Overview of potential of cassava as a food cropAnd as a feedstock for biofuels

Klanarong Sriroth(aapkrs@ku.ac.th)

Cassava and Starch Technology Rerearch Unit (CSTRU)Cassava and Starch Technology Rerearch Unit (CSTRU)Kasetsart University, ThailandKasetsart University, Thailand

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy cropCassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Cassava: The best alternativeCassava: The best alternative

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

World Productions of cassava (2009)World Productions of cassava (2009)Production (1,000 t)Production (1,000 t) Area (1,000 ha)Area (1,000 ha) Yield (t/ha)Yield (t/ha)

WorldWorld-Africa-Africa-LAC-LAC-Asia-Asia--CambodiaCambodia-China-China-India-India-Indonesia-Indonesia-Laos-Laos-Malaysia-Malaysia-Myanmar-Myanmar-Philippines-Philippines-Sri Lanka-Sri Lanka-Thailand-Thailand-Timor-Leste-Timor-Leste-Vietnam-Vietnam

240,989240,989124,615 124,615 (51.70%)(51.70%)34,677 34,677 (14.38%)(14.38%)81,473 81,473 (33.80%)(33.80%)

3,4973,4974,5114,5119,6239,623

22,03922,039152152430430211211

2,0432,043277277

30,08830,0884949

8,5568,556

19,05819,05812,33212,332

2,6672,6674,0364,036

157157270270280280

1,1751,175101041411616

2152152323

1,3261,3261212

508508

12.6412.6410.1010.1013.0013.0020.1820.1822.2722.2716.6716.6734.3634.3618.7418.7414.7014.7010.4810.4812.7812.789.469.46

11.6411.6422.6722.674.124.12

16.8116.81

Source : FAOSTAT, Sep 2010.

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Genotype Environment Management

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Yield of cassava : increase 1 ton/ha (per year)

Productions of cassava in 2009Yield = 12.64 tons/haArea = 19,058,000 ha

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Productions increase from 2009Productions increase from 2009= 259,951,120= 259,951,120 - - 240,989,000 240,989,000== 18,962,120 18,962,120 tons tons

Productions of cassava in 2010Productions of cassava in 2010

= 13.64 * 19,058,000= 13.64 * 19,058,000= 259,951,120 tons = 259,951,120 tons

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Advantage as Food CropsAdvantage as Food Crops

““Growth tolerance to poor Growth tolerance to poor environmental condition ”environmental condition ”

Advantage as Food Crops

Advantage as Food Crops

Root yield (t/ha) of cassava roots of different varietiesVariety Harvest time (months)

10 months 12 months

Without water stresss

With water stress

Without water stress

With water stress

Rayong 1 24.6 + 1.8 14.9+ 2.7 29.8+ 5.8 24.8+ 2.5

Rayong 5 35.2 + 4.5 17.9 + 1.1 41.8 + 5.1 26.9 + 4.9

Rayong 60 26.8 + 3.6 18.7 + 3.9 34.7 + 7.8 30.6 + 2.9

Rayong 90 26.6 + 1.8 16.7 + 4.4 34.9 + 3.4 26.2 + 7.8

KU50 27.8 + 2.9 18.2 + 0.5 34.9 + 6.3 28.8 + 4.4

CMR 33-57-81 41.9 + 3.9 21.3 + 8.1 51.1 + 7.6 28.8 + 7.2Source : Santisopasri et al., 2001. Industrial crop and Products., 13, p.115-129.

““All year round planting/harvesting”All year round planting/harvesting”

Advantage as Food Crops

“ “ Possibility to Possibility to increase root productivity ”increase root productivity ”

Improved varieties + Cost-effective cultivation practices = High productivity

Advantage as Food Crops

““Possibility to increasePossibility to increaseHigh root productivity”High root productivity”

Advantage as Food Crops

High Root ProductivityHigh Root ProductivityThai average = 20 T/ha

World = 11 T/haReported ~ 90 T/ha

Advantage as Food Crops

“Continuous development of high yield-improved varieties”

Advantage as Food Crops

Rayong5Rayong5

Rayong90Rayong90

Advantage as Food Crops

KU50KU50

Huaybong 60Huaybong 60

Advantage as Food Crops

““Less input in planting Less input in planting and harvestingand harvesting””

Advantage as Food Crops

HarvestingHarvesting

1 man day = 8 hours = 1.20 ton

Advantage as Food Crops

Harvesting Index Harvesting Index = Root yield= Root yield

(HI) (HI) Biomass Biomass

= 50% = 50%

HarvestingHarvesting

Advantage as Food Crops

““High-quantity/quality High-quantity/quality

carbohydrate source”carbohydrate source”

Advantage as Food Crops

Advantage as Food Crops

Cultivars Protein (% w/w)

Lipid (% w/w)

Ash (% w/w)

Phosphorus (mg/kg)

Rayong 1 0.17 + 0.04 nil 0.10 + 0.02 2.45 + 0.08

Rayong 60 0.15 + 0.02 0.01 0.15 + 0.04 2.20 + 0.14

Rayong 90 0.28 + 0.06 nil 0.08 + 0.01 2.04 + 0.05

KU 50 0.30 + 0.04 0.01 0.15 + 0.02 2.04 + 0.05

Proximate analysis of Cassava starches

Source : Sriroth et al., 1999. Carbohydrate Plymer. 38, p.161-170.

““Simple conversion to dried chips forSimple conversion to dried chips foreffective storage and transportation”effective storage and transportation”

Dried ChipsDried Chips

Advantage as Food Crops

Cassava ChipCassava ChipCassava ChipCassava Chip

Conversion : 2.25 kg fresh roots / 1 kg chip

(25% starch content) (14% moisture content)

Advantage as Food Crops

Advantage as Food Crops

Advantage as Food Crops

Modification

Function

Application

Native starch

““Variation of Usage as Food”Variation of Usage as Food”

Source: CSTRU, 2009.

Industrialapplications

Confectionery

Pharmaceuticals

Textil

ePaper

Noodles

Mea

t Pro

ducts

Bakery products

SaucesCosmetics

Adhesives & corrugated board

Dairy products

Pack

agin

g

Advantage as Food Crops

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Potential as Feedstock for Fuel

Gasohol

is a blend of anhydrous ethanol ‘derived from

agricultural products’ with gasoline !

E10 E20

E85

Advantages of Cassava as Feedstock for FuelAdvantages of Cassava as Feedstock for Fuel

Advantages of Cassava as Feedstock for FuelAdvantages of Cassava as Feedstock for FuelSriroth et al,. 2010. The promise of a technology revolution in cassava bioethanol From Thai practice

to the world practice , Fuel. ( Available source:http://www.elsevier.com/locate/fuel )

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Advantage of cassava as Feedstock for Advantage of cassava as Feedstock for Ethanol fermentation by Ethanol fermentation by

Yeast FermentationYeast Fermentation

Source: Sriroth et al,. 2010. Fuel 89, p.1333-1338. www.praj.com

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Advantage in Fermentable to Non-Fermentable Solids Ratio

(F/N ratio)Cassava Cassava

Fermentable glucose (up to 99%Fermentable glucose (up to 99%)) can be obtained from conventional can be obtained from conventional hydrolysis of cassava starchhydrolysis of cassava starch..

MolassesMolasses

Case I : Brix = 85Total Sugars = 51Non-fermentable Solids = 85-51 = 34F/N ratio F/N ratio = 51/34 = 1.50 = 51/34 = 1.50

Case II : Brix = 85Total Sugars = 40Non-fermentable Solids = 85-40 = 45F/N ratio F/N ratio = 40/45 = 0.88 = 40/45 = 0.88

F/N ratioF/N ratio

F/N ratio < 0.9F/N ratio < 0.9retards fermentation rate by average 15-20% retards fermentation rate by average 15-20%

F/N ratioF/N ratio

(www.praj.com)

Ash content > 10% Ash content > 10% can retard the rate of fermentation can retard the rate of fermentation

by 5-10%by 5-10%

Ash content Max = 3.0%

Ash content 10-16%

Advantage of its Low Ash ContentAdvantage of its Low Ash Content

(www.praj.com)

Advantage of Absence of Volatile AcidsAdvantage of Absence of Volatile Acids

> 5000 ppm reduce fermention rate by 30-40%

> 7000 ppm reduce fermention rate by 40-50%

Volatile Acids

Cassava chips : None Molasses : Acetic acid, Formic acid etc.

(www.praj.com)

Advantage of no caramelizationAdvantage of no caramelization in cassavain cassava

> 0.40 OD retards fermentation rate by 20-25%> 0.40 OD retards fermentation rate by 20-25%(Measured as color in OD units (Measured as color in OD units

at 375 nm of 0.1% Solution)at 375 nm of 0.1% Solution)

(www.praj.com)

Advantage in waste utilizationAdvantage in waste utilization

Solid wasteSolid waste Liquid wasteLiquid waste

Stillage from cassava chips Stillage from molasses

1. COD (mg/L) 40,000-60,000 100,000-150,000

2. BOD (mg/L) 15,000-30,000 40,000-70,000

3. TKN (mg/L) 350-400 1,500-2,000

4. Total Solids (mg/L) 60,000-65,000 100,000-120,000

5. Total Suspended Solid (mg/L) 3,000-20,000 14,000-18,000

6. Total Volatile Solids (mg/L) 20,000-40,000 n.a

7. Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 50,000 105,000-300,000

8. pH 3.5-4.3 4.1-4.6

Sriroth et al., 2006.n.a = not applicable

Waste Management Waste Management

Stillage quality from ethanol factories in Thailand Stillage quality from ethanol factories in Thailand

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

““Advantage of Well-developed technologyAdvantage of Well-developed technologyfor ethanol production from cassava”for ethanol production from cassava”

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Cassava Chips

Milling

α-amylase glucoamylaseyeast

Distillation&Dehydration

Liquefaction SSF

Simultaneous Saccharification Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentaion processand Fermentaion process

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Mass Balance of Ethanol from Cassava ChipT/D = Ton/Day, TS = Total Solid ,L/D =Liter/day

Fermentation efficiency 90%, Distillation efficiency 98.5%

M i l l i n g

M i x i n g

L i q u e f a c t i o n

S S FF e r m e n t a t i o n

D i s t i l l a t i o n

M o l e c u l a r S i e v eD e h y d r a t i o n

F u e l E t h a n o l

C a s s a v a C h i p

C O 2

T h i c k S l o p

F u s e l o i l

S t e a m

W a t e r

- M o i s t u r e 1 5 %- S t a r c h c o n t e n t 6 5 % ( w e t b a s i s )

3 6 2 . 1 7 T / D8 5 . 0 0 % T S

1 , 7 9 4 . 4 3 T / D1 7 . 1 6 % T S

1 , 9 1 4 . 4 3 T / D1 6 . 0 8 % T S

1 , 7 9 9 . 4 5 T / D7 . 4 2 % ( w / w ) A l c o h o l

1 2 4 . 5 8 T / D9 5 % A l c o h o l

0 . 5 0 T / D

1 , 4 9 6 . 8 4 T / D6 . 5 % T S

1 1 4 . 9 8 T / D

1 1 8 . 3 5 T / D o r1 5 0 , 0 0 0 L / D

1 , 2 4 8 . 5 0 T / D

1 2 0 T / D

6 . 2 3 T / D

1 7 7 . 5 3 T / D

S p e n t w a s h r e c y c l e

S p e n t w a s h r e c y c l e

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Distillation& Dehydration

Cassava Chips

Milling

Fermentation

yeastEnzymes

Simultaneous Liquefaction, Simultaneous Liquefaction, Saccharification and Saccharification and Fermentation processFermentation process

(SLSF)(SLSF)

UNCOOKED SINGLE-STEPUNCOOKED SINGLE-STEP

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

SEMs of corn starches treated with granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes (GSHE)

6 - hr incubation

12 - hr incubation

24 - hr incubation

48 - hr incubation

CassavaCassava

CornCorn

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

To increase ethanol concentration

18% (v/v) or 14.6% (w/w)

Increase the total solid/starch content (>30% Total dissolved solid)

by increasing the feedstock to water ratio

VHG (very high gravity) technology in fuel alcohol production

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Mash viscosity reductionby enzyme cocktail

VHG technology development for cassava roots

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

Ethanol Fermentation

VHG VHG TechnologyTechnology DevelopmentDevelopment

Process waterProcess water

99 99 TonsTons

MixingMixing

(total solid = 25%)(total solid = 25%)

140 Tons140 Tons

Milling

WaterWater59 Tons59 Tons

Fresh RootFresh Root(moisture content = (moisture content =

60-70%)60-70%)100 Tons100 Tons

CassavaCassava ChipChip(moisture content = 14%)(moisture content = 14%)4141 Tons Tons

Process water saving

SunDrying

Pilot scale ethanol plant at ThailandPilot scale ethanol plant at Thailand

Pilot scale ethanol plant at ThailandPilot scale ethanol plant at Thailand

Filtration Screw Press

Pilot scale ethanol plant at ThailandPilot scale ethanol plant at Thailand

Solar CollectorSolar Collector

Pilot scale ethanol plant at ThailandPilot scale ethanol plant at Thailand

Technology transfer for ethanol production

Distillation Pilot PlantDistillation Pilot Plant

On going development

Fermenter

Molecular sieve

Ethanol90-95%

Cassava Chip / Root

VHG-SLSF process

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

ConclusionsConclusions

CassavaCassava : : The WINNER The WINNER for an alternative for an alternative food and biofuelfood and biofuel

Food Food - Improved yield with variation productions- Improved yield with variation productions

Fuel Fuel – Reduction of energy for – Reduction of energy for

ethanol production ethanol production

(SLSF / VHG) (SLSF / VHG)

Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop

THANK YOU

aapkrs@ku.ac.thaapkrs@ku.ac.thwww.cassava.orgwww.cassava.org

www.thailandethanol.comwww.thailandethanol.com