31 March 2011 slide 1

Assessment of performances of various lithium-ion chemistries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Noshin Omar, Joeri Van Mierlo, Peter Van den Bossche

Belgian platform on electric vehicles # 3noshomar@vub.ac.be

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31 March 2011noshomar@vub.ac.be

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Overview

Introduction Battery requirements for PHEV Test methodology Ragone plot Battery characteristics Economic and life cycle considerations Summary and conclusions

Introduction

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have received considerable attention due to: Reduce gasoline consumption Decrease green house gas emissions

31 March 2011noshomar@vub.ac.be

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Battery requirements

Source; 1. A. Pesaran, “ Battery Requirements for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles –Analysis and Rationale”, EVS23, 2007,

California, USA

2. P. Van den Bossche, “SUBAT: An assessment of sustainable battery technology”, Journal of Power Sources, 2005

3. J. Axsen, “Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs):Goals and the State of Technology circa 2008, May,

2008

31 March 2011noshomar@vub.ac.be

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Requirements Unit PHEV-40

All Electric Range Miles 40

Peak Discharge Power (10 sec pulse)

kW 38

Peak Charge Power (10 sec pulse)

kW 25

Power Discharge Density (10 sec pulse)

W/kg 320

Power Charge Density (10 sec pulse)

W/kg 310

Available energy kWh 12

Total Energy Density Wh/kg 140

Calender Life Years 15

Deep Discharge Cycles (CD mode)

Cycles 5000

Shallow Discharge Cycles (CS mode)

Cycles 300.000

Cost $/kWh 200 - 300

Test Methodology

Brand

A B C D E F G H I J

CathodeLFP LFP LFP LNMC LNMC NCA LFP LFP LFP LFP

Shape

Cyl. Pouch Pouch Pouch Pouch Cyl. Pouch Cyl. Pris. Pris.

Nom. capacity [Ah]

10 10 40 12 70 27 14 2.3 10 40

Nom. Voltage [V]

3.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3

31 March 2011nosomar@vub.ac.be

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Ragone plot LNMCO based cells: 126 – 149Wh/kg LFP based cells: 75 – 118Wh/kg LNCA: 90Wh/kg The situation regarding the power density is not clear due to the wide

range

Power density: Max. Current rate, 50% SoC, 10 sec. Pulse

31 March 2011noshomar@vub.ac.be

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Energy and discharge performances

31 March 2011jptimmer@vub.ac.be

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Power performances

31 March 2011jptimmer@vub.ac.be

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Charge capabilities 

A B C D E F G H I J

Cap. [Ah] 10 10 40 12 70 27 14 2.3

10 40

0.33C 91.5 95.9 97.0 96.8 95.0 98.4 99.0 98.2 91.8 98.7

1C 84.3 92.6 92.0 92.1 88.5 92.0 98.3 96.5 85.9 95.9

2C 80.5 90.6 87.7 89 83.5 87.2 98.3 94.3 82.2 90.1

3C 79.7 88.7   85 83.3 78.8 98.3 86.3 73.7 79.6

5C                 69.6  

31 March 2011noshomar@vub.ac.be

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Life cycle

31 March 2011jptimmer@vub.ac.be

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LFP

NCANMC

SoC determination

31 March 2011jptimmer@vub.ac.be

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Peukert and SoC

Battery Peukert Battery Peukert

A 1.012 F 0.99

B 1.014 G 1

C 1.016 H 1.002

D 1.04 I 1.016

E 1.029 J 1.43

31 March 2011noshomar@vub.ac.be

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, 1.

0.36001

, , . . 0

n LC t

bat s bat

bat bat

I T Iif I

C ISoC

Eff I t LC I dt if I

1.

1.3600

n

bat s batI T ISoC

C I

SummaryBattery Power density

[kW/kg]Energy density

Thermal behavior

Cost [$/kWh]

Cycle life

Weight Charge perf.(50% SoC), 90%

Eff.[Wh/kg]

[kg] at 2C [Ah/Ah]A 383.5 84 Stable 315 1000 100 80.5B 520 110 Stable 296 1000 123 90.6C 448.8 94 Stable 301 1000 177 87.7D

600.5 126Fairly stable 811 1200 129 89.0

E

258.4 149Fairly stable 417 1200 237 83.5

F

480.5 90Fairly stable 823 1000 140 87.2

G

548.4 118 Least stable 310 1000 105 98.3H 477.1 98 Stable 300 1000 96 94.3I

323.8 75Fairly stable 300 1000 126 82.2

J

319.3 102 Least stable 300 1000 137 90.1

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Conclusions LNMC based cells:

Pro: higher energy, energy efficiency, SoC determination Con: thermal stability, cost

LFP based cells: Pro: high power density, favourable thermal performances,

cost Con: low energy density, lower energy efficiency, SoC

determination

LNCA in the postive electrode: Pro: high energy efficiency, SoC determination Con: low energy density, power density, less thermal

performances, cost, life cycle

Control strategy in PHEV application is a key issue

Contacts

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Department of Electrical Engineering

Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel

Belgium

noshomar@vub.ac.be

31 March 2011noshomar@vub.ac.be

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