten rock, magma literal حقيقي factual fictional loan قرض دادن‘قرض lend borrow lung شش mutton گوشت گوسفند beef, lamb obese چاق fat, stout, corpulent slim parade ميدان سان‘سان ديدن show off, exhibit possession مالکيت put down فرو نشاندن rid پاک کردن clear, do away with riot آشوب disturbance roast کباب کردن bake rye چاودار‘گندم سياه scald tears اشک حسرت scroll طومار roll shipment محموله batch, load slim الغر slender fat stamp نقش‘مهر stoutness تنومندي firmness, strength superstition پرستيخرافه false notion swelter خيس عرق شدن overheat, roast, boil testify گواهي دادن give evidence, confirm turnout دهندکان رأي‘جمعيت crowd, voters vase گلدان vertebrae هاي ستون فقراتمهره backbone vital wound جراحت مهلک weight watcher داراي رژيم غذايي dieter, slimmer yawning کشيدنخميازه
41
504 Absolutely Essential Words
Lesson 41 Word Synonym Antonym
complacent مغرور ‘خودخواه self-satisfied
wasp زنبور
rehabilitate احيا كردن restore to good condition, revitalize
parole آزادي مشروط‘قول شرف conditional freedom, word of honor
vertical عمودي straight up and down with reference to horizon horizontal
multitude تعداد زياد‘جمعيت a great number, a crowd
nominate منصوب کردن appoint to an office
potential پتانسيل capability of coming into being or action
morgue بايگاني‘سردخانه
preoccupied مشغول‘مجذوب took up all attention
upholstery روکش مبل coverings and cushion for furniture
indifference اعتناييبي
Lesson 42 Word Synonym Antonym
maintain باقي ماندن‘نگهداشتن keep, keep up, uphold snub تحقير كردن treat coldly, scornfully or with contempt
endure تحمل کردن bear, last, keep on, stand wrath عصبانيت شديد very great anger, rage
expose در معرض چيزي قرار گرفتن lay open, uncover, show openly
legend يادداشت‘داستان tale, myth
ponder توجه دقيق consider carefully
resign استعفا دادن‘واگذار کردن give up, yield, submit drastic قوي ‘مؤثر acting with force or violence wharf لنگرگاه‘بارانداز pier, dock amend اصالح کردن alter, modify, change worsen ballot برگه رأي vote, secret ballot
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Lessons 41-42
Word Synonym Antonym afresh ًمجددا again ally دوست friend enemy annihilation انهدام total destruction protection assign اختصاص دادن allocate beset طه کردناحا blame و متهم کردنزنشسر accuse brainchild محصول فکري idea cattle الناس عوام‘حيوان اهلي domestic animals contempt توهين scorn admiration cushion پوشش‘بالش pillow, shield deed عمل‘داركر action donate اهدا کردن give embarrassing ناراحت کننده upsetting exhausted وامانده‘خسته tired refreshed flame زبانه کشيدن burn, light up forgery جعلي imitation original grave گور tomb heave آه کشيدن haul henchman ايآدمکش حرفه in the interest of به نفع incredible انگيزشگفت astonishing unremarkable inmate زنداني prisoner, convict lever اهرم handle literal حقيقي factual fictional measures اقدامات mound بلندي hill notorious گمنام infamous famous parasol چتر umbrella pig خوك porch بالکن‘ايوان terrace, balcony poverty کمبود scarcity surplus put up آشنا کردن rhyme شعر poem roundup جمع کردن collect disperse rude ادببي impolite polite scornfully تمسخرآميز contemptuously respectfully sentence محکوم کردن condemn sigh آه کشيدن exhale noisily skeptic شک انگيز‘شکاک dubious slayer قاتل killer sofa مبل settee sprinkler آبفشان stain لک انداختن blemish sting نيش torture عذاب torment tremble ادنتکان د shake tribe قبيله family, ethnic group urge تمايل شديد ‘درخواست يا اصرار کردن insist on velvet مخمل weakling ضعيف ‘کم بنيه
Double Duty Words 1. surplus (n., adj.) 2. deliberate (v., adj.) 3. summit (adj., n.) 4. swarm (v., n.) 5. wobble (v., n.) 6. pension (v., n.) 7. parole (v., n.) 8. ballot (n., v.) 9. negative (n., adj.) 10. snub (v., n.)
Opposites 1. surplus ≠ shortage 2. heed ≠ refuse to listen 3. unearth ≠ bury 4. magnify ≠ make smaller 5. amend ≠ leave the same 6. oral ≠ written 7. depart ≠ arrive 8. unify ≠ split up 9. wrath ≠ happiness 10. kneel ≠ stand up straight
1
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 1 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
abroad overseas ☺ abrupt sudden gradual abruptness ☺ abruptly
acceptable permissible unacceptable accept acceptability ☺ acceptably
acclaim praise criticize ☺ acclamation acclaimed
actually truly actual ☺ adverse unfavorable favorable ☺ adversely
advice suggestion warning advise ☺ advisable
attractive appealing repellent attract attraction ☺ attractively
autonomous independent dependent ☺ autonomously
disapproval objection approval disapprove ☺ disapprovingly
disruptive disturbing disrupt disruption ☺ disruptively
haphazardly arbitrarily systematically haphazardness haphazard ☺ ideal perfect ideal ☺ ideally
persistent constant feeble persist persistence ☺ persistently
wide broad narrow wideness ☺ widely
Lesson 2 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
advanced progressive traditional advance advancement ☺
advantage benefit disadvantage ☺ advantageous advantageously
advent arrival departure ☺
agile nimble clumsy agility, agileness ☺ agilely
albeit although
allow permit forbid ☺ allowance allowable allowably
appealing alluring repulsive appeal appeal ☺ appealingly
celebrated renowned unknown ☺
contemporary current old ☺
distribute dispense ☺ distribution ☺
encourage inspire ☺ encouragement encouraging encouragingly
energetic vigorous energy ☺ energetically
frail fragile strong frailty ☺
refine perfect contaminate ☺ refinement refined
worthwhile rewarding worthless ☺
2
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 1 Word Synonym Antonym
allotted اختصاص يافته selected aphrodisiac برانگيزاننده جنسي applause تشويق clapping jeering applicant متقاضي candidate artistic هنري arty assignment قرارداد project attire لباس dress authority قدرت‘سئوليتم power powerlessness cognitive شناختي colony مستعمره conceive تصور کردن imagine cryptic مرموز mysterious straightforward devastating کنندهويران destructive displeasing ناخوشايند distressing pleasing distract اغفال کردن sidetrack enthusiastic مشتاق eager factual حقيقي realistic fictional gland غده incident رويداد‘تصادف clash, event irrational نامعقول illogical rational native بومي‘اهلي inhabitant foreigner negotiate مذاکره کردن talk perception ادراک insight perfume عطر aroma plain واضح clear ambiguous psychotherapy درمانيروان recognition شناخت identification recruit استخدام کردن employ relinquish رها کردن abandon retain rewarding با ارزش worthwhile disappointing tariff تعرفه tax territory قلمرو region, terrain therapy درمان cure, treatment virtually ًواقعا vulnerable پذيرآسيب in danger
3
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 2 Word Synonym Antonym
abominable زشت awful carnivorous گوشتخوار consequence اهميت‘نتيجه result, importance contemptuous آميزهانتا scornful admiring convince متقاعد کردن persuade dissuade curious عجيب peculiar ordinary diet رژيم غذايي regime dweller ساکن يک محل inhabitant entertainment سرگرمي hobby evolve کامل شدن develop, progress facilitate تسهيل کردن ease impede interfere مداخله کردن get in the way involvement گرفتاري‘درگيري contribution jogging آهسته دويدن run laziness تنبلي idleness energy poll رأي ballot remote دور از دسترس inaccessible nearby shrimp ميگو spectacular تماشايي wonderful humdrum splendor زيبايي swallow پرستو tadpole نوزاد قورباغه theme موضوع topic tidal جزر و مدي trait مشخصه‘ويژگي attribute, feature valley دره vegetarian گياهخوار wilderness بيابان wasteland
4
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 3 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
alter modify maintain ☺ alteration alterable alterably
analyze examine ☺ analysis
ancient old contemporary ☺
annoying bothersome pleasing annoy annoyance ☺ annoyingly
anticipate predict ☺ anticipation anticipatory
conform adapt contradict ☺ conformity
detect notice ☺ detection
enrich enhance ☺ enrichment enriching
intensify heighten weaken ☺ intensity intensive intensively
intolerable unbearable bearable intolerance ☺ intolerantly
observe notice ☺ observer observant
ongoing current finished ☺
propose suggest ☺ proposal proposed
restore revitalize ☺ restoration restored
vital indispensable unimportant vitality ☺ vitally
Lesson 4 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
ambiguous vague clear ambiguity ☺ ambiguously
apparent visible unclear ☺ apparently
arbitrary haphazard logical arbitrariness ☺ arbitrarily
assert declare deny ☺ assertiveness assertive assertively
astounding astonishing astound ☺ astoundingly
astute perceptive stupid astuteness ☺ astutely
authorize empower forbid ☺ authority authorized
deceptively misleadingly honestly deceive deception deceptive ☺ determined resolute irresolute determine determination
elicit extract ☺ elicitation
forbid ban allow ☺ forbidden forbiddingly
petition appeal ☺ petition
relinquish abdicate retain ☺ relinquishment
resilient tenacious weak resilience ☺ resiliently
tempt entice ☺ temptation tempting temptingly
5
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 3 Word Synonym Antonym
archaeologist شناسباستان attribute مشخصه trait, characteristic celestial آسماني heavenly earthly compensation بازپرداخت repayment course الگو‘جهت direction, pattern dairy لبني deficiency کمبود‘نقص defect, shortage perfection, excess diverse فاوتمت different similar dubious مشکوک uncertain certain generation نسل age group interstellar ايستارهبين mask پوشاندن cover miss نرسيدن fail to attend attend momentous مهم ‘خطير important trivial mosquito پشه nutritional مغذي dietary promotional تبليغاتي restoration ترميم repair seriousness خطير‘اهميت importance triviality stoical بردبار enduring strict ثابت‘محکم firm lenient tardiness تأخير delay punctuality threshold آستانه limit tutoring تدريس خصوصي teaching
Lesson 4
Word Synonym Antonym forbid احساس بد داشتن bad feeling grace زيبايي beauty awkwardness herd جمعيت group juxtaposition الحاق combination on behalf of از طرف in support of provision شرايط condition resolution قطعنامه‘عزم decision, declaration seek طلب کردن ask for subsidize حمايت مالي support financially suffrage حق رأي vote tenure مدت تصدي occupancy, permanent status trample لگد کردن walk on treaty معاهده pact wander گير کردن‘سرگرداني lose concentration withdraw حذف کردن remove put in witty شوخ humorous dull
6
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 5 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
amaze astonish ☺ amazement amazing amazingly
baffle puzzle ☺ bafflement baffling
bear yield ☺ bearable bearably
block obstruct ☺ blockage blocked
blur cloud clear ☺ blur blurred
brilliant radiant dull, mediocre brilliance ☺ brilliantly
caution warn ☺ caution cautious cautiously
challenge dare challenge ☺ challenging
delicate fragile robust ☺ delicately
enhance strengthen ☺ enhancement enhanced
intrigue fascinate ☺ intrigue intriguing intriguingly
persuade convince discourage ☺ persuasion persuasive persuasively
replace substitute ☺ replacement replaceable
shed discard ☺
unique rare common uniqueness ☺ uniquely
Lesson 6 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
chiefly mostly chief ☺ coarse rough smooth coarseness ☺ coarsely
commonplace frequent, standard
extraordinary ☺
comparatively relatively absolutely compare comparison comparative ☺ complex complicated simple complexity ☺
conventional traditional unconventional convention ☺ conventionally
curious peculiar ordinary curiosity ☺ curiously
exceedingly extremely exceed excess excessive ☺ exclusively restrictively partially exclude exclusion exclusive ☺ immense massive tiny immensity ☺ immensely
indeed truly ☺ rigid stiff floppy ☺ rigidly
routinely ordinarily unusually routine routine ☺ sufficiently adequately inadequately suffice sufficiency sufficient ☺ Visibly noticeably view vision visionary, visible ☺
7
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 5 Word Synonym Antonym
orchard باغ ميوه advocacy طرفداري support, promotion constellation صورت فلکي controversial انگيزبحث debatable crab خرچنگ critic منتقد detractor, opponent fan, supporter denture دندان مصنوعي flint سنگ چخماق hatching کشيجوجه imitation بدلي‘تقلبي mock, artificial real meandering مارپيچ twisty direct ornamental تزييني‘آرايشي decorative, attractive outsider خارجي foreigner native perennial گياه چندساله‘دائمي permanent, lasting occasional Perseus برساوش porcelain خاک چيني ceramic shipwrecked کشتي شکسته solicit تقاضا کردن ask for, petition for grant status جايگاه rank, level tattooing خالکوبي tropical گرمسير hot temperate underestimate دست کم گرفتن undervalue, miscalculate overestimate
Lesson 6
Word Synonym Antonym adhere هواخواهي ‘چسبيدن stick attendance حضور presence bias تعصب‘تمايل partiality, favoritism impartiality comprehend فهميدن understand contest مسابقه competition convention جلسه‘سمر tradition, meeting covet طمع کردن domestic اهلي‘خانگي home public durable بادوام robust, resilient flimsy gravel سنگريزه stony, pebbly homesick دلتنگ nostalgic infirmary بيمارستان hospital ingenious خالق inventive juggling تردستي modest فروتن‘نسبتاً کم fairly small excessive peculiar عجيب strange normal preconception تصور قبلي bias rival رقابت کردن match, compete with trigonometry مثلثات tumbling معلق زدن dropping rising vine گياه باالرونده climbing plant
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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 7 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
appropriate proper inappropriate appropriateness ☺ appropriately
clarify explain confuse ☺ clarification
conceal hide reveal ☺ concealment
confirm prove refute ☺ confirmation confirmed
constantly continually intermittently constant ☺ convenient practical,
suitable, near inconvenient ☺ convenience conveniently
core chief core ☺
critical dangerous stable critique critic, criticism ☺ critically
distort deform straighten ☺ distortion distorted
diverse different similar diversify diversity ☺ diversely
prosperous thriving, wealthy poor prosper prosperity ☺ prosperously
purposefully deliberately purpose purposeful ☺ reveal disclose conceal ☺ revelation revealing revealingly
scarcely hardly scarcity scarce ☺ theoretically hypothetically theorize theory theoretical ☺
Lesson 8 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
accelerate hasten slow down ☺ acceleration
crack fracture crack ☺
create produce destroy ☺ creativeness creative creatively
creep crawl ☺ creeping
crush grind ☺ crush crushing
cultivate grow ☺ cultivation cultivated
dictate impose ☺ dictator dictatorial
distinguish discriminate ☺ distinguishing
flaw defect ☺ flawed
harvest gather harvest ☺ harvested
mirror reflect ☺ mirror
obtain gain lose ☺ obtainable
particle fragment ☺
settle colonize take off ☺ settlement settled
transport carry ☺ transportation transportable
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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 7 Word Synonym Antonym
accuse کردنمتهم charge, blame adopt قبول کردن accept reject continent قاره convenient مناسب‘نزديک suitable, near inconvenient curriculum سيالبس syllabus cuttlefish ماهي مرکب deliberately هدفمندانه intentionally, purposely accidentally deserve دنسزاوار بو merit, be worthy of dugout سوراخ hollow embryonic جنيني eventually سرانجام finally, ultimately evolution تکامل تدريجي development gill آبشش glare درخشندگي shine, brightness dullness husbandry پرورش دام farming illumination روشنايي lighting kidney کليه leap پرش jump drop mollusk حلزون rationing بنديسهميه share out, distribute sever شکسته شدن cut, separate unite sod قلمرو‘چمن grass,
Lesson 8
Word Synonym Antonym abide by پيروي کردن‘وفادار ماندن به obey defy accomplish انجام شدن do advocate طرفدار supporter opponent anteater خوارمورچه blemish آسيب رساندن damage enlist (enroll) نويسي کردننام sign up hobby سرگرمي pastime, diversion iridescent درخشان shining legislation قانونگذاري lineage نامهشجره family tree opal عقيق plague آزار دادن‘بال trouble, bother precedent روال‘مقدم pattern resemble شباهت داشتن look like differ settle حل اختالف become calm slump کاهش‘سقوط fall, drop rise
10
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 9 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
accurate precise inaccurate accuracy ☺ accurately
classify arrange ☺ classification classified
currency money ☺
deep thorough shallow deepen depth ☺ deeply
dense thick density ☺ densely
depend on trust mistrust ☺ dependent dependable dependably
dim faint light dim dimness ☺ dimly
display exhibit conceal ☺ display
exports foreign sales import export ☺ exported
gigantic enormous tiny ☺ gigantically
impressive imposing unimpressive impress impression ☺ impressively
lasting enduring temporary last ☺
treasury bank treasure ☺ treasured
uniform consistent inconsistent uniformity ☺ uniformly
vibrant brilliant dull vibrance ☺ vibrantly
Lesson 10 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
distinct definite indistinct distinction ☺ distinctly
dominant major minor dominate domination ☺ dominantly
dormant inactive active dormitory ☺
drab colorless interesting drabness ☺ drably
dramatic emotional dull dramatize drama ☺ dramatically
elaborate complex straightforward elaborate elaboration ☺ elaborately
exceptional phenomenal ordinary ☺ exceptionally
hazardous dangerous safe hazard ☺ hazardously
minuscule tiny gigantic minutia minute☺
prime prepare ☺ prime prime, primed
rudimentary basic rudiment ☺
sensitive delicate impervious sensitivity ☺ sensitively
superficial shallow deep ☺ superficially
terrifying frightening terrify ☺ terrifyingly
vigorous strong sluggish vigor ☺ vigorously
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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 9 Word Synonym Antonym
address خطابه speak to addressee گيرنده‘مخاطب receiver donor aspiration هدف ‘تنفس goal chasm شکاف opening conservative کارمحافظه cautious speculative context زمينه background featured مشخصه‘برجسته characteristic genius نبوغ brilliance glowing تابان bright dull inaugural گشايشي‘افتتاحي opening interest بهره benefit intuitive شهودي perceptive obtuse modality وجه monopoly انحصار domination nebulae سحابي outstanding استثنايي exceptional ordinary pact پيمان treaty persuasion متقاعد کردن point of view postulate فرض کردن assume prevailing متداول popular, general prevalent متداول‘غالب common rare privileged طبقه ممتاز‘داراي امتياز ravine دره تنگ narrow valley scope وسعت‘حوزه range, scale Scotch اسکاتلندي thistle بوته خار
12
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 10 Word Synonym Antonym
adapt وفق دادن become accustomed adopt اقتباس کردن‘قبول کردن accept reject adopted son پسرخوانده aroma بوي خوش perfume bilateral دو طرفه two-sided unilateral dart away حرکت تند و سريع demise مرگ‘واگذاري death birth dormitory خوابگاه student house elaboration سازيشفاف clarification elapse منقضي شدن pass entrepreneurs کارفرمايانه eruption فوران explosion evolve پيشرفت کردن develop, progress facet رويه side feather پر plume hull بدنه کشتي involvement گرفتاري‘درگيري taking part majestic شکوها ب grand, splendid humble mythology شناسياسطوره folklore pass away مردن die plumage پر و بال plunge شيرجه رفتن sink, dive rear عقب back front skyline خط افق skyscraper آسمانخراش slither سر خوردن slide terrifying ترسناک frightening trust مسئوليت‘داريعهده responsibility turnpike عوارضي
13
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 11 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
amenity convenience inconvenience ☺
destroy ruin build ☺ destruction destructive destructively
disperse circulate ☺ dispersed
dwelling house dwell dweller☺
element component, environment
☺ elemental
elementary primary ☺
eliminate delete ☺ elimination eliminated
emphasize highlight ☺ emphasis emphatic emphatically
encircle surround ☺ encircled
erratic inconsistent consistent ☺ erratically
exaggerate overstate understate ☺ exaggeration exaggerated
mention remark conceal ☺ mention mentioned
pier dock ☺
prevalent common rare prevalence ☺
release free hold ☺ release
Lesson 12 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
benefit assist suffer ☺ beneficiary beneficial beneficially
blind unaware aware blindness ☺ blindly
broaden enlarge narrow ☺ breadth broad broadly
burgeon thrive dwindle ☺ burgeoning
conspicuously noticeably inconspicuously conspicuous ☺ demand insist request ☺ demand demanding demandingly
endorse support ☺ endorsement
enormous tremendous tiny enormity ☺ enormously
entirely thoroughly partly entirety entire ☺ erode deteriorate ☺ erosion evaporate disappear ☺ evaporation recover retrieve lose ☺ recovery recoverable,
recovered
reportedly rumored report report reported ☺ shift switch shift ☺ shifting shifty
suffer endure ☺ suffering, sufferer
suffering
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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 11 Word Synonym Antonym
abode مسکن home belonging دارايي burrow سوراخ hole clutter نظم بي disorder conifers مخروطيان expedition سفر‘هيئت اعزامي team, journey grocery بقالي hand-out اطالعيه brochure humorous شوخ witty hurricane تندباد tornado intended نامزد proposed intent نيت‘قصد intention, aim latter آخري‘دومي last, second former mat حصير pad, wad mediocre متوسط average, ordinary excellent objective هدف goal pad گرفتن درز fill perseverance پشتکار determination feebleness pier اسکله dock, wharf prairie زارچمن grassland, plain ridicule مسخره scorn rugged زمخت rough smooth sanitation پاکيزگي‘امکانات بهداشتي cleanliness dirtiness satirical طنز humorous ward حيه نا‘بخش region waterspout گردباد دريايي whirlwind گردباد hurricane, tornado
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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 12 Word Synonym Antonym
aggressive خشن‘تجاوزکارانه forceful, violent allege ادعا کردن assert, declare deny bitter ناخوشايند‘لخت unpleasant sweet, pleasant charity خيريه aid organization defy مقاومت کردن resist obey disband منحل کردن break up fault جابجا شدگي former اولي‘قبلي previous fund سرمايه finance harbor بندر infectious مسري‘عفوني transmittable inland دور از‘داخلي inner exterior intrusion تهاجم‘تجاوز invasion invade هجوم بردن attack loose گشاد floppy tight motif طراحي design oblivious فراموشکار‘خبربي unaware, unconscious conscious pace گام retrieve بازگرداندن recover lose sailor ملوان train تربيت کردن educate wear سايش abrasion, deterioration
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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 13 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
dignitary notable nobody ☺
crucial critical trivial ☺ critically
elude evade ☺ elusiveness elusive
evident apparent unclear evidence ☺ evidently
exhaust deplete, thorough renew ☺ exhaustion exhaustive exhaustively
extensive comprehensive, to offer, make longer
narrow extend extension ☺ extensively
extremely highly somewhat extreme extreme ☺ face confront ☺
facet aspect ☺ faceted
hero idol heroic, heroine heroic☺ heroically
inaccessible remote accessible inaccessibility ☺ inaccessibly
obviously evidently ambiguously obvious ☺ predictably expectedly surprisingly predict prediction predictable ☺ solve resolve ☺ solution
suitable appropriate inappropriate suit ☺ suitably
Lesson 14 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
ample sufficient insufficient ☺ amply
arid dry humid ☺
avoid avert encourage ☺ avoidance avoidable
defy resist obey ☺ defying defyingly
enact legislate ☺ enactment enacted
even equitable uneven evenness ☺ evenly
feign simulate ☺ feigned
fertile rich infertile fertilize fertility, fertilizer
☺
freshly recently freshen freshness fresh ☺ function role function ☺ functional functionally
fundamental essential secondary ☺ fundamentally
indiscriminate arbitrary ☺ indiscriminately
selective discriminating select selection, selectivity
☺ selectively
spacious expansive cramped space, spaciousness
☺ spaciously
withstand survive perish ☺
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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 13 Word Synonym Antonym
cherish پروردن‘خوب توجه کردن appreciate, nourish cliff صخره rock commemorative به ياد ماندني memorial, celebratory construe تفسير کردن interpret criminal مجرم convict, villain deed انجام ‘واکنش action, accomplishment exemplary تحسين برانگيز admirable exhaustive عميق thorough shallow frivolous احمقانه‘فکرانهبي thoughtless, silly responsible frustrate جلوگيري کردن‘آزار دادن annoy, prevent encourage, promote grave شديد ‘سخت serious, severe minor implement انجام دادن perform inconceivable غير قابل تصور unthinkable, unbelievable mood خشم‘خلق و خو frame of mind, anger equanimity avail هدف ‘فايده advantage, purpose offensive تهاجمي attacking peaceful offer تعارف ‘عرضه suggestion ore کاني portray نشان دادن depict rearing تربيت کردن train, education rigorous شديد ‘سخت hard, severe ritual رسمي‘سنتي traditional, formal innovative sprawl بي حساب و کتاب رشد کردن suit وفق دادن be fitting clash summit جلسه meeting transitory موقتي temporary permanent tricky گرانهحيله crafty straight tyrant حاکم ستمگر dictator
Lesson 14 Word Synonym Antonym
catastrophe بال و بدبختي disaster, calamity cave غار detractor منتقد‘مخالف critic, enemy supporter fatal مهم‘ مخرب‘کشنده deadly, important flourish رشد کردن thrive, grow deteriorate glacier توده يخ غلتان inalienable غير قابل انکار undeniable infestation هجوم invasion, swarm opossum دارنوعي جانور کيسه penance توبه self-punishment, apology penitential آميزندامت rot خراب شدن‘پوسيدن decay, deteriorate sustain تغذيه کردن‘ادامه دادن continue, nourish quit, sap terrain قلمرو territory tribe قبيله family
18
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 15 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
durable sturdy flimsy durability, duration
☺
favor support, advantageous
☺ favor favorable, favorite
favorably
gain attain, increase lose ☺ gain gainful
generate create ☺ generation, generator
generated
halt stop begin ☺ halt halting haltingly
handle manage ☺ handling
harbor shelter ☺
harmful unhealthy harmless harm harm ☺ harmfully
insignificant meaningless significant insignificance ☺ insignificantly
mysterious baffling clear mystery, mysteriousness
☺ mysteriously
perilous dangerous safe peril ☺ perilously
postpone delay ☺ postponement
promote boost ☺ promoter, promotion
reject refuse accept ☺ rejection
substantial significant insignificant substantive☺ substantially
Lesson 16 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
conscientious meticulous careless ☺ conscientiously
convey communicate ☺
encompass include ☺
expansion growth contraction expand expansion☺ expandable
heighten intensify lessen ☺ height heightened
highlight emphasize ☺ highlight
inadvertently carelessly purposely inadvertent ☺ inevitable unavoidable avoidable inevitability ☺ inevitably
infancy beginning infant☺ infantile
miraculously astonishingly unremarkably miracle miraculous ☺ retrieve recover lose ☺ retrieval retrieved
systematically methodically haphazardly system systematic ☺ unlikely doubtful likely ☺
unwarranted unjustified justified ☺
zenith apex nadir ☺
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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 15 Word Synonym Antonym
arbitration داوري ‘حکميت adjudication, mediation reassure دلگرم کردن encourage undermine blackout خاموش کردن shutdown bleach کردن) رنگو بي(سفيد remove the color, lighten dye respirator ماسک اکسيژن oxygen mask circumstance شرايط‘وضعيت condition, situation cosmos کيهان universe cue سيگنال‘نشانه signal, sign eloquent گويا‘شيوا well-expressed, articulate inarticulate extinction انقراض‘مرگ death survival lure اغفال كردن tempt, entice refugee پناهنده سياسي‘تبعيدي person in exile reschedule تأخير کردن postpone bring forward sewage فاضالب manure, dirt smallpox آبله speculate فکر کردن‘حدس زدن guess, think struggle کوشيدن‘تقال کردن make a great effort tardiness تأخير lateness, delay punctuality troupe دسته‘گروه group, band volunteer داوطلب unpaid helper
Lesson 16 Word Synonym Antonym
accomplishment پيروزي‘عمل deed, triumph assess گيري کردناندازه measure career دوره زندگي livelihood cattle حيوانات اهلي domestic animals certified رسمي formal informal congestion ازدحام‘انسداد overcrowding, blocking emptiness conscious آکاه aware unaware displeasure ناخرسندي unhappiness pleasure disposal دور انداختن throwing away retention envelope پوشش cover hurricane تندباد tempest, tornado impersonal برخورد سرد و رسمي cold, formal, unfriendly friendly inadvertently تصادفي accidentally purposely indoor داخلي interior outdoor inevitable غير قابل پيشگيري unavoidable avoidable infraction قانون(نقض( breaking (law) pace سرعت‘گام step, swiftness pharmaceutical داروسازي slavery داريبرده unsettled نا أرام disquiet soothed
20
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 17 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
agitate disturb calm ☺
confidential secret unrestricted confide confidant ☺ confidentially
delighted elated unhappy delight delightful☺ delightfully
discreetly cautiously indiscreetly discreet ☺ documented proven unknown document documentation documentary☺
gradually steadily rapidly gradual ☺ influence affect ☺ influence influential
inordinate excessive moderate ☺ inordinately
instantly immediately instant instantaneous, instant
☺ intentionally deliberately accidentally intention, intent intentional ☺ intrinsic inherent ☺ intrinsically
inundate overwhelm ☺ inundation
involve include exclude ☺ involvement involved
nominal moderate great ☺ nominally
presumably supposedly presume presumption presumable ☺ Lesson 18
Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb absurd ridiculous reasonable absurdity ☺ absurdly
abuse misuse abuse ☺ abusive abusively
allocation distribution allocate ☺ allocated
balanced equalized balance balance ☺
conservation preservation
destruction conserve Conservationist, conservative,
conservatism☺
fallacious incorrect correct fallacy ☺ fallaciously
feasible possible impossible feasibility ☺ feasibly
lack shortage have lack ☺ lacking
limber flexible stiff ☺
means methods ☺
narrow thin wide narrowness ☺ narrowly
preconception bias impartiality preconceive ☺ preconceived
robust energetic weak robustness ☺ robustly
steady constant intermittent steady steadiness ☺ steadily
swift fast slow swiftness ☺ swiftly
21
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 17
Word Synonym Antonym alleviate ردنک بکس ‘دنكرتسهيل ease, lighten aggravate ambition بلندپروازي aspiration cite کردنذکر mention, refer to commerce بازرگاني trade decline کردنامتناع refuse accept documentation مدرک‘سند certification, documents foundation خيريهموسسه charity impression اثر‘ عقيده‘احساس feeling, notion, effect in order درست‘رتبم tidy, correct untidy ingot شمش intuitive شهودي sensitive, insightful obtuse inundated with reports خبرغرق left on their own د رها کردنامان خوبه nomination انتصاب ‘يشنهادپ proposal, appointment panic وحشتزدگي‘سراسيمگي fright, horror calm permissiveness مسامحه liberalism projective شدهطراحي ratification ييد تأ‘تصويب confirmation, agreement stimuli, stimulate برانگيختن‘محرک arouse suggestion نظريه‘ اشاره ‘پيشنهاد proposal, hint, plan underlie چيزي بودنزمينه be the cause of unduly جهت بي‘اندازهبي excessively justifiably vanity غرور‘تکبر pride humility verbal شفاهي oral written weaning شير گرفتناز
Lesson 18
Word Synonym Antonym assignment تخصيص‘تعيين appointment beneath زير below above clamp زدنبند fasten conservative سنتي traditional avant-garde contrary معکوس‘مخالف opposing, reverse similar convene جلسه دادنتشکيل call together corruption عدم صداقت‘تحريف dishonesty honesty grave خطبر‘وخيم serious, important minor irate خشمگينبسيار very angry, furious calm leather چرم legitimate منطقي‘قانوني lawful, reasonable unlawful, unreasonable misconception غلطتصور fallacy, mistaken belief fact momentarily موقتي‘طور آنيبه for a moment, temporarily permanently notion عقيده idea obligation تعهد responsibility outcome نتيجه result, conclusion plank الوار piece of wood reliable پايا steady unreliable stalk ساقه straw حصير strut گيره‘بست
22
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 19 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
antiquated old-fashioned modern antique ☺
coherent logical, sticking together
illogical cohere coherence, cohesion
cohesive☺ coherently
develop evolve contract ☺ development, developer
developing
fabricate invent ☺ fabrication fabricated
investigation probe investigate investigator☺ investigative
normally typically rarely normalize normalization, norm
normal ☺ notice observe ☺ notice noticeable noticeably
notion concept ☺
novel original unoriginal ☺
opposition resistance friendliness oppose ☺ opposed
record register ☺ record, recording, recorder
recorded
relate communicate ☺ relation, relationship
related
suspect speculate trust ☺ suspect, suspicion
suspected
unbiased objective partial ☺
varied diverse
similar vary variety, variation, variant
various, variable☺
variably
Lesson 20 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
accentuate emphasize play down ☺ accentuation accentuated
disguise conceal reveal ☺ disguise disguised
finance fund ☺ finance, finances
financial, financed
financially
initiate launch finish ☺ initiation, initiative
initiated
innovative creative innovator, innovation
☺
narrate relate ☺ narrative, narration
narrative
nevertheless nonetheless
occasionally sometimes frequently occasion occasional ☺ omit neglect care for ☺ omission omitted
outlandish bizarre ordinary ☺ outlandishly
overcome conquer surrender ☺
partially somewhat completely part partial partly☺ pass approve ☺ passage passable
portray depict ☺ portrayal
submit propose ☺ submission
23
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 19 Word Synonym Antonym
abbreviation اختصار acronym, contraction alibi دليل reason appendage ضميمه attachment catastrophe بال disaster, calamity clenched fist مشت گره کرده compensate جبران كردن fabricated دروغين untrue hereditary موروثي inherited, genetic implement به کار بستن‘انجام دادن apply inanimate جانبي lifeless, dead animate intimate بنيادي‘اساسي malfunction بد کار کردن go wrong marginal اهميت بي‘ايحاشيه trivial, unimportant crucial merger يکپارچگي‘ادغام combination separation oar پارو primitive بدوي ancient, prehistoric modern prospect انداز چشم‘دورنما view, vision sentiment احساس feeling, emotion spawn ريزيتخم release eggs treaty معاهده pact tuition تعليم‘آموزش teaching, training unmanned غيرعادي vertebrate دارمهره
Lesson 20 Word Synonym Antonym
amendment اصالح alteration, modification application تقاضا request appraisal برآورد evaluation, assessment assertion ادعا declaration, claim denial charter اساسنامه‘منشور license competence الحيت ص‘تبحر skill, ability inability craze شور و شوق enthusiasm apathy disguise لباس مبدل costume dissect تشريح کردن ‘كالبد شکافي documentary مستند documented festive جشن(شاد( happy, jolly sad fuse ترکيب کردن combine inadvertently ي تصادف‘دقتيبا بي accidentally, carelessly purposely initiative ابتکار inventiveness, ingenuity mutual متقابل omission از قلم افتادن non-inclusion inclusion orphan يتيم pharynx حلق pop غفلتاً طرح کردن prank فريب‘شوخي joke, trick preference سليقه‘ ميل‘رحجان favorite, partiality indifference proficient ماهر skilful, expert incompetent provincial محلي local central rebellious ياغي disobedient, unruly loyal resent رنجيدن resolution قطعنامه declaration seize گرفتن capture, take showmanship جلب توجهقدرت throat گلو unanimously به اتفاق آراء virtue حسن‘هنر goodness wickedness voluntary داوطلبانه intended involuntary
24
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
* the state of changing one's position, to direct by moving
Lesson 21 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
decline decrease, refuse
increase, accept
☺ decline
gather collect disperse ☺ gathering
motion* movement stillness ☺
partisan biased unbiased ☺
pattern habit pattern ☺ patterned
phenomena events phenomenon☺ phenomenal phenomenally
philanthropic humanitarian nasty philanthropy philanthropist ☺
placid clam agitated ☺ placidly
plentiful abundant scarce plenty ☺ plentifully
reaction response react ☺ reactive, reactionary
reactively
rhythm pulse rhythmic rhythmically
scenic picturesque scenery, scene ☺ scenically
shallow superficial deep shallowness ☺ shallowly
sheltered protected shelter shelter ☺
vanishing disappearing increasing vanish ☺
Lesson 22 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
account story
account accounting, accountant☺
accountable
archaic ancient modern ☺
hasten accelerate slow down ☺ hastiness hasty hastily
hue color ☺
illustration picture illustrate illustrator☺ illustrated, illustrative
inactive idle active inaction, inactivity
☺
intricate complex simple intricacy ☺ intricately
magnitude dimension magnify magnification☺ magnificent magnificently
oblige require request ☺ obligation obliging, obligatory
obligingly
overlook disregard keep in mind ☺ overlooked
poll survey
polling, pollster☺
position location ☺
practical functional impractical practicality practicable☺ practically
predominant principal minor predominate, predominance
☺ predominantly
prompt induce late, slow ☺ promptness promptly
25
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 21 Word Synonym Antonym
abound فراوان بودن be plentiful argue دليل آوردن‘بحث کردن reason armor پوشش محافظ protective covering ballpark تقريبي approximate exact bladder مثانه‘آبدان blaze سوزاندن burn comprise شامل بودن include exclude conjuring بازيشعبده sleight of hand crevice شکاف gap, crack distract منحرف کردن sidetrack, divert endowment وقف donation, gift estuary مصب رودخانه heartbeat ضربان قلب hemisphere نيمكره heritage ميراث inheritance, tradition honeybee سلزنبور ع impressive جذاب‘العادهخارق imposing unimpressive inhale در عمل تنفس(دم( breathe in exhale interview مصاحبه کردن talk to irritation حساسيت jaw آرواره chin, jawbone lichen گل سنگ lung شش monarch پادشاه‘ملکه queen, king nest النه shield nodule غده کوچک‘گره کوچک nutrient مغذي offering pension حقوق بازنشستگي retirement fund pollen گرده predatory درنده recreational تفريحي entertaining respiratory tract دستگاه تنفسي retired بازنشسته rural حومه شهر country, rustic urban set aside حفظ کردن save, reserve use up sleight of hand تردستي trickery, conjuring slender باريک و الغر slim fat squirrel اندوز مال‘سنجاب accumulator stick down متوقف کردن‘بستن close, stop open summit قله zenith, apex nadir toxin سم poison vascular عروقي‘آوندي vinegar سرکه widespread گسترده‘رايج extensive, prevalent limited
26
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 22 Word Synonym Antonym
acquire بدست آوردن obtain lose align رديف کردن ‘به صف درآوردن arrange in a line altar قربانگاه‘مذبح ambitious طلبانهجاه grand, impressive unimpressive brazen جسور‘شرمبي shameless, bold discreet bud غنچه blossom, flower clerical دفتري office confine کردندودمح restrict, limit contempt اهانت کردن scorn admire convenient مناسب suitable inconvenient convention قرارداد‘ pact, resolution curtail محدود کردن limit extend earthquake لرزهزمين emotional احساسي sensitive endure دوام آوردن last exploitation سوء استفاده‘برداريبهره utilization, misuse firm شركت company flourish نرشد کرد thrive, grow deteriorate foster ترويج و ترغيب کردن promote, encourage discourage frontier مرز border glory شکوه grandeur handicap نارسايي‘نقص Hispanic اسپانيايي intellectual منطقي‘متفکر thinker, logical mammal پستاندار mystify مبهوت کردنگيج و bewilder, baffle navigation مسيريابي direction-finding notify اطالع دادن give notice obligation تعهد responsibility obligatory اجباري required, requisite voluntary pesticide كشأفت insect killer plea درخواست petition, request pollster محقق‘نظرسنج researcher promptness سرعت‘شناسيوقت speed slowness pursuit فعاليت activity questionnaire بررسي‘نظرسنجي survey, opinion poll raise افزايش دادن‘باال بردن elevate, increase drop, lower raucous خشن rough, wild soft reckoning تخمين‘محاسبه calculation, estimate require كردنمجبور oblige, compel retain به کار گرفتن employ rude ادببي impolite polite script نوشته writing seal مهر و موم signify نشان دادن indicate, show steer راهنمايي کردن‘مانور maneuver, guide survey مرور و بررسي کردن review, investigation temple معبد place of worship, sanctuary theme موضوع subject, topic vase گلدان bud vase wealth ثروت riches poverty
27
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 23 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
analogous similar to different analogy ☺
approximately around exactly approximate approximation approximate ☺ compel oblige ☺ compelling compellingly
formidable overwhelming ☺ formidably
intrusive annoying intrude intrusion, intruder
☺ intrusively
periodically sometimes frequently periodical periodic, periodical
☺ prone inclined to ☺
prophetic predictive prophesy prophecy, prophet
☺ prophetically
proportions dimensions ☺ proportional, proportionate
proportionally, proportionately
readily freely reluctantly ready readiness ready ☺ reliably dependably unreliably rely reliability,
reliance reliable, reliant
☺ reluctantly hesitatingly willingly reluctance reluctant ☺ renown prominence ☺ renowned
sacrifice concession ☺ sacrifice sacrificial
triumph achievement failure triumph ☺ triumphant, triumphal
triumphantly
Lesson 24 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
affordable economical prohibitive afford ☺ affordably
contaminated pollute pure contaminate contamination ☺
discernible detectable discern discernment ☺ discernibly
flourishing thriving flourish ☺
maintain preserve destroy ☺ maintenance
mediocre average excellent mediocrity ☺
negligible insignificant significant neglect neglect, negligence
neglected, neglectful,
negligent ☺
negligibly
parallel similar dissimilar parallel ☺
peculiar strange normal peculiarity ☺ peculiarly
potent powerful weak ☺
remarkable exceptional ordinary ☺ remarkably
scattered dispersed scatter ☺
solid steady solidify solidification ☺ solidly
somewhat slight ☺
tedious monotonous interesting tedium ☺ tediously
28
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 23 Word Synonym Antonym
alliance معاهده‘ توافق‘اعتماد agreement, treaty appliance ابزار‘وسيله machine binding اجباري‘الزم necessary, obligatory voluntary buoy شناور float ceremonially يينيآ deploy أراييصف arrange extravagant نامعقول exaggerated restrained fraud كالهبرداري deception fulfill ورده کردنآبر satisfy girth اندازه کمر‘محيط thickness, breadth length mermaid پري دريايي mortal مردني‘فاني deadly, earthly immortal moss خزه offend آزردن hurt somebody's feelings omen نشانه‘فال sign, prophecy ornately آراسته handsomely readiness آمادگي scale پولک‘فلس sprite پري‘جن truce بسآتش ceasefire, peace trunk نهت undertake به عهده گرفتن‘تعهد کردن accept relinquish voyage سفر journey, trip
Lesson 24
Word Synonym Antonym afford از عهده برآمدن anxiety نگراني nervousness reassurance ascertain تشخيص دادن determine, find out beast حيوان ‘چهارپا animal belt كمربند burden بار load clawed پنجه coral snake مرجان مار culture محيط کشت debris نخاله‘آشغال rubbish, waste delirious هيجان زده excited disappointing کنندهمأيوس unsatisfactory satisfactory dromedary دارشتر كوهان equator استواخط frustrate ناكام ماندن genus گونه‘نوع type, kind horn شاخ hump کوهان integrity عيبي بي‘درستي honesty dishonesty interest بهره benefit peculiar منحصر به فرد special universal renovate تجديد کردن restore, remodel ruminant نندهنشخوار ک salmon ماهي آزاد sluggish کند slow-moving snout پوزه nose sparse پراکنده thin dense throng ازدحام multitude, swarm few trek سفر دور و دراز journey venom سم poison, toxin antidote wage دستمزد salary
29
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 25 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
briefly concisely at length brevity brief ☺ circulate distribute ☺ circulation circulatory
consistently dependably inconsistently consist consistency consistent ☺ exhibit display conceal ☺ exhibit,
exhibition, exhibitor
found establish ☺ foundation, founder
improperly inappropriately properly impropriety improper ☺ infrequently rarely frequently infrequency infrequent ☺ impulsively capriciously deliberately impulse,
impulsiveness impulsive ☺
isolated secluded nearby isolate isolation ☺
overtly openly covertly overt ☺ profoundly significantly insignificantly profundity profound ☺ sharply quickly slowly sharpen sharpness sharp ☺ situated located situate situation ☺
subsequently afterwards subsequent ☺ unmistakable indispensable debatable ☺ unmistakably
Lesson 26 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
chaotic disorganized organized chaos ☺
characteristic typical uncharacteristic characterize Characteristic, characterization
☺ characteristically
controversial debatable indisputable controversy ☺ controversially
exemplify symbolize ☺ exemplary
gratifying satisfying disappointing gratify gratification, gratefulness
☺ gratefully
interpret clarify confuse ☺ interpreter, interpretation, interpreting
launch initiate finish ☺ launch, launching
legitimate authentic unlawful legitimacy ☺ legitimately
particular specific vague ☺ particularly
radiant bright dull
radiance, radiation, radiator
☺ radiantly
ridge crest ☺
span cover ☺ span
spontaneous instinctive spontaneity ☺ spontaneously
stream river stream ☺
striking remarkable ordinary ☺ strikingly
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Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 25 Word Synonym Antonym
acquaintance آشنايي familiarity, friendship ignorance assimilate ر کردنهمگون و براب adjust, fit in astrology بينيطالع bat خفاش cedar wood سرو colossal الجثهعظيم gigantic tiny concerning راجع به relating to, about contend معتقد بودن assert, declare crown تاج eclipses کسوف outshine engage جلب کردن absorb erect برپا کردن build, create extinct همنقرض شد died out living fleeting سريع و گذرا transitory permanent frog وزغ fund سرمايه finance indisputable مسلم و غير قابل بحث unmistakable debatable lingua franca زبان ميانجي malicious بدخواه malevolent kind, benevolent monologue نفرهنمايش تک soliloquy outlying دور از مرکز‘پرت remote outstanding برجسته exceptional abysmal pidgin دست و پا شکسته presumed فرضي‘احتمالي supposed proclaiming بيانيه announcement provided for مشروط بر آنکه recognition تصديق credit resort چاره‘ پاتوق‘تفريحگاه remedy satirical مسخره‘هجو mocking, humorous societal جمعي group, public soliloquy گوييتک monologue timber تير‘چوب wood tongue زبان language torch مشعل
Lesson 26
Word Synonym Antonym accomplishment دستاورد ‘امتما finishing, achievement bald طاس hairless bankruptcy ورشكستگي economic failure belong متعلق بودن captivate مجذوب کردن charm civic عمومي‘شهري civil, public private diligent ساعي‘كوشا hard-working lazy ethnic نژادي‘قومي tribal, racial exemplary الگو‘سرمشق model, representative flavor طعم taste intellectualization عقالني brain power emotion itinerant در به در‘سيار traveling mount باال رفتن climb, ascend descend obscure نامعلوم‘مبهم vague obvious prolific مولد‘داراي تأليفات بسيار productive unproductive quarry از معدن کندن mine, extract relief نقش برجسته‘تسکين trucking مبادله
31
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 27 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
aptly appropriately inappropriately aptness apt ☺ involuntarily automatically willingly involuntary ☺ demonstration display concealment demonstrate ☺ demonstrative,
demonstrable demonstrably
ingredients elements ☺
marvel wonder ☺ marvelous marvelously
measurable assessable indeterminate measure measurement ☺ measurably
moderate medium, to reduce
moderate moderation ☺ moderately
odd strange ordinary oddity ☺ oddly
reflection image reflect ☺ reflected
supposedly presumably actually suppose supposition supposed ☺ sustained consistent temporary sustain sustenance ☺
symbols marks symbolize ☺ symbolic symbolically
synthesis combination synthesize ☺ synthetic synthetically
tangible concrete intangible tangibility ☺ tangibly
tightly firmly loosely tighten tightness tight ☺ Lesson 28
Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb aggravating irritating soothing aggravate aggravation ☺
amusement diversion amuse ☺ amusing amusingly
conceivably possibly unimaginably conceive conceivable ☺ convert alter ☺ conversion convertible
curative healing injurious cure ☺
debilitating weakening growing debilitate debility ☺
deplete consume ☺ depletion depleted
finite limited infinite ☺
perceive observe ☺ perception perceptive, perceivable
perceptively, perceivably
security safety danger secure ☺ secure securely
toxic poisonous harmless toxicity ☺
tranquility peacefulness uproar tranquilize ☺ tranquil tranquilly
trap retain release ☺ trap trapped
undeniably absolutely undeniable ☺ underestimated miscalculated overestimated underestimate ☺
32
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 27 Word Synonym Antonym
commentary تحليل‘رساله essay, analysis conquest پيروزي victory defeat contemplation تفکر‘انديشه thought defeat شکست دادن overcome lose deity بت idol deprive محروم کردن provide dirigible سفينه فضايي airship dissertation رساله thesis, essay embody ابراز کردن represent, exemplify essay مقاله dissertation hearsay شايعه rumour, gossip fact imitation تقليد inscription كتيبه writing lobe تکه‘پره locust ملخ mercilessly صبعانه cruelly kindly mighty قدرتمند powerful weak overthrow مضمحل شدن remove from power prey صيد victim punctuation گذارينقطه rebel طغيان کردن go up against relief رهايي ‘آسودگي release scanty بسيار کم very little abundant sculpture همجسم statue snap ناگهاني sudden considered speculative تقريبي approximate definite supposition گمان guess sustain تحمل كردن suffer thresh کوبيدن‘از پوست درآوردن yardstick معيار measure
Lesson 28
Word Synonym Antonym bristle پرز‘مو hair chronic پايان بي‘ثابت constant, unceasing acute conducive مطلوب favorable conservationist محافظ environmentalist coral reef صخره مرجاني credit تحسين‘تشويق praise, acclaim blame debility ضعف weakness strength dump محل دفن زباله waste disposal site dynasty امپراطوري reign, empire embed فرو کردن insert facade نما‘ظاهر freight محموله تجاري shipment, goods inconclusive سوال برانگيز questionable conclusive incubation تکوين‘ نهفتگي‘كشيجوجه infection آلودگي‘عفونت contamination mild اليمم soft harsh mold كپک ostensible واضح‘ظاهري superficial, apparent real porpoise گراز دريايي priest روحاني‘كشيش clergy scholar محقق researcher sore throat گلو درد successive متوالي following tender دردناک painful
33
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 29 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
acknowledge recognize deny ☺ acknowledgment acknowledge
acquire attain lose ☺ acquisition acquisitive
assimilate incorporate ☺ assimilation
assortment selection ☺ assorted
caliber quality ☺
condensed summarize full condense ☺
contradictory inconsistent consistent contradict contradiction ☺
disregard ignore heed ☺ disregard
precious cherished worthless ☺
prominent renowned unknown prominence ☺ prominently
requisite demanded require, requisition
requirement, requisition
☺
unravel separate ☺ unraveling
vague unclear clear vagueness ☺ vaguely
vast huge small ☺ vastly
volume quantity ☺ voluminous voluminously
Lesson 30 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
charisma appeal ☺ charismatic
clever astute stupid cleverness ☺ cleverly
convince persuade ☺ convincing convincingly
endure persevere ☺ endurance endurable, enduring
forfeit relinquish continue ☺ forfeit
precarious hazardous safe ☺ precariously
severe intense gentle severity ☺ severely
sporadic erratic regular ☺ sporadically
superior exceptional inferior superiority ☺
wanton senseless ☺ wantonly
weak ineffective strong weaken weakness ☺ weakly
widespread extensive limited ☺
wisdom insight foolishness ☺ wise wisely
witticism humor wit, wittiness☺ witty wittily
woo attract repel ☺
34
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Lesson 29 Word Synonym Antonym
acquisition دستاورد gaining loss aspiration آرزو hope assorted جور واجور various attribute مشخصه characteristic bind کردنوادار oblige breed زاد و ولد reproduce die off concede واگذلر کردن‘اعطا کردن grant, give up consciousness آگاهي awareness unconsciousness craft پيشه‘حرفه expertise, skill discount تخفيف reduction, money off draft طرح کردن outline, sketch out inventory صورت موجودي list, record merchant بازرگان trader monetary پولي financial obligation تعهد responsibility possession مالکيت‘دارايي ownership pronounced آشکار‘برجسته distinct, marked prudent با دقت‘محتاط careful, cautious reckless refuge پناهگاه shelter, sanctuary reign سلطنت rule, empire reside قرار گرفتن be located in ritualistic آييني ceremonial rug قاليچه carpet sentimental احساسي emotional subordinate تابع secondary main trespass تجاوز کردن‘تخلف کردن intrude tuck away ساسون‘تو گذاشتن put in, place
Lesson 30 Word Synonym Antonym
ally پيمان هم‘دوست friend enemy contingent محتمل ‘وابسته dependent, conditional decree فرمان‘حکم law, declaration erosion فرسايش wearing down fine جريمه punishment, penalty intimacy آشنايي‘نزديکي closeness, familiarity matriarchal مادرساالر omnipresence عمومي‘جهاني universal outspoken رک frank tactful proprietor صاحب امتياز property owner propulsion رو به جلو forward motion raid تهاجم attack, invasion rigorous دقيق‘سخت hard, exact shrewd زيرک astute, clever naive soundness صحت accuracy stem ناشي شدن surveillance نظارت observation tabloid روزنامه مصور tentacle شاخک حساس transaction معامله business waver دنبو دودل hesitate
1
English Grammar
I/we/you/they do He/she/it does
1- I drive a bus. 2- She looks after patients. 3- What do you do?
.رودافتند به کار مي حال ساده براي بيان چيزهايي که عموميت دارند يا به طور مکرر اتفاق مي‐١
The earth goes around the sun.
.کنيم از حال ساده براي بيان چگونگي انجام کارها استفاده مي‐٢
I get up at 6 o’clock every morning.
.دهيم گاهي اوقات با بيان يک مطلب کاري را انجام مي‐٣
I promise/ I apologize/ I advise/ I insist/ I agree/ I refuse … etc
.کنيمهاي دائمي استفاده مي از حال ساده براي بيان موقعيت‐٤
John isn’t lazy. He works hard most of the time.
.وان استفاده کردتبه معناي فکر و عقيده باشد از حال ساده مي" think" هنگامي که ‐٥
I think Mary is Canadian, but I’m not sure.
از حال . توانيم استفاده کنيم هم مي.canاين افعال را با . بريمبه کار مي) و نه استمراري( را با حال ساده See, hear, smell, taste به طور معمول افعال ‐٦ .کنيم استفاده مي)feel(و يا چه احساسي دارد ) look(رسد ه يک شخص چگونه به نظر ميساده و يا استمراري براي بيان اينک
Do you see that man over there? (not Are you seeing)
I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?
You look well today. Or You’re looking well today.
(Present Simple (حال ساده
I do
شتهگذ حال آينده
2
English Grammar
Am/is/are + ---ing 1- I am trying to work 2- She is driving to work 3- Are you enjoying the party?
. ايم اما هنوز به پايان نرسيده استما کاري را آغاز کرده. کنيم از حال استمراري استفاده مي انجام يک عمل هستيمحين هنگامي که در ‐١
Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
.ه کار بردب... و today/this week/ this year توان با حال استمراري را مي‐٢
You are working hard today. (not You work hard today.)
:بريم به خصوص با افعال زيردهد به کار مييان تغييراتي که نزديک به زمان حال رخ مي حال استمراري را ب‐٣get, change, become, increase, rise, fall, grow, improve, begin, start
Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better?)
.بريمها و حالتهايي که موقتي هستند به کار ميان موقعيت حال استمراري را بي‐٤
I’m living with some friends until I find a place of my own.
:گيرندزمان حال استمراري مورد استفاده قرار نمي افعال زير در ‐٥like, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know, release, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong, fit, contain, consist, seem
.توان استفاده کرداز حال استمراري مي" فکر کردن"به معناي " think" هنگامي که ‐٦
I’m thinking about what happened.
)Present Continuous(حال استمراري
I am doing حال آينده گذشته
3
English Grammar
I/we/you/they have done He/she/it has done
1- I have lost my key. 2- She has forgotten my name. 3- We have seen the film.
.بريمحال به کار مي ‘کنيمهنگامي که در مورد بخشي از زمان که از گذشته آغاز شده و تا به حال ادامه دارد صحبت مي *
.
Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life)
Have you heard from Brian recently?
.اين معموالً يک خبر جديد است "چيزي اتفاق افتاده است"گوييم هنگامي که مي‐١
Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
.اي در زمان حال استعملي در گذشته داراي نتيجه. کنيم با زمان حال ارتباط وجود داردستفاده مي هنگامي که از حال کامل ا‐٢
Is Sally here? No, she has gone out. (=she is out now.)
به کار ببريمyet و .just, already توانيم حال کامل را با مي‐٣
Just = a short time ago Are you hungry? No, I have just had lunch.
Already= happened sooner than expected What time is Mark leaving? He’s already gone.
Yet= until now. Speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences.
Has it stopped raining yet?
I have written the letter, but I haven’t sent it yet.
been (to) و gone (to)فرق ‐٤
Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (=He is there now or on his way there) Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (=She has now come back)
.اگر در زمان صحبت اين بخش از زمان به پايان نرسيده باشد ر ببريمبه کا ... و today/this evening/this year توانيم حال کامل را با مي‐٥
I haven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you?
:افتداين اولين باري است که چيزي اتفاق مي: گوييم مي‐٦.
It’s the first time he has driven a car.
)Present Perfect(حال کامل
حال گذشته
a period until now
حال گذشته
Recently In the last few days
Since breakfast
4
English Grammar
I/we/they/you have been doing He/she/it has been doing
1- I’ve been looking for you everywhere. 2- She’s been working very hard. 3- We’ve been waiting for an hour.
.وجود دارددر اينجا نيز با زمان حال ارتباط . بريم حال کامل استمراري را براي بيان عملي که اخيراً يا به تازگي تمام شده است به کار مي‐ ١
I have been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me.
.عمل در حال انجام شدن است يا به تازگي متوقف شده است. بريمبه کار مي how long, for … and since حال کامل استمراري را با ‐٢
How long have you been learning English? (=you’re still learning English)
.توانيم به کار ببريممي) و هنوز هم ادامه دارد(اي از زمان تکرار شده است حال کامل استمراري را براي اعمالي که طي دوره‐٣
Debbie is a very good tennis player. She’s been playing since she was eight.
مهم نيست که عمل مورد نظر به پايان . در اين مثال عمل انجام شده مورد توجه ماست”She has been painting the ceiling“گوييموقتي مي: ١نکته . نتيجه عمل مهم است و خود عمل مورد توجه نيست”She has painted the ceiling“: گوييماما وقتي مي. رسيده يا نه
اما براي عملي که تمام شده است از حال کامل . بريمبه کار مي) براي عملي که هنوز در حال انجام است( به همراه حال کامل استمراري راhow long : ٢نکته .کنيماستفاده ميhow much, how many or how many times به همراه
How long have you been reading the book?
How much of that book have you read?
را در حال کامل mean وwant توانيم اما مي. شوندبه طور معمول در حال کامل استمراري استفاده نمي) know/like/believe مثل ( بعضي افعال ‐٤ .استمراري به کار ببريم
I’ve known about it for a long time. (not I’ve been knowing)
I’ve been meaning to phone Jane, but I keep forgetting.
.کنيم کامل استفاده ميفقط از حالalways اما به همراه . توان استفاده کردميwork و live حال کامل استمراري و يا حال کامل را با افعال ‐٥
Julia has been living/ has lived in Paris for a long time.
I’ve always lived in the country. (not I’ve always been living)
…I haven’t done something since/for‘: گوييم مي‐٦
I haven’t seen Julia since Monday.
)Present Perfect Continuous(حال کامل استمراري
حال
I have been doing
5
English Grammar
I/we/you/they did He/she/it did
1- I enjoyed the film. 2- She passed her examination. 3- Did you go to the cinema?
.شوندختم نمي ed–قاعده هستند و در زمان گذشته به اما بسياري از افعال بي. شوندختم ميed– اغلب افعال در گذشته ساده به ‐۱
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
I went to the cinema three times last week.
. استbe (am/is/are) ‘ was/were گذشته ‐۲
I was angry because they were left.
I/ he/she/it was doing We/you/they were doing
1- I was watching TV when you arrived. 2- She was walking home when she met Dave. 3- We were looking for you when you were in bathroom.
.يمکن عمل يا موقعيتي که در زمان گذشته شروع شده و هنوز به پايان نرسيده است را با گذشته استمراري بيان مي‐١
I waved to Helen, but she wasn’t looking.
.:بريم اغلب حال ساده و حال استمراري را بيان اينکه عملي حين انجام عمل ديگر انجام شده است به کار مي‐٢
It was raining when I got up.
:کنيمعمل ديگر انجام شده است از گذشته ساده استفاده مياما براي بيان اينکه عملي بعد از
I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat.
.شوندبه طور معمول در گذشته استمراري استفاده نمي) want و knowمثل ( بعضي از افعال ‐٣
We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing)
I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting)
)Past Continuous(گذشته استمراري
I was doing
حال گذشته گذشته
I started doing I finished doing
)Past Simple(گذشته ساده
6
English Grammar
I/we/they/you had done He/she/it had done
1- I had made a big mistake. 2- She had gone home. 3- We weren’t hungry. We had just had lunch.
.کنيم اگر بخواهيم در مورد عملي که قبل از زمان گذشته انجام شده است صحبت کنيم از گذشته کامل استفاده مي‐١
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
: مقايسه حال کامل و گذشته کامل‐٢
Who is that woman? I’ve never seen her before.
I didn’t know she was. I’d never seen her before.
: گذشته ساده و گذشته کاملمقايسه ‐٣
Kate wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was at her mother’s house.
Kate had just got home when I phoned. She had been at her mother’s house.
I/we/they/you had been going He/she/it had been doing
1- I’d been working hard all day. 2- She’d been living there only a short time. 3- We’d been playing football.
).در زمان گذشته(توانيم بگوييم اتفاقي قبل از انجام عمل ديگر انجام شده است ما مي‐۱
We’d been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.
: گذشته کامل استمراري مقايسه حال کامل استمراري و‐٢
James is out of breath. He has been running. James was out of breath. He had been running.
: مقايسه گذشته استمراري و گذشته کامل استمراري‐٣
Cathy was sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because she’d been working very hard.
.شوندبه طور معمول در گذشته استمراري استفاده نمي ) like و knowمثل ( بعضي از افعال ‐٤
We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing)
)Past perfect(گذشته کامل
)Past perfect Continuous(گذشته کامل استمراري