10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids...

100 µm

10 µm

100 nm

0.1 nm Atoms

Small molecules

Lipids

Proteins

Ribosomes

Viruses

Smallest bacteria

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Most bacteria

Most plant and animal cells

Frog egg

Chicken egg

Length of some nerve and muscle cells

Human height

Fimbriae

Nucleoid

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

Capsule

Flagella

Bacterialchromosome

(a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium

(b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)

0.5 µm

TEM of a plasmamembrane

(b) Structure of the plasma membrane

Outside of cell

Inside ofcell 0.1 µm

Hydrophilicregion

Hydrophobicregion

Hydrophilicregion Phospholipid Proteins

Carbohydrate side chain

Surface area increases whiletotal volume remains constant

6 150 750

125 1251

6 61.2

Total surface area

[Sum of the surface areas

(height width) of all boxes

sides number of boxes]

Total volume

[height width length number of boxes]

Surface-to-volume

(S-to-V) ratio

[surface area ÷ volume]

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Smooth ERRough ERFlagellum

Centrosome

CYTOSKELETON:

Microfilaments

Intermediatefilaments

Microtubules

Microvilli

Peroxisome

MitochondrionLysosome

Golgiapparatus

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Nuclearenvelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

NUCLEUS

Nuclear envelopeNucleolus

Chromatin

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Central vacuole

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

CYTO-SKELETON

Chloroplast

PlasmodesmataWall of adjacent cell

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Peroxisome

Mitochondrion

Golgiapparatus

Central vacuole

Cytosol

Central vacuole

Nucleus

Cell wall

Chloroplast

Smooth ER

Nucleus

Rough ER

Plasma membrane

cis Golgi

trans Golgi

Free ribosomesin the mitochondrial matrix

Intermembrane space

Outer membrane

Inner membraneCristae

Matrix

0.1 µm

Ribosomes

Thylakoid

Stroma

Granum

Inner and outer membranes

Direction of swimming

(a) Motion of flagella

Direction of organism’s movement

Power stroke Recovery stroke

(b) Motion of cilia15 µm

10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids...

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Transcript of 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids...

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