Respirators

John Newquist

Draft 2 12 2017

Definitions PretestA. High efficiency particulate air

(HEPA) filterB. Immediately dangerous to life

of health (IDLH)C. Negative pressure respiratorD. Oxygen deficient atmosphereE. Positive pressure respiratorF. Powered air-purifying

respiratorG. Self-contained breathing

apparatus (SCBA)H. Supplied-air respirator (SAR)I. Escape-only respiratorJ. Tight-fitting facepiece

Standard Overview

• Definitions• Program Requirements• Selection• Medical Evaluation• Fit Testing

• Maintenance/Use• Training• Recordkeeping

December 2014 • Evanston IL• $132,000 to six contractors• OSHA's inspection found that

onsite asbestos consultant directed the HVAC contractor to cut and remove 60 feet of piping that contained asbestos insulation without PPE. Typical asbestos pipe.

• PPE Assessment• Payment• Training• Audit

Overview

Payment• Employers pay for almost all personal protective equipment that is

required by OSHA’s general industry standards.• Metatarsal foot protection; • Rubber boots with steel toes; • Non-prescription eye protection; • Hard hats/Bump Caps; • Hearing Protection; • Personal fall protection; and • Reflective work vests.

• It does not require payment for uniforms, items worn to keep clean, or other items that are not PPE.

• Sturdy work shoes; • Non-specialty slip-resistant, non-safety-toe footwear; • Prescription Eye wear

Some Caveats• PPE is used as a last resort• The use of PPE signifies

that the hazard could not be controlled by other methods, such as:– administrative controls (i.e.,

shift rotation)– engineering or industrial

hygiene controls

Back to the caveats...• The use of PPE signals that the

hazard still exists in the workplace

• Unprotected individuals in the same area will be exposed

• Failure of PPE means that the worker will be exposed

• PPE can be combined with other controls

Clean Air Paradox

• Quality of Air• 78.1% Nitrogen• 20.9% Oxygen• 0.9% Argon• 0.03% Carbon

Dioxide

Units Seem Small

1 % = 10,000 ppmPEL = Permissible

Exposure Limits (OSHA)

5 Mg/M3 is very small2 f/cc = 2,000,000f/M3

Health Effects

• Irritation• Asphyxiation• Organ Specific Effects• Mutagen• Teratogen• Acute/Chronic• Reversible vs.

Nonreversible

Factors

• Genetics• Age• Health status• Route of entry• Frequency and

duration of exposure

Exposure Limits

• Animal Studies• Epidemiological

studies• Industrial Experience• STEL – 15 minutes• Ceiling – never

exceeded• Threshold Limit Value

Sampling

• Qualified person• Appropriate

instrument• Duration of sampling• Pre and post

calibration

Hierarchy of Controls

• Engineering• Administrative• Personal Protective

Equipment• Training

Evaluation of Health Hazards

Lead

• Requires compliance with 1910.1025• Overexposure can occur in less than 5 minutes

when torch cutting or painting

Lead effects

• Chronic overexposure - severe damage to the blood-forming, nervous, urinary, and reproductive systems

• High levels will require medical removal • Bridge Painting/Removal continues to be

ones of the consistent lead issues in construction

Residential Lead• Lead can be 20%• Cadmium and arsenic above 10

micrograms• Written Program. L, C, A• Training L, C, A• Determination above AL• Protective Clothing• Change Areas• Decon• Sanitary Issues for lunch

Can anyone comply?

Lead

• Vacuum equipment can be used

Children Lead – Work?• 2014 greater than 5 ug/dL• Cook – 29,547 w 821• Lake – 8,419 w 20• Dupage – 5,485 w 14• Kane – 13,120 w 77• Will – 9,555 w 20• Dekalb – 1448 w 2• McHenry – 1,762 w 5• Lake Co IN – 2001 w 10

http://www.vox.com/2016/1/21/10811004/lead-poisoning-cities-us

Silica

• Cutting, hammering, drilling, blasting can create high silica levels

• Use wet methods and wear respirators

• One of the oldest occupational diseases

Silica

• Ventilation

June 2014

• If he has a respirator, is it safe?

Silica

• 150-200 deaths a year (2009)

• 1150-1200 deaths a year (1968)

• Yet….one company had 3 silicosis and 10x+ severe respiratory diseases

Gauley Bridge in 1920’s had workers die in months.

Copper Fumes - Welding• Copper is inhalation

hazard affecting respiratory system

• Mild steel (red iron) and carbon steel contain manganese

• Manganese may cause Parkinson's disease

What do you see?

Total Dust

• All the things not regulated.

• Good, bad, or indifferent?

• Air blowing!

Iron Oxide -Welding• Metal fume fever • Direct Draw or forced

ventilation should be used

• Personal Protective Equipment should be used

• Bystanders should be protected as well

Carbon Monoxide

• Generators are most common problem of CO

• Heaters out of tune are another cause

• CO TWA is 50 ppm• Others set levels 25

ppm

Carbon Monoxide• 11/8/1991• A couple and their eight

children were found dead late today, their bodies scattered throughout their small house on the city's Southwest Side.

• The police said it appeared that the family died of carbon monoxide poisoning.

•  "Apparently a spot weld in a flue pipe gave way, leaving a three-inch gap [ that ] caused byproducts of combustion, including carbon monoxide, to recirculate throughout the home.“

•  A neighbor said he saw repairmen working at the house last week

Carbon Monoxide

• April 7 2015• Princess Anne MD

Hex Chrome

• Stainless steel contains nickel and chromium

• Plating, grinding, welding are problems

• Some cements

Cadmium• Overexposure to

cutting cadmium bolts, coated poles

• Torch cutting should never be used

• Use hydraulic bolt cutters

• Comply with 1926.1127 Cadmium bolts are often

found in sprinkler pipe use.

Methylene Chloride• Paint stripping• Parts cleaners• Cancer causing

Asbestos

• Common Fireproofing material used pre- 1980s

• Found in pipe insulation, ceiling tiles, and floor tiles

• Must comply with 1926.1101 or 1910.1001

June 2014• The asbestos lawsuit that

saw a $1 million award • Richard Rost has

Mesothelioma• Defendants included Ford

Motor Company (Ford), General Electric, Westinghouse and Ingersoll-Rand.

• However, the latter three defendants settled with the plaintiffs out of court, before the trial had an opportunity to begin.

Overall, nearly 3,000 people are diagnosed with mesothelioma each year in the United States, which represents 0.02 percent of all U.S. cancer cases.

Examples of Asbestos Use

Shingles Floor tiles Asbestos cement Roofing felts Insulation & acoustical

products Steam pipes, boilers “Popcorn” ceilings Patching, joint compounds,

textured paint, asbestos paper tape

Brakes, clutch facings Plastics, fabrics, paints, paper

Asbestos

• 3000 die in the US• Some are spouses

or kids of asbestos workers

•  Stephanie Harper of the North Texas city of Bonham  Action Item #2 – CDC must

continue to track asbestos deaths.

Jan 2016

Action Item #3 EPA should put clearance sample in 10,000 f/m3EPA-recommended clearance criteria for reoccupancy into work area following asbestos abatement, often cited as 0.01 f/cc.

2013• Franklin “Al” Bieri, 54, of

Lebanon, Ill., was sentenced in federal court to five months in prison, followed by three months of home confinement.

• Disposed in dumpster with no bagged or labels

Failed to notify Environmental Protection Agency at least 10 working days prior to beginning the asbestos work an offense punishable under the Clean Air Act.

2015• $1.8 million dollar fine to IL

Roofer for OSHA violations for asbestos.

• “This case stands out because of the outrageous behavior of Joseph Kehrer,” said Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health David Michaels.

• Workers were threatened with firing if they spoke to investigators, Michaels said.

Case Study #1 • Aurora • White Powder

from pipe Insulation

• Hires 3 Homeless people for $60 each to remove it

• Asbestos over the surfaces

• Cited 2 Willful

Old Pipe insulation can contain asbestos

Case Study #2• Church notices tile in

basement area peeling.

• One of the members offers to remove it.

• Mastic used to set it was source of an OSHA asbestos complaint.

• What should have been done?

Example of tile type used.

Case Study #3• Middle School• Employees on

renovation job concerned about possible asbestos in dumper

• Hi-flow pumps used• Asbestos abatement

hired to clean it after notified

High Flow Pump

Asbestos on mastic, floor tile, and ceiling tiles.

Case Study #4 Metal Container

Paint Solvents

• Ventilation is required or overexposure can result

• Fire Hazard • Electrical must be

Class I if within 20 feet during open spraying with flammable paints

Tank painting. What could go wrong?

Tank Coating

• What issues are needed if spraying a rust resistance coating?

Isocyanates

• Isocyanates in roof glues and paints in construction

Mold• Stachybotrys chartarum (also

known as Stachybotrys atra)• Aspergillus sp.• Penicillium sp.• Fusarium sp.• Trichoderma sp.• Memnoniella sp.• Cladosporum sp.• Alternaria sp.

Legionella• August 2015• 7 dead, 87 sickened• Transmission of Legionnaires’

disease occurs when microscopic airborne droplets of water that contains LDB are inhaled by an at-risk host

• Early symptoms can include low fever, headache, aching joints and muscles, fatigue and lack of energy, and loss of appetite.

Respiratory Protection

• 1910.134– Written program #2

– Medical evaluation #1

– Fit testing #3, #6

– Selection, Evaluation of

exposure #5

– Maintenance, Storage, and

Care #9

– Annual Training #8

– Program evaluation #10

– Beards #7

Voluntary use App D - #4

Written Program RequirementsProgram Elements:

• Selection procedures• Medical Evaluations• Fit testing procedures for

tight-fitting respirators• Proper use procedures -

routine & emergency• Procedures & schedules for

maintenance • Supplied air quality &

quantity • Hazards Training - routine

& emergency• Respirator use training• Program auditing

Selection of Respirators

• Employer must select and provide an appropriate respirator based on the respiratory hazards

Uses/Limitations

• Will only work with corresponding filters or cartridges• Can protect you from hazardous levels of materials• If worn properly and in the right atmosphere, respirators can

save your life

Uses / LimitationsNever use an air purifying

respirator: • If Oxygen level is below 19.5%

or above 21%• in an IDLH atmosphere;• for ABRASIVE BLASTING;• for FIRE FIGHTING;• which is not APPROVED for

the contaminant of concern;• with FACIAL HAIR.

October 2014

Ebola

Ebola

On The Horizon• Silica?• Noise?• Confined Space

in Construction?

Protection Factors

Respiratory protective equipment

Selection of suitable type by competent personFactors:• nature of hazards• measured concentrations• period of exposure• vision• communications• confined spaces• personal suitability

Respiratory protective equipment

Training in the use of equipment must be given

Stored in a clean place with protective enclosure

Respiratory protective equipmentDisposable face mask:• light, comfortable, cheap• one user only• eight hour maximum use, but

less if high dust levels• dispose of after use• May not be ok for silica• Not for lead and asbestos

Respiratory protective equipment

Half-mask dust respirator:

• easily maintained• freedom of movement• may have ‘shelf life’• colour coded cartridges

Anatomy of a half-mask respirator

Respiratory protective equipment• High efficiency

particulate air (HEPA) dust respirator:

• full face protection• correct fitting and use• beards, spectacles, etc.

may lessen efficiency

Respiratory protective equipmentPositive pressure powered respirator:• for long periods of work• pump and filter• approximately seven hours

use• air leaks go outwards• requires battery and filter

maintenance

Respiratory protective equipment

Helmet and visor respirator:• battery-operated fan and

filter• comfortable• not for all hazards• requires maintenance

schedules

Confined Space SAR

Self-contained Air Supply for Escape.

Supplied air respirators are not to be used in an atmosphere which is immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) unless it is equipped with a self-contained air supply for escape.

2014

Air Created by an Oil Lubricated Compressor?

• For oil-lubricated compressors, the employer shall use a high-temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, or both, to monitor carbon monoxide levels.

• If only high-temperature alarms are used, the air supply shall be monitored at intervals sufficient to prevent carbon monoxide in the breathing air from exceeding 10ppm

Compressor Citation

Hose Length

• The total system length can be up to 350 ft. with 100 ft. maximum from the pump to the respirator and 250 ft. from the pump to the inlet filter.

Respiratory protective equipment

Compressed airline breathing apparatus:• mask or hood with

compressed airline• requires pure air at correct

pressure, humidity and temperature

• air hose can restrict movement

Respiratory protective equipmentSelf-contained breathing apparatus:

• mask, air regulator and cylinder

• used only by a trained person

• selected by competent person

• cylinder duration is 20 – 30

minutes

Evaluation• "The employer shall identify

and evaluate the respiratory hazard(s) in the workplace; this evaluation shall include a reasonable estimate of employee exposures to respiratory hazard(s) and an identification of the contaminant's chemical state and physical form

• Does not require air sampling but……

Training Requirements• Training must be provided

prior to use• Retraining is required

annually, and when:– changes in the workplace

or type of respirator render previous training obsolete

– there are inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use

– any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary

IDLH Training

Voluntary Use Requirements(other than filtering facepiece respirator)

• Medical evaluations• Maintenance, Cleaning,

Storage• Appendix D• The basic advisory information in

Appendix D must be provided to employees who wear respirators when use is not required by this standard or by the employer

Voluntary Use Requirements(Filtering facepiece only)

Appendix D only:• Read and Heed all instructions• Use approved respirators• Properly selected• Keep track of your respirator

#1 1910.134(e)(1)

• The employer shall provide a medical evaluation to determine the employee's ability to use a respirator, before the employee is fit tested or required to use the respirator in the workplace.

• The employer may discontinue an employee's medical evaluations when the employee is no longer required to use a respirator

Medical Evaluation Requirements

• Evaluation completed prior to wearing respirator• Annually thereafter• Evaluation include information in Sections 1 and 2, Part 1

Of Appendix C• Conducted by a physician or licensed health care

professional

Medical Signs and Symptoms

• The following are signs or symptoms that may prevent the use of a respirator:– Seizures– Claustrophobia– Asthma– Emphysema– Pneumonia

– Collapsed Lung– Lung Cancer– Broken Ribs– Chest

Injuries/Surgeries– Any other lung

problems– Heart or Circulation

problems– Anxiety

Fit Testing

Quantitative fit testing uses a machine to measure the actual amount of leakage into the face piece and does not rely upon your sense of taste, smell, or irritation in order to detect leakage

The fit test shall be administered using an OSHA-accepted QLFT or QNFT protocol.

Fit test not done before use. #6

Fit test not done annually #3

Fit Testing• Qualitative fit testing is

normally used for half-mask respirators - those that just cover your mouth and nose.

• Half-mask respirators can be filtering facepiece respirators - often called "N95s" - as well as elastomeric respirators.

TSI Qfit• Qualitative respirator fit

tester is the only OSHA-compliant (29CFR 1910.134) automated pump-driven nebulizer for Bitrex and Saccharin to qualitatively test the integrity of respirators to the specific users wearing them.

User Seal CheckAn action conducted by the respirator user to determine if the respirator is properly seated to the face.

Positive Pressure Check

Negative Pressure Check

User Seal Check

Training Requirements

• Training must be provided prior to use, unless acceptable training has been provided by another employer within the past 12 months

• Retraining is required annually, and when:– changes in the workplace or type of respirator render previous

training obsolete– there are inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use– any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary

• The basic advisory information in Appendix D must be provided to employees who wear respirators when use is not required by this standard or by the employer

Employee Responsibilities

• Dirty respirator

• Wear PPE when necessary and required

• Attend PPE training sessions annually

• Care for, clean, maintaining, and dispose of PPE properly.

• Report any damaged or defective PPE immediately.

Respirator Defective

Cleaning Protocol• Dismantle• Wash• Rinse• Drain• Sanitize• Rinse• Dry• Reassemble• Test

1. Hypochlorite solution or2. Aqueous solution of iodine or,3. Other manufacturer cleansers

Maintenance and Care• Clean and disinfect at the following

intervals:– as often as necessary when issued for

exclusive use– before being worn by different individuals when

issued to more than one employee– after each use for emergency respirators and

those used in fit testing and training

Storage

• Protect Respirator from:– Dust– Sunlight– Damaging chemicals– Heat– Extreme cold– Excessive moisture

Inspection• Dirt• Cracks• Tears• Holes• Distortion• Broken parts• Missing parts• Elasticity• Corrosion• Valve test

Problems?

Questions?

101

Background• Classes: OSHA 10/30 Hour,

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• Certified Safety Professional• OSHA 1983-2012• Founding Member of ANSI

Z359• 815-354-6853• Johnanewquist@gmail.com